6/06/2013, PowerGen, Viena – José Manuel Collados, ABB Power Systems Integrating Solar PV into Off-Grid System– Marble Bar Project How to overcome grid instability © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 1 Agenda © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 2 1. Introduction: ABB in Solar 2. Microgrids renewable integration 3. Marble Bar project 4. Conclusion Introduction: ABB in Solar § More than 500 MWac of central solar inverters and Megawatt stations installed worldwide § 1998: ABB supplies the control system for the first Direct solar steam loop at Plataforma solar de Almeria, Spain © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 3 § ABB is the largest low voltage component supplier to leading inverter manufacturers § 2010: ABB supplies the control system for the first of its kind Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) plant in Kuraymat, Egypt § More than 410 MWp of PV plants installed, either as an EPC contractor or as a balance of system component supplier § 2011: Acquisition of Powercorp, leader in the integration of renewable energies into microgrids Microgrids renewable integration OPEX reduction § Diesel-fuel cost is volatile and rising over time Low CAPEX / Medium OPEX Renewable energy cost is far less volatile and reducing over time § § Energy source is free Medium CAPEX / Low OPEX § § § LCOE: 0.81 $/kWh § LCOE: 0.64 $/kWh § LCOE: 0.54 $/kWh § LCOE: kWh 0.42 $/ § Hybrid Renewable energy becomes economically competitive. § Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) to be compared with diesel fuel generation Sources: 1) US Energy Information Administration – Independent Statistics and Analysis http://www.cleantechinvestor.com/portal/fuel-cells/6422-mining-and-energy.html 2) Alliance for Rural electrification (ARE). Projections made from a case study based in Ecuador with real natural conditions. http://www.ruralelec.org/fileadmin/DATA/Documents/06_Publications/Position_papers/ ARE_TECHNOLOGICAL_PUBLICATION.pdf © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 4 Microgrids renewable integration Solar Systems overview PV: Commercial PV: Utility Microgrids PV: Residential CSP Integration of renewables into the grid +Hybrid Plants § O&M © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 5 § PV: Photovoltaics Concentrating Solar Power § CSP: Service § Appendix: Brochures, project references Microgrids renewable integration Microgrid vs. Macrogrid Grids Microgrid Isolated © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 6 Macrogrid Interconnected Central Generation Distributed Generation Fossil Fuel Based Grid + Fossil Fossil Fossil + Renewable Grid + Renewable Renewable Low Penetration Strong Grid High Penetration Weak Grid Microgrids renewable integration Managing power output fluctuations in microgrids § § § © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 7 Inherent volatility of renewable energy compromises microgrid stability The renewable energy integration solution have to face requirements traditionally fulfilled by diesel generation like base load: § Availability § Frequency and voltage control § Sufficient spinning reserve § Sufficient active and reactive power supply § Peak shaving and load shedding § Load sharing between generators Renewable energy generation capacity should be sized to maximize ROI and fuel savings. § Lowering Renewable CAPEX § Lowering overall OPEX Microgrids renewable integration Technical requirements § § § Stable frequency and voltage Sufficient active and reactive power supply Electrical power production at lowest cost § Power access, whenever required (24/7) § Availability without Interruptions With maximum renewable energy contribution © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 8 Microgrids renewable integration Main drivers for implementation Main drivers Applications Social Economic Environmental Operational Access to electricity Fuel savings Reduce CO2 footprint and pollution Fuel independence P P P Grid-connected Rural electrification Weak grid off-grid Islands P P Mines / industrial sites P (P) P Military (P) (P) P P Campuses § P: § (P): © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 9 P Main driver Secondary driver Microgrids renewable integration Possible renewable penetration Solar/gas-diesel systems Without integration 7-10% 20% Automatic Management of renewable energy and Gas (DCS) 10 - 15% 22% Stabilizing (flywheel) 25 - 50% 100% Automated demand management 60 – 80% 100% 100% 100% Energy Storage © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 10 Annual Peak average penetration penetration Microgrids renewable integration Power Control & Dispatch System § Wind Turbine Generator § & § PV/CPV § & § Control Centre § Energy W-CMS* Storage System § & E-CMS* § Cooling/Heating Generation § & P-CMS* Loads L-CMS* § N-CMS* § Power § Other Consumers/ Micro-Grid Micro-Grid § Diesel § & Generator G-CMS* § Smart Consumers § & § Grid © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 11 Stabilising System § & E-CMS* L-CMS* Microgrids renewable integration Experience 1990 1998 2001 2007 2010 Napperby Denham Mawson Coral Bay Northern Territory Western Australia Antarctica Western Australia Marble Bar & Nullagine Western Automatization Station Diesel Wind/Diesel Wind/Grid Stabilising Wind/Diesel/ Flywheel Solar/Diesel/ Flywheel 15% Pénétration 85% Pénétration 95% Pénétration 100% Pénétration (Battery System) 0% Pénétration § © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 12 Pénétration est la moyenne annuelle d’énergie renouvelable comme pourcentage de l’énergie produit Australia The Marble Bar Project Project Overview Customer Requirements © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 13 § Fully automatic operation of power station § Up to 100% supply of demand with PV during daytime § Significant reduction of fuel consumption § Safe, reliable and stable power supply to local community § Operational within the harsh environmental conditions (49 deg C max, avg temp higher than 37 deg C for 6 months) § Minimum maintenance The Marble Bar Project Description of Methodology Input Sol_rad(t) Power System Dynamic Model Measured Data System Behaviour Diesel generator Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Gen 4 Gen 5 Gen 6 Gen 7 ~ G ~ G ~ G ~ G ~ G ~ G ~ G P-Q Messung Gen 1 LS Gen1 LS LS LS LS LS LS Leitung Gen1 Ltg Ltg Ltg Ltg Ltg Ltg Wind turbine LS WKA 3 ~ G WKA 2 ~ G WKA 1 ~ G Output: U(t), f(t), ... PLL Grid Ltg HSS LS Ltg LS WKA1 Leitung WKA1 3 ~ 415V / 50 Hz LS Netz Kompensation WKA 1 P-Q Messung WKA 1 P-Q Messung Netz Isolated gird LS Ps1 Leitung Ps1 f-U measurement Ps 1 P-Q Messung Ps1 PowerStore Power System Simulation Tool Showing expected Frequency & Voltage Variations § Allowed Control Algorithm Verification for Power Management System § © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 14 The Marble Bar Project Dynamic Power Modelling: Stabilisation Analysis à à © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 15 Charging Discharging Power requirement: 200kW (60% of installed PV capacity) Energy requirement: 1MWs (200kW for 5 seconds) The Marble Bar Project Installed Solution § § § 504 kW peak demand 1 x 300 kW SunPower T20 Single Axis Tracker PV Array 4 x 320 kW Detroit Series 60 Diesel Generators © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 16 § § § RMC600 Power Management System 1 x 500 kW PowerStore Grid Stabilisation Device 1 x Substation with 4 Outgoing Feeders The Marble Bar Project Stabilisation: PowerStore-Flywheel System § 440Vac High duty cycle § Grid forming § Grid Stabilising § Scalable & Modular § Frequency Control § Synthetic Inertia § Voltage Control § Fault ride through Inverter § 440Vac § 60-120Hz § Fixed § Variable § Frequency § Frequency § Activel § Power § Active § Power § Reactive Inverters 100– 1,650 kVA § 2.9T § 1,800 § 3,600 RPM § Power § © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 17 Generator § MG High Power; low energy § § Flywheel § 50/60Hz Features § § Virtual § 18 MWs flywheel The Marble Bar Project Control System § 1,2 MW Diesel § 0,3 MW solar © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 18 The Marble Bar Project Renewable Microgrid Controller (RMC-600) © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 19 The Marble Bar Project Broadcasting between devices § Every Controller measures and controlls only its own equipments § Each Broadcast contains all control relevant information § Decisions are taken autonomously § Broadcasting based on standard Ethernet Example Broadcasting Messages Diesel Generator Controller PV Controller © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 20 Pnom: Pact: 320 kW 100 kW Pnom: Pact: 300 kW 150 kW PSpinAct: 220kW Pavail: 190 kW The Marble Bar Project Operational Data – Limit of Solar Penetration Solar Radiation PV Power 200 800 Generators Power kW 600 Solar Radiation 100 Watts/sq.m. 400 Pstore Power 200 0 0 1:43:20 Mon 20-Jun-11 © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 21 7:16:40 Mon 20-Jun-11 12:50:00 Mon 20-Jun-11 18:23:20 Mon 20-Jun-11 The Marble Bar Project Operational Data – Loss of a diesel generator Gen 4 Trip Gen 2 On-line 55 200 Pstore Power kW Frequency Hz 100 50 0 45 23:56:40 Thu 22-Sep-11 © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 22 23:57:00 Thu 22-Sep-11 23:57:20 Thu 22-Sep-11 The Marble Bar Project RMC-600 Example – Loss of power generation Start Discharge Pnom 0kW Pact 200kW Eact 10 MWs Pact 200kW © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 23 The Marble Bar Project RMC-600 Example – Loss of diesel generation Pact -50kW Pact 250kW Pact 200kW © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 24 Recharge The Marble Bar Project Operational Data – Loss of PV array PV Array Trip PowerStore Response © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 25 Generator Covering Remaining Load The Marble Bar Project Operational Data – Energy Constraint of PowerStore 300 PV Power kW 200 Gen 4 Power 100 Gen 2 Power Powerstore Power 0 26-Oct-11 10:16 © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 26 26-Oct-11 13:03 26-Oct-11 15:50 26-Oct-11 18:36 Conclusion Annualy Savings in Marble Bar 1 GWh energy produced by the PV array equalling 60% of annual demand. 405,000 litres of diesel fuel saved. 1,100 tones CO2 emissions saved. General Conclusions • Smart power systems start with smart engineering. • Renewable penetration in islanded systems already reaches levels that require grid stabilisation. • All elements in a power system have to be part of a smart control system to: • Increase the use of renewable sources. • Maintain stable supply of electricity. • Allow safe operation of thermal power plants. Technology to become a smart power system is already available and proven in many islanded power systems around the globe reaching up to 100% penetration of renewable generation © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 27 Storage Solutions Technology Overview Compressed air (CAES) Energy [MWh] 10 Chemical batteries 1 Pump storage 0,1 Flywheel 0,1 1 10 Peak power [MW] © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 29 100 1000 The Marble Bar Project, WA, Australia Project Specific Technical Challenges © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 30 § 100% PV penetration § Startup times § Minimum loadings § Reverse power scenarios § Fuel efficiency § Negative step loads § Spinning reserve requirements § Fault current provision PowerStore Solution Flywheel based Grid Stabilisation Functionality § Parallel with conventional generators § Frequency control, like a generator § Voltage control, like a generator § Active and reactive power supply § Run stand-alone as virtual generator (Frequency and voltage reference) Applications © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 31 § Grid Stability § Renewable smoothing § Provide fault current § Peak Lopping Renewable Microgrid ControllerFunctionality Added Functionality with added Controllers PV Array Controller Generator 1 Generator 2 Controller Controller PowerStore Building Controller Controller Feeder Controller Overload Support Ideal Loading Power Setpoint Cloud Cover Support Power Station Black Start Algorithm Step Load Requirements Proactive Load Shedding Spinning Reserve Requirements kW / kVAr sharing Mngmt Reclose Temperature And many more . . . © ABB Group giugno 6, 2013 | Slide 32 Derating
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