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Chrysanthemums
.
.
AND
.
.
,
How
FOR
Instructions
of
Selections
EXHIBITION,
for
Northern
Them
Grow
TO
and
Varieties
Incurved, Anemone,
and
for
Stopping
Growers
Southern
Best
the
and
Timing
of
;
Japanese,
Reflexed,
Pompon.
RATED.
ILLUST
By J. B. WROE.
SECOND
EDITION.
London
W.
H.
"
L.
COLLINGRIDGE,
148
"
149,
:
"Amateur
Aldersgate
-rK
Gardening"
Street,
E.G.
OfFicb,
J
/rf
^/7/:"
\hJlS
A' 171/rt)
GARDENING.
HMflTECR
Sold
:
12 months,
Evertcwheiie,
I^BINTBD
6\6
Offices
Bt
ALDDUb(iATL
W.
:
; 6
148
k.
moatbs,
yTREET,
Number.
313 ;
3
moaths,
1/8.
149, Alderegate St.,London.
and
AMD
SATnEDAY.
Every
with
Plate
Coloured
Subscription
Every
PENNY.
ONE
PAPER.
GARDENING
POPULAR
MOST
THE
L.
COLLlHGRlDGEi,
LONDOM,
E.C.
INTRODUCTION.
The
first
has
been
edition
order,
tables
will
have
all
on
"
first
First
Break
or
that,
failing
gives
the
the
in
If
second
a
the
three
the
when
second
possible.
crown
in
columns
bud,
headed
No.
stopped
it
must
bud
plant
be
may
be
will
be
the
"
date
First
7, 8,
stopped
appear
the
those
which
9, the
as
second
near
its
the
the
or,
is
for
be
to
to
also,
taking
grown
stop
in
Crowns."
will
bud,
in
five
plant;
date
dates
time,
to
break,
number
Second
first
which
on
when
given
for
grown
headed
date
column
found
show
a
him,
be
to
natural
a
on
Stop
should
districts,
columns
grown
is
and
grower,
before
set
the
found
make
of
one
edition,
every
three
Then,
to
be
variety
columns
be
either
shoots
the
useful,
variety
a
the
to
stopped.
realized.
southern
or
of
will
should
be
that
its
calculation.
'case
refer
there
list
crown
columns
Again,
that,
the
the
and
Stop,"
of
three
last
for
when
must
number
buds.
the
the
in
take
we
bud,
crown
variety
any
if
of
present
plainly
for
need
Them.
fully
more
tlie
so
requires
or
been
midland,
he
doubt
of
example,
the
dates
has
in
amplified,
northern,
anticipation
still
data,
Grow
to
my
work
stopping
in
the
chance
For
and
reside
he
without
the
considerably
been
whether
cultivator
make
to
timing
that
amateur
however,
of
have
the
by
How
and
exhausted
speedily
so
appreciation
In
Chrysanthemums
of
be
or,
order
required
found
failing
that
its
date
as
6
INTRODUCTION.
selections
The.
in
as,
of
so
such
pride
"
a
of
best
varieties,
period,
some
and
place,"
must
had
the
of
of
older
modified,
be
to
introduced
been
have
varieties
new
that
merit
have
too,
have
ones
do
necessity
from
so
lost
year
year.
If
to
the
in
an
time
short
sterling
their
to
of
the
information
Chrysanthemum
ennobling
and
labour
I
have
enthusiast,
pursuit,
will
given
I
shall
and
be
be
thus
amply
value
enhanced
of
further
his
rewarded
interest
for
expended.
J.
B.
WROE.
the
INDEX.
Page
Page
Ants
38
Cuttings;
"
.
37
Aphides
,
Dressing
Blooms,
54
,
Protecting
54
,
57
Staging
.
When
Cut
to
54
.
of
Size
Boxes,
58
.
72
Break
Bud
Bush
Plants
.
69
.
Buds,
Early
and
Late
51
.
72
Break
First
.
First
73
Crown
.
Crown
Second
71
.
Third
71
Crown
.
the
Taking
65
.
75
Terminal
.
39
Cockroaches
.
for
Compost
10
Cuttings
.
For
Final
For
Second
For
Third
.
.
21
Potting
.
.
15
Potting
17
Potting
.
.
59
Cupboard
.
60
Cups
.
Hard
Cutting
74
Back
.
.
Best
Cuttings,
Kinds
of
11
.
13
Labelling
.
10
Obtaining
...
Pots
.
.
11
for
.
14
Rooting
.
Ichneumon
Flies
44
INDEX.
Page.
Page.
Labels
25
36
Disease
Sclerotinia
..
...
Leaf
Rust
33
Leaf
Spot
36
Slugs
Specimen
Spiders
Staging
Stopping
41
December
Beetles
Ladybird
42
Lace-wing Flies
Leaf-Mining Maggot
Leather
Jacket
Liquid
Manures
Manures,
45
32
...
Grub
47
Artificial
47
Fowl
47
Hcrse
46
..
..
45
..
57
,.
89
Anemones
74
71
Incurved
84
In
the
North
94
the
South
77
Early
In
77
Japanese
71
November
47
".
73
Mid-November
Mildew
36
Natural
74
Break
Refiexed
92
Tables
77
30
Ants
3S
Aphides
37
Cockroaches
39
Earwigs
House
37
Sparrow
Maggpt
Leaf-Mining
41
32
.
.
Leaf
Eust
33
Leaf
Spot
36
Leather
Jacket
Grub
41
...
MUdew
36
...
Plant
Bugs
Sclerotinia
39
Disease
Slugs
Thrips
Weevil
Grubs
Woodlice
Selection
29
62
63
Japanese
69
62
the
62
North
62
Reflexed
63
South
the
For
47
...
Bushes
For
70
53
of
Anemone
For
51
37
63
38
Plant
Bugs
Old...
Plants, Cutting Down
Chrysanthemums
Pompon
Crocking
Potting,
Varieties,
41
41
29
Summer
Housed
When
Temperature
Thrips
and
Stopping
Timing
Blooms
Timing
Top Dressing
Training Wires
Incurved
41
Wireworm
in
Syringing
36
37
26
Quarters
Summer
Pests
91
Kinds
October
Pots,
66
Plants
November
Late
Pigeon
41
the
First
Second
39
9
69
Watering
When
In
24
In
11
Weevil
28
Grubs
Wireworm
17
Woodlice
Final
21
Worms,
Propagation
29
Summer
15
,
51
Morning
Third
...
20
Housed
41
41
38
Preventing
ing
Enter-
'
9
Pot
26
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CULTURE.
CHAPTEK
I.
PROPAGATION.
duty
first
The
of
good
cuttings.
must
make
they
be
fully
either
to
friend
The
Of
latter
of
production,
and
the
course
amateurs
obliged
are
'
friend
to
make
for
it
;
useless.
be
those
it
is
a
But
necessary
if
that
firm
of
have
who
steps
expense
of
best
of
matter
the
is
and
to
special preparations
them
the
are
delay
reliable
a
sturdy
for
especially
"
to
which
plant,
will
it
or
"
advice,
make
to
the
are
grows
order
of
wiWiout
made,
only
cuttings
of
off
that
so
in
flowers
light
who
best
question
those
be
to
with
cut
attempt
instead
semi-darkness
in
is the
possible
weakly,
obtain
to
down,
cut
as
well
is
previous
a
plants
the
flowers
cut
thousands
supply
their
a
Cup
and
as
to
great
to
for
grows
florists.
keep
up
Silver
glass
to
pots
is too
old
t^e
hesitate
spring
the
made
drawn
being
the
apply
the
get
will
get
for
have
near
not
which
to
as
they
as
sacrifice
this
and
Do
necessary
if
who
cuttings
out,
cuttings
Those
placed
the
solid.
and
aspirant
haste
can
prevent
the
business.
and
in,
for
many
their
at
means
command.
In
of
or
to
stem
of
Thin
down
cutting
all
those
sorts,
new
the
the
shoots
as
old
which
out
appear
cuttings
stem
of
leave
plants, then,
those
shy
are
so'rts:
at
better
which
about
throwing
than
grow
18
up
inches
suckers,
none.
thickly
on
the
10
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
top of the soil,by removing the weakly ones, and givingmore
for the others to' get m.ore
solid, like the old Queens.
room
have
We
HirsC'h,Lady
the
and
eveiry
An
a
over
plant
keep the
in the
event
Eidgeway,
house
of
from
cool
as
way
the
them
meantime.
of
last
inside; but
If th^ese
with
watered
clean
water
See
only,
beat
possible,O'niyputting,on
as
procuring good cuttings is to save
left
plants
stools, or
any
in
the
plant tbem
potting, and
with
take
them
plenty ol soil,
up,
groiund. In November
and place them
in nine-inch
take
Molyn"ux, Baron
of
a
good many
froeitt
old
of
N.
Pockett, and
in this respect.
prolific
are
properly
sharp
excellent
number
is
Mrs.
as
Nellie
varieties,which
anemoine
that
varieties
such
now
are
cuttingswill be thrown
produce decent flowers
All cuttings that com"
pots.
doi not
not
up,
As
let them
crowded
while
for table
soon
the
as
there
get frozen
is room,
in
tlie
together,good sound
plants theniiselves will
decoration.
by post should be placed in water
for an
hour
before
two
or
being put in the soil.
The
neKt
important procedure is the mixing of the soil in
which
the
best
for thisi purpose
toi strike
cuttings. The
fro'm the old
is good, sweet, maiden
loam; not soU taken
It should be put under
S'tools by any
about
means.
cover
the end of November,
sodden
to be just moist',and
not
so
as
When
it is fit,rub
half frozen:
it through a fine riddle,
or
and
the fibrous partsi that do not easilypass through
save
for drainage. To two* parteiof this add one
part clean sharp
has also been
which
sand, and O'Qe part leaf moiuld
passed
tJie
with
about
one-fifth
wood
riddle,
ashes, or
thro'Ugh
part
Mix
crushed
charcoal.
all together thoroughly. If silversand
is dirty had
be not used, that which
better be washed
and dried before using. Dirty sand, or very fine sand, binds
much
in the pots. The
best method
too
of st.riking
cuttings
of placing one
is that
ini
thumb
If the
a
cutting
pot.
there can
be no
they are filled,
pots are clean and dry when
risk of breaking the tender roots in turning out; whereas, if
the edge of a larger pot, or piaoed close together
rooted round
in a bo'X of soil,they have
to' be removed
to three^inch pots
U
PROPAGATION.
length,or it is impossible
them
of the tender roottoi take
without
out
injuringsome
letSL
thee"
Again, by strikingin thiumbe, they will be filling
small
pots with roots, and theirebydeferringthe period of
potting on into the three-inch; soi that they get intO' their
This is of "some
impoirtance,
subsequent pots at a. later date.
for it very often happens that the plantsiremain' too long in
the six-inoh pots, becoming pot-bound, and losingtheir foliage.
This is injuriousi;
that from start
be borne id mind
for it must
be kept slowly,oooUy, and steadily
the' plants must
to finish,
oheck.
Further, there appears
growing, without the slightest
in boxes
to be less lia.bility
to dam,pdng in) sonall pots tham
of soiil;
and what
is mo're
dishearteningthan, to see valuable
rotting off one after another?
outtings'
before
the
have
roots
grown
any
.
If it be
ini favour
pot, there is
of this method, that
outtingsroimd
one
thing which
isi,they strike
this
way,
and
become
and
cuttingsare
three
decided
four-inch
or
divided
as
the
soon
and
through
them
without
that
root
a
it is well
apt
is not
out
to
tOi
the
side
there
for
it is then
intoi
at
isi,
a
boK
without
edge
be
may
of
a
said
readily
more
when
the
soil
be carefully
they must
they quicklytravel roiuid
difficult to
very
separate
better
than
ajiy rate, a
way
of soU, for it is next to impossible
breaking the pointsiof
thus
plant
a
is seen,
This
out
prepared the soil,washed
look up those outtingswhich
in the choice
is discreition needed
to
But
visible
the
some
roots.
Having
are
oiut.
soil,and
to lift them
of the
soon,
turned
as
the
root"
injury.
dibblingthem
of
the
strike
to
are
jump
from
at
a
a
J"ig,thick
three-inch
it looks.
treasm-e
shoots, if
no
medium-sized
wiry, these are the
and evenly, whereas
other
ones
of these.
sucker
pot, but
Cut
do
off the
the
are
The
almost
not
dried
the
pots,
There
ready.
inexperienced
equal in size
be
top, and
cuttings are
on
and
deceived, it
let it throw
available'.
But
if
top of the soil,solid and
choose, for they will grow freely
the thick, siappy onesi, when
roosted,throw
ones
to
stocking-needle.Do not choose stem outunless
for these
generally show premature
oibliged,
tingsi,
also more
flower buds, and are
likely to reproduce the faults
out
a
shoot
like
a
12
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
of the
parent plant if it had
aiiiy. For the
plants which have
rooted' siuckers from
for
grown
show
"
they
are
Pbopaoatino
seldom
sound
same
previously teen
and
healthy that
"
Chkysanthkmums.
Eepeeences."
Fig, 1, A good cutting. Pig. 2, Cutting potted- 0, Sand
base of cutting.
Fig. 8, Rooted
cutting potted.
Fig. i, Old stool
shoots"
A, Sucker ; B, Stem cutting or shoot.
is, out the
bad
new
ones
and
or
roots
none
off.
at
Of
card
dis-
reason
course
it is often
of those
all,especially
expensive. However,
the
idea,
;
D, Sand
with
at
young
to take
necessary
varieties which
are
is, if there
be
choice
13
PROPAQATION.
illthe matter,
from
toi seleot the
the stem.
Cut
them
clean, medium-sized
one",
furtheist
pint with a sharp knife;
from
two
to three inche" long is a nice leogth. Fill a number
of the pots with the compost after having put at tlie bottom
of each
pot a little of the' rough fibre for drainage' ^p'ress
off below"
a
"
the
soil do'wn
abo'Ut
with
tha
and
thumb,
on
top of this put
smooth, round
the
Then
teaspoonful of sand.
get a
old peoholder, blunt
at
skewer, or an
O'nei
end, po'inted at
tile other, make
hole with the blunt end, cut ofi the lower
a
leaves from
the cutting,and after inseirting
it, press the S'OU
against it all round by pushing the sharp end of the skewer
into the soil,carrying some
with
ofi
of the sand
it. Finish
by making the so'il firm all roimd with the blunt end of the
skewer.
The operation takes much, less time tO' perform than
that the sO'iLshould
be pressed
toi describe, but it is necessary
a
againstthe
ba/se of th'e
It is better
to
into
the
the
glass,and
and
shade
It is
and
be
cam
tbelyalso
up
are
po'ts,as
too
a
cuttiniga
long
tooi much,
plants asi well.
good,plan to make a list of
it to'
do'ne
thus
numbering
be'
the
used
a
in
inserted, and
alsD' be
take
season
delayed.
room
those
tall to go
from
way
in' the
pots,
the
fasten
may
It
a
the
having
be
for the thumb
the
thrdugho'Ut
use
without
boxes
labels
small
use
for
lai'geenough
cutting,or rootingwill
piece of
this
seen
manner:
at
a
smooth
the varieties tO' be grown,
board
for reference.
It
"
glance
what
have
outtingsi
plants have been
many
varieties' in the list,numbers
how
for
names
on
the
small
been
potted on.
By
can', if pireferred,
labels,as the number
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
14
takesi
less
up
la,beilleid tlie
list,and
them
sheets
the
at
of
that
bos
It
damping.
the
hour
off.
It
is
of
cause
be
Do
is
nearly air-tight;
is better
not
to' have
that
the
and
an
plants
and
too
taken
the
are
from
a
round
the
house
warm
The
will
Tliey
rooted
sufficient
but
Do
think
not
of
striking
do' it
of
shown
that
object
of the
must
be
dolo'roao
them
It
will
"
:
like
"
Ah
that?"
off
has
is the
necessary'
strictlyattended
welfare
taken
the
from
them
too
subjected
kept
40
at
to
the
caused
befoire
a
45
or
do'wn
p'ress
by
they
are
flagging.
spent
of
is
be
prevent
been
an
damping
what
loosenesisi
fault
for
like, either, to
water
toi
as
the
on
mere
amateurs
some
that
the
to
smallest
to, if it
can
O'f'tlie plant. Should
be
the
the
winning of the Silver Cupi,noithing
beginning to end, or at siiow time
in
come
I
it
to the
from
bears
time
be
be
amateur
given
absolutely
should
shirked
he
is
it contributes
punishment
as
much
cuttings,
culture
be
must
for
little
than
not
bases
any
preyent'
removed
Keeping
be
the
to
ra,ther
Those
do
closely
too
prevent
it.
should
in
drainage
gradually
alwa,ys
then
pirevemt
very
toi
cindeirs
moist
helps
be
co"vered
or
boses
off.
tO'
sand
tUted
say
and
pots
toi
need
tooi
carelessly.
detail
face
be
Thiey
house
the
cuttings
watering.
it.
cause
freezing temperature.
degrees. Befo^re placdng
soil
toi
rrjost liable
will
wet
of
dry
toi
matter
ea.sy
leave
rose,
glassi,fit
should
glass
back
put
the
in
boxes
a
little air
a
oai
glass
The
root.
have
series
a
in
fine
the
let
not
of
tO'
as
soi
fin"
a
th-em
layer
a
off
them
so'.
freshrlooking cuttings rotting
over-fed
close
bos,
pots.
so
large one,
cuttings take
day,
every
one
be
the
of
or
tO' enclose
glass. Spread
the
the
ho'ur
an
will
bottom
underneath
so
for
job
next
marked
them,
tlius
Having
writing.
goo'd soaking through
a
bench
oin.the
with
them
iii
time
sa,ves
dated
cuttings,
given
The
and
space
the
I wonder
the
shape
of
Then
tiophy.
what
his
he
feeds
opponent's
it will
them
smUing
perhaps
be,
with
get
to
"B" "2" v2" "S" "S"
0"
CHAPTER
POTTING.
SECOND
As
soon
as
it is
flaggingwbea
not
that
seen
II.
the
rooted, by their
cuttings sure
eixposed,remo've
tliem fromi
the
boxes
to
a
glass asi possible. If
the side bench
be much
below
the glass,raise it by temporary
stocky
boards; for the more
light the plajitsget, the more
them
be kept over
will be their gro'Wth. Careful
wateh
must
of thean getting dry,
while in these small pots, tO' ensure
none
mediately
the
fine that
roots
are
so
as
th^ey will be injured imIf the weather
be sunny,
they may i"equirewater
whatever
give them water when
day ; but on no account
every
be
time.
the soil is moist, either now
at any
or
They may
kept fairlyclose together on thie bed of oinders,which should
bed
be
of
not
fine, moisit cinders,
less than
an
inch
as
near
the
thick.
be
of the earliest may
By the third week in February, some
on
by
ready for their first shift. But do not hurry them
too
or
by keeping them
repotting Ijefore it is necessary,
should
The
not
waim.
temperatiire of the house
get above
45 dieg.by fire heat; indeed, fire beat is only needed
during
frosty weather.
Keepi down
fly by fumigation or tohaoco
powder, preferably the former.
'
The
size
of
pots for
this
shift
will
be
those
of
3J-inches
and
drainage must
when
used.
In
those
which
dry
purchasing pots, avoid
brown
be
hard-baked, and dark
va
are
colour; they should
and in colo'Ur bright red.
soft and porous,
soiil for this potting should
be composed of four pwts
The
fibro'USi loam, one
pcirtially
dry, one
part old manure,
paii;
sand or old mortar
leaf mould, one-eighthpart coarse
rubbish,
one-eighthpart cruslied charcoal or wood ashes, and a sprinkdiameter
inside.
The
pots
and
be
clean
ling
The
bone-meal.
of
riddle.
of the
in
is
that
water
the
nio
plaaitoff
when
for
to
do
roots
of
or
it to
retuim
hand.
with
mats, in the
the
opposite
them
remove
air
have
must
side
whole
eveay
to^ which
altogether when
the
of the
label,mark
the
Give
bench.
dry when
together
toO'
was
is over,
close for
of fros.t.
"vent
at
full, so
too
only justhold
the plants in the
Keep
of prolonged frost
frame, and keep them
in the
cold
night, cover
week, they
soil
plant,
young
pot
pottingon
be; it should
not
of the
soaking the
unlessi the
two,
and
fingersi;
pot be suii-e it
Be
careful, too,
fill the
not
some
through
pass
the
olean..
all fear
a
lights on
the
this
over
not
thumb
out
oome
list,and
it should
until
and
day
a
squeezed
thean
not
the date of the
the
on
the
ofi, instead
run
pot. Write
used, which
would
finnly with
fro'm
plant
pot, and
of the
bottom
injured; and
will
water
be
tlie soO. rO'Und
are
soil in the
inch
through a three-quartei"
thoroughly mixed together.Put
soil down
it will
pressmg
none
the
the
turning out
not
dry, or
that
a,t the
Press
rubbed
be
must,
manure
part of the fibre that
coaiTse
riddle.
when
then
must
sized crock
good
the
whole
The
and
loam
the leaves
through a hali-hich,and
a-
CULTURE.
CHRYSANtHEMUM
16
tlien
house,
greenremove
week.
a
After
the
At
first
opportunity;
tilt the
the
blowing,
the
wind
is
weather
is
mild.
ia the frame; for if placed
plenty of room
drawn
and
toO' close together,they will become
spindly. It
is a good plan tO' keep the
several
plants of each variety
in stopping. As
the plants grow
together for convenience
bo necessary
it may
to raise tlie frame
by putting a brick or
They
have
must
soimethingunder
boards.
This
each
he
must
and
comer,
attended
coveringup
the
space with
the tender
p^romptly,or
injuredby pressingagainst the
be left uncovered
during a frosty
to"
be
point" of the shoots may
and if they happen to
glassi;
night they will be spoiled. The best material to stand the
deep eno-ugh to prevent worms
plants on is coke riddlings,
working through, viz., about
quantity of
soot
before
they are
keep down
this be
not
tO'
worms
as
clean
so
as
well.
inches.
If
hand, give the ground
the cinders.
puttingdown
not
two
the
coke
Ashes
may
nor
riddlings,
a
a
be
suiHcient
dusting of
used, but
will they
cm
cm
cm
"^
cm
"S" "S" "9"
"8" ^
III.
CHAPTER
POTTING,
THIRD
pots used
The
those
for this shift
stronger growing
those which
toi
potted
finally
are
which
potted into
finally
are
the
us"
For
sizes.
six-inch
five to
are
varieties
pots, it is best
ten-inch
w
intoi nin"-injch
for
size, and
six-inch
five
the
pots, use
-inch size.
fivei-and-arhalf
or
The
niuist
compost
be
than
richer
for
recommeinded
that
potting. It will be necessary tO' ohtain fresh hoarse
with
straw, remoive
droppings in good time; and if mixed
Cleam
the latter.
droppingsit'S.keO'fromi the road air" the
Pass these through a half-inch mesh
best for the purpose.
seco'iid
the
riddle, and
them
put
imder
where
cover
day. Treated
every
to stable manure
superiorin nutriment
dry, and
easier tO' prepare.
binds
sweety and never
for this purpose
too
binding,and
the
only
in the pot.
does
not
If the
clay
follow
siubsoU
used
"
Cow
the
nature.
What
chrysanthemum.
that is,taken
be heavy
"
proportions
for
this
used
old, and
dry
it
must
it isiold
in it.
kept
it is far
way
manure
prevents the free passage
suit the
loam
so, when
pottingcompost, for when
there is little nitrogenleft
soil,besides having a cold
be
can
twe;lvemonths
for
be used
account
Not
Ihis
in
turned
much
they
keeps
on
no
enough
It isialso
of water
through
suits the auricula
from
potting
land
with
may
be
a
as
:
"
parts loam, chopped with a sharp spade intO' pieces
half the size of a walnut; add one
about
part horse manure,
one
part leaves, half a. part coarse, clean sand, or a quarter of
Tlxree
part sand and a quarter of a part old mortar, crushed and
sifted,a quarter of a part of crushed charcoal,or wood a.shes',
a
c
18
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Japanese
Chrysanthemum
CULTURE.
(Henby
Stowe).
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
20
of charcoal
Cover
old mortar
or
this
entirely with
soil hasi been
the
pieces
shaken.
ueed
be
may
of
fill up
to
fibrous
turf,
left.
spaces
which
from
with
put in, the compost, and
Neat
long, three-quarterinch diameter,
the soil
blunt at on"
end, a good long taper at the other, ram,
down
moderately firm if it be heavy, very firm if light.
inch
the pla,nt out
of the threei-and-a-half
Carefullyknock
a
potting stick,nine
pot,
the
remove
inches
crock
the
from
breaking
without
bottom
tliat the
single rootlet,and place it in the large pot so.
of an
inch below
it will be about
three-quartersi
ramming the soil around, with the ta.peredend of
very
the
careful
not
strike
to
the
top
the
rim.
In
the
stick,be
fill up
until
Enter
the date of
roots, and
half-an-inch.
pot is full to within
the label, mark
on
a
of
the
ting
pot-
list,and insert a smooth
the plant to miss the roots.
Do
stick far enough awa,y from
in need of it,
until the plants are
not give any water
positively
them
but ret.um
to the frame, and
keep them close for a day
or
the
on
twO'.
Let
often
"
them
have
plenty
the
mistake
limited,
and
they
tlieyhave
will be
substantial
less.
As
knuckles
for.
of
always.
overcrowding;
refrain
cannot
result
and
now
But
from
Most
their
space
grO'wing
it is certain
that
overcrowding; and
ginners
beis
more
pointment
disap-
far
mo're
will be
as
ca,n,
filled toO'
of
room
the
room
gained by the production of twenty good
are
flowers, than fort.ywhich
flimsy and colO'Urthe pots ring on
soon
as
being rapped with the
with the rose
water
at one
opeiratio'n,
give as much
satisfaction
the
of
make
than
ijla.nts,
on
off
the
pots will hold; and
full,that will be sufficient
if
they
toi soak
have
the
been
not
whole
of the
important that it should be done at
second
time
the
one
a
operation, for if tliey are gone over
soU will be made
into liquid mud, with holes and
stead
heaps, inof being level.
is not
Again, if enough water
given,
will soon
roots
the bottom
dry, and the lower lea.ves of the
plant turn yellow,and eventuallyfall off. If there is any doiubt
two
out.
in the morning
at all, turn
one
or
Always water
soil in the
pot.
It is
if possible.
Take
eare
that
after
the
first few
da3'Sithe
plants
have
plenty of air
draughts. On
21
POTTINQ.
FINAL
and
light,without being injured by cutting
fine days the lightsshould
be fullyopen ; and
tho danger of severe
them
as
frosit'is over
soon
as
femove
from
the frame, and stand them
cinders or stripsof wood,
on
in a sheltered spot. The plantsshould be arranged so that a
frost appeal-.
should
them
lightcoveringmay be thrown over
This can
be dons
by drivinglightsticks in the ground in a
slangingdirection,and covering these with tiffany. The end
of April is soon
enough to trust tlie plants outside.
IV.
CHAPTER
POTTINQ.
FINAL
biggest job, and one of the
Many amateurs
clirysantbemum culture.
is the
This
to
up
a
this
large extent
A
dene.
on
start,
fail.
then
po'int,and
the
manner
be
should
most
appear
made
abo'Uit the
land
where
been
has
allowed
not
grass
disturbed for many
grass hasi not been
plenty of fibre in if cut three or four
in
toi succeed
SuocesK, in fact, depends
th" last potting
in which
if possible,out
March, by procuringgood tui-f,
the
impbitant
beginning
froim
toi seed.
to
is
of
pastui-e
If the
yearsi, they will have
inches thick, providing
heavy nature, and
Yellow
be ample.
the sod not
old, two inches may
very
is tough enough to be kicked
fibre is the best; that which
like a football without
about
fallingto pieces; but this is not
lies
that
land
always the stuff that goes begging. Avoid
is too sajidy and
and is frequentlyflooded, or land which
low
the
soil is not
sandy.
the. favO'Urite haunt
daisy; in
the former
But
of the
case
if the
soil be of
a
and the modest
dandelion
gorgeous
it is apt to be sour, and in the latter.
loose
so
it
CULTURE.
CHKYSANTHEMUM
22
that
the
quietly that
so
Choose
place
a
to
of
roots
the
wood
the
ohrysanthemiiim
beoomes
sappy
this where
stack
the
unsubstantial.
will drain
water
away
dowiv
side
grassi
round
tO' prevent the
all
the
Commenoe
and
through
run
sods
by putting
wards, and gradually slope upwards
that you
Next
see
rain soaking intO' it,and making it sour.
autumn;
have
a
good stock of leaves gathered the previoius
they are better for the purpose than those which have decayed
Horse
intoi mould.
droppings, will ne'ed looking after, too,
for the previous potting.
and must
be prepared as described
Burn
all the old chrysanthemum stems, pea
sticks, or any
similar refuse.
Tliey should be put in a heap on a still,dry
day, and co.vered with damp pea, o-r potatoiha,ulm, or any damp
vegetable refuse, so, tlrat tlie heap will smo'ulder without
blazing. The asliesi are excellent for mixing with the potting
into the heap, and will be
Bones
be thrown
compost.
may
intoi small
chaxred
be
until they can
easily broken
jueces.
the
and
addition
to
is
can
a
Charcoal, too,
compost,
good
be bought at from
three to four s'hillings
per hun'dredweight.
from
I
am.
it.
a
believer
it should
through
has
be
a
broken
half-inch
not, and
rubbish.
in old mortar
with
the
It has
sieve.
is likewise
coarser,
rubbish
If sufficient mortar
flat of
If it
the
nutriment
and
can
spade
procured,
and
passed
sand
in it which
keepsithe soil more
open.
be obtained, clean, sharp
cannot
supply the deficiency. Get in. a stock
or
Tho,mpsDin's chrysanthemum manure,
Cla.y's,
for a small
in good time, and ads a sweep
meal
which will cost about
fourpence.
sand
b"
must
of Standem's
also
bag
bone-
of soot,
th-e summer
Early in May, it is a good plan to arrange
be
potted they may
quarters for the plants, so that when
placed there without
causing delay, or extra, work, in twice
shifting.But if the place h" exposed toi north or east winds,
and the wea,ther cold or rough at the time, it will be better
in some
sheltered spo.t. However,
to" put them
tennpora.rily
this will be
tion
to
putting
does
not
referred
make
over
rot
is to
the
so
to
later
get
a
as
Another
barrowful
drainage
soon
on..
old
at
of fresh
tlie bottom
turf, and
advisable
prep'araturf for
green
of the pots,
thusi prevents
the
as
it
so'il
FINAL
from
gettinginto
the
but it must
purpose,
We
will consider
and
"
23
POTTING.
drainage. Any lightstuff
be cut
thin.
crocks
that all pots and
About
the middle
now
will d"y for the
everythingready.
cut up the heap of loam.
are
washed,
May, oommeinoe
to
With a sharp, clean spade begin
at one
end, and out dbiwn from top tO' bottom, a spade'swidth,
and aboiut an^ inch and a-half thick.
It is a good plan to have
a
rough board at the end of tlie heap soi that as the pieces
fall upon
it they may
atouit the
be chopped until they are
size of walnuts.
If the chopping be done on
the ground, the
spade
Place
is
a
outs
it
on
up
one
sufficient
the
surface
side
as
and
too' little resisitanoe.
causes
it isichopped, and
quantityto pot
of
continue
the whole
of the
until there
plants.
If the
heavy and short of fibre,the fine soil shoiuld be taken]
by passing it through a half-inch riddle. If it be light
sandy, do not chop it so small, not less tlian about the
turf be
away
aaid
size of
a
cricket
Proportions
ball.
for
Soil.
Heavy
"
^If the
loMn
be
heavy, the
compost should consist of the following proportions: Three
parts loam, one part dried hoirs" maii,ure, one part half-decayed
rubbish, one-quarter part coarse
leaves,one-half part mortar
oharcoal
wood
ashes, one-eighthsand, one-quarter part
or
part
"
bone-meal.
Clay's or
artificial manure,
half
a
pound
to
Thompson's,
should
be
added
or
to this
eightgallonsof loam,
and
other
approved
in the proportionof
a four-incli potfulof
some
soot.
Soil.
Four
part
parts loam, one
on.e-half part half-decayed leaves, onedried horse
manure,
sand,
rubbish, one-quarter part coarse
quarter part mortar
ashes, oneeighth part
one-eighth part chaiTopal or wood
Proportions
bone-meal.
Light
for
Cheimical
manure
"
and
soot
as
above.
tliat the
so
tho'roughlymix these ingredients,
by spreading
same
proportionsget intO' every pot, commence
the, ground the three or four parts loam, as the
out evenly on
be; on the top of th-is spread out evenly all the
case
may
other
ingredients,until there is sufficient in the heap for
Nest, out from top to bottom, and spread put
requiremeffits.
In
order
to
evenly as before.
It must
be turned
over
at least three
times.
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
24
quantityit
The
about
will b"
Care
will take
must
pot each plant in
a
nine-inch
pot
gallon per plant.
one
be
to
taken
compost is neither
handful, and press it into
that
the
wet
too
ball, it
a
dry. Tkke up a
it is
If it falls away,
should justhold together,and no more.
if it can
be pressed into a tight lump', showing
too dry, and
mixed
it
When
the impressions of the fingers,it is tooi wet.
but kept moist.
shoiuld be protected from
ram,
If the plant" are
ready by the end of May, a start may be
before
If they are
fo'rward.
with the most
made
ready much
a
week, a little
that, it will be better tO' give th'em, once
weak
maaiure
going. The middle of
water, justtoi keep them
and fiftyplants have
June
is none
tooi late, but if a hundred
too
nor
be
to
dealt
re^pot th^em.
weeks'
to
before
the
varieties
the
end
with, all in spare
six-inch
which
have
pots
been
But
are
time, it may
in
case,
any
full of roots.
struck
late,may
take
twO'
do' not
Some
not
or
re-pot
of the
be
three
ready
any
early
until
of June.
the plants,and try if
re-potting,
go round
of the pots easily; one
out
shai-prap should be
they come
have
a
sufficient;if they stick, tlieymust
soaking of water.
be
at the bottom, it may
If any are noticed with yellow foliage
the plants entirelyin water
for half an
neoessai-y to- immerse
that
ho'ur,as the roots have got too dry, and it will be seen
when
the plant is turned
the roots are
out
a
yellowishbrown.
Of coiurse, this shoiuld not be; but accidents, not always the
direct result of carelessness,will happen, even
with the most
of these plants stick so tenacareful, uud the rootsi of some
ing,
oiouslytoi the sides of the pot that,without a thorough soakThis
nothing short of breaking the pot will get them out.
is one
of tlie root"
of the siure
to failure.
Khrivelling
ways
Every root should be white, excepting those which have a
natural
pink coloui* of theii' own.
the
Begin opera.tions
by placing a large hollow crock over
drain-hole in the pot; round
smaller
this,arrange some
ones,
that
these, anoth^er layer of
so
they do not rook, then over
smaller
and
a-half inch
pieces,until there is about one
of
down^ the thin pieces
drainage.Over these put, grassi-Bide
An
hour
before
or
fresh
soil
turf,
knocked
18
inches
thumb
happens
be
soil
be
to
placed
im.til
down,
inch:
of
date
on
Give
crock
the
growth
inches
the
the
better
of
the
labels
wide,
roots
and
until
the
top
of
plan
and
ia
the
rose
to
the
soil,
insert
be
painted
the
seven
white.
list
or
can,
on
which
sticks
roots,
inches
a
tall
travel
one
ram
a
an
tlie
advised.
ing,
soak-
good-sized
It
water.
for
enough
long,
inches
Enter
the
pour
into
is
removed
thorough
by placing
to
will
abo-urt. half
previously
then
pots
carefully
with
as
if it
two
top-dressing.
rings,
pot
on
the
for
the
and
round,
covered
rest
about
for
plant
carefully
be
all
are
mark
plant before
should
Fill
the
been
should
stem
pot.
leave
label,
with
the
on
the
has
the
When
a
however,
water-logged
contrary.
drainsige
surface
water
either
of
of "the
soil, and
no
The
basfe
tilt' lim
below
the
the
stick
that
so'
tightly,
too
The
a
imagine,
not
few
a
with
diameter,
down,
side,
tO'
Doi
beaten
wet
proof
it.
loose
crocks.
down
in
the
(with
the
cover
inches
into
be
the
on
thisi, after
on
it, the
from
pushed
turf
rammed
well
arhalf
cannot
convincing
a
be
and
be
completely
to
as
one
not
heavy
so
in, must
put
long,
can
that
is
out),
next
compost
of old
failing that, pieces
or
25
POTTINO.
FINAL
the
and
new
the
full
soil.
arquarter
^/t
"i""#""^ "#" ^
V.
CHAPTEK
QUARTERS.
SUMMER
months
is of
plaatBiduring the suinmei'
I
much
beginmersithink.
greater importaiic" than
many
huddled
ha,ve seen;
them
togetherin all sorts of place",pushed
hind
bein amongsit tall growing plants O't'the suaiflowei" typei,or
tO' prevent winds
or
blowing
potting-sheds,
greeohoiuses,
the
fact
that
little
of
them
no
sun
can
or
over, regardless'
the ground where
Others
will stand them
shino on them.
on
the worms
the roots can
tra.v6l into the garden soil,where
can
ohoke
make
nice piles of pasty mould
up the drain-hole,and
The
all
situaitioQ for tLe
over
the
surface
of th"
soil in the
b"n.efioial this may
be tO' land in
amateurs
plants in pots. Other
No
pot.
general,it
I
have
how
matter
is detrimental
do'
seen,
to
quite
the
of wo^mis,,
opposite toi this; in order to pre'vent the entrance
and then
been
at a
they have stood the pots on flat boiai'ds,
loss to known
why they bad begun'tO' hold water for several
after they were
hours, whereas, soon
potted, it passed throiugh
amateuJ' who
of an,
stood
his plants
freely. I have heard
him
on
tO' place laths
bo'ards, a,nd a friend advised
floo'ring
undei-neaith the pots, which
he did; but when
asked
why he
had
donei
so', he
said
it
was
thro'Ughthe drain-hole!
siimilar stripsO'f wood, must
stand
or
they cannot
on,
rooits
or
to
three
level
inches
squa,re
ground,
pot to stand
far
o,n
are
better
tO' allow
the
air
If flat boards
be
laid
drain
than
eno'Ugh apart
firmly. They may
O'U
to'
are
the
get tO' th'e
used, laths,
top for the pots
pro'perly. Strips two
boards
tO' make
a
also' be
fixed
or
parallel on
base
good
placed
on
for tlie
a
thick
best ill the end.
fasten
th"
Neither
at
not
only
at
the
used
one
bottom
to
the
plants should
line
furthest
north
runs
of
matter
double
In
rows.
feet
be
long may
through the ends
the
lines east
south
side
18
fastened
The
each,
to
Then
of them.
west, all the
line, sO'
not
as
to
stem
tallest
cane.
and
stem;
plants
if
be
must
restricted
often
so
are
as
the
post, and
if it be
short
to
good
good as
positionis not
lines for either positionas
to make
of the
surface
from
though,
This
ones.
sticks must
The
to make
space, that it is often necessary
that case
two
strong cross-pieoesabout two
and
of the
cause
inserted, especisully
when
south, the
and
and
sticik,
is decidedly
plant. Bamboo
altlioughcosting a trifle more
The
ties do
the long run-.
a
inches
Amateurs,
north.
the
be
often'
axil of
the
under
across.
durable ; for
best.,and most
first,it is the cheapest in
stick,either,on the smooth, hard
The
in
crack
O'Uitwardsi and
and
ties.
the
between
across
tie be
sound
and
if tliere be
the
a
toi bend
strong
tO' oraiok
them
wrapped O'Ver
placed bet.ween, or they will
leaf,but
be
toi
cause
should
the stem
plan,be adopted, the ties which
the
be quite slack, or
the sticks must
If this latter
stems
will
growth
a
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
28
the
other,
Of
one.
bo
i-uu
place
to
necessa.ry
plants must
be shaded
by
as
wires
the
on
the
nor
are
course,
one
taller
two
has
the best of circumstances.
best,
tying material
which,
raffia.,
to
save
time
may
be
required length,the ends cut and
tied round the middle
to ke"yithe piece."^
together.
be
attended
constantly and intelligently
Watering musti now
It takes
amateurs
to.
a
soime
long time tO' becoane
proficientin this important yet simple operation. Tlie golden
role to remember
is
water
never
a
plant before it needs it.
Tap tla" pot with the knuckles, and if it emits a dull sound,
give no water whatever; but if it rings',
give sufficient tO' fill
the space at the top of the soil and run
through the bottom
of "e
quite dry, and left the
pot. If the soil has become
wrapped
into
a
bank
is
of the
"
sides
of
the
pot, it will be
necessary
to
immerse
the
pot
the soil be soaked
can
entirelyin water; by no other means
for the water
will run
round
the edges and leave
thi-ough,
away
the centre dry. This is a most
with the
edifyingjob for a man
SUMMER
headache
backache
or
untied, immersed
though
for
;
for
quarter of
a
29
QUARTERS.
hour, and
an
has
plant
every
then
to
tied up
success.
again,to the wires, it has to be done to ensure
the
iu
the early morning is better
Watering
plants
of the summer,
doing it at night,in the early months
autumn
;
but, of
in hot
course,
it is often
weather
be
than
or
in
necessary
Tat.LKt.AnrA
SHCItr^LANti
SINGLE
THI5
ROW
SHOWS
BY
A
METHOD
OF
weather, however,
sufficient.
In
TIGHTENING
IN
one
hot
even
or.
three
added,
aphides and
THE
WIRES
MIDDLE
weather,
in
is
other
an
day.
a
in the
smoky
or
soft water,
ordinary
In
morning
will
be
dusty localities,
with
a
little soot
practicei;it tends to- keep
down, keeps the foliageclear, and
excellent
vermin
Outdoors.
times-
good soaking
syringingthe plants with, dlean,
water
THE
Plants
Securing
of
twice,
water
OF
THEM
(ASPECT
ROWS.
Modes
give
METHOD
RAISING
a, SOUTH
SECURING
PARALLEL
to
A
MDRTM
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
30
the
plants
The
hot
in
from
weather
either
plan
should
Even
wells.
pouring
have
to
like
it
mucli
as
as
applies to plants and
law
same
to
seem
a
tub
human
side
details
shoots
as
pots or era the foliage. It is the best
tank, eaposed to the sun, and placed as
or
of suckers
not
use
with
a,
the
of
fast
which
knife
stem
routine
siurnimer
they
as
appear,
the
throiuigh
push
for thisi p'urpose,
of the suckers.
as
CHAPTER
will
and
cultivated
and
the
attained
it is easy
as
Rust
the
of
modem
the
times.
only
are
when'
we
roots
cut. away
high^
of
the
fungoid,
and
It would
this rule.
state
of
periection
plant the greater are
example, the earlier growers
For
not
a
t.roubled
with
such
serious
Whether,
as
culture
increased
say that
we
trust
the
of
foes
the
in
the result of still greater progress
in the
of
future, the number
it is difficult tO' say, but we
re-echoing the hope of every enthusiastic
will be
off
Do
soil.
as
Leaf-Spot diseases, which have coime
or
perfection attained
higher cultivation
Chrysanthemum
enemies
we
or
the
enemies, Euiimal
exception to
no
the
were
Chrysantheimucn.
result
in
is
cultivation
of its enemies.
number
the
the
to
nipping
VI.
their
plantsihave
experience that
in
also' the
of
ENEMIES.
Chrysanthemum
from
seem
removal
the
of
in the
done
be
be
surface
CHRYSANTHEMUM
AiiL
for
the
plants as possible. Syringing should
is warm.
evening,and only when the weather
Otheo"
too cold
isoften
the
near
bath
drawn
cold, like it is when;
the main
direct from
water
into
ice
be
not
bath.
enjoys a
beings; their
man
a
no
new
onesi
will be
added
a"re
sure
grower
to the
ENEMIES.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
present alreadylong list.
cope with.
ha^e
to
now
the
animal
"
already quite as
To'
with
deal
belong
as
many
tO' twO'
fungoid.
The
first section
onistaoeans,
and
the
and
mites, and
and
hare
can
grower
Those
we
classes
We
31
second
distinct
embraces
one,
sects,
in-
mildews
the
ordinary grower
living creature
every
the chrysanthemumi is an
found
healthy
insect,"and every unupon
disease."
He
looking patch or spot on a leaf is a
himself in the slightest
does not, as. a rule, concern
degree
the life history of either,the degree of harm
about
they do,
do
isi
harm.
It
sufficient
to
they really any
or, in fact, whether
rusts.
"
"
him
to iknow
that
they must
tlie matter
mates
the
that
ends.
it his
various
and
be
their presence
promptly got
The
note
the
rid
the leaves
or
found
real
siioiuld do
on
indication
is)an
of,and there his interest in
intelligent
grower
businees,
creatures
on'
actai otherwise.
rate, to
any
their
the leavesi,watch
object
at
O'f their
presence
himi that
He
study
ments,
move-
thereon,
all living
experiencesoon convinces
of them
found
the foliageare
not foes, but some
creatures
on
friend
real friends.
Being able toi distinguisheasily between
and foe, preservingthe former
and
destroyingthe latter only
O'bsiervation
he
adds
and
considerably to
his
success
as
well
as
the
pleasure of
the plants.
cultivating
it his business
to
Every gardener should, therefore,make
acquaint himself thoroughly with the life history of animal
and
fungoid pests, in order toi be able tO' recognizethem
tion.
promptiy, and deal properly with their preventionor eradicaHe should know, for instance, that an Ichneumon
Fly
is not a foe but a friend, and that once
the Bust Fimgus has
made
itself manifest
the leaves, it is uselessi wasting time
on
in the application
of fungicides
for curing it.
To enable the gardener to do this,we
describe below asi fully
animal
and fungoid pest",
as
space will permit, the various
followingwith a specialchapter devoted to the friends of the
gardener. By studyingthe two very carefullythe grower will
be able to recognizepestsiand friends,destroythe former
soon
and spare the latter,and thus avoid the blunders
soi frequently
of
made
elementary natural history.
by growers ignorant
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
."
Leaf-mining;
Magrsot.
The
"
la^rvijeof th"
Marguerite
able!
Leaf-mining FI7 (Phytomyzaafanis)frequentlydo considerinjury to ; the leaves of the chrysanthemum by boring
The
surfacea
the two
small
chamielsi, between
maggotsi feed
blisters and whitish
the soft tissues, cause
zig-zagtunnels
on
"d""BS"^
Leaf-Mining
Chktsanthemum
Keperences.
in situ
grabs
"
;
Leaf,
a^
natural
size, showing
pale .patches and
size and
magnified ; b, Grub,
Fly, natural
"
to
form
of the
the
on
leaves
are
surface.
magniiied
When
onei-fifth of
The
daA
an
like the
slaty
inch
the
vei-y numerous,
flyis
in
tnnnellinse, and
natural
size
and
.
and
seriouslydisorganised,
plant badly affected.
in shape, and
of a
measures
Insect.
black
the
the
health
Common
or
spread
ash
functions
of the
House
Fly
colour.
It
of its
wing,
and
about
one-twelfth
May
and
June
mEiggots
do
coloured
pupse
an
inch
in
eggs, by
leaf.
When
cuticle of the
the
leave
not
in the
and
of
means
ovi-
an
th"
fully grown
chestnut-brown
fo'rm
leaves, but
mines
in
length. iThe flie" appear
deposittheir
and
the
positorjin
of
33
ENEMIES.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
from
there-
eventuallyemerge
perfect flies.
a"
ing
maggots are seen in the leaives;it is useleissapplyreach
them
insecticides,as anything powerful enough to
the
When
would
in such
a
time
same
case
to crush
leaf,or
tlie
the
at
kill the
leavesi. The
is to
either
pinch
off and
the
maggot
between
the
only remedy
th"
bum
fingerajid
infested
thumb
in
pick out each grub with the point of a penknife
As a preventative,syringingthe
or
darning needle.
foliagefrequentlyduring May and June, when the flies are on
the wing, with a paraffinsolution,is a firstrate plan. Tho
solution should be prepared as follows : Place a piece of bath
leaf, or
to
,
brick
in
a
wooden
it will soak
as
pail EUid
up.
Fill the
as
pour
much
paraffinoU
with waiter, and
paiil
it
on
leave
it for
the scum
from
the surface,
days, then reanove
and syringe,or better still,
thoroughlywith
spray the foliage
it in the evening. Prepared thus, the essience
of the oil is
three
or
four
to the
thoroughly communicated
be done toi the foliage. The oiled
to the fly depositingits eggs.
Leaf
Rusti
itself of recent
exterminate
all
over
the
This
"
a
surface
pest which
At one
time
years.
the ahrysauthemum,
and
now
growers,
we
the
hasi
as
only
it threaitened to
so
Rust
O'niyhear
no
acts
virulent
ooiuntry. ThMiks, however,
vigorousefforts! of
its course,
is
and
water,
was
of it
did
toi the
injury will
a
deterrent
manifested
prstotically
it becoime
united
and
greatlychecked
It
occasionially.
in
is
Puocinia
and' is a near
known
relative
as
hieracii,
scientificaJly
of the Hollyhock Fungus. This fimgus is not confined tO' the
chrysanthemum only; it is prevalent on our native haiwkand
sequently
wieeds, thistles,groundsels,burdock
knapweeds, conwherever
these weeds
abound
there is always risk
of winds,
of the fungus findingits way, either 'by the agency
birds, insects,or human
beings,to the chrysanthemums.
D
""
CHRYSANTHEMUM
The
life
history ol
what
propagated by
The
CULTURE.
this
known
are
as
the
or
snuff-coloured
summer
winter
or
spots found
spores.
of the
infected with
leaves
on
the
be
spots may
dispersed singly about
thereon.
leaf, or co'ngregatedin masses
furngus'.The
surface
of the
there
case,
any
about
by
When
a
myriads
are
one
or
the
death.
them, and these are disitributed
agencies previously mentioned.
leaf, finallycausing its ill health
The
winter
differs from
same
of the
more
In
are
genial,
cona
leaf, and the conditions
spore alightson
it develops in eight to ten daysi,and gradually takes
possession of
spore,
of
is
It
:
consist
uredo^sporesi,
former, teohnicallycalled
biownish
follows
pest is, briefly,as
remains
remains
inactive
mate
ulti-
technicallycalled the telutoin not germinating the
spore
spore,
summer
It either
season.
soil and
the
and
the
on
till the
leaves
falls
or
on
the
followmg spring,when
it
the
develops, and begins to again spread the disease among
that the Leaf Rust may
make
its
plants. It will thus be seen
on
plants in early summer
appearance
through the summer
spores being conveyed to the foliageby iEsects,birds, winds,
the clothingof persons
who
have previously been in contact
or
with
weeds,
disease.
Or
soil
for
used
with
or
of the winter
some
these
of
thisi kind
pests
until
tooi late
wham
spores,
with
of
have
to'
given
birth
is their
prevent
them
be
spores' may
strikingthe cuttings,or
and
cuttings,
infected
Chrysanthemums
the
to
leaves
Rust.
is
presence
the
present in the
the
on
with
of the
The
worst
discovered
not
injuringthe foliage.
germinating,penetrate
the
The
delicate leaf tissues
their
mycelium, i-upture the cells,and put. a stop to
developm^ent of the leaf. The broiwii spotsireallyindicate
in its full
fungus
the fungus.
As
to
stage of development
;
remedieSi,it is obviouslyuseless
the
leaves
are
has
tlien
been
covered
potassium
off
spray
the
at
tepid water.
The
and
the
rate
tlie brown
All
wrought.
promptly pick
afterwards
with
tliat
eveiy
with
foliage
of
an
ounce
liquidshould
to
the
are
apply
spots,
can
bum.
they
be
as
don"
the
the
fruit of
them
when
the mischief
then
infected
leaf.
solution
of
is to
Directly
sulphide of
to two^ajid-arhalf gallons of
be applied to the under
and
a
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
36
kept
be
Leaf^Spot
the
Oocasioaially
"
infected
are
by
little is known
But
dark
the genus, however, inJliot similar
One
thing is
parsley,and tomato.
leaves
once
remove
and
thoroughlywith
a
dark
with
found
are
figure
seriouslydis-
spots, which
brown
Chrysonthe^
of the
leaves
certain, it
brown
potassium solution
the
spots
them, afterwards
bum
the
injury upon
of
ever
pagate
pro-
growth of the plants. Thisi particular
by a fungus called Septoria ohrysanthemi.
species
of its life history at present. Other
is caused
disease
to
not
taken
the
weaken
amd
also be
should
care
plants.
infected
from
mum
Great
bay.
at
asi
is
on
currajit,
wise, wherethem, to' at
spraying the foliage
a preventive against
attack.
second
\
Mildew.
"
much
mum,
peculiarto the ChrysantheOidium
as
ohrysanthemi, also
This
seasons.
foliage in some
of mildew
form
known
scientifically
damage to the
and
does
A
petals of the
iatoi the cells,and
its slender tubes
speedily
of
the
It
is
the
functions
plant.
easily recogdisorganising
nised
the
by the greyish-whitefilm of growth spread over
mildew
spreads
blooms, sending
surface
of the
Plants
leaf.
tliat
be
light and
are
also
the-
much
crowded
and
dO'
specially liable to an
attack.
Spraying with the sulphide solution/ will destroy the
ings
mildew, and also prevent it again infectingthe foliage.Dustwith
flowers
of sulphur will also prove
effectual.
tremes
Exthe plants a.re housed, shoiuld also
of temperature, when
not
get sufficient
and
the' leaves
over
are
avoided.
Sclerotinia
a
air,
Disease
of
number
to
will be found
it is iiot
whenever
a
of
more
a
or
brittle
mould
and
to
less full of black
common
plant
white
fungoid disea,se attaoks
C'hrysanitheimum.It first
fungus develop"
become
very
a
This
plants, iocludingthe
in the form
appears
the
the
soil. As
causing it
"
is found
on
it
the
stem,, just above
penetrates the
split,when
the
stem,
interior
solerotia.
of the
enemy
to be attaoked
Fortunately
Chrysanthemum, but
it should
at
once
be
CHRYSANTHEMUM
37
ENEMIES.
I
oremated.
Shoiuld
found
(Ml
th"
abo:ve
mentioned
the
white
niotild
stem, dusti slaked
Aphides.
Two.
freelyom
lime
is Sclerotinia
sitageof
fungus be
Tlie fimgus
tlie
it.
solerotioirum.
aphides infest Chrysanithiemuim
plants. The cammon
Greenfly (Rophalosiplion
Dianthi),so
and
prevalent on roses
greenhous" plantsigenerally,is the
chief culprit. The
other
isi the Black
'species
Aphis (Aphis
Both
arei
Rumioisi).
capable of doiingmuch hfirm. if alIoiw"d to
increase
and
infest the plants for some
time
before
taking
They infest the pomts of the shoots,
steps to get rid of them.
the sap from
the cells,
puncture the epidermis, and extract
thus weakening the growth of the plants. Wlien' present on
the shoots,dust tobaoooi powder freelyover
them, and leave it
for a day, then syringeit off.
Another
good remedy is to. prepare
a
"
solution
gallonof
parafi"n oil.
up
with
it
Do
:
for about
wiater
of
follows
as
of
to
kinds
ten
this
Pour
Boil
of soft soap
in a
minutes!, tlien add an eggoupful
into
two
a
Keep the mixture
tho oil being well mixed
ensure
the foliage,one
thoroughly over
waiter.
not
tho
use
Earwigs.
decided
bloo'ms
The
"
in cold
Earwig
two-gallonbucket^ and fill
well agitatedwith a syringe
with
tli" water, tlien spray
evening in fine weather.
weither.
auricularisi)has
(Forficula
a
partialityfor feeding on the delicate petals of the
if hot completely
at night,and often' serioiusly
Injures,
Those
spoils them.
bloo^ms
mixture
ounces
in
for these
who
are
at
all
tO' have
anxioius
their
perfectcondition must, therefore,be on the look out
for checkmating them.
pests, and a"doptmeasures
poits half filled with
Dirty flower
dry
sheets
mossi,
of paper
the tops
rolls of tissue paper
placed on
for them, and
of the stakes,will form an attractive rendezvous
twisted
into
if these
a
daily,and
despatched,injurywill
examined
are
caught and
Thrips.
which
or
cone,
"
infests
epidei'misand
The
the
Thrips
the
be
earwigs found
prevented.
minutissima
undersides
extracting the
of
sap.
is
a
minute
therein
pest
the
leavesi,piercing the
The
perfectinsect
is of
a
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
38
pale
brown
colour, aiid
jumpiijg off
larva, and
hue, and
wingless.
directlyit
the
even
saiaall. The
very
Both
are
pale and sickly.
aphides, and fumigating
of
on"
nicotine
the
infest the
buds
parations
pre-
blooms
and
much
occasionallydo
They will eat
and
Chrysanthenmm,
of the
with
of Ants
kinds
Various
"
the
oa
market, will generally get rid of this pest.
in the
Ants.
the
the leaves
sap, ca,using
Syringing with the solution advised
feed
pupa,
to' turn
for
perfectinsect,
The
is disturbed.
former
active, the
very
in
yellow
is
larva
harm
to
their way
right
especiallythe buds.
Siweet snibstanoe
intoi the centre-s-,
apparently in seareh of some
If a. bud has previously been bitten by an insect,
in tie bud.
and ants are
about, tlieywill not fail toi find their way tO' the
If ants
seen
ning
runare
spoil tlie'bud.
spot, and in due course
in, sugar
and
bits of sponge
the plaiit.s,
about
dip soine
The
the buds.
ants
water, or treacle, and suspend these near
then
be easily destroyed
will flock tOi this trap', and
may
water.
in boilingby dipping the sponge
them,
Woodlice.
Woodlouse
of
buds
hue, and
leaden
and
slatycolour,
feedersi,they axe
with
of
a
tioo:,and
During
their
the
not
a
often
handiwork
day they
is often
hide
under
from
the
neighbourhood
to
treated
with
form
harbour
a
boilingwater.
for
mischievous
attributed
dry
Traps
occupa^
tO' other
rubbish
or
sho^uld
plants, and
them
nocturnal
that
in
be
pests.
crevices.
removed
any
crevices
should
in the
occasionallybe
fo'rm of dirty flower
insiidesi smeared
the
woodlice
kUl
all fo^mid
daily, and
turnips cut in halves, and their
these
Potatoes:,swedes', or
scaber, is
Being
with
their
or
pot.s filled with hay or moss,
with treacle, should
be laid about
to entice
Examine
Another
yellow-coloured
back.
all rubbish
of the
Ttiis is of
disturbed.
their
at
seen
ai'e
Coiumou
another, Porcellio
roiugh dotted
evident, therefore, that
likely
when
Yet
baek.
It is
enter.
Slatei-s
or
the
rolls itself up
its sides
on
Woodlice
with
asellus, is greyishrbro'wn,
kind, Oniscus
spots
of
Chi-ysanthemuui. The
vulgaris)is the chief kind.
(Arniadilla
the
partial to
a
kinds
Several
"
to
therein.
insides
CHRYSANTHE/nUM
stooped out,
alsiOifarm
their haunts
near
Cockroaches.
"
of
doing
eixcellecittraps.
will he
deal
39
ENEMIES.
poisons placed
Beetle
equally effective.
These
detestable
insects
capable
night,especially
of
are
injuryto' tlieibuds at
sdter the
housed, and it is wise, therefore,toi be on
the looik:out for them.
Any of the femediesi sold by chemists
for the
destruction'
of theisie pests in dwellings are
"qiially
for
in
the
use
applicable
greenhouse.
Plant
buds
mention
of
a
great
plants:are
Bugs.
the
heire
"
Several
kinds
Chrysanthemum.
is Antliocoris
of these
The
niemoirum.
on"
are
we
The
hurtful
tO' the
sliall
specially
perfect insect
of an
inch in length; head
and fore part
one-edglit
of body shiny black; feelers yellow, with
black tips; legs
yellow, with a. black band round the hindeirmost
thighs; feet
black ; wings
brownish-yellow. It punctures the buds and
prevents: them
opening properly. Ocoasionallyit does good,
if its good
but it is doubtful
however, by feeding ou, greenfly,
It is a very
qualities,
outweigh the injury done toi the buds;
active
distm-bed.
insect, jumping off with
alacrity when
Syringing with the mixturei advised for aphides will keep thciii
off, and soi will a dusting of toibacoo powder. Shaking,the
the bugs, but, unless caught by siijreading
plant" will dislodgei
sheet or butterflynet under
before shaking,the iusiects will
a
the plants again. Auodier
of Plant
come
on
.^pe";ios
Bug,
GalaLoris
hann
to the buds
bipunctata,frequently does nmch
and
This
leaves' of chrysanthemums.
insect is like a, large
in shape and coloiur,
and measurtefS
greeaifiy
justunder a quarter
of an inch in length. It punctures the epidermis of the yo'urig
to turn
leaves:,and the points of the shoots:,causing them
and
We
have had
brown
shrivel.
plantsquite spoiled
many
The
remedies
advised
this
and
similar
in the latter
pests.
by
another
S'pecies:,
Phytocase, apply equally to this pest. Yet
coris oampestris,is reputed to injure chrysanthemum
buds,
t
he
attacked
ing
havpointsof tha shoo'ts and young foliage, p'arts
of having been
the
the appearance
poisoned. Wherever
bo
shoots
wither, turn black, or curl up v"ry much, it may
measures
CHRYSANTHEMUM
40
Japanksk
Chrysanthemdm,
CULTURE.
Florence
Penpord
CHRYSANTHEMUM
taken
for
granted
culprit,and
intoi
the
ENEMIES.
that
of
one
the
advised
measures
41
should
above
at
the
is
foregoing pests
be
once
put
operation.
and,
Milky Slug (Limax agrestis),
the Blaok
are
partialboth to'
Slugs (Ariona.teir and hortensis!),
the growtlis and
of the Chrysanthieraium, All are
the bloomsi
night feeders.
Trapping with brewer'si grains or bran isi tlie
Slugs.
Field
The
"
or
best.
House
what
Sparrow
damage
be
may
have
denied
growers
doubt' about
it
We
and
liave
they break
the edges
entirely.
aphides or
it
fact' that
many
and
confined
might
be
him
one
absolute
most
doubt
his
prove
""
the
top
off
feeding
wei-e
their
on
imiooence
of
that
for
know
larvae
fly nor
does
siparrow
propensities'for evil
Pests.
"
Grub,
but
feed
are
so
at
on
insects
oo
one's
a
apparent,
prejudice
than
good.
harm
to him
more
easiiy attributes
his depredations to a period of dry, hot weather,
said he sought to allay his Lnirst, but
have
we
do more
damage on wet days than fine.
Miscellaneous
Jacket
neither
notice,
Not
take
We
the
to
day,
only do
they nip
a
easily persuaded
is not
proof.
had
attacked
plants
kinds, but
him.
against
known
proved,
actually
of
shadow
a
plants spoiled in
th^y
Lady-bird, but
the
of
constantly brought
so
If he
be
Without
time.
and
larvae
the
of various
it
the
without
the
leaves, ajid
young
have
thought sometimes
We
be
cannot
dozen:
a
the
always
oannot
had,
have
Some
Sparrow.
birdsi
off the
of
there
this, but
It is:astonislmig
"
doing the mischief.
them,
top" by alightingon
the
seen
(Passer domesticus.
done
by the House
Weevil
troublesome!
against injury by
over
fully searched
caught by hand if
the
three
before
found
Wirewo-rm,
Leather
and
sundry caterpillarssoimetimes
To
Chrysantbemum
guard
growers.
Grubs,
to
The
on'
former
using,
the
the
while
plants.
soil should
be
oare-
caterpillars
maiy
be
"S"
"3" v5"vJ/
w
w
VII.
CHAPTER
FRIEND5.
It
is
enemies
to
the
not
the
tliat while
satisfactoiy to know
they liave alsoi a goodly umuljei-
plants in the
being known,
him
of the
oompaiiy
that,
so
are
and
to
maiiy
belonging
of friends
friends
enemy,
have
be
their true
seen
on
mission
frequently regarded by the
eaemiesi, and
proaiiptly destroyed. A
the part of the gardener would, however,
they
gardener as
average
little observation
on
convince
These
kingdom.
animal
plants
toO'
are
far from
many
of the
creatures
found
on
reallyfriends, trying to do their
in the shape of aphides
enemies
best to get ifd of numerous
and
would, in due course,
injure his plajitsi.It
gruljs,which
with
the
is the gai-dener's
business, then, to. accjuaint himself
found
his
habits
of eveiy
life history and
oai
living creature
his
foew, they
plajitsbemg
arei
foes- a.nd
distinguishbetween
latteato
friends, give the
pjos.sibleencouragement
eveiy
multiplj' and flouiish, while pi-omptly banishing the foiniier.
To enable
the gardener toi determine
which
friends; among
are
the livuigfound
his plantsi,
oreatui'es
on
we
give the followmg
brief descriptiou of the leading kinds:
plants, so
that
he
may
be
able
to"
"
Lady-birds.
The
showy little beetles popularly called
Both
the
Lady-birds ai'e sterling fi-iends of the gardener.
beetles
and
their quaint-lookinglajTie are
enemies
of
sworn
Ije
wholesale, consequently should
aphides', devouring them
at least
protected and preserved by the gardener. There
are
three
of which
met
is the
one
species, the most
commonly
Seven
This
Spotted Lady-bird (Coccinella
septeiuipuncitata).
has
a
scarlet
"
coat, dotted
with
seven
black
spots.
The
Two-
CHRYSANTHEMUM
U
devour
A
the latter.
hundred
Pyrastri,and S.
with
yellow spots
they
appearance
Biotive insects,
Ribesii.
Three
like small
are
darting
larvas
are
at the
head,
and
state, and
In
wings.
They
here
and
are
there)
graduallywidening to
themselves
as
dorsal
view
a
to
the tail. When
as
the
and
as
parasites.
wasp
others
in
size,irom
more
similar
less
or
the
the
Some
in*
an
"
into the
leaf,enter
a
perfectfly in
a
few
Tliese
be'e,and
are
belong
tlie
to
known
well
pupa,
in
length
to
that
slender
bodies',fumisfaed
sting in
the
of
a
an
all
naturalists
to
midge.
with
as
order
saane
deposit their eggs in the bodies of
those of aphides, and
soi on.
They
inch
days.
h, side view.
;
should
be taken
of the fly,larva, and
Every care
are
good friends of the gardener.
Flies.
with
Fly.
Ichneumon
Ichneumon
general
exceedingly
great
whitish, yellow, or greenishin colour,
finallyemerge
ct,
bodies, ornamented
dark
twoi
to
balteata,
Scaevia
are
two
as
many
known
are
as
species
wasps.
about
larvae attach
fullyfed, the
All have
bands, and
or
The
alacrity.
narrow
hour.
an
will devoiur
frequentingplants. They
as
S.
pupse
singlelarva
aphidesi in
obsei'versi
CULTURE.
pillars,
cater-
vary
All ha.ve
ovipositor
poison bag,
They have no
the ovipositor for piercing the bodies
however, but use
of
their victims, and
in due
depositing an egg which
course
feed
the
to^
of
its
The
host..
a
on
produces
maggot
body
number
to
of Ichneumon
wasp.
flies is
legion, and
we
cannot
pretend
FRIENDS.
to
a
tithe
in the
bodies
name
eggs
of
45
tbem.
Miorogaster glomeratus lays its
Cabbage White Butterflycaterpillar
;
of the
in various oaterpillars
Pimpla instigator,
; Pajiisoiis testaceous,
in numerous
maggots; and Aphidius rapse, in the bodies of
Like
the Hawkflie", they are
aphides.
exceedingly active
be taken
fication
insects, and it may
a
as
general guide to thedr identiby the ineixperienoedthat all active insects hovering
The
flies and
larvae
over
plants are
friends, not foes.
are
to plants.
absolutely harmless
Lace-Wing:
Flies.
charming and graceful
slender
friends.
true
insects, and
They have
ga"ie(n"(rs^
bo'dies, two
pairs of pale green gauze-likewings, and golden
The
fail to be recognised when
the wing.
on
eyes, and cannot
female
lays her eggs in groups of a dozen or so on the shoots of
is perched on
the top of a thin filament,
plantfe.Each
egg
The
which
has
the
of a fungoid growth.
larvfe
appearance
like thoee
of the Lady-bird in shape and
size, of a dirty
are
white
or
or
colour, with brown
paJe brown
spots, and
orange
with
tufts of hair
each
side of their bodies.
on
They are
voracious
clear a plant of aphides if
feeders, and will soon
numerO'US
and
not
These
interfered
take
gardener should
grubs. The Lace- Wing
perla.
Spiders.
"
care
Fly
to
is
are
with.
Needless
to
preserve
both
fly and the
as
Chrysopa
the
known
scientifically
say,
the
Spider (Epedra diademata) and
the Leaping Spider (Epiblemum sconicum) are both gardeners'
friends.
feed on
Both
aphides and should, therefore, be preserved.
"
The
Garden
"t/"
"^ ^/S.
^^ ^^ "t/"
CHAPTER
VIII.
FEEDING.
When
the
soil,food
mass
must
the
By
starve.
out
roots
of
their
all round
have
be
end
used
up
given in some
of July, if one
potsi it will
the
the
ball
of
be
seen
soil.
contained
nutriment
form,
or
two
that
This
the
or
plants
plants are
the
seldom
in tlie
roots
occurs'
are
wUl
turned
in
a
beifore
ever
but whenvigorous growers;
additional
have
the pot isifull of roots, the plants must
be done
that no feeding should
food.
Many growers maintain
until the buds are
set, and I remember
being severely censured
chrysanthemums for twenty years,
by a, friend wlw had grown
because
I was
foolish as
to
so
disregard his advice; yet I
for repentance.
never
saw
Many varieties do' not
any reason
until the end
of August, and
set their buds
not
some
even
in September; how
befoi'e the end of the first week
can
tJiese,
it can
then, receive the full benefit of feeding, when
only be
done for about
month
before they stow
Not only
oplom-?
a
that, they may be varieties of strong root-action,oonisequently
than
wliich set their buds
three
soane
requiringfood sooner
weeks
earlier.
weak
solution
a
Begin, tben, by giving them
of sootrwater
The
second
week
once
during-the first week.
from
horse
cfiange the diet tO' liquid made
droppings, cow
the
froan
stables
or
or
houses,
cowslieep'manure,
liquid
manure,
and give it twice, but still very weak.
Solid manure,
be put in a bag, and allowed
to stand
or
soot, must
a
da.yor
twoi before
from
animal
using. At this time the liquid made
than pale brandy. For soot, one
must
not be darker
niajiure
will be strong enough tO' start
qu'art tO' eight gallons of water
the
end
of
July, even
with
the
FEEDING.
47
with.
iietBy the fourtii week, feeding should be don" more
Ewid gradually inoreased
Other
in Sitreaigth.
manures
queiiitly,
be given with advantage,such as fowl or pigeon manure
;
may
but
the
best
of
these
when
manure"
are
although
amongsifc
is
it
be
careful with botli,
tO'
used,
piropeirly
neoassary
very
as
they are exceedingly potent, and- being almoeit oolo'Urless
when
dissolved, are
dangerous to the inexperienced. One
gallonof fowl or pigeon dung is sufficient to' add to ten gallons
A good and
of water.
saie way
is to add onei part to five of
ho'rse manure,
the latter in ten
put this in a bag, and immerse
times
its bulk
of water.
The
plants by tliis time may have
quantities at every wiatering; but
liquid food
in
third
every
conseouitive
waterings.
judicious
week
give
I am
no
only for three
kind
of artificial
believer
in gorging the plants with
every
in the mariket, though there
are
manure
plenty of excellent
had.
to be
ones
Standen's, Clay's,Thompson'si,or guano,
all good; but none
of the
either Peruvian
or
Ichthemic, are
should
the
kinds
should
be given twice
in succession, nor
Sulphate
quantitiesgiven in the directions ever be exceeded.
clear
of
water
ammonia
Half
once
manure,
but
if
will
or
given
be
the
twice
of
soda
of theee
of either
ounce
an'
nitrate
and
in
a
invaluable
are
gallons of
in two
will hasten
season,
the
often, especiallyinside
too
probable
Some
resiidt.
of water.
passage
or
sulphate of ammo'nia
roo'tsi
many
is alniosit certain
toi
so
are
plants.
be
it
wet
pai'tof any
one
be
In
mixed
with
It
nitrate
the
on
is still
liquid
plants,
of the
the
as
the
the
soil; but
air passiagjes,
chec'kingthe
to
sprinkle
soil,for theire
damage
to
them
happen', and a oo'iisequemtcheck to the
be given,
wea,ther,when
liquid food cannot
of the
ten
before mentiooed
artificial manures
parts
of fine
spread evenly on the surface.
Never
give a p'lantliquid manure
a
on
that
late
reconiimend]
unsafe
more
of soda
surface
on
weak
house, damping
growers
the surface
sprinklingof soot or chemicals on
the soot, etc., fills up
it is a bad praictice,
as
and
prevents it getting tO' the roots, as well
free
stimulants.
ofood soaking of clear water.
soil,and
when
a
may
of
handfuls
couple
dry;
but
first
give
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
48
aho'uld
Feeding
parts
In
open.
advisable
whiobj
rootsi
is
in
the
botto-m.
last
potting,
is
the
laid
half
quite
even,
down
with
No'
be
it
the
hand
be
must
waslied
feeding
or
intO'
be
must
for
as
for
a
be
not
soU,
to
easy
by
being
wood.
When
newly-potted
plant,
and
for
a
of
at
the
The
made.so'
piece
heaps,
done
used
it will
be
a
through
run
added.
or
sliould
jusit leaving
as
manuire
coarse,
soi
and
first,it
at
will
bare.
be
extra
part
a
coimpost
same
The
once.
Augusts,
to.
was
is better
once
than
is better
a
that
soil
nutritious
sufficient
water
tlie
be
and
given
dressing
pot
no',
hard
pressed
for
sucli
evident
is
it
as;
of
white
produce
Top-dressing
beginning
food
judicious top-
a
would
loing
so
repeated
the
may
with
firm
it
water
It
should
though,
make
is
longer
numeroiusi
after
therefo're
madei.
twice
at
the
fact,
be
roots
given
enough
room
the
additional
the
of
food
roots,
In
all, but
be
may
it.
new
at
none
first
it
early,
given
givLag
shortly
liquid
healthy-looking
would
thaji
of
of
notice
formed
amount
relishes
plant
added
food
three
are
toO'
are
less
way
particular
quickly
No
of
number
excellent
an
Take
are
dressing.
the
which
tho
little',as
flowers
the
last.
plants.
the
those
of
oase
verf
To'p^dressing
to"
until
oontinued
the
feed
toi
will
they
be
the
surface
fortnight
or
roots
after
top-
dressing.
The
It
will
edge
of
bo
pot,
with
of
consistency
a
cow
brick-setter's
and
soil
a-half
may
be
The
mortar.
depth.
substituted,
or
an
If
cow
but
applied
build
run
soU,
and
manure
trowel,
in
toi
would
water
or
be
may
then
necessary
the
done
be
top-dressing
second
ring
old
can
bread
manure
it is not
raised
a
mixed
food
the
got,
to
up
to' about
be
like
built
the
easily
can
water,
quickly
cannot
round
this
with
knife,
September.
rim
and
away,
b"
in
early
an
clay
manure.
the
with
inch
and
a^ a^ "a^ "4^ "4^ "4^
CHAPTER
HOUSING
The
time
of the
IX.
THE
for
housing depends
plants. If the weather
PLANTS.
the
state
and
no
signs of frost...
open
outside
until the beginnin'g
be
it isias well to leave them
appear,
of October.
It isi seldom, however, that
outside
and
the* wea.ther
on
they can be trusted
is.
sneaping frost
"
"
envious
long, for eveo' if the
his nightly prowl, boisterous
not
of wind, rain, or
storms
on
hail maike' the grower
the, plantsunder
only too' thankful tO' geitshelter.
Noi plants if the flowers
are
showing colour, must
be left outside for one
on
night. If there be no
any account
of the
frost or rain, tlie heavy dews
will soak into the centre
the flower to' damp.
bud, and eventuallycause
SO'
October
is
surely
one
of the
happiest
months
in
Then
the
year
the
comes
pleasure
chrysanthemum growers'.
of
of watching the
results
timing, the expansion of new
of the
old
varieties, or the promising behaiviour of some
have
who
Those
never
chrysanthemums for
ones.
"grown
wholesome
idea
of the
the faintest
not
competition have
pleasurederived from the successful result of a year'slabour
for most-
of love.
The
It must
September.
and
west, place the
and
the
latest
who
fortunate
so
that
one
be
either
have
place may
incurved, the other
forward
the
on
a
be
and
dry
most
ones-
made
be
house, then, should
south.
little
plants
Those
houses
two
kept
ready by the
drip-proof. If it
or
cool for the
wEunner
on
the
middle
north
early ones
for the late
east
runs
axe
growers
division in
a
ones
of
side,
most
one,
and
the
and
the
Japanese
Chrysanthemum
(Mrs,
George
Mileham),
52
stick, foliage,
Japajiese
the
the
grow
side.
to
be
Should
plants
of
to
not
been
were
of
they
old
introduce
fed
of
ai
days
when
often
half
open,
less
with
The
damping.
generous
with
flowea-s
seen
due
entirely
flowea"s
ordinary
tho"se
tO'
rot
the
off
to
round
of
do'
there
nitrate
used,
close
a
which
damp.
neck
mendable
com-
tiiose
tliat
plants
to
eminent.
pre-
feed
is
treatment,
over-feeding.
was
To
manures
the
a
or
morning.
which
not
spsuringly
be
ammoniacal
using
diet
in
to.
ammonia
of
the
stems
tlisun
now
cease
should
be
is
family
Queen
sulphate
hang,
the
down
it
damping,
it should
damp
for
to
jDetals falling
th"
i^eflexiiig
need
chemicails
after
of
binding
the
of
allowed
are
flowers
sagns
these
never
too
the
is
any
of
practice
there
used
are
night
at
way
have
be
Botb
when
proof
bulk
affected, especially
house
a
the
in
there
soda.
but
oinei-sided, the
prevent
and
one,
to'
they
other.
The
incurved
used
If
each
nor
will
lowea*
of
I
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
before
In
sure
have
is
a
fact,
they
"S" "g" "g" ^
"g" ^
CHAPTER
TIMING
The
date
the
on
label
taken
too
slioiw
may
first
a
when
seen
bud
future
shows
colour
weeks.
If
the
bmd
'taken
were
varieties
family
like
from
this
Vivian
bud,
crown
a
all; that
that
prove"
Baron
Hirsoh,
b"
taken
in
fully out
incurved
when
the
or
emy
less
ture
of
ammonia
not
are
natural
air.
be
L.
will
late
has
been
general
but
a
month
may
in
take
it will
to
compete
be
hurried
those
flowers
up
for
a
into
Henry
bud.
But
which
are
either
date, then,
toi be
ought
at
five weeiks
weeks,
The
to
A
one.
build
any
toi four
on
open
Gustave
substances.
colour
not
the
Some
weeks
wrong
from
threei-andrarhalf
show
will
often
will
rulei that
poor
five
hand, Madame
in
open
weeks.
taike
is the
for
early
five
enough
crown,
other
intenids
buds
will
crown
Remy
second
the
than
known
to
tain
prizes^ To' a cerlittle,perhaps to
days, by being placed in a temperar
50 deg. to 55 deg., and
given a dose of sulphate of
the best flowers
in the ordinary manure
water
; but
for
the
from
forced
out
plEintsi;
dirysan'themum's
and
time
place for flowering is in the cool autumn
of twO'
Those
-kept
a
a
who
degree,
extent
Mon.
Japanese Eire
variety should
cultivator
the
as
first
rather
take
often
and
the
variety,though, like
to fully develop from
On
a
perfect flower.
it may
bud
a
marked
be
flower
will be ready for
a
early, the date on which
be judged from
the date
the petals are
which
on
outside
the covering. The
usual
length of time that
should
take
bud
from,
to
a
correctly timed
open
it may
and
should
Unless
guidance.
respective variety, bowever,
open
.
BLOOMS.
"
flowei"
is fo'ur
THE
each
for
X.
as
or
flowers
cool
as
three
which
are
possible,
inclined
and
tO' be
shaded
too
from
early should
sunshine.
It
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
54
plant tO' a cool, dry room.
b" cut off a day or twO' before
quite
floiwerS',
too, may
afcout nine inches long, the leaves removed,
open, with a. stem
and
each flower put in a bottle by itself. A piece of cotton
advisable
may
The
be
wool
packed
to
round
prevent moisture
off the
stem
the
remove
in
tlie stem
from
risingtoi
day.
every
help
will
neck
the
petals, and a
keep the flower
little cut
the
toi
CHAPTER
will
bottle
of the
fresh.
XL
DRESSING.
There
is
have
of
advantage
one
the
over
petal;
which
incurved
thus
the
of the
dispensingwith
incurved
of
varieties
past' solidity,and
ness
even-
"
much
labour
day
to-
dressing.
in
Madame
Ferlat
Compare Charles
Empress,
with Empress of India.,
Baron
Hirsch
with Lord
or
be put on
the show
can,
Any of the firet named
board
half
dressing
Curtis
the
necessary
trouble.
with
with
Still
Golden
certain
a
all incurved
of
amount
varieties, liowever
Wolseley.
well
with
is
grown.
Dressing should not be left entirelyuntil tlie flowersi are cut.
flowers are
panding,
exaS' the
petals may be removed
Many deformed
and will leave room
for the perfectones
to build up
sliould be carefully
more
a
symmetrical bloom. Seedy centres
taken out a fortnightbefore the flowers are
cut,,and the petals
will close over
without
extent
reducing the depth to" the same
asi
when
in the
and
them
so
done
centre
in the
which
tight that
out.
cup.
refuse
no
Tlie
to
applies tO' those petals
unfold, they are usually narrow,
length of
same
time
given toi
them
will
bring
DRESSING.
Often
both
enough
the
underneatli
Japanese will
and
Ano'their
in
the
deformed
out
oeoitrej all these
them
the
at
should
petals,
should
in both
florets down
seeds around
any
throw
of unevenness,
cause
Japanese, is short, curled
these and
55
be
incurved
base
be drawn
moved'.
re-
and
others,
of
with
out
the
In the aniemone
tweezers.
long, roiuglvpointed
even'
unvarieti.ee,
guard petals, either split,curled, or short onesi, also
narrow
petals :sv^hioh
springup in the cushion, should be taken
in good time.
out
cushion
The
of some
of these
quaint
varieties will often show
a
patch in the centre, which
green
seldom
entirelydisappearsby natural growth. W. W. Astor
and
Mrs. Judge Benedict
varieties in point. If the
two
are
there
will
be
petals are
a
plucked out
green
perfectly
circular hole in the centre
about
the size of a sixpence,and
room
to expand, also all
provided for the remaining ones
will disappear by the time the flowers are
wanted.
greenness
'
No
should
anemone
finallypreparing an
In
cut, it should
Thei
the
amongst
Commence
stem
the
a
from
bottom
which
be
ivory tweezers
and
stroking it
end
of
the
knees,
When
a
in
tO' have
as
all
in
cup and
n'Cck of
wedged.
a
bottle.
the
of
us"
short, split,curled, or
the
that
is
centre
mixed
or
done, p'uU down
soft
is
cup', soi that all looseness
camel's hair brush
draw
lightly,
recmred
(orany
so
after it is
sho^,
the
top, all the petals in
the
not
the
little lower
tO'
for
looselyinto a
wedged into the
flo'rets anywhera
reflex may
does
flower
by removing
seeds, whether
all
Next, with
removed.
in the cushion.
green
down
theO' be
petals,also'
with
incurved
bo'ttle between
hands.
narro'W
the
be' drawn
should
cu'p
Place
two
be shown
ever
by
similar
an
direction.
even
placing the
pointed
instrument)inside
Any
end
the
of
petal
ivory with the brusl}. If it
it O'Ver very gently with the other
then recurve,
turn
the tweezers, passing the
points up the centre of
petal, and
over
the
if it then
thus
refle'xeS',
pull it
in
out
with
the
steel
upward direction,until all the
petalsleft are incurved'. Finally,begin at the top with the
all the petals
tO' arrange
pointed end of the ivory tweezers
is reached, and a
evenly all round the flower until the bottom
"tweezers.
Proceed
smooth
symmetrical bloom
perfectly
an
should be the result.
56
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Amateurs
from
away
but
the
in
smooth
of
eyes
Of
steel
light
beat
big rough
a
size;
its
reducing
one
time,
any
judge..
competent
a
course,
will
enough
pulling
of
of
account
on
flower
afraid
much
too
flower
rough
a
small
a
generally
are
tweezei's
instead
used
bo
may
of
ivo'ry ones.
The
fixed
Japanese
in
stand
the
stand.
The
petal
of the
into
Vivian
show
the
ivory
show
sliO'uld
age,
flower
is not
In
flowers
also
This
bag
eaich
be
the
doubt
reflexing
by
but
a
of
Howers
flabbinesis,
with
the
if
they
base;
of
Any
the
or
the
lower
brownness
when
only
and
over
turned
the
at
is
upright
turn
be
out.
This
are
when
showing
it is often
while
not
effect
touch
to
petals
with
more
of
it
fresher
a
if
say
with
the
of incurved
discretion
the
richer
a
a
this
my
white
be
paler,
foggy
paper
expense
chance
providing
damping,
causes
Tlie
own.
flower.
the
better
a
little
in
tissue
at
have
the
protect
especially
will
always
even
Some
done
over-done.
will
one,
that
placing
ooiurse,
flower
to
necessary
growing,
by
Of
equal.
of the
often
done
dirty
a
is
dirt
clean
enough
that
pull
it
be
noticed
never
large
them
the
which
their
at
form.
even
gently
sign
bloom,.
than
points
I have
more
generally
removed.
and
may
but
suooess
be
soot
weatlier.
colour;
least
localities
fro"m
over
but
petals
allows
petals
them
often
available.
smoky
other
the
a
have
may
gripping
time,
no
gives
the?oi
curled
or
deformities
often
type
by
waste
and
being
tyi"e of Japanese
seeds
these
before
shape
into
reflexed
through
place,
underside;
petals that
of
of the
of
Morel
tweezers
refuse,
of
Petals
remoival
fall
to
putting
require
partially upright
base.
of
often
With
Japanese,
it enhances
colouring
bag
but
must
to
respect
there
can
their
of
the
be
no
ance
appear-
inside;
:^"s.^^^""^""'^^^"^
CHAPTER
XII.
STAQINQ.
Neat
and
attractive
staging
is of
exhibitor; and though no amount
will place poor
flowers
iri front
ix"intsare almost equal, a stand
chance
classes
entered
well
set
for, as
:
R.
better
Gustave
Henry.
Curtis.
Baron
Hirach.
Mrs.
Remy.
Barkley.
Hanwell
Lord
Ludlow.
Lady
Mrs.
G.
Mrs.
Time
Mileham.
for each
thus
be
excited
by
the
flowers
home,
at
stands.
Each
valuable
the
over
of
matter
the
Before
saved
in
bustle
of
there
Glory.
Isabel.
R.
C.
Kingston.
will
avoiding hesatancy in dioioe,
dressing and fixingup a lot
less danger of leaving good
be
putting inferior
or
lot may
be
time saved
stands
class number
a
ticked
as
flower
ofi
on
no'
the
Each
more
list when
neosissityto
of what
sure
blooms.
in the
ones
by having
toi make
placing the
putting
Ferlat.
particularclass.
will
flowers; and
a
iNcnRVED.
Six,
C. H.
Mdme.
on
and
20.
iVIr. L.
and
a
II.
Church.
Madame
when
will have
up
"
Japanese.
Six
with
ingenuity in this respect
the
good ones; still where
of
CLASS
W.
ihe
of
Section
so
to
winning than one carelesslyor clmiisilydone,
the decidingpoint.
cutting the flowers it is a good plan to make
list of the
of
importance
of
be
may
Before
and
mucli
stand
has
been
should
important
"finished,
ning
keep run-
done
be
in the
ticketed
it is finished.
in its
place, every
ststnd should
be
clean,re^paintedif
washed
be tested
a
CULTURE
CHRYSANTHEMUM
58
to
dark
dull
tubes, and
In
that
see
green,
The
none
leaks.
and
sihould not
ought
stands
it,and
it needs
to be
the Japanese
selecting
"very
tube
should
be
painted
should
boxes
vamished; for cups,
asi possible.
inconspiouousi
as
b"
those
to choose
it is advisable
most
colours
stand; those, too, whose
blend
well, such as yellow,crimson, white, pink, and their
sihades of
with the incurved-; two
The
various shades.
samie
form
dissimilar
in
purple
or
crimson
in
same
the
the
that
it
looks, and
back
at the
better
that
so
is
a
a
flower
is from
perceptibleeffect.
it is
also
inches
is
flower
a
from
away
above
the
the
board,
practice of
opposite extreme.
it, although the
going to- the
toO' tightlyinto
pull down the stems
tO' spread out
a Ja;paneseflower
not
well
of
depth
distance
a
Another
ones.
the
Thei
stand
petals touch
small
eye the smaller
the front and
between
distance
short
should
of the
18
the
front, so
the
at
ones
obscure
too, when
flower
none
not
in the
seen,
raising them
Do
do
even
Every
eye.
back, the smallest
even
largestflowers
The
avoided.
be
can
placed togetber,not
be
never
the further
there
row
be
ca.n,
if it
large ones
is that
reason
one
should
stand
usoiallyput
are
for
cups,
in order
larger. This
deceives
the eye of the judge, but decidedlyspoilsthe
never
and gracefulform
natural
of the bloonj, the depth and weight
of which
of far greater value than mere
diameter.
From
are
back
be a gradual slope parallelwith the surto front should
face
of the stand, then every flower is in the best position for
being
to make
the
it look
seen.
With
respect tO' the size of the boxesi the old regulations
had to be altered,and even
for amateurs
they are getting
have
too
sm
long, ]
at
These
I.
inches
the, front.
used
be
for
twelve
blooms
wide, 6 inches high
at the
back, 3 inches
The
inches
to
holes
3
from
:
24
inchee
high
the
edge all
The ne'W
round, 6 inches apart centre to centre.
regulations
for Japanese stands
sanctioned
by the National Chrysanthe^
be for 12 blooima:
mum
28 indies long, 21
Society,may now
inches wide, 7 inches high at the back, 4 inchesi at th" front.
The
the
holes
are
edge all
7 inches
round.
were
apart
centre
to
centre,
3J
inches
from
60
CHRYSANTHEMUM
For
the
of
sizes
new
CULTURE
boxes
need
will
cupboard
the
be
to
portionatel
pro-
larger.
Cups
should
largest Japanese,
In
fact, I myself
of
some
had
the
for
springs
but
have
is
adjusted
cup
stem
is
can
tubes
iron,
be
and
the
of
of
a
by
full
thus
is
made
of
lighter
a,
At
stripi, intoi
of
too.
neck
the
cup,
the
with
as
they
the
and
which
tube
the
cup
which
tube,
and
on
of
stem
the
bottom
the
the
outside
of
the
doi
not
rust
of
flower
cups
like
the
also
the
All
plugging.
cup.
This
stem
of
stem
as
favourites,
be
to-
act
to
top
Springtho'rpe.
the
spring
which
away
zinc,
of
incurved
the
used
on
incurved.
for
Dixon
at
Beckett
that
depth.
doing
old
the
the
of
some
sipiiral
groo've
meansi
V-shaped
better
for
the
for
diaineter
diameter
The
in
stem
inches
inches
size
arrangement
the
a^e
third
soldered
means
drawiu;
are
a-half
siuperseded
by
rumimg
a
and
varieties.
adjjusteidby
fixed
sizes, three
a
gripping
good
is
like
ears
been,
Ano'tlier
two
two
anemone
brass
two
in
be
and
tinned
"i" "i*^
"#/""^
"t/"
^
X3Wr ^ewr ^i5|tr
^itr -t3(trxjiir
CHAPTER
SELECTION
The"
selection
nortli
will
XIII.
VARIETIES.
OF
of the
best
varieties
for amateur
growers
in the
difier
oonsidarablyfrom siuch a selection for the
south.
Some
of thofinest Japanese inicultivation
difficult
so
are
to grow
in the neighbourhood of Manchester, that
exeven
perieoced professional grow"irs are forced to sagh and bewail
their lot in boing ohligeid
the moist
and smoketo toil amidst
ladetn atmosiphere!
around
thean.
The Camot
family have been
top of the
the
at
amateur
tO'
others
yearsi, yet it is time wasted
far noirth,while there are
"
soime
them
attempt
which
There
tree
will better
O'ther
are
repay
grand varieties
for the
those
the
which
have
of
advice
date, and
I
with
amateur
myself
owe
been
ever
are
a
debt
of
professional gardeners'
"
kind.
Their
advice
means,
have
they
second
are
oix)iwn.
time,
in the
tested,or,
of his
some
who
limited
which
and
a
the
mistake
or
case
ulljregretf
those
principally
The wisest plan
space
of new
is tO' choose
sorts, seek
friends, whoi are up-toprofessioinal
willing and happy tO' give advice.
friends
who
are
gratitude to many
which
debt
a
will be
of
sound,
growing
after expensive novelties
of which
many
to be
and
I
can
never
it will be
repay
based
on
specialknowledge ol the subjectgained on the spot.
In the choice of varieties, for exhibition,amateurs
make
an
for hisi trouble.
him
passed by for the same
reason,
which) only give good flowers on
for
seen
too
at
are
in
the
apt
to
especiallyof rushing
many,
the large eKhibitions,most
of exceptionalability,
and imder
by men
grown
very different climatic conditions tO' those existingin the distiict
where
Even
then
be shown.
they may
twenty plants may
have
been
are
grown
for
the
one
strikingJapanese
or
incurved
62
CHRYSANTHEMUM
CULTURE.
admired,
axid
of 48
blooms
from
plants.
good plan to first
required for show.
consider
500
It is
or
a
varieties
has
strugglewith
fiftyvarieties
growing
one
to leave
plenty
two
or
followinglist
of
W.
2
Mr.
3
Mrs.
4
Miss
5
M.
E.
F.
six varieties
in order
of merit
a
stand, need
has
be
FOR
THE
Japanese
Church.
S. Vallis.
Barkley.
Elsie Fulton.
Louis
Remy.
Mrs.
Bessie
21
Madame
Mias
Gustave
23
Calvat's
24
Florence
25
Viviand
26
Charles
27
29
Lady Hanham.
George Lawrence.
Guy Hamilton.
30
Pride
Lucy
Sun.
Molyneux.
Morel.
Davies.
Vallis.
32
Ethel
13
Mrs.
F.
Madame
Herrewege.
33
Mrs.
14
Mr.
Carringfon.
34
Dorothy
15
Lord
35
Rev.
16
Mafeking
36
Mrs.
37
Godfrey's
38
39
Sensation.
Miss Mildred
40
Madame
12
T.
W.
Ludlow.
Hero.
17 Mrs.
J. Lewis.
18 AustraUe.
19 Mrs.
T. W.
Pockett.
20
Madame
Paolo
Radaelli.
Thirty
Incurved
Henry.
Evans.
Mons.
11
from
Varieties.
22
of Madford.
Ohenou
de
Leche.
Fitzroy.
Greenfield.
Pywell.
W.
Wilks.
Coombes.
Pride.
C.
Ware.
Nagelmackors.
Varieties.
1 Charles
10
Lady
H. Curtis.
Isabel.
11
Ferlat.
12
Hammand.
R. C. Kingston.
Mrs.
Hanwell
Glory.
13
lalene.
14
Count'ess
15
Pantia
16
Mrs.
17
William
18
Chrysanthemiste
2
3
Madame
4
Miss
Nellie
5
Fred
Palmer.
6
Topaze
Southam.
Orientale.
7 Duchess
of
8
Foster.
Dorothy
9 Ma
Fife.
Perfection.
Frank
of Warwick.
Ralli.
F. Judson.
Figgs.
Bruant.
by
order
NORTH.
31
10
in
"
28
9
much
for
space
made
not
reliable
However,
Godfrey.
Lady Cranston.
Miss Alice Byron.
Charles
Longley.
8
A
who
:
Mileham.
Geo.
7 Nellie
Pockett.
6
exhibitor
class.
particula"r
plants of the most
selection may
a
of dissimilar
an
in
the number
he
up
of the less reliable.
SELECTION
1
selected
been
number
the
instance,
for any
four
or
three
margin,
Forty
For
than
more
way is to grow
make
then
to
kinds,
have
may
600
to show
never
better
stand
a
the
SELECTION
Thiety
19
Perle
20
21
Mrs. H. J. Jones.
Globe
d'Or.
22
Mrs.
23
Pearl
24
Geo.
Incukved
C.
W.
2 Mr.
4
25
Palace.
Lock.
Church.
P. S. Vallis.
Mrs.
W.
Baron
Hirsch.
Annie
27
28
Ralph
Hills.
Doris
Cox.
Hatton.
29
Miss
30
C. Blick.
E.
Seward.
Varieties.
Japanese
R.
63
{continued).
Miss
Miss
26
Crooks.
'3 Madame
VARIETIES.
Vakietibs
Dauphinoise,
Forty
1
OF
21
Lord
22
J. Lewis.
Mrs.
General
Hutton.
Rev.
W.
Wilks.
Carnot.
23
Mease.
24
Ludlow.
25
Florence
26
Mrs.
27
Madame
28
Duchess
29
George
Cranston.
30
Sensation.
Mrs.
Greenfield.
Ethel Fitzroy.
15
Miss Nellie Pockett.
Miss Lily Mountford.
Bessie Godfrey.
Charles
Longley.
Australie.
31
16
Miss
Mrs. Barkley.
Mileham.
6 Mrs.
Geo.
7 Mr.
T. Carrington.
Elsie Fulton.
8 Miss
Louis
9 M.
Remy.
5
10
11
12
13
14
Lady
17
Mrs.
18
Madame
Hxs.
35
Pockett.
Paolo
Radaelli.
of Sutherland.
Lawrence.
Hamilton.
Coombes.
36
Miss Mildred
Ware.
J. R. Upton.
W.^ Vallis.
37
Madame
Hefrewege.
38
39
Godfrey's Pride.
Calvat's
Sun.
40
Madame
de
Ohenon
Mons.
go Maf eking Hero.
19
Guy
34
Molyneux.
W.
Byron.
Alice
F.
32
33
T.
Lfich6.
Gustave
R.
Hent'y.
Cadbury.
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
64
Thirty
Curtis,
H.
Charles
1
Ladylsabel.
2
Varieties.
Ixcdrykd
F. Judson.
16
Mrs.
17
Dorothy
Foster.
18 Perle Dauphinoise.
19 William
Higgs.
of Warwick.
20 Countess
Ferlat.
3
Madame
4
Fred
Palmer.
5
Miss
Nellie
6
lalene.
21
Mrs.
Duchess
22
Pearl
23
Geo.
24
Miss
25
26
C. Blick.
Globe
d'Or.
27
Miss
7
of Fife.
Hamjnond.
8 Prank
9 Hanwell
10
Ma
n
Mrs.
12
Pantia
Southam,
Glory.
Perfection.
E.
C.
Kingston.
Ealli.
1.3
Chrysanthemiste
14
Mrs.
H.
Orientale.
Topaze
15
Bruant.
J. Jones.
Twenty
Descartes.
2
Sir W.
Raleigh.
3
W.
Astor.
W.
4
Enterprise.
5
John
Mdlle.
Nathalie
9
Queen
Elizabeth.
Brun.
Baron
Cox.
Hatton.
E. Seward.
Hirsch.
Mrs. P. R. Dunn.
Adair.
Robin
13
Souvenir
14
Halcyon.
15
Snowdrift.
16
Lady
17
Owen's
18
Mrs. Caterer.
Nelson.
Sabine.
20
Refi.exed
des
Norgists.
Temple.
Perfection.
Varieties.
6
Peach
Christine.
7
White
Christine.
Cullingfordii.
8
Golden
4
Lewisham
9
5
King
2
Alice
3
Tlieannual
M.
30
19
Ten
1 Mrs.
Ralph
Miss
12
of Westminster.
Duchess
10
Doris
V.^kieties.
Benedict.
8
Hills.
Annie
29
Anemone
Bunyan.
Mrs. Judge
7 Delaware.
6
Palace.
Lock.
28
11
1
C. Crooks.
Sullivan.
Bird.
Belle.
of
Crimsons.
10
foregoinglists
change. Some
.
they
shown, others
a.re
become
established.
varieties, for
years,
few
and
sea.sonS',
pool
seasons
varieties.
pressure
of
Japanese and
varieties jump
take
several
Some
while
incui-ved
to
front
before
years
othersi
take
fall to
a
the
as
varieties
of cultivation
for show
merits
standard
place
for
Variation
from
as
soon
their
foremost
rear.
suiting the early, and warm
The Viviand
familyhave -stood
system
the
subjectto
are
kindsi, again, remain
suddenly
too',affects the positionof
sea.sons
Christine.
Chevalier
Domage.
Jeal.
Clara
year
a
of
to year,
sea.sous
the
late
the brunt
of the
high
purposes'
for
a
remark-
TAKING
65
BUDS.
THE
tliougli
they appear to have entered
the downward
on
grade, they cannot
yet he gbreaxup by the
of the nortli.. Other Japan'esevarieties ooming toi the
amateur
front may
shortlydisplacethem and othersi in the list; but
able
length
time
alone
will hava
such
Donald
of time, and
Mr.
as
to
it.
prove
Some
of these
be
may
tioned,
men-
J.
Dunn, Wilfred Godfrey, Mrs, J. Balfour,
Grandeur, The Lion, Lady Hopetoun, Miss
McLeod,
Olive
Miller, S. T. Wright, Mr. Fred Leah, Queen Alexandra,
Nellie Stevens, Lord
Alverstone, Colonel Weatherall, Mr. Pat
Countess
Weathers,
du Cros, Visccuntes,-.
Ilarrowby,Maude
curved
Cranbourne, Mrs. T. Longley, F. A. Cobbold, Mary Inglis;In:
Madge Creagh, Mrs. J. P. Bryce, Mildred
Lyne,
W. E. Wright, Souvenir
de Wm.
The
G.
W.
Clibran,
Captain,
Matthews, Miss R. Hunt, The King, May Phillips.
of
"
XIV.
CHAPTER
THE
TAKING
Theeb
judgment required in taking the
long after showing, the side sliflots will
is
left too
some
until
tries
will be
attributed
deformed
flower
tO'
will be
insects,whan
the
operationof picking out
the
broken
won
soon
"
a
to
On
it gO'es blind.
take
it as
to
is that
the
a
BUDS.
bud.
If
off,and
care
a
be
flower
taking, when
the
side
rob
visible,the
as
the
it is due
lost ;
maybe
Moiming
shoots
are
flower
is the
made
vator
culti-
that
solelytO' injury in
shoots
a,
tenance
sus-
probability
No' doubt
result.
yoimg
it of
hand, if the
when
exercised, too, the
not
Certificate of Merit.
ofher
the
If it be
bud.
brittle
close
bud
that
best
too
be
may
would
have
time
by
for budthe
dews, and snap off easily. A strong quilltooth-pickis
a
night
handy
66
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
the
point
snipping off side shoots, as it has a narrow
a
sharp edge. It is not a good practicetO' take ofE all
side slioots surro^unding
tlae bud at onoe,
especiallyif the
bud
appears
implement
and
for
the
causes
bud
sdnixer in- this
a
The
early.
too
check
fo'Pmation, by allowing the
then
before
pass
shoots
see
and
if it is
advisable
later
A
the
hand
toi do
is
for
better;
and
bud
a
but
be
it
be
any
would
late
in
requires
of
case
a
time,
Before
bud
S'eiv-eral
week
a
in
the
may
side
examined,
carefully
deformity, it will
be
no
sJaoots
for
use
showing, the
both
be
to
early
for
grow
of the
one
injury,and
and
care
should
distinctly
separate
seen
are
let
flower
it without
the shoots
should
if thai-e be
defonned
if
at
used
times
some-
inheritance
her
to
plant
Paul
taken.
completely
it out,
course,
taken
before
take
to
Bell"
sihoots
off, one
removed, the bud
perfect;
buid.
Of
bud
side
them
nipping
the
all
are
Old
tOi go- blind.
toi the
causes
respect, and wie haive had
before
meaitioned, in the
Sin:plicity.As
days,
it
be
not
from
be
gO' for
any
sooner
a
to
a
pose.
pur-
it is
practised
attempted
tlie bud.
-*-
CHAPTER
XV.
SPECIMEN
PLANTS.
In
my
which
opinion there are
win prizes,that are
whioli
shows
stems
for
the name,
There
above
foot
the
are
some
200
pot
a
score
or
more
bare
sticks
and
or
main
two
types of bush
early
soil,tlie other
The
season.
not
at big shows,
plants exhibited
quite ideal specimens. A plant
eighteen inches, is not entirelyworthy of
of them
shown
as
some
espiecially
five feet high.
are
a
cuttings struck
above
the
bush
or
fomier
more.
in
the
grown
season,
from
plants, one
having
old stools
one
gro'wn
clear
of the
from
stem
previous
20
to 30 blooms, the latter
may
carry
As these cut-backs
from
old stools
may
SPECIMEN
these
69
PLANTS.
strong wire two feat six inches in diameter should be.
fastemed; and anothfir stick sihould be driven down the centre
oJt tlie pot, and
from
the circular wire to the centre
stids
other wires sliould be secured, sufficient in number
tO' tie out
a
,
the shoots
evenly all round.
By
commence
by securing some
may
shortest
centre.
Do
groweira
do, but
of the
taken
each
Another
same
cut
the
to
lo'ngerones
like some
manner
sp'iral
let each
in
a,
slioot bend
fro'm the
outward
much
started
for
varieties
not
any
about
to
have
time
until the
appear
growing
of
satisfaction
need
biuds
should
bud
central
b"
centre
done
as
be
on
for
flowers.
way
lines as
Pompon
and
them
stems, bringing the
the
outside, and
twist
not
of the
of July,operations
plant naturally and gracefully. The
about
the end of August, leaving one
stem.
Feeding and top-dressingmust
plants for
the
the
to
ones
the middle
the
above, but
are
excellent
the
plants is tO' follow on
only stopping three times.
for bush
plants,and give
smaller
amateur,
as
pots largerthan
in
end
of
All
Jime.
the first week
in
are
to
easy
nine-inch.
The
December.
they
They
stopping may
the
September
flower
may
be
buds
grow,
be
may
be
tinued
con-
which
allowed
to
open, and if the plantsare well looked after during tiie summer,
beautiful
show
and
in
trained into shape, they will make
a
November.
in tlie
same
Single varieties,too,
way.
Varieties
are
most
beautiful
treated
Plants :
^Viviand
for Bush
Morel, and
Japanese
sports, Mrs. T. W. Pockett, Nellie Pookett, Etoile de Lyon,
WUliam
Tricker,
Holmes, Niveus, Colonel W. B. Smith, William
Annie
of tlie older kinds,
Clibnan, Bouquet de Dame, and some
such as, Val d'Andorre, Margot, Madame
Baco, Mddla. Lacriox
and
B. Eendatler, Bouquet Fait, Lady Selsports, Madame
Inourvied :
^C H. Curtis,Lady Isabel,Baron
bourne.
Hirsch,
Empress of India, Golden impress, Queen of England^and
varieties alsoi make
The Eeflexed
sports, and Lord Aloester.
excellent bush plants,such as:
King of Crimsons, Chevalier
Domage, Elsie, Dorothy Gibson, and the Christine family..
of Orange, Mdlle.
Elsie
Dordan, Prince
Pompons :^-Mdll6.
Martha, Golden Mdlle. Martha, Rosinante, Nellie Rainford, St.
"
"
"
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
70
Michael,
lilac,and yellow),
Melaino, Cedo Nulli (whit",
President
La
Manning,
Purete, Kate
Gem,
Soeur
Eynsford
Payne. Anemone
Toussaint, Maurisot, Pygmalion, and William
of
Hon.
Mrs.
Cubitt, Gem
^Mr. Astie, Meteor,
Pompons:
Grace
Darling,
Earlswood, Marie Stewart, Emily Rowbottom,
"
Sentir.
Carr, Calliope,and Madame
Flight,Ernest
Eric, Bessie
-*-
CHAPTER
TIMING
XVI.
STOPPING.
AND
impo^rtantpoints in the
A knowledge
cultivation of the Autumn
Queen for exhibition.
of the natuTEil time of floweringof every variety groiwn must
from
from experience on the spot, or obtained
either bej gaineid
This
is without
some
doubt
district.
ttiei particularvariety in the
grown
the
fail tO' grasp
amateurs
pirinciplesof
whoi
else
one
Many
stopping,whilst
notes
necessary
notesi but
take
has
others' fail to
toi prove
has
make
reliable
a
have
few
perimenit,yet it isiof
He
of the most
one
the
time
all the branches
the
the
or
experimentsi,
guide. Every amateur
for extensive
means
or
can
of culture
es-
ting.
fascina-
the most
for decoration
chrysanthemums
only,
grows
is
of these
diffioultiesito contend
with; for what
whoi
none
varied period of flowering,
advantage tO' him is the Jiatuially
which
the intending exhibitor
is bound
Tlie
to overcome.
an
former
liis
want"
possible,the
date.
given
best, when
third
plants
latter
often,
Experiment
it must
or
crown,
be
in
flower
requires
then
Good
as
them
decide
must
and
seciired',
terminal.
over
whether
long a period
all fully out
on
which
bud
varieties have
duoers
of
many
still fail to
is the
beeoi discarded
past thro,ughignorance ia this respect, and
kinds
a
it be first,second,
in the
new
as
the
imtro-
give sufficient information
in
cases.
Generally speaking,there
are
for
our
pui-poso
late October
TIJVIINQ
AND
varieties,early No'vember,
and
Deceimber
varieties.
flo'-wers"xji first
few
tliird crown
on
in the
southi
north
"
very
November
shows.
We
in M.
have
the first oroiwni
Madford,
in
am
Louis
run
season
on
be
and
a
Coombes
Mrs.
;
in tlie
the terminaJ, but
early enO'Ugh for
secured
a
its
before
to
buds,
crown
varietywhich, if flowered from
fullyout in October ; but Pride of
Eemy
take
second
de Lechd
can
bud, woiuld be
if left to
average
^liko Chenon
may
tarminalsi
few
NoiVeimber,late Novecaber,
of these produce their best
Some
be
some
mid
budsi,otLjersion
crown
71
STOPPING.
own
would
course,
the end
not
The
of November.
be
open
fo^rmer
variety,if grown without stopping,would probably set a crown
bud
in July. Tha,t bud
would
have
the
to be removed, and
the second
secured.
But the second
crown
suoceeding ooei
woiuld not be formed
of September,
before the middle
croiwni
and would
not only be too late, but would
be lacking in substance,
"
as
If
M.
"
it would
have
not
tinie tO' build
Louis
up
natural
a
solid bloom.
breajk by the
a
Remy always made
in April,a first crown
third week
could be obtained
by tlie
end of June, and a second
by tlie 20th of August, but it does
have
that isiequivalent
Thus we
not.
to stop the plant, and
to it,
Now, Pride of Madford, being a late Noveioiber variety,
be treated difEerently.The second crown,
must
also,is useless
for show
and
obtain
first crown
must
a
we
by the
purposes,
second
week
in August, in order
to get the best fiower at
the proper time.
We have to stop the plant,then, by pinching
week in May
that is,unless
out the tip of the shoot the second
it seldom
it stops itself by forming a first-break bud, which
Thus
have an early varietystopped in April
does in tinie.
we
does
How
that come
and
late variety stopped in May.
a
The
about?
asks the uninitated.
explanationisi,that of the
earlyvarietymenitioned, we go to the second crown., but of the
'
"
later
one
we
have
to
take
the
first bud
which
after
appears
illustrations of the varions
stopping. Suppose we refer to the
We
in Not 1
buds
see
which a plant makes.
growing with one stem ; if this varietybe M.
would
continue
in No.
2,
some
to
grow
time in
on
May
one
"
stem
that
until
is,if
a
plant
yovmg
Louis Eemy, it
a
bud
formed,
left to take
its
own
as
72
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
That
course.
first bud
is called
first
the
tlie
break, because
All shoots axe,
sthootiS all up the stem.
of ooiurse, remoived
tO' grow
except three, and these continue
until another bud is formed
in No. -3,that is the first crown.
as
plant tben
throws
Thi.^y bud
with
out
variety iu question, would
the
;FIRST
QBOWTH
YOUNO
CROWN
F1HST
BREAri
N"3.
N?a.
N?I.
in
JOINT OF
5hOOT"
A
lato
appear
PLANT.
^r^
UNSTOPPED.
SECOND
CROWN
,
OF
JOINT
CROWN'
SECOND
JOiWT
FIRST
OF
CROWN
JOINT
FIRST
OF
BRtAK
N?5.
N?4-
Taking
July.
one,
the
It would
shoot
on
Beoond
that
each
run
would
stated, and
on
to
Buds.
early,and would
being let go, until
It
before
to
toO'
stem
crown.
as
see,
be
thk
No.
not
would
5, the
show
be
have. to
we
out;
come
arrive
at No.
itself before
too
terminal
late.
(or end
4,
tember,
Sep-
So
of
we
all
TIMING
is out
t,'iowtb),
of the
AND
STOPPrNQ.
question.
If the
of
haivei had
Madford, it would
May 15th; and if a first break
would
be right; but, except by
varietyliad
to
contiruue
bud
showed
as
on-
Pride
been
1
No.
that
until
date,
all
would, ajid
freak, it never
the value
of stopping'is made
apparent.
until No.
3 stage is
15th, it will grow
on
bud
would
he
August, and the iirst crown
it is th"ire wh-er"
Stopped
73
a
May
reached, early in
that is,"illside shoots remoiveid,as shown
It
in No'. 3.
taJieiu,
be clearlyunderstood
that by stopp'ing
must
ing
only the pinchof the tip of the stem
is meant.
Also that some
varieties
do better when
Noi. 2 to No.
shoot is run. up from
only ono
3.
These are specified
in the list and are referred tO' on page
on
75.
Then
flower
we
to the mid-November
come
the
without
stoppmg. Suppose we
take Mrs. Geoi. Mileham
as
an
example.. This varietyshould
make
break
the 30th of May, and if it does,
natural
about
a
no
stopping is required. It may not do so', though, and might
into June.
In tliat case
natural
run
on
growth would be at
be rectified by stoppling.It is obvious that
fault,and must
the advice
na,tural,"
given in all published lists^ first crown
at
right time
should
varieties,which
einy
"
is
useless, unless
No
should
occur.
but
the 20th
bj
the
time, say
one
month
12th,
a
few
known
be
days, and
two
days.
be
when
the natural
break
sho'Uld appe'ar before
August,
If it should
it should be taken.
it may
every
the
date
that
be
bud
other
of the
the
about
appear
side shoo'ts to grow
a
time
known
retarded
by allowing the
by removing them one at
It
is of
whan
the
this
utmost
portance
im-
first break
plant does not make it naturally
it may
be stopped. Obviously for exoeptibnal
seasons
nothing
diflEerent
of advice,except stopp'ing
be done in the way
can
on
dates. If three plantsof a varietybe grown, and say it is C. H.
Curtis,A may be stopped on the 10th, of May, B on the 15tli,
The
be followed
when
and
the 20th.
C on
same
plan may
In that
growing for shows on different dates in November.
be done on
the same
and AprU stopping must
case, the March
should
be
made,
successive
Suppose
so
that if the
method.
now,
we
were
to
get
a
natural
break
on
a
plant
U
a
CHRYSANTHEMUM
fortnightbefore
have
By
than
that
to
the
resort
is meant
stem
time,
s-peciiied
what
is
the
break
later shoote. We
the
north, but
1901, for iostanoe.
In
a
are
is to be
what
called,
cutting six inches, or
to
according as
aiway,
plant toi make
precocityin
CULTURE.
not
''
a
foot, of the
varies, and
forcing the
; if that
be too'
even
troubled
muoh
in, some
do occur,
of which
vaj-ieti"s,
is one, it doies not matter
much, because
than an
early one, the shoots are allowed
crown
eirly,then
to
a
back."
cutting hard
third
a
Mrs.
late bud
to
with
seasons,
cases
few
We
done?
go
to
like
Coombes
is better
a
With
crown.
this
second
Pride
of
Madford, though, it would be entirelydifferent,for if tlie
first crown
bud appeared in July it would
be too earlyfor the
remioved
and
the plant
shows; then;,if th-e first crown
were
allowed
to
form
second, tlie floiwer would be useless for exif it came
in time, as it would
show
an
eye,
a
hibitian,even
and be lackingin' substance.
We
come
to
now
a
smaller
section
of vaiieties
which
flower
In ordeir tO' get the first crown
of
naturally in December.
these earlyin August, we
have to- resort to* stopping in April.
Madame
E. Cadbury, Madame
Paolo
two' exRadaelli, are
amples
in point. Plants, of this class sihould be well esitablished
and robust by the second
week
in AprU, when
be
they must
stopped, for three strong shoots have to be run
the
up from
and
the
first
bud
taken
which
stopping,
Cuttings
appears^.
should
therefore
be inserted early in' December, or
in
even
November
if good ooesi
available.
are
There
Mis.
H.
is
even
"Weeks
a
later section to be mentioned
and
tlian the above.
Florence
Molyiieux belong tO' it. These
re(|uirostojiping
so
oai-lyas Februaiy. But it is not al\vay.s
Ihat good plants for stoppiug-can
be had
so
eaiiy in the
it is therefore
better to' strike eai-ly
in February,and
season;
the
shoot
plants on one
grow
tliroughthe season; taking the
first crown
bud tlia.tappears
early in August. Thus only one
flower can
be grown
on
a
plant; but three plants'may
be
in
ten-inch
a
in
gro'wn
pot, or one
plant
a
or
seven
eightinch pot.
of the
Some
crowns
may
be
varieties which
grown
on!
generallygrown on second
first,crowns
by late striking. This
are
76
suooeed
How
bettor
often
shoots,one
the
by
do
the
find
we
When
a
the other
that
bei,are
may
usually troubled with
obtained
haVe
to
seem
isiwhy the
Certainly
but
and
from
two
We
in varieties: of
vaorieties
throws
April
or
That
notified.
that
indisputablepointy and
in 'March
it, and
stem.
one
are
naturally
a
resist
which
not
are
isi,if
only
out
two
and one
weakly, the best thing is to take
s.troing
and allow three tO' go
all off except the strongest one,
shoots^ oiT
them
two
the nest
It is
break.
the wit
beyond
for bud
selection
of
give a perfecttable
to
man
suit every
it be high or
district j
to
situation,whether
low, dry
so
or
depends
damp, exposed
Opinions differ,too, as to dates
in a given locality,
for some
will
growers
colour, thereby preferringan earlier bud to
colour
to
left to
size.
mere
the
discretion
speaking,the
southern
of
of each
least licence
requiringearly bud
buds
It is obvious
individual
be
may
selection, as
these
taken
there
may
the
the
end
taken
the
more
agree
districts than those which
buds
then
for bud
those
or
size for
who
much
prefer
be
must
Generally
grower.
with those
dates
on
selection
sacrifice
that
best
of dates
much
sheltered.
the
strong and one
good flowers, as
plant.
oine
othersi
aje
stemmed
isi one
p'lantstopped
any
or-
two
tendenoy tO' keep' to
three
there
one
of sboots
there
natural
a
one
lack
than
weakly, or
only
occurs,
case
branching habit,
by tbe three.
stopped plant throwing out only two
metbod
ona-stem
strong and
weakly.
at
CULTURE.
CHRYSANTHEMUM
varieties
for
taking
nearly with northern
produce good flowers
and
from
of
August. Further, if the bud in
question appear before the several dates given in the tables,
it may
be retarded
of the side shoots,
by tlie gradual removal
as
previouslyexplained; or, if the grower reside in the south,
If, on
be
the
the
be
time
other
to
to
run
hand, the
a
bud
third
does
crown,
or
not
appear
is to wait; there
date, the only alternative
consolation
that, if the discrepancybe
flower
which,
at
in
excellence
observance."
will
the
sacrifice
only
opinion
"more
of
a
little size to
honoured
in
the
the
on
quired
re-
will
always
not
too
colour
and
great,
form,
good judges,is
many
terminal.
a
breach
a
than
point
in
of
the
It's
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A
for
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These
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of
LIST
can
mid-Novemher
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for
grown
table ;
in substance
:
"
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North
which
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to
on
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;better
produce
i'irst
Crown
the
best
Buds.
particularsgiven in
in colour, they are
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Rose
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