1. education
2. english as a second language

MISTAKES
ENGLISH,
WRITING
FOR
THE
TJS"
OF
TEACH,
WHO
ALL
THE
THEM.
AVOID
TO
HOW
AND
WRITE,
LAKOUAGR
BY
T.
MARSHALL
AUTHOR
OP
BIGELOW,
"punctuation,
AND
OTHBB
MATTERS."
TTPOOKAPHICAL
THIRD
EDITION.
BOSTON:
LEE
AND
SHEPARD,
NEW
CHARLES
PUBLISHERS.
YORK:
T.
DILLINGHAM.
1891.
OR
SPEAK
Copyright,
Bt
Marshall
T.
Uniyebsitt
John
Wilson
1886,
Bioelow.
Pbbss:
and
Son,
Cambbidoe.
PREFACE.
A
Blackwood
in
WRITER
this
of
author
celebrated
reference
in
truth
While
does
it
own,
all great
be
must
brilliant, should
that
be
might
It
be
may
work
written,
from
within
on
to
say
that
recent
admitted
aggerated
ex-
an
the
near
of
mar
gram-
elegant English,
of
peculiarities
have
that
excused
rules
the
of
constitute
writers
be
it is very
following
necessarily
not
while
and
slavish
mere
two
present time.
the
to
been
have
may
nevertheless
statement,
one
ety
flagrant impropri-
some
This
grammar."
the
in
is not
written
has
who
day
without
consecutively
pages
there
Wordsworth,
of
exception
the
that, *'with
said
once
writer, however
no
for
their
grammatical
errors
avoided.
sufficient
a
subject
a
that
of
years,
the
most
which
for
reason
on
which
so
object of
works
seem
publishing
it is
which
to
has
much
been
ent
entirely differhave
have
other
an-
been
appeared
written
iv
,
PREFACE,
mainly for
hoped
teacher
that this work
the
be
vulgarismswhich
education
errors
is
as
A
they
purpose.
the grammar,
in
shown
It must
the
many
be
cases
any
may
on
claim to
avoid,but such
to be
common
to
ungrammaticalsentences
the works
Others
whenever
in
borne
were
in
; and
may
should
in
rected
cor-
which
have
been
they
served
mind, that,in
sentences,the main
error
the sentence
wasted
and
proof-reading,
erroneous
the
brief
so
attention.
particular
source
any
to show
clearly
with
published.
were
the correction of
and
in
is
of
ular
partic-
any
been
and
their writers before
from
appropriated
my
of
observed
occurred
rangement,
orderlyar-
best writers
has
know
experiencehas
large number
by
an
to
pointstreated
one
every
have received
given were
all the
space
supposed to
my
all authors
ia
No
easilyacquired.
mere
the
the
use
arrangedthat
so
knowledge of
full
possible
of
readilybe found, and
subjectmay
a
which
to
errors
liable. It is
Englishare
that
be
may
by pointingout, in
scholar,
or
flaw
pickingevery
criticised.
in the author
It is
of
the purpose
object
merelycorrecting
often be left inelegant,
undoubtedlybe entirely
reconstructed.
In
the
Italicsare
examples cited,all
either
the
words
printedin
or
tautological,
ungrammatical,
super-
PREFACE.
fluous.
the
The
words
placeof
the
added
Where
author's
the best writers
to
relating
and of
that
grammaticalerrors
are
Shakespeare
but
as
lead
the Bible
with
any idea
to show
that in
pointedout
not
are
to
follow archaic
in
plural,
expect
more
the
precisely
of Sentences"
than
matter
is there
to which
it
of itself requirea volume.
given rules
are
which
I have
this
simplifies
I have
doubt
no
line of true
rules
on
to
"Construction
entitled,
though a thoroughtreatment
so
Appendix
given some
authors
those
even
languageof
but
corrected,
one
subjectwould
in the
remarks
not
be
that is
as
change which
which
that
showing
authorities in matters
in the
chapter entitled
short
In the
of the
erroneous
"
it is
relates,
of the
of
an
"
Englishwe
might
given;
given for
infallible,no"
standard
sarily
neces-
grammar.
writingmodem
The
not
are
correct.
for the purpose
are
they ought to
forms.
is
name
considered
are
The
the sentence
take
to
are
precedingItalic words, or
sentence,it is done
who
inserted in brackets
to make
an
V
some
ought to
to
as
for the formation
ventured
matter
will be
very
propose
a
much, and
generally
approved,
reform.
spelling
I have
also
with
compound words,together
matters
typographical
be
to
acquainted.
with
which
vi
PREFACR
Grammars
the
Besides
Professors
and
Whitney
Goold
Murray,
of
others,
and
Tweed,
Brown,
I
have
^
made
frequent
of
Rhetoric,"
its
Faults
use
and
Richard
Mr.
their
works
I
am
Prof.
Prof.
A.
its
Graces,"
Grant
"Words,
of
White,
and
Use
greatly
P.
A.
S.
October
publications
various
and
Professor
and
Abuse,"
5,
1886.
T.
of
Mathews's
to
all
indebted.
M.
Cambridge,
"Conversation,
Peabody's
the
"Principles
Hill's
BIGELOW.
these
CONTENTS.
CHATTIB
PAOI
Use
I.
The
II.
of
Abticlb
ths
9
"
Nominative
Case
akd
the
Verb
13
.
.
III.
The
Possessite
Case
21
IV.
The
Objective
Case
24
Antecedent
25
y.
VI.
VII:
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
'
"
Pronoun
The
Subjunctive
The
Infinitive
Tense,
Shall
Lie
Use
Adverbs
XIV.
Relative
XVI.
Double
Correlatives
31
34
Will,
the
Adjectives
30
Mood
Lay.
and
Op
Mood
Time
or
and
XIII.
XV^
and
"
Should
Set
and
and
Would
.
.36
.
Sit
42
....
Participle
and
Adjective
45
Pronouns
48
.
.
55
Pronouns
Negatives
60
64
'66
CONTENTS.
VIU
PAGI
CHAPTER
XVII.
XYIII.
CONJtTNCTIONS
69
Prepositions
72
Construction
XIX.
of
76
Sentences
.....
XX.
Tautological
78
W(irds
Superfluous
and
"
.
XXI.
Miscellaneous
Words
and
.81
Phrases
"
.
APPENDIX.
I.
n.
III.
Formation
Compound
Some
of
Words
Ttpographical
the
89
Plural
93
.....""
.100
Matters
.
INDEX
.
.
"
1""7
MISTAKES
WRITING
IN
ENGLISH.
I.
CHAPTER
OF
USES
"
A
1.
used
a
fleet,"etc.
^
2.
consonant,
or
beginning with
"a
woman,"
a
honest."
or
a
beginning with
an,
before
a
all words
silent h; as, "a
man,"
"a
sound
beginning with
is
a
"
an
of y, and
one
begins with
they therefore require a, and
erroneously used before these
There
used, however,
youth," "a European," "a unit,"
one," "a harpoon," "a harangue," "a hypocritical
"an
Indian," "an
angel," "an
hour," "an
The words
unit, European, reallybegin with
the consonant
before
sound;
true vowel
a
"
all words
consonant
a
be
can
be
cannot
dred,'*
huna
army,"
also with a pluralsignification
"
a man,"
a
gem,"
many
; and
before
is used
article,and
; as,
"
"many
often
It
phrases like
many
a
flower,"etc.
in
of w;
indefinite
of multitude
noun
"
ARTICLE.
plural noun.
a
a
"such
ia the
an
with
before
"
ov
THE
an
similar
as
and
an,
which
other
is
words
combinations.
exception to
consonant
not
the sound
to
the
words
rule
for the
use
"beginningwith
of
a
h, of
10
IN
MISTAKES
which have either a primary
syllables,
in which
secondaryaccent on the second syllable,
is used; as, "an
"an
historian,"
an
rapher,"
historiog"an
"an
harpooner,"
hypothesis."^
a
case
" 3.
noun,
definite articlethe may be used before any
whether singular
or plural,
except abstract terms,
The
sciences.
or
vices,
virtues,
of
names
or
ENGLISH.
than two
more
or
WRITING
of the articlewhere
omission
The
" 4.
used is very
it should
be
; as,
common
and [the]
literalmeaning of words should
metaphorical
distinguished."
from both the Greek and [the]
**But the French pilfered
**The
be
Latin."
A red and
[a]blue star may producephotographic
images
equalintensity."
**The president
and [the]
secretarywere elected."
"The
indebtedness of the Englishto the French,[the]
Latin,
'*
of
is disclosed in almost every sentence."
uttered by the artist,
the mechanic,and
terms
are
Greek
[the]
and
"These
[the]husbandman."
"
languagehave three cases
English
and [the]
objective."
possessive,
[the]
in the
Nouns
*The
"
one
means
secretary'
person
*the treasurer and the secretwo
tary'
offices;
two officers. *A black and white dog'
animal ; a black and a white
parti-colored
black and one white.
two dogs,one
The
means
means
dog
1
and
treasurer
holds
who
*
one
'
*
means
Worcester's rule for the
use
of
an
before h is
as^Webster's; and each of them violates his
says that an
are accented
Worcester
rule.
own
beginningwith
the second syllable;
Webster,that it should
on
banning
but the first. Yet
to
according
as well
defective,
should be used before all words
before all words
and
native,
; the nomi-
both
Worcester
with h which
are
accented
"
be used
syllable
poon,"
hotel," a haron
any
write,very properly, a
which
even
gives **a hxirpooner"
either rule.
h which
"
is wrong
USES
'
honest and
and
two
the
11
ARTICLE.
THE
OF
those who are both honest
are
intelligent
'the honest and the intelligent'
are
intelligent;
classes : one, composed of those who are honest ;
The following
other,of those who are intelligent.
is therefore defective
sentence
that the
[the]synod maintained
impliednot
shows
context
unity in the
any
that
council
tha
:
*
The
council and
unity of
the person
consciousness.'
The
was
one
body, the
synod another."^
is followed
" 5. Wlienever the present participle
immediatelyby o/, it should be preceded by the
definite article;
as,
'*It is [the]
drawingof
or
"
conclusion which
a
was
before
known
un-
dark."
Prompted by
he persisted
in [the]
vanity,
writing
extreme
of bad verses."
**
"
[the]framingof his sentences he was very exact."
From
of names
he proceeded
to blows."
[the]
calling
In
if the articleand
But
sentences
Articles
" 6.
in the
"
will be
the
equallycorrect.
also often inserted
are
following
examples:
That
is the kind of
**
What
sort of
**
What
of
species
a
of are both omitted,these
a
charm
"
of whom
man
as
erroneously,
do
we
theypossess ?
is this?
reptile
are
speaking."
"
"
a
has been given
oi^nization
have active minds."
Ayres,Verbalist,
p. 192.
generally
of a gentleman."
He is entitled to the appellation
the Mufti is the head of the ministers of law
The one styled
and religion."
than a linguist"
He was a better mathematician
"
Men
to whom
this kind of
an
"
"
"
**
The
article should not
case
and
1
the
noun
be used between
which
of
Hill's Principles
it governs;
Rhetoric,
p.
104.
the possessive
as,
12
MISTAKES
**Prescott*s
*
Peru.'
of
IN
Th6
*A
Chance
"Cushing's
*A
Year
This*
is
Mexico/
and
his
the
book."
*
The
quest
Con-
in
equivalent
should
Spain.'
"
"his
saying
to
all
are
omitted
be
"
Acquaintance.'
foregoing examples
articles
of
Conquest
ENGLISH.
"
Howells's
*'
WRITING
and
wrong,
all the
in
the
The
Italicized
examples
in
this
section.
" 7.
The
used
improperly
[the] eagle is
**An
**
A
and
definite
indefinite
together
the
:
of the
emblem
article
are
times
some-
as,
United
of
[a] combination
is the
diphthong
the
States."
two
vowels
in
one
syllable."
"
Where
8.
the
noun,
article
noun
is
noun
is made
adjectives qualify
more
precede
must
the
in
put
or
plural;
and
the
"The
nominative
and
objective
is to
noun
**In
a
verb
plural
be
lines, the
twelfth,
"The
Christians
;
so
do
ninth, eleventh,
and
fourteenth
Old
and
the
generally to
the
first if the
sases."
used
in either
after each
the'firat,the
usually rhyme
if the
adjective
only
same
objective case."
be
must
understood
sonnet,
the
as,
nominative
a
each
singular, but
"The
But
line
two
the
and
fourth, the
adjective ;
fifth,and
second, third, sixth,
thirteenth
case,
lines, and
as
the
as,
the
and
the
eighth
seventh
tenth,
lines."
New
be
Testament
inspired.'
are
both
believed
by
NOMINATIVE
THE
CASE
AND
NOMINATIVE
The
" 9.
13
VERB.
II.
CHAPTER
THE
THE
CASE
AND
which
THE
VERB.
is the
of a
subject
sentence, or the nominative,alwaysgoverns the verb,
and person.
both in number
violations
Very common
of this rule in conversation are the use of
You 2^a","
He donX' for
for You were,"and of
He does n't."
The rule is often carelessly
violated in writing,
although
or
noun
pronoun
"
"
"
in
it is difficult to
cases
many
The
nominative.
usage
"
determine the actual
are
following
examplesof
incorrect
:
"
steamer, with the
"The
crew
and
were
passengers,
[was]
lost."
when
[signify]
good opinions,
signifies
"What
is bad ?
"
In
practice
"
pietyand
the happiness
of man."
virtue consist [consists]
conformityof opinionsand qualities
prepare
"A
us
our
[prepares]
for
friendship."
away."
Day after day pass [passes]
how
with the Governor, decide [decides]
**Tlie Legislature,
"
expended."
what the
show [shows]
"The whole scope of these provisions
was."
objectof the Legislature
and conflagrations
ploy
emNothing less than murders,rapine,
their thoughts."
[employs]
economist after another have [has]
"One
against
protested
the State taxes
shall he
"
some
other of the articlesof the old Ricardian creed."
"
pieces
masterThe second book of the ^neid is one of the greatest
executed by any hand."
that ever was [were]
been written
of the best that has [have]
"This letter is one
one
or
about Lord
Byron."
H
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
"
"To
these
rules and
**
who
The
a copiousselection of
[is]subjoiued
preceptsare
maxims."
of Addison in matters
authority
made
of grammar, of Bentley,
his study,of Bolingbroke,
the
English
grammar
The English
others,are [is]nothing." Harrison,
never
Pope, and
"
Langiiage,
"The
conduct
and
the
of
Administration
of the Commissioners
towards
Boston,were
at
the
nies,
Colo-
[was]wamily
attacked."
"The
conduct of the Administration
Better,perhaps,
towai*ds the Colonies,as well as that of the Commissioners
at
Boston, was warmly attacked."
nies,
Or, "The conduct of the Administration towards the Coloand that of the Commissioners
at Boston, were
warmly
attacked."
"That
the
moment
recedes and
Con'ect
fallsinto
as
standards and
" 10.
world,and its falsestandards and prizes,
its place."
follows: "That
recedes
prizes,
Two
or
more
moment
the
world,with its false^
and fallsinto its place."
or
nouns
number, in the nominative
whether connected by and
clauses,
in the singular
pronouns
case,
or
or
two
more
or
without any
necting
con-
verb. As,
a plural
require
particle,
to changeare doomed."
"Art, empire,earth itself,
one
answer
Reason,virtue,
greataim."
conspireto recommend
"Virtue, honor, even self-interest,
"
the measure."
"
and private
consideration,
Patriotism,
morality,
every public
demand
The
our
submission to lawful
following
examplesare
and
"Tranquillity
"By whose power
"
"
government."
For woman's
Man,
woman
therefore
erroneous
:
"
there."
peace dvoells [dwell]
distributed."
all good and evil is [are]
quantity." Hamlet,
[hold]
ing,
feeland lifeis action,
life,
[crave]
fear and love holds
too,craves
"
variety."
purpose and the onlydirect effect of the evidence is
to show that the witness is not to be believed."
[are]
"
The
"The
letterand the
of
spirit
the statute is
defeated."
[are]
When
" 11.
or
AND
THE
nominatives
more
the
subject,
verb
15
VERB.
stand for the
be in
governedmust
singular;
as,
the
of leamiDg,this scholar,
and antiquary,
critic,
prodigy
and civility."
destitute of breeding
entirely
and jioetwas banished from his country."
"The philosopher
Such a Saviour and Redeemer is actually
providedfor us."
Whose
icycurrent and compulsivecourse
Ne'er feelsretiring
ebb, but keepsdue on."
recorded in the regis**The said deed and conveyance is now
try
'*
was
two
or
person
same
CASE
NOMINATIVE
THE
This
-
**
"
of
deeds,and
at
the time said deed and conveyance
was
corded,"
re-
etc.
**
**
for its own
Truth,and truth only,is worth seeking
In this mutual
wisdom, which
we
influence there is
a
wisdom,a
sake."
"
wonderful
fathom."
cannot
self-command,this exertion of reason in the midst of
both to please
and to persuade."
has a wonderful effect,
passion,
is evident in everything."
"A purpose, a design,
an intention,
** You
create a fastidiousness,
a
which
cravingfor the ideal,
"This
of the
compelsmany
in
wanderera
of rank and
sons
fortune to become
Where
whether
nominatives,
by a7id or unconnected,are qualified
by
each,no, or not, the verb must be singular
; as,
" 12.
weary
lands."
foreign
**
Every man,
"
Each
"
No
two
or
more
and child knows
woman,
nected
con-
every,
this to be so."
and ofScer receives his allottedshare."
soldier,
seaman,
no ruggedflint,
chalk,no grim sandstone,
glaring
outface
it."
[outfaces]
"
Not
a
bird and not
a
beast,not
a
tree and not
a
shrub,was
to be seen,"
nominatives are
" 13. WTiere two or more singular
separated
by or, nor, as well as, or other disjunctive,
"bein the singular;
the verb must
as,
"The
of Newton,
Principia
the
place,
M^caniqueCeleste of Lawere
[was]not the outcome of any thoughtwhatever.
Not a weed nor a blade of grass loere [was]to be seen.
Prescott as well as Ticknor make [makes]
this statement.
or
"
"
**
f*
16
MISTAKES
WRITING
IN
ENGLISH.
^wd [finds]."
listening
ear, an object
Neither character nor dialogue
were
[was]yet understood."
No monstrous
or length
or breadth,
height,
appear [appears].
the
i
n
other of them are [is] the wrong."
Either one or
Nor
**
**
eye,
nor
"
* *
**
" 14. But where either of two or more nominatives
in the foregoing
as
section,
separated
by a disjunctive,
the verb should also be plural. The followis plural,
ing
sentences
"Neither
"It
incorrect :
are
riches
a man*s
[affect]
poverty affects
ness."
happi-
that
or
culture,
exceptional
beauty,or gifts,
his
is not
nor
"
him this distinction."
gives[give]
the shai*e or
death of any such children,
shares of such deceased children is [are]to be divided among
In
**
his
or
case
of the
her brothers and sistei-s."
fawn upon every one whose faultsor negligence
inter'
retards their lessons." (Changefaultsto fault,
and the
"They
rupts or
is correct.)
sentence
example or
"An
two
is
sufficientto
[are]
illustratethe general
observation."
"The
entire
or the
earthquakes,
" 15.
many
1
A
hand
word
persons
undisturbed exceptwhere erosion,
of man, lias [have]mutilated it."^
remains
mass
or
in
the
singularnumber
indicating
or
things,called a collective noun
grammarians say, that,in
pluralnominative are separatedby
Some
cases
a
where
a
singularand
the verb
disjunctive,
a
must
the servants
agree with the nominative nearest to it; as, "Neither
is
the master
"Neither the writings
the author
nor
nor
respected;"
is in existence."
Goold
is the
Brown
says,
farther,"
word, and the
principal
But
where
the remoter
nominative
expressedparenthetically,
only by implication
with the latter,"
and cites the following
examples: "One example
ten says nothingagainstit" (LeighHunt) ; "A
or
or
parenthesis,
consists of two angularstrokes,
or
or
brackets,
one
hooks,enclosing
words."
I think,however, that all such sentences are un'^ore
the verb
nearer
is
with the former,and
agrees literally
immatical.
^
18
IN
MISTAKES
the
to
or
follows
**
**
:
WRITING
proximityof
immediate
more
ENGLISH.
the
verb, as
"
wages of sin is death."
Whatever we have,and whatever
The
barbarism,is a
be moderate
"To
of
matter
in
are, above the level of
we
growth."
views,and
our
to
in
temperately
proceed
the best way to insure success."
pursuitof them, are [is]
To do justly,
to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God,
of universal obligation."
is a duty [areduties]
is but one offence."
An offerto selland actually
selling
the cross
to the presenthalls is [are]
*'The only objection
of the wall cases."
which fallupon some
lights
the
**
'*
and
dwelling-house
"This
the land under
it is the
property
soughtto be divided."
**
and
pleurisy
His illness was
A
" 17.
followed
sum
by
a
rheumatism."
of money, in the
verb ; as,
singular
plural
form,is usually
"Twenty dollars was subscribed by him."
Fiftythousand pounds was lost in this speculation."
''Three hundred thousand dollars is to constitute the capital
"
of the
company."
title of
The
followed
by
a
in the
pluralnumber
verb.
singular
Holmes's
"Dr.
book
a
'American
should be
As,
Annals'
was
bridge,
Cam-
at
published
in 1805."
Jameson's
'Memoirs
of the
EarlyItalian Painters*
comprisesupwardsof thirtybiographies."
" 18. Several words in Englishwhich are pluralin
"Mrs.
form
are
used in the
verb.
Such
number, and
singular
the
with
of sciences
a
gular
sin-
endingin
mathematics,
ics^as ethics^
hydraulics,
optics,
etc.;also
instrument or objectby which to
an
as
news, means
attain an end or purpose, and pains in the sense
of
toilsome effort or
are
severe
I
See
names
labor.^
infra,page
49.
NOMINATIVE
THE
word
The
whereabouts
used in newspapers
whereabouts
"The
CASE
as
with
a
AND
pluralverb
a
of the child
theysought him
Luke
"
**
44,
u.
"As
the terms
our
for the
pluralthan
folks. As,
than
and
safe at
company
cherubim
cherubims
ance."
acquaint-
their
home, telling
acquaintance."
and
seraphimare plurals,
the
as
seraphims,
expressing
are
plural,
quiteimproper."^
The pluraleffluvia
is often used
"a
disagreeable
ejluvia.'*
Mussulmen
to him."
their kinsfolk and
among
to relativesand
the words
; as,
'
Behold two thirds of
strangeadventures
erroneously
[was]unknown
were
19
VERB.
is often
noun
is a better form
Acquaintance
acquaintances
; and folk is better
''And
THE
as
if
singular;
as,
is often used for the proper
pluralMus-
sulmans,^
The
titles Mr., Mrs.,and Miss
in the
pluralare
spectively
re-
sieurs
Messieurs,Mesdames, and Misses ; as. MesBarrett and Thompson,
Eothschild,Mesdames
Misses
The
Smith.
pluralafter a title.
" 19. A very common
number
is to
.025
should
surname
error
never
be made
in
writinga decimal
it; as, .0048 grains,
pluralafter
yards. This is wrong,
use
the
as
miles,.38
any decimal
it
number, no matter of how many or how few figures
is less than the whole number
fore
consists,
one, and therecannot be plural. The above expressions
mean
48 ten-thousandths of a grain; 25 thousandths of a
mile ; 38 hundredths of a yard; and consequently
the
singularnumber should be used in all three cases,
grain,mile, yard.
"
1
Dr.
3
For the formation of the
Campbell'sPhilosophyof
Rhetoric.
see Appendix L
plural,
20
MISTAKES
"
The
20.
correct
words
words
The
iu
indicates
and
things,
of
WRITING
**
the
to
Not
a
only,
be
can
of
use
of
one
or
their
each
as
which
done
the
of
of food
before
now
iu
of
two
happen.
can
alternative
are
signification.
true
mouthful
dilemma
in
position
a
two
aud
singular number,
the
following examples
contrary
ENGLISH.
alternative
be
must
use
these
IN
us
[was]
were
the
left,and
was
twelve-mile
a
native]
[alter-
alternatives
paddle
or
no
supper."
**
Unless
the
reference
statement,
**An
we
which
argument
the
to
chooses."
only
ceding
pre-
two
or
which-
against him,
Webster's
"
with
antagonist
an
the
alternative."
other
conclusive
equally
with
inconsistent
as
presents
is
he
alternative
ever
driven
are
alternatives^ but
more
is credited
'
under
Dictionary,
Dilemma.
Gladstone's
*'Mr.
to
for
coercion
that
prove
coercion, and
it
to
give
Times,
The
clear
that
Ireland
local
control
June
14,
seen,
The
"
either
showing
following example
*'
A
To
strong
act
a
her
Crown
colony.
.
.
.
alternative, namely,
is another
true
shows
infamy
of
horn
the
dilemma
with
Ireland
of
than
other
fourth, by admitting
a
as
rule
home
to
affairs."
local
London
"
(cable despatch).
1886
expression
policy
suggested
there
made
be
It must
govern
single argument
a
alteniative
one
gave
Morley
to
offer
not
only alternative
is the
John
Mr.
possible
was
does
Chamberlain
Mr.
Ireland.
that
manifesto
in
or
a
the
dilemma
significationof
the
correct
desperate
quit
the
usage
"
the
;
case.
place."
"
is frequently
Swift.
"
word.
THE
POSSESSIVE
III.
CHAPTER
THE
All
" 21.
nouns
",
pluralendingwith
case
by the
possessive
the letter s;
CASE.
singularnumber,
in the
form the
any
and
all
other letter than
addition of the apostrophe
dren's,
chilman's, men's,child's,
duchess's.
Felix's,
witness's,
Charles's,
Hastings's,
the singular
ends in ", sh,ch soft,
noun
ce, se, or x,
and
When
POSSESSIVE
in the
nouns
21
CASE.
as,
addition of the
and s makes
apostrophe
possessive
another syllable
Mackintosh's,
; as, James's,countess's,
fox's. It is therefore just
church's,
horse's,
justice's,
to omit the plural
as proper
es in Charleses,
countesses,
or churches,
as to omit the '" in the
jttstices,
boxes,
horses,
posses^vecases above given,or in any proper name
ending either with s or any other of the letters or
digraphsmentioned.
The only exceptions
to this rule are that in poetry
the
the additional
and that
s
may
be elided for the sake of the meter
few
;
like
for righteousness'
sake,"
phrases,
"
"for conscience' sake," for goodness'
sake," "for Jehave become from longusage established as
^^^fius^-eake,"
idioms.
The followingexamples are
consequently
and require the addition of s after the
erroneous,
apostrophe.
"Moses'
a
"
minister."
"Phinehas'wife."
"Festus
"These
came
answers
into Felix' room."
were
made
to
the witness' questions."
22
IN
MISTAKES
A
"
WRITING
ENGLISH.
attended the countess*
largecompany
party."
administratrix' sale."
"The
Poems."
**
Burns'
**
Mr. James' novel of
All
" 22.
PhilipAugustus."
"
ending in s form the possessive
the
addition simplyof an apostrophe
after
by
horses*,
Jameses',countesses',
foxes',
as, boys*,
plural nouns
the 8;
churches'.
" 23* .Personal pronouns
take the apostrophe,
but are
in the
never
case
possessive
written kera,
its^
ours, yours,
theirs. The indefinite pronouns 07ie and other,
however,
form the possessive
in the same
; as,
way with nouns
One is apt to lose one's self."
**
**
littlehands
Your
were
made
never
To tear each other's eyes."
''Shine with such lustre as the tear that flows
Virtue's
Down
" 24.
Where
connected
are
case
one
was
Men,
my
in the
by and,
and
refer to
''Henryand
James's
But
possessive
the
annexed
same
to
the
or
father,
mother, and uncle's advice.**
and children's shoes for sale here."
women,
Farmers
"The
and Mechanics' Bank."
William's teacher is a
of
man
than
leaniiiig
more
Andrew's."
where
a
word
disjunctive
be annexed
signmust
* '
nouns
and Eliza'sbooks."
"This
"
more
or
is
sign of the possessive
only; as,
"John
"
for others' woes."
the
noun,
last
two
manly cheek
They are
John's
or
or
to each word
words
are
used,the
; as,
Eliza'shooks."
the
She had thiephysician's,
as well
surgeon's,
as
the
ecary's
apoth-
assistance."
"They
relieve neither the
"Without
any
will."
guardian's
boy'sTior
impedimentbut
his
the
distress."
girl's
or
own, his parents',
his
THE
"Where
two
POSSESSIVE
in
are
nouns
or
apposition,
the possessive
title,
signis annexed
David
"For
"Give
John
me
It is the
**
"The
my
constitute
a
to the last ; as,
servant's sake."
the
Queen of
Mayor
23
CASE.
head."
Baptist's
England'sprerogative.'"
of Boston's address."
" 25. In some
signification
cases, having a peculiar
the possessive
case
signmay be used after the objective
and the possessive
of; as,
discoveryof Dr. Franklin's."
This picture
of my friend's."
"A
subjectof the emperor's."
It
"
a
was
"
Grant's."
fiiend of General
"A
Meaning,
"
It
"This
of Dr.
one
was
Franklin's discoveries."
picturebelongingto
my
"
One
of the
"
One
of General Grant's friends."
~
The
" 26.
like the
cases
mckcs
seven
"
emperor'ssubjects."
is
signof the possessive
:
following
They
focus
was
of
words
vMihes
seven
in
aperture and thirty-
procured."
arrived weary
and
after a twenty 'milts walk."
fatigued
apostropheshould
expressionvaried so as
in the objective
case.
Either the
the
often omitted
"
lens
photographic
*'A
or
friend."
be used
to
put
in these cases,
the Italicized
" 27. Anybody else^sis often seen in print; it should
be "anybody'selse." We
might as well say, "any
bird else's nest,""any boy else's hat," etc.
For
the incorrect
case,
The
shown
use
see
use
of the article before the
ante, pages
of the
11,
12.
before
possessive
infra,pages 45, 46.
sessive
pos"
the
is
participle
24
MISTAKES
IN
ENGLISH.
WRITING
IV.
CHAPTER
Errors in the
" 28.
made
which
cannot
and
cases
objective
E.g.:
CASE.
OBJECTIVE
THE
case
occur
of the
often
are
pronoun
in the noun, the nominative
in pronouns
havingdifferent forms.
"
"Through
spoke,or whom
those two,
ensuingdialogue,
the
[who]was
looked
addressed,
no
matter
who
at each other."
"
Dickens.
"Let
the
sea
they[them]that
**
whom
"
it was
For
"
thereof;the world,and
Psalm
xcviii.7.
you and / [me],
joysthat riches ne'er could buy."
joys for
"
not the work
was
the fulness
dwell therein."
This lifehas
And
"It
roar, and
of
so
eminent
an
author
as
Bums.
him
[he]to
imputed."
the benefit of those whom
[who]he thoughtwere
his
friends."
"
Who
[whom] should
I
see
old friend !
but my
Nature,partial
Nature,I arraign."Burns.
[Thee],
Between you and /[me]."
"^^'*'
He can read better than me [I]."ceuvi.
It was him [he]."
Whom
[who]do you think I am ?
W?u) [whom] do you take me
for ?
I saw a ladywhom
I supposedto be she [lier]."
It might have been him [he]who did it."
Let ?ie [him]who made thee answer
that."
Byron.
Let they[them]who raise the spell
beware the fiend."
**Thou
"
"
"
"
"
"
**
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
,
It must
same
mood
be remembered
that the neuter verb has the
it,and that the imperative
the objective
after it.
case
requires
case
after
as
before
26
MISTAKES
mistress:
you
have
know
would
IN
WRITING
told
the
of
us
something of
ENGMSH.
the
but
latter,
former.
Who
we
is
thy
miasterr"^
" 31.
Where
the antecedent
in the
nouns
and
**
number,
singular
not,the pronoun
or
Did
consists of two
must
whether
be in the
or
more
connected
by
plural.As,
Proteus,Merlin,any witch,
ever
Transform
themselves
"
as the rich ?
strangely
heaven itself,
now
Faith,justice,
quittheir hold."
**Both minister and magistrate
are
compelledto choose be^
tween his [their]
duty and his [their]
reputation."
Such unconunon
and goodnesswas [were]
in iJts
generosity
nature liable to misconstruction,
and we accordingly
find
[their]
U has [they
have]been misconstrued."
so
**
'*
But where
antecedent
the two
refer to
be
must
pronoun
"This
or
the
more
the
constituting
the
or
subject,
nouns
same
person
singular.As,
and
great philosopher
statesman
continued
in
public
lifetillhis eightieth
year."
said deed and conveyance
of deeds,and at the time it was
"The
is
now
recorded in the
try
regis-
etc.
recorded,"
of two
one
or
consisting
" 32. A pluralantecedent,
or
more
by each^every^ noy or not^
nouns, if qualified
in the singular.
a
requires
pronoun
Each
"
which
"
of
them, in
theywere
their
[his]turn, received
the reward
to
[hewas]entitled."
Every plantand
every tree
othera
produces
after their
[its]
kind."
"Both
and
of
"No
their
sisters were
course
uncomfortable;each felt for the other,
[herself]."
employee,and no citizen
for (AewweZfe*
policeman,no
dared to lift
hand."
[his]
and not a camp-follower
not a soldier,
caped
esofficer,
health."
permanent injuryto their [his]
"Not
an
1
Bain^s
CompositionGrammar.
PRONOUN
Where
" 33.
AND
antecedent consists of two
an
by or,
separated
the pronoun
disjunctive,
vxiVy
nouns
When
*'
press
you
Venice
"Neither
a
as
must
or
more
well as, or any other
be singular.As,
watch,or pulla clock,they answer
questionwith
answers]your
27
ANTECEDENT.
Genoa
nor
[it
precision."
retain
the
[retains]
rank
they[it]
held."
once
"There
is
evidence that either Charles I.
while
[his]
[his]subjects."
deemed
their
it worth
When
"
no
do
we
embarrassed
their
by
an
ignoranceof
languages? They
respective
knowing one
rule at
any
thinks of
they are
Charles II.
of
happiness
Englishmanor
the grammar
first learn it
man
French-
of their
[his]
and
practically
erringly
un-
to look back and smile
theychose [choose]
of havingproceeded
without
by a number of rules,
of them by heart,or beingconscious that theyhad
; and then
at the idea
to consult the
find a well-educated
ever
or
if
amusement
all,this is a philosophical
learningthe grammar
of their
own
[his]
; but who
ever
tongue before
"
?
[he is a] very good grammarians [grammarian]
"
Sydney Smith.
" 34.
Where
an
antecedent
is
collective noun, or
must be pluralor gular
sin-
of
a
the pronoun
multitude,
accordingto the sense intended to be conveyed.
In many
or
pluralmay be
cases, either the singular
be used together.
employed,but both cannot properly
A report of a committee
is hardlyever
made without
noun
violation of this rule.
board of selectmen
"A
E. g. :
"
to keeprecords,
not required
[is]
and their [its]
clerk,if theyappoint[itappoints]
one, is not a
officer."
certifying
"
are
The
Council desire^
in the name
of the Institute,
to express
its [their]
to the individual subscribers for their gengratitude
erous
gifts.'*
**
If the
of the
in violation
committee leaves to an officer,
investing
the authority
vestment
into make
duty imposed upon them [it],
etc.
28
IN
MISTAKES
" 35. The use of
antecedent
expressed
a
WRITING
ENGLISH.
without
pronoun
is a very
common
properly
any
error
; as,
of a resignation
till
postponethe formality
I should return to America
then,and has been ever
; which was
I should return,"
to take place
since,
expected
very soon." For
**
I desired him
to
**
read my return.
"Nor
will anythingfurther than
the
I have
preparations
be resolved upon before Parliament meets,
fixed for the 4th of January." For "Parliament
mentioned
now
read the
meeting of Parliament.
opposedme,
which
was
anticipated."
attentive,without
which
you
will learn
"The
man
"Be
"
fallof
tremendous
A
rendered his
snow
days. When the roads
received
littlepracticable,
they successively
for
}ohichis
meets,"
than ten
more
of the Chevalier into
nothing."
departure
impossible
began to become a
of the retreat
news
Scotland,then that he had abandoned
the
etc.
frontiers,"
quotationfrom Scott's Waverley,"the his
refers to Waverley in the
in the firstsentence correctly
precedingsentence ; the he in the last clause stands
for the Chevalier ; but thephas no antecedent
correctly
Read news was successively
whatever.
for they
received,
received news."
successively
In this
"
"
Germanicus
"When
he
many,
was
Here it has
no
and
right,
tjlerproposedto Tiberius to subjugate
the Emperor was wrong in opposingit,'*
antecedent ;
"
change
to
"
subjugateto
^
stcbju-
gationof.
filledthe blank in the certificate,
and sent it
purchaser
corporation,
demandingthat the transfer be recorded and
"The
to the
a
new
certificatebe
whicJi
issued,
was
refused."
For "demanding,"
read vrith a demxi7id.
"
Governor
Winthrop tellsus
the Sabbath
with t?iem
of
visiting
Agawam,
[whom?],as they were
and
ing
spend-
without
a
minister."
" 36. Sentences
antecedent
of
a
are
often
pronoun
is
so
constructed that the
or
doubtful,
so
that the
pronoun
grammatically
intended
by
the
29
ANTECEDENT.
AND
PRONOUN
refers
to
antecedent
an
not
As,
writer.
that
to
distinguished philosopher
[i.e. Philip] wrote
[i.e. Aristotle]in terms
polite and flattering,begging of him
and
his [Alexander's]education, and
undertake
to come
bestow
"He
hirn. those
on
ought
man
every
useful
Goldsmith,
had
the
intrenchments
that
adjoined
Johnstone
he
Smith
only that
he
lie
Benjamin
he
night.
the
.
Genei-al
in the
one
and
in
was
he
daybreak
At
[Philip]."
"
.
Troops
.
walked
the
morning,
lined
field
panied
accom-
Poulariez.
Colonel
great agitation,and
heard
the
sound
of
taking
the
article
in
the
Mr.
Johnstone, though it
for Montcalm.
spirits,and
the
they rapped
settlement
best
he
for almost
but
could
with
not
also
the
nothing
from
the
he
heirs
adjoining parcel, for
of
which
value.*'
its full
Italicized
would
he
be
sentence
which
the
out
"
obtained
is meant
to
infalliblylose all his fine estate,
Ingalls had originally held, and which
"
the
to stand
make
Pai'sons,
paid
he
him
would
had
Ingalls, and
that
while
[Montcalm]
night.
must
which
[Mr. Smith]
Here
troubled
Johnstone
consulted
Ingalls,or
had
[i.e. Philip's]nu-
his
impossible for
grammatically refers
that
Mr.
which
etc.
"Mr.
he
day,
evidently intended
answer
a
Chevalier
all
rest
which
virtue
Chreece,
passed
that
and
magnanimity
till
head-qua]:;ters
his
says
Here
is
and
till
the
by
cannon,"
possess,
History of
"Montcalm
no
of
rendered
associations
merous
took
to
lessons
the
to
grammatically
so
by
understood
itself; but
sentence
refer
to
by
from
appears,
Mr.
refers
Smith.
it
to
Mr.
the
reader
the
whole
is
evident
IN
MISTAKES
30
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
VI.
SUBJUNCTIVE
THE
MOOD.
doubt or indecisio
or
future contingency,
the verb should be in
or a wish,is expressed,
the subjunctive
mood; as,
Where
" 37.
**
"*
**
a
[come],I will consent to stay."
small."
are [be]
We may live happily,
thoughour possessions
And so would I, if I was
[were]he."
if it vxls [were]
I could name
A certain ladywhom
necessary."
unless he reperUs[repent]."
He will not be pardoned,
condition that he
Od
**The
word
if it was
as
*
heirs* appears to have
I wish that he
"
Would
were
future is
by the
tor
testa-
here."
that it might be
where
been used
[were]a generalword."
**
But
comes
a
so
!
"
conditional circumstance which
the
expressed,
is not
verb should be in the indicative;
as,
[knows]the way, he does not need a guide."
If art become [becomes]
it disgusts
the reader."
apx)arent,
Whether
the translation loere [was]ever
I am
published,
whollyignorant"
If a man
have [has]
built a house,the house is his."
**
If he know
"
**
**
" 38.
put in
**
The
verb in connected
clauses should not be
dififerentmoods; as,
If there be but
it is [will
be] no
body of legislators,
better than a tyranny; if there are
[be]only two, there will
want a castingvoice."
"
But \f^i|.climb,
hands,
wijhyour assisting
The Tt^^i^I^ind in the citystaiids"
"*"
"""
Dryden'sTiT^.
one
"*
THE
INFINITIVE
VII.
CHAPTER
THE
31
MOOD.
MOOD.
INFINITIVE
to, as the sign of the
" 39. The particle
omitted ; as,
mood^ is often improperly
**
infinitive
eration,
It is necessary to act with more
vigoror with greatermodto conciliate them
or
[to]subdae them
completely,
"
altogether."
insert points
Please [to]
so
'*
*'
But it would
tend to
to make
as
sense.'*
obscure,rather than [to]elucidate the
subject."
"So
as
neither to embarrass
weaken
nor^[to]
the sentence."
death nor
[to]believe that neither the king's
would helphim."
imprisonment
of
It is necessary for the lawyerto have a clear conception
the governingrules of law, and [to]be able to presentdecisive
the
for establishing
or
reasons
[to]give satisfactory
authority
**
He
was
made
"
rules."
The
like
*'
sign,however,is properlyomitted
the following
:
^
in sentences
"
Of
me
the Roman
strive with my
and redeem."
utmost
peoplehave
many
which
pledges,
endeavors to preserve,
I must
defend,confirm,
and digest
to point,
''Many authors expectthe printer
spell,
their copy, so that it may be intelligible
to the reader."
"To shake the head, relent,
and sigh,
and yield."
"The
most
accomplished
way of using books at presentis,
to serve
them as some
do lords, le^m their titles,
and then
brag of their acquaintance."
"
The
active verbs
take
usually
hidfdare,feel,
see, and
some
otheis,
the infinitive
after them without the to; as,
"If he bade thee
how
depart,
darest thou
stay?"
32
MISTAKES
The
WRITING
ENGLISH.
is erroneously
used in the
to
wherever
following
examples
it is Italicized
:
"
**I dare not to
'*
IN
lest I should giveoffence."
proceedso hastily,
he has not got home yet."
I dare to say
I felta chilling
sensation to creep over me."
It cannot but be a delightful
to
spectacle,
"
'*
'
see
a
sieged
person be-
by temptationson every side to acquithimself gloriously,
to hold out against
the most violent assaults."
resolutely
and
**
Who
bade the mud
from Dives' wheel
To spurn the rays of Lazarus ? "
The
" 40.
the verb
to
particle
by
examples:
any
should
not be
from
separated
in the following
intervening
word, as
"
The student must
"
not
to find]
expectto alvmysfind[always
studyagreeable."
sufficientnumber
"A
and
of
variety
to
cases
fullyillustrate
to illustrate]
the rule."
[fully
"It seems
that this portionwas
filledwith some
probable
substance to better adapt [thebetter to adapt]it to the hand."
"A
rightto exclusively
[exclusively
to]make and sell an
articlerests,"
etc.
"
To
without
to]cleanse
thoroughly[Thoroughly
and
purifygarments
etc.
injury,"
"But
to
example of
point out only one
writers have
this
dog-
taken
to illlately
compact verb by ramming an
adverb into its midst.
They will say, *to appreciatively
walk
drink bottled stout'; *to energetically
to Paddington'; *to
think'; *to ably
incessantly
this dog-English
reason.' Where
was
whelped1 You
*to reason
should say, *to think incessantly';
ably.'
some
of our
English,
using our neat and
suppose that
hear your
ever
Let
us
you
tail
"
1
*
bow-wow
dog
'
say, *Bovv
drink.
Do
wagging
my
to
means
"
wow?"'i
Jean
Ingelow,John Jerome,(Boston,1886,)
pp. 211,212.
34
IN
MISTAKES
WRITING
ENGLISH.
CHAPTER
VIII.
OR
TENSE,
" 43.
Errors
of the verb.
are
very
E. g. :
TIME.
in the tense,or
common
time,
"
his health."
[drank]
to feel sleepy."
I begun [began]
did well,"or
"You
done well." Say,"You
I drunk
"
**
"You
have
done welL"
him when
**
I
"
I intended to
saw
"I feared that
the
it."
[did]
have written [write]
to him on the subject."
it before I arrived at
I should have lost [lose]
he done
city."
that you mig?U [may]fail."
be asked."
if I shvuld [shall]
I will not speakof it,even
their depreciation,
the proper
^''^ohave prevented[prevent]
"
Remember
**
course, it is
would
affirmed,
have
been
to have
made
[make]a
valuation of all the confiscated property."
**
an annuityupon
By charging
shown
"
the
intent that the annuitant
an
whenever
No
a
he has
specific
property,
should [shall]
receive it
[can]be realized therefrom."
had the nobility
met their doom in the Wars of
the hands of royalty
were
[hadbeen]untied,
it amid
sooner
Roses,and
than
the
determined
effort was
made
to
uproot every national
Uberty."
for the English
would give
we
public,
writing
and
from
it but a paragraph
the quotation
[shouldhave given]
;
the
Macaulaygiven below would constitute [haveconstituted]
substance of what we said [should
have said]."
The witness testifiedthat he vjos [hadbeen]chairman of
"
Had
we
been
"
the selectmen since 1880."
k
"The
generalconclusions
of the
judgeare correct,and
the
OR
TENSE,
only
therein
error
who
'*One
would
time
should
the
in
Qiave
have
made]
[had
make
^crfic^
would
"It
[consists]
improper
of
use
the
**
trade-mark.'
*
tenn
consisted
35
TIME.
predicted]
worth
been
steady,
a
while
your
of
study
a
him
swift
not
have
to
that
at
growth."
heard
[hear]
them."
"The
after
the
the
granting
act
war
and
over
was
pension
the
passed
not
was
service
until
long
[had
rendered
been
rendered]."
"
The
44.
is
verbs,
imperfect
tense
erroneously
ollben
in
preterite,
or
for
used
the
irregular
perfect
ticiple.
par-
As,
"When
interesting
an
story
is
hroke
to
his
[broken]
off
tlie
in
middle."
hath
"
He
"
Philosophers
bore
[borne]
have
witness
often
faithful
servants."
the
[mistaken]
mistook
of
source
happiness."
true
"
"
"
have
I
They
He
"I
[chosen]
chose
is
have
torote
verses
were
uovf
follow
[shaken]
the
[written]
[forsaken]
forsook
shook
to
off
by
the
arrangement."
common
glass."
on
every
regal
one."
wherewith
thoughts
I
reigned."
it would
"And
I
had
u?rote
become
[written]
on
necessary
the
other."
to
contradict
one
day
what
36
IN
MISTAKES
ENGLISH.
WRITING
IX.
CHAPTER
AND
SHALL
SHOULD
WILL,
AND
WOULD.
shall and
The fundamental distinction between
" 45.
indicates what
will is that shaU
what
and wiU
is
is involuntary^
or
pulsory,
com-
the result of
or
volwitaryy
the will.
'owe, be under obligation';
originally
determine.* The phrases
and toillmeans
wish,resolve,
then, I owe, am bound or obligated
to,
really
signify,
determined on,
I intend,am
the act of giving; and
giving.' Out of this difference in the original
meaning
^'
Shall
means
*
*
'
*
between the form
of the words has grown
a diflference
in the firstperson on the one
of the future expression
hand, and the second and third persons on the other
hand.
To denote simply somethingthat is going to
take place,
shall in the firstperson,
we
use
ordinarily
and
"
wiU
in the others."*
The diflferencebetween should and "w"mZ^ is in eral
genthe same
as that between shall and mil, and
they
in like manner
are
confused
by
inaccurate
Will in the firstperson expresses assent
or
a
"
"
^
speakers."
or
a
promise,
determination ; as,
I will go
I will go
"'
(ifit is asked of me).
"
(whatever
may oppose).
^
Whitney'sEssentials of EnglishGrammar, page
s
Ibid.,
page
121.
119.
SHALL
AND
SHOULD
WILL,
AND
37
WOULD.
Will in the second person foretells
; as,
"
at twelve o'clock,
If you come
you will find
"
at
me
home."
"
will
You
Sometimes
"
You
"
On
twenty."
be
soon
it expresses
a
command
; as,
will learn the next lesson to-morrow."
of this,
receipt
you
will
immediatelyreportat
head-quarters."
on
the second person, mil expresses
the part of the speaker
; as,
go
to-morrow
questionsin
In
wish
or
desire
"
Will
you
"
WiU
you let me
know
r* =
I wish you to go tomorrow.
"
if you
1"
come
can
is
Will in the third person simply foretellswhat
known
or
thoughtby the speaker;as,
"
to-morrow."
He will be at home
I think it will rain
to-day."
i.e.
"We
will have dinner at six o'clock,"
order it to be readyat six o'clock."
"
In
"
When
will
our
troubles be at
an
as,
?"
endl"
Shall in the firstperson expresses a
future action ; as,
merelyannounces
"
"
will
the third person, tvillinquires
concerning
the
pui'pose of another, or asks what
of knowing;
speakerhas no means
Will they be willing
to receive us
or
"We
in
questions
the
"
a
I shall go to town
We shall set out
determination,
to-morrow."
and shall try to
early,
arrive
by
noon."
"
We
is to be
shall have dinner at six
readyat
six o'clock."
i.e.
o'clock,"
"
Dinner
38
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
Shall in
sentences
interrogative
asks permission,
or
inquiresas
opinionof another;as,
"
Shall I go with you T"
with you 1
Do
wish
you
to go
me
"
When
shall
we
"
When
shall
we
a
"
"
"
ShaU
=
in the first person
to the intention or
you again?
"
get there %
see
in the second
or
third person expresses
a command,
determination,
"
You
"
He
shall go,"=
"
He
shaU
or
a
a
ise,
prom-
threat ; as,
shaU have these hooks to-morrow."
"
Thou
"
You
"
I
promisethat he
go/*i. e. whether
shall
go.'*
he wishes to go
or
not
Shalt not steal."
shall he
punishedfor
this."
In the third person it is sometimes
also used conditionally;
as,
"
If he shall
" 46.
obey,it will be
well for him."
The differencebetween
which
tooidd,
the pastforms of sliaU and tvill,
is mainly the same
are
to an exercise
as in the presentforms ; would
referring
of wiU, and should implyingcontingent,
tion,
dependentacE. g. :
or obligation.
should and
"
^'
I would
as
do
readily
it myselfas
another
persuade
to do it."
"I
should like to go to town, and would
go
if I
could."
"
I
hoped that
"
I know
I should not be leftalone."
I should dislike the
Shotdd and would
are
both
country."
often used to express
conditional assertion ; as,
"
"
I should go, if I could get away."
He would give,
if he had the means."
a
SHALL
"
**
"
AND
WILL,
SHOULD
39
WOULD.
AND
If he should come, you would see him."
in your place."
I should not do so, if I were
in your place."
I would not do so, if I were
"Should
agree to* the
they not
what
proposals,
I
am
todol"
is often used to express
I were
home again! "
Would
Would
"
I would
"
"Would
have you think of these things."
God I had died for thee,0 Absalom !"
Also to express
He
"
She would
; as,
things."
all day."
weep
expresses determination ; as^
also sometimes
go, I could not stop him."
would
in his course, in
persist
"He
could
custom
would
He
"
a
would often talk about these
"
Would
words 1 "
thou hadst hearkened to my
Would
"
wish; as,
a
spiteof
all I
say."
Should
often has the
and
meaning of ought,
expresses
duty; as,
should go by all means, but he will not."
You should not allow such conduct in school."
He
"
"
" 47.
The
of these words
**
They
unto
law."
"
"
are
following
:
the correct
use
"
that fear the Lord will seek that which
him ; and
they that
love him
is well
ing
pleas-
shall be filledwith the
Ecclus, ii. 16.
He that honoreth
that is obedient unto
He
examplesof
his father shall have
the Lord
that feareth the Lord
vice unto
shall be
will honor
a
longlife;
and he
comfort to his mother.
a
his father and will do
ser-
his parents,as to his mastera."
*Mf I might see you at my honse,it should go hard but I
would have a bottle of wine and a pipe of tobacco for you."
"
Ecclus, iii.6, 7.
"
Beaumont
and Fletcher.
40
MISTAKES
"
If she love
I will die
IN
ENGLISH.
then believe
me,
ere
WRITING
she shall grieve."
George"Wither.
"
"If she hate me, then believe
She shall die ere I will grieve." B^n Jonson.
"
"This
child I to
myselfwill take :
She shall be mine, and I will make
A ladyof my own.
Myselfwill to
darlingbe
Both law and impulse; and with me
The girl,
in rock and plain.
In earth and heaven,in gladeand bower,
Shall feel an overseeing
power
To kindle
or
my
restrain."
Wordsworth,Toems of hnagiMdwa^
at the end
"And
deliver up the
" 48.
are
The
or
determination of this lease shall and will
premisesunto
words
erroneous
:
X.
the lessor,"
etc.
Italicizedin the
"
Modem
Lease.
following
examples
"
We
toill issue this paper as occasion demands.
The next
edition will be issued earlyin the spring. The size of the sheet
"
will be very much enlai^d,and we vrUl circulate between fifteen
tising
and twenty thousand copies. We will have considerable adverof this
space, which will be allotted to i;hebusiness men
on
Newspaper Prospectus.
vicinity
very reasonable terms."
**
If we found such a system of writing
would prowe
history
nounce
"
the division of labor in it unnatural."
"We
wUl
soon
be able to
answer
this
pertinent
question."
theycan intervene to preserve the credit of the mark,
shall soon
be destroyed."
all faith in its integrity
"
Unless
mails to all European
supplemental
from the main office
to the steamer
steamers vnll be despatched
mail."
after the close of the regular
would giveit
Were we writing
for the Englishpublic,
we
but a paragraph."
and I shall be fallen indeed ; I would
"Compel me to retire,
feel myselfblighted
in the eyes of all my acquaintance
; I would
liftui" my face in society
''vermore
; I would burymyselfin the
"An
"
order
was
made
that
42
MISTAKES
WRITING
IN
ENGLISH.
X.
CHAPTER
AND
LIE
LAY."
SET
AND
SIT.
" 49. In order to understand the proper use of these
verbs,the form of their principal
partsshould firstof
learned.
all be thoroughly
viz. :
In lie and /ay these are as follows,
"
The
every
main
in which
sense
or
thingto
active
is that the
it can
in mind
verb,and lie is
of
imperfect
lieis
is that
lay (in
is a
misunderstood)
be
an
sitive
tran-
intransitive or neuter
between
adds to the confusion
What
verb.
be borne
the words
lay.
Present
"I
lie down
table.'* "Guilt
lies between
"
the
sle^p." "A book lies
lies heavy on his mind."
to
the two
upon
the
"The
sea
countries."
laymyselfdown to sleep." I laya book upon
table."
The rain lays
We
laya foundation."
"
I
"
"
the dust."
Imperfect,
"
I
lay down
table."
"Guilt
y between
to
sleep."
lay heavy on
the two
"
A
book
lay
his mind."
countries."
upon
"The
the
sea
LIE
AND
LAY.
SET
"
AND
43
SIT.
.
**
the
I laid myselfdown
table."
"
We
I laid a book upon
"
laid the foundation."
Tlie rain
sleep."
to
"
laid the dust."
Present
"
A book
Participle,
the table."
is lyingupon
heavy on his mind."
We are layingthe foundation."
"
**
the dust."
Guilt is
"
The
lying
rain is laying
"
Perfect
Participle,
had
"I
the table."
upon
I had
the book
sleep." "A
to
"The
had
sea
once
book
had
lain
lain between
countries."
the two
"
lain down
laid
upon
myself down
to
sleep."
"
I had
laid
the table."
we
our
lay down yesterday,
to-night,
but we lay a
studies have lain in certain directions;
laid it down
book down
we
we
io-night,
yesterday,
have laid aside our studies. A shipliesto,not laysto.
distinction applies
to compounds ; as, to unThe same
derlie,
y ^
to overlay
"
We
" 50.
:
lie down
The
principal
partsof
set
and
sit
are
as
lows
fol-
"
PRES.
PART.
PERF.
PART.
Setting
Set
Sitting
Sat
Set is in most
active verb; but
an
sigiiifications
The sun sets,"
and
The tide sets."
say,
set aside,anything.
We set about,set apart,
We set out on a journey,
in writing.
set down
"
"
1 Hill's
of Rhetoric,
Principles
pp. 54, 55.
we
44
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
.
is
Sit
in
most
in
however,
We
sit
We
sit
the
for
set
in
We
room."
sit
in
court
a
but
hen,
therefore,
say,
a
chair,
"
a
"
a
verb.
neuter
"
A
coat
sits
active,
horse."
a
late
up
is
It
sits
man
sit
we
A
portrait.
a
or
a
n
expression,
down
Congress
We
senses
at
night.
welL
sits.
a
sitting
hen
hen,"
sitting-room,"
sits
on
not
and
We
eggs.
"
a
not
should
hen."
setting
in
"
a
setting-
USE
OF
THE
CHAPTER
USE
the
cases
many
THE
XI.
PARTICIPLE.
the articleis used before
Where
" 51.
OF
45
PARTICIPLE.
presentparticiple,
a
after it ; but in
either the omission of both articleand preposition,
or
preposition
of is
necessary
substitution of
the
is better.
signification,
E. g.
:
a
noun
of
equivalent
"
[of]government
regulating
chusetts."
in Massa-
"
An
act for the better
'*
An
act for better
"
An
act for the
**
To the
**
To
**
To
**
By th" establishing
good laws,we secure our peace."
[of]
By estabUshing
good laws,we secure our peace."
By the establishment of good laws,"etc.
"
'*
such an order of things."
introducing
[of]
such an order of things."
introducing
the introduction of such an order of things."
" 52.
where
regulating
government in Massachusetts."
of government,"
better regulation
etc.
But
o/ should
participle,
the articleis not used before it. It should therefore
be omitted in the
"
not be used after the
examples:
following
"
From
^ names
theyproceededto blows."
calling
"In formingq/*
his sentences he was very exact."
In breakingof bread from house to house."
"They set about repairing
o/thewalls."
Teachingo/ children is a pleasant
employment."
**
**
" 53.
The
it where
if the
not
noun
be used.
the possessive
case
participle
requires
the
is
a
fore
be-
itselfis the active agent; but
the possessive
should
subject,
peissive
noun
E. g. :
"
40
IN
MISTAKES
"Lady
"Much
ENGLISH.
walkingin
[Macbeth's]
Macbeth
full of
WRITING
horror."
tragic
will depend on
the
her
sleepis
an
dent
inci-
pupil [pupil's]
composing fi'e-
quently."
event
T^ie
of Maria
[Maria's]
lovingher brother."
The fact of Jaines [James's]
placinghimself on his side."
**The paper then discusses the probableresult of England
the policy
indicated by Mr. Chamberlain's
[England's]
following
speeches."
When
s [monosyllable
syllable
or monotheyspeakof a monosyllable*
as]havingthe grave or the acute accent."
The dailyinstances of men*s [men]dyingaround us."
"
**
**
**
" 54. The
passivesense
of the active, participle
in Englishin
use
a
is well
and cannot be quesestablished,
tioned,
in
the following
as
examples: The house is
is selling,"
"The
work
is now
building,""Wheat
"
etc.
publishing,"
Many
writers have
contended
that
this form is erroneous, and that the passive
form should
ously
always be used instead;while others have as strenumaintained
that the
form
passive
used, and that the activeform
doubt
form
no
following
examples:
those who
**For
are
be
never
is the
that in many
is decidedly
better than the
But there is
should
only correct one.
the passive
cases
active;as in the
"
beingeducated
in
our
seminaries."
"
Southey.
Coleridge.
beinguttered."
It signifies
one
though in uncouth English,
properly,
being beaten."
Whately.
The foundation was beinglaid."
**
It
wfis
"
"
is
wlio
"
*'
In the
the
followingpassage it must be admitted
form would be infinitely
:
passive
preferable
"
'*I
by
that
saw
the ruins.
'^count
by
AVer."
.
some
.
.
I
passed
Whether
she was
taking [beingtaken]to
disappointed
votary, I will not pretendto
into light,
as
dragging[beingdragged]
one
USE
the
In
form
following
"The
law
example,
better
certainly
is
:
annulled
is
47
PARTICIPLE.
THE
OF
the
on
the
contrary,
active
"
the
in
of
act
very
its
being
made
[making]."
"
and
The
55.
form.
**
But
soon
gs
Correct
whole
**The
seeds
been
difficult
attempted
The
storm
by
the
to
as
be
to
which
umbrella
be
had
was
carved^
which
results,
parts
he
is
a
most
soon
as
is made
attempt
an
to
should
charged
be
under
alleged
it
pine,
obtained^
been
observers,
he
difficult
unfortunate
and
is
in
thus
attempted
which
in
his
to
great
etc.
visit
quantities."
obtain."
selecting
lost
charge,"
previous
procured
to
to
a
district
poorly
of
opportunity
the
resented
rep-
being
observed."
carefully
Correct,
poorly
of
to
statute."
offence
"it
to
the
of
The
Correct
its
is
impersonal
or
etc.
attempted
section
Correct,
But
^*
read,
body,"
offence
The
another
"
active
eye."
to
as
so
the
carve
had
imprbperly
the
body
various
its
the
to
whole
the
as
between
disagreeable
"
of
sometimes
As,
disproportion
'*
instead
used
awkwardly
is
participle
passive
"The
represented
careful
observation
unfortunately
storm
by
observers,
was
lost."
and
occurred
thus
the
in
a
district
opportunity
for
IN
MISTAKES
48
WRITING
CHAPTER
XII.
PRONOUNS.
ADJECTIVE
AND
ADJECTIVES
ENGLISH.
must
" 56. Adjectivesimplyingunity or plurality
which they qualify.
with the nouns
agree in number
The following
:
examplesare therefore erroneous
-*-
**
Tfiese sort of fellows are
**
This
very numerous."
twenty years have I been with thee."
thoughttJiesekind of excesses indicativeof greatness."
than two footabove it."
The standard beingmore
Three pound of goldwent to one shekel."
Most of the churches had one or more
elder [elders]."
ruling
'*The nature of that [those]
riches and [that]
is
long-suifeiiug
lead to repentance."
that which is myselfnow, and that which
on
By reflecting
myselftwenty yeai-s ago, I discern that they are not two,
He
**
"
**
**
to
**
was
but
one
"selves"
the
and
after
self."
same
Butler's
"
Analogy,
(Insert
two.)
the contract was
other reasons
**For this among
executed."
**
(Correct, For this reason, among others,"etc.)
**
In this and most of our largecities." (Insert
"city" after
this.)
"Between
the fourth and ninth
the fourth and the ninth
"From
the
day [days]."Or,
"
Between
^
day."
fifteenth up
to
the nineteenth
An
centuries
tury]."
[cen-
in the plural,
however, may
adjective
pronoun
sometimes be properly
associated with a singular
noun
;
our
desire,"your intention,"their resignation,'
as,
"
"
"
etc.
1
See ante, page 12.
50
MISTAKES
"
He
[than]those
is
gateof
the
WRITING
tickets for
selling
was
"This
IN
other railroads in addUicni to
two
before mentioned."
other hiU
none
[than]the
other
used ;
than
mentioned,whereas "other
.
.
those mentioned.
E. g.
Other words besides the
" 59.
here
Where
what
**
fondness
besides" is inclusive of
.
"
preceding
may beginwith capitals."
used
are
and
in the house service."
made,
use
or
be
must
care
include in both
is intended,
by the
terms
omission of
cisely
pre-
otiier,
As,
useful than all the
Iron is more
"A
is exclusive of those
comparisonsare
word.
equivalent
an
times
some-
signify
somethingelse besides warning."
taken to exclude from
or
:
.
materials besides lead
Pain must
"
.
.
**
God, and this is
besides is
preposition
"
"Other
house of
heaven."
After elseand other the
**
ENGLISH.
metals."
[other]
for show is of all other follies the most
lous."
ridicu-
mated
whatever so abound with bold and ani[other]
writings
the sacred books."
as
figures
man's that ever wrote."
This was less his case than any [other]
"The
holy than any
temple of Cholula was deemed more
in New
Sxmin."
[other]
has certainly
the greatestreason
"Of
all other beings,
man
for gratitude."
us."
that which most moves
It Is of all others [things]
work of that nature we
to any [other]
"I think it superior
**
No
**
"
have yet had."
"No
was
sovereign
[other]
people."
me
delights
Nothing [else]
"
"He
celebrates the Church
ever
much
so
of
so
much
as
beloved
by
the
the works of nature."
England as
the nearest
tion
perfec-
of all otliers[churches]."
" 60.
Either and
thingstaken
"
These
words
were
merly
for-
only to two persons
applyproperly
the
and to signify
one
or
separately,
considered to
r
neither,
AND
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE
51
PRONOUNS.
their trae usage.
But good
other,and that is strictly
has established the use of both words in relation
authority
to any indefinite number.
As,
**
Either of several provinces."
"
Our
alphabethas
letter to
no
either of five simple
represent
sounds."
consonant
not reducible to either of the three
heads."
preceding
have not scrupled
to laya
**Dryden,Pope,and Wordsworth
profanehand upon Chaucer, a mightiergeniusthan either."
GeorgeP. Marsh.
"
Wonis
"
"
"Neither
of these fiveverbs
"Neither
of the ten
was
be neuter."
can
there."
the antecedent of his
"One
ought to
mind."
It has been contended by many
know his own
that this construction is wrong, and contraryto English
both logiIt seems
to me, however, to be right,
idiom.
cally
and grammatically;
it is more
euphoniousthan
using one^s for Aw, is sanctioned by good usage, and is
correct according
to the principle
line
by which the mascu" 61.
One
as
:
"
pronoun
as
is used where
gender;
to
others
A person can
his own
nature."
as,
variance with
the antecedent
"
like it,would
do
never
This
be
equallycorrect
person."
substituted for "A
is indefinite
anythingat
sentence,and
if
"
One
*'
were
meaning no one, may
" 62. NonCy althoughliterally
be used with a plural
of
verb,having the signification
of multitude.
a noun
As,
"
In at this gatenone
**
Terms
"None
"None
"
None
" 63.
in
of peace
were
here
pass the vigilance
vouchsafed."
none
that go unto her return
of their productions
are
of them
The
are
"
again."
"
extant."
varied to express the
"
placed.""Milton.
Ibi"l.
Prov. ii. 19.
Blair.
gender."
whole and less are properly
adjectives
applied
relation to quantity;all q.u^fewer,in relation
52
IN
MISTAKES
The
number.
to
usage
:
WRITING
ENGLISH.
are
following
examplesof
erroneous
"
"Almost
"The
the whole
Red
[all
the]inhahltants were present."
Knightruns throughtliewhole [all
the]steps
cross
of the Christian life."
"There
are
less
no
than twenty diphthongs
in
[fewer]
the
Englishlanguage."
"There
less
not
were
or
[fewer]than fifty
sixtypersons
present."
All is sometimes
sometimes
"
"
The
used
incorrectly
for the
whole,and
for onlt/
; as,
disease
spreadover
Cynthiaand Mary were
all the
[thewhole]country."
all the
[theonly]children
of their
parents."
" 64.
The
of two
three last,
first,
etc.,for first
two," last three,"
etc.,is incorrect. As,
"The two last [last
will not be found deficient
two]chapters
use
"
"
in this respect."
"The
books of the ^Eneid
six first
"The
nine
are
of the Book
firstchapters
poetical."
Notes on
"Analytical
Prophets.By the Rev.
the First and
\Vm.
beautiful."
exceedingly
of Proverbs are highly
TTiree Last of the Minor
Randolph,M.
A.
Cambridge."
attemptedto defend the usage of two
first,"
etc.,by authority.But every error in grammar
might be established if frequent
usage or the occasional
ity.
of good authors are to be accepted
as final authorslips
Goold Brown says, "The
ordinal adjectives
^r"^,
the cardinal numbers,but
sjecond,
next, last,
may qualify
be qualified
by them,'*and
they cannot very properly
in support
is overwhelmingly
the weight of authority
It has been
"
of this statement.
The ordinals second,third,etc. should not be used
~''
as
etc.;and first,
adverbs,for secondly,
thirdly,
to firstly.
^erb,is preferable
an
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADJECTIVE
" 65. Adjectivesare
Tequired;as,
PRONOUNS.
often used
where
53
adverbs
are
I now
to my promise,
write."
Agreeable[Agreeably]
"He
acted in this businessbolder [more boldly]
than
was
**
expected."
**
I
think
[meanly]of him."
How
remarkable
[remarkably]
heavy it is !
He was exceeding
kind to me."
[exceedingly]
I called on his lordship
previous^to my leavingEngland."
"Endeavor
to live hereafter suitable [suitably]
to your
can
never
so
mean
very
**
"
*"
**
station in life."
In like manner,
adverbs
are
sometimes
used for adjective
as,
"The
arrows
of
at
calumny fall hamdessly [harmless]
the
feet of virtue."
.
"This
construction sounds rather
"The
returns
of the
harshly[harsh]."
officialor
election,
otherwimy are
now
all in."
" ^Q,
"
There
is sometimes
a
questionwhether
to
adverb after certain verbs. The
or an
adjective
the limiting
word exto be, that when
seems
presses
principle
the object,
state of the subject
or
or
a quality
of the action,an adjective
rather than the manner
is
This construction takes placewith the verbs
proper.
if the
he, look,taste,smell,feel,seem, etc."^ Briefly,
the adverb should be
verb is intended to be qualified,
the
used ; if the noun
is intended to be qualified,
adjective.Kg.:
use
an
"
"
The
berrytastes
"
The
man
"The
"
*
woman
sour."
"
The flower smells sweet."
felt bad about it."
looked beautiful."
She looks cold."
"
He
feelswarm."
Although this use of previousiov previouslyis objectedto by
grammarians,yet it has been used by many good writers.
2 Tweed's
for Common
Grammar
Schools,page 111.
54
adverb
followingexamplesthe
the
In
ENGLISH.
WRITING
IN
MISTAKES
is
correctly
used ; as,
**
coldlyon him."
to
feels warmly the liisultyffered
looks
She
**He
and
Then
to
adjectives;
as,
as
serve
made
improperly
sometimes
are
now
him."
tions
rigorousciimate and other hard condiof Europe." (Omit then, and insert at that time after
"Europe.")
The then King of France was
engaged in waging war with
England."
The now
text are
or present]
copiesof the original
[existing
in the then
**Even
**
"
entire."
" 67.
Where
the
only two
must
adjective
are
pared,
compersons or subjects
be in the comparative
degree,
not, as is often the case, in the
than two
are
be used.
must
"This
mother
two
" 68.
after a
or
in the
E. g. :
"
is the best [better]
of the two."
"Her
"Of
included
superlative
; but if more
comparison,the superlative
seemed
of
[younger]
lecist[lesser]."
the younrfcd
evils choose the
the two."
and latter,
of the
beingadjectives
Former
degree,should not
of three
specitication
be
used for
or
more
parative
com-
firstand last,
different subjects
persons ; as,
"The
tvx) latter
[last
two] localitiesare
much
older than
the
pueblosof Cholula."
"The
court-yardis forme"l hy two decayed mounds, the
of worship,and a hill,the latter [last]
mound
of which
is a
regularterrace."
"Our
road lay by Lou vain,Thirlemont,Liege,Aix-la-ChaThe former [first]
of these
to the Rhine.
pelle,and Juliers,
J. Fenimore Cooper.
towns," etc.
"
" 69.
these and
When
the
adjective
pronouns
this and
that,or
refer to contrasted antecedent terms,this
those,
ADJECTIVES
should
these
or
former
term
**
And
**
of
the
"
the
He
of
the
preceded
confederacy,
as
*t is man."
foes
with
Pope.
!
those
omitted
!
the
the
when
the
coming
well
effect
of
the
of
this
under
be
volatile
tribes
the
sary
neces-
as,
;
the
clusive."
con-
acid
dilute."
equally
are
of
is
would
argument
[that]
as
it
operations
both
acid
Bums.
"
term
its
on
1794,
"
where
antecedent
an
between
fixed
can,
you
my
love
my
of
difference
certainly
valley
those
or
"
carrying
was
strong
a
as
that
farewell
to
[that]
or
in
is often
reference
1792,
Notice
!
these,
corporation
[that]
and
with
that
show
If the
charter
**
friends
my
pronoun
to
directs,
't is God
peace
instinct
o'er
mise
Farewell
The
that
latter, and
as,
;
reason
My
the
55
PRONOUNS.
ADJECTIVE
represent
this
In
**
AND
formed
that
later
of
tribes
Tlascala."
"
Other
70.
tJiose; and
to
also
etc.
supreme,
universal,"
nearer
the
It
is
but
**less
vulgar
application
are
incorrect
we
of
use
degrees
in
superlative
cJiief, extreine,
etc.;
right,"
the
are
which
adjectives
as
a
errors
can
extreme,"
perfectf
to
say,
say
them
of
son
compari-
primary
riglU,
""o
"nearer
"less
of
for
nificati
sig-
universal,
perfect,"
""o
perfection,"
perfect,"
etc.
56
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
XIII.
CHAPTER
ADVERBS.
" 71.
Adverbs
are
in the sentence.
frequentl}^
givena
absolute rule
No
can
wrong position
be laid down
for their proper position.They should generally
be
ever,
placedbefore the words theyqualify
; sometimes,howafter verbs,
verb, but
between
never
examples of
are
following
We
must
not
expectto
the
and
to
only is especially
apt
adverb
**
between
or
to
the
the infinitive.^ The
be
wrong
find
and
auxiliary
misplaced. The
position:
"
always [always
studyagreeable
agreeable]."
**
dozen [down contemptulookingcmiteinpttwusly
ously]
fully
crooked in mind or body,we should look up thank-
Instead of
the
on
God,
to
who
has made
us
better." *
Everythingfavored by goml usage is not on that accoimt to
of the sentence. )
be retained." (Place not at the beginning
shall acquirecertainly
we
[certAinly
By hastycomposition
bad
a very
style."
acquire]
The comparisons
are short,
touchingon one pointonly [only
one
on
point]of resemblance."
fore
prominentobjectset beHaving had once [oncehad] some
**
**
*'
'*
lis."
**
a
The
seems
positive
called
improperlyto 6e [tobe improperly]
de"rree."
'*In
some
is]
phrasesthe genitiveis only [onlythe genitive
"
used."
1
See
*
Murray
ante, " 40.
Jiorrects "look
tip thankfully"to "thankfully look
but
I
think
the
of
order
the firstclause as corrected," looking
;
up
down
contemptuously,"should be followed in the second one.
"
58
MISTAKES
This
WRITING
IN
of like for as is
by
ENGLISH.
of
peculiarity
I have known
the South and West.
Englishmenwho
used the expression,
and the following
examples,
constantly
which
are
might be multipliedindefinitely,
taken from recent Englishworks:
use
uo
lueane
a
"
**
**
be very jolly
to travel like he does."
Living and Dead,
It must
So few
understand
placedlike I
are
and
that my
was,
"
into ray feelings
must
Ibid.,and so^mm..
*'It is like it was
be
king when
be too
way,
Con-
would
limited
to
struggledamong
a king."
Anthony TroUope.
sometimes, passingthrough the ground-floor
passage,
/iX;ethat firsttime."
her ironing,
Vernon Lee,
see
to
a
themselves who should be
'*
Hagh
audience who
enter
trouble about."
"
And
he would
men
"
"
Miss Brown,
Such
E. g.:
for the adverb
so,
"
*'
In such
**
With
[so]mild
a
and fruitful [a]region."
all due deference to such
[so]very
siicti a
on
improperlyused
is often
a
high[sohighan]authority
Moon, Dean's
important[a]matter."
"
English,
**Such
[so]lovely[a]woman,"
a
**
Sucli
a
[so]beautiful [a]
etc.
flower,"
^^
never
Quite should be used in the
for rather or
very.'}
'
*
of
sense
*
entirely,'
"
*
**
Wounded
severely."
quite[very]
**
Mr. John
Redman
flatteredhimself he
was
man."
quitethe gentle-
Say, "a perfect
gentleman."
''The
conclusions drawn
from
quitedifferentfrom the results of
**
a
The
of the
acquisition
quiterecent
a.s
casual view
are
frequently
completeinvestifi^tion."
of speechis in all probability
a
occurrence."
tffell
is often used
Equallyas
"
power
a
for
"
equallywell,"or
well."
1
of Rhetoric,
Hill's Principles
p. 58.
59
ADVERBS.
should
How
it ;
for
nor
"He
said
"Ye
see
be
not
E.
lest."
"
used
[that]
how
hoyr
before
g.
he
:
of
go."
would
wise
[lest]you
offend
not
instead
or
"
many
that
that,"
"
men
called."
are
(Omit
that.)
"Be
No
used
is often
1 do
"
how
cautious
Whether
"
be
he
I make
"Can
and
In
"
seldom
"We
God."
(Or
of the
or
correct
good,"
But
Professor
some
other
not, they
that
if
well,"
Hill, speaking
expressions,
are
to
easy
[never]
ever
forsaken
who
rains."
in
trust
like
expressions
"never
be
of
"
says,
or
as,
;
ever."]
should
never
Cowper.
those
consider
so
25.
mo?"
or
confused
see
ix.
John
"
Rousseau
it seldom
country,
"seldom
will
"
often
Byron.
"
not."
no"
or
as,
;
no."
or
they
Jaques
[never]
ever
to
"never
and
or
very
grammarians
Many
so
are
parts
Jean
confabulate
never
some
ask
not
"
not
I know
no,
or
"
out
are
live, whethej
If birds
Ever
they
sinner
a
men
I shall
"
for
improperly
whether
know
not
him."
in
"never
such
so
Whether
understand,
never
wisely,"
so
ever
**
are
roneous,
er-
pbmses.
and
good,"
easy
and
as
to
parse'
facts
in
language."
for
Most
work
is
most
almost
done."
is
a
common
barbarism
"
;
as,
The
GO
IN
MISTAKES
ENGLISH.
WRITING
XIV.
CHAPTER
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE
" 74. Who, whose, and whom apply only to persons
mals
to irrationalanior to things
personified
; which applies
to either
or to inanimate objects
; and that applies
persons, animals,or things.
of its applicability
to both
That, either by reason
after same
or because it is required
persons and things,
in the superlative,
should be used in
an
or
adjective
the followingsentences in placeof who or which,
**Ke
instructed
and
fed the crowds
w?u)
[that]surrounded
him."
*'
of
Among
nations wJio
are
[that]
in the first and
rude
periods
society."
**
The crowd
**An
who
only child
was
[that]
going up
is
w?io
one
the street
[that]has
was
veiy
neither hrother
derly."
or-
nor
sister."
"
He
of the
spokelargely
men
he
thingswhich [that]
and
had
seen."
The second person denotes the person
is spokento."
**
**
are
This is the most
thingwhich [that]
men
possess."
[that]
''The same
in a model
lohich [that]
are
agreeahle
proportions
not agreeahle
in a largebuilding."
useful art which
Who, whose,and whom
as
or
also which for whom,
are
often misused
E. g. :
whichy
has
taught
"
"Frequentedby every fowl wTiovi [which]nature
Johnson.
iipthe wing in water."
"
for
Exactlylike
"
puppets,who [which]are
many
so
61
PRONOUNS.
KELATIVE
moved
by
wires."
"They
are
the laud of
[whom] 1 broughtforth out
servants,which
my
of
Egypt."
''They being the agents to
which
[whom] this thing was
intrusted."
of
away under a knotted veil,whose flaps[theflaps
which]fallon either side of her brightround throat"
"
Hidden
'*
The
is to transfer each
method
to
ingredient
some
new
bination
com-
and whose compost'
which can be formed without loss,
of which]is kiiowu."
tion [thecomposition
**
acid whose specific
Weigh in a vial a quantityof sulphuric
has
gravity
been
ascertained."
previously
wh"ose weightand dignity
were
His character,
onlypartially
the
church lustre." (Correct
by his modest motto, gave
expressed
"
"
to
weightand dignityof which.")
the
of which in both of
givenas the possessive
and its use as such has beAmerican Dictionaries,
come
the
common;
yet the best authorities condemn
Whose is
our
deem
usage, and
" 75.
which
or
The
in the
E. g. :
"The
and
word
there has
sentence
be used before
properly
been a preceding
which
and
in the
tion.
construc-
same
"
and observations,
importantrules,definitions,
more
which
same
error.
and cannot
who, unless
or
who
it an
are
therefore the most
wUh
printed
proper
to be
committed
to
larger
type." MurraxfsOraminar.
Bad English as follows :
Corrected in Moon's
The rules,
and observations which are the more
and
definitions,
important,
are
memory,
a
"
which
are
therefore the most
"
"
**
proper to be committed
to memoiy,
type."
printedin larger
of each, agreeingin movement
have duplicates
"But
we
in measure, atid which make differentimpresthough differing
sions
to
the ear:
and
an
on
our
opulencepeculiar
language,
of a boundless variety." Murray's
which may be the source
Orammar.
(Omit the and before which in both places.)
"This layerconsists of small cellswhose exposedouter walls
are
"
62
IN
MISTAKES
WRITING
ENGLISH.
rounded,arid which contain the pigmentscharacteristic of
the group.'.'
(Correctto "cells the exposed outer walls of
which," etc.)
are
**
think
We
of the roadside life seen
of which
Clinker,and
Humphry
glimpsewhile dwellingin
Mr.
the tents
by
Parson
Borrow
of the
Adams
caught the
or
last
Romany." (Omit
aiid.)
approachof a party,sent for the purpose of compelling
the countrypeopleto bury their dead,and who had already
sembled
asseveral peasantsfor that purpose, now
obligedEdward
to rejoinhis guide." (Insert**who had been"
immediately
after
and the sentence is connect)
party,"
**
The
"
For
the
of which
use
without
antecedent,see
an
ante, " 35.
For the misuse of who and
" 76. Adverbs
and
the
sense
**
whom,
used
frequently
are
relative pronoun
would
arUe, " 28.
see
where
much
a
tion
preposi-
better express
; as,
They framed
a
w?iere [inwhich]theyrepeated
protestation,
their claim."
"
They are
not such in the
languagewhence [fromwhich]they
derived."
are
we
why or the manner
By prepositions
express the cause
?iow [inwhich]a thingis done."
"And
the battle where [inwhich]their fathers fell."
curse
There is no rule given?iow [bywhich]truth may be found
**
*'
out."
" 77. The relative should be so placedas to prevent
to the antecedent.
and as near
as
possible
ambiguity,
E. g.:
"It
"
theywould
"
(Put
not
**
who
knew
[towords
a
meaning] which
have."
For he hath made
"
to ioords
gives a meaning
no
who
him to be sin for \is,
sin
"
after
**
knew
him.")
who have the power
friend,
Take that of me, my
To seal the accuser's lips."
tftkethat of me."
Correct,"My friend,
no
sin."
The
next
E.
[that] I
error
is often
pronoun
expressed.
be
should
**
relative
The
" 78.
63
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE
g.
:
it
where
"
mention
shall
omitted
is
a
capital one."
of the divine
perfections."
[that]we know
is the worat
"This
thing [that] could happen."
me."
"I'here were
several thiugs [which] brought it upon
We
speak that [which] we do know, and testifythat [which]
It is little
*'
**
seen."
have
we
**
from
arisen
have
originallyinserted
lai'."
Murray*
"
**
says
:
his
Bain, in
restrictive.
That
is the
W.
"
Whitney,
as
co-ordinating
limiting
'clouds,
wounded*;
thrtt
horizon
'
or
; and
Neither
so
a
as
who
on
that
English
which
Prof.
mar,"
Gram-
of
the
best
English
but
usage
*the
diers
sol-
near
the
lay
by
as
recently
but
th"at
used
that
was
vapor';
cloud
be
to
are
soldier, wh^
left' ; *a
were
But
this
bodies
are
no
means
distinction."
Worcester
no
nor
of
real
Webster
that, and
limitation
title-pageof this
teach, write, or speak
the
and
wJw
*
thus,
;
which
on.
definition
where
of
simply descriptive relatives,
wounded
were
requires such
hold
restrictive
or
Essentials
But
"
authorities
Some
his
in
lish
Eng-
restrictive,
proper
defining relative."
**
it regu-
"Higher
explicative,limiting, or
says:
were
Graminar,
Grammar,"
D.
which
made
[which]
and
sentence
words
some
guage
lan-
of any
construction
ellipsisof
the
the
in
s
That
78a,
the
in
irregularities
all the
Almost
iii. 11.
John
"
book
the
gives
it is
**
clusive
ex-
certainly inapplicable
is intended
:
such
any
For
the
Language."
or
desired,
Use
of all
64
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
XV.
CHAPTER
NEGATIVES.
DOUBLE
Two
one
other/
annegativesin Englishdestroy
to an affirmative." Such comor are equivalent
mon
I don't want
barbarisms as
and
I
nothing,**
be used by a respecthave n't got none,"would never
able
violate the foregoing
writer. But authors frequently
rule,althoughthe mistake is not so apparent.
E.g.:
" 79.
"
"
"
"
''Give
not
ear."
mine
counsel,Nor [and]let no
me
pray you bear with me;
You, Like It,
"
I
did
never
There
be
can
that befellTheseus
*'
no
on
The facultiesare
rules laid down,
thingonlybecause
No
**
Now
one
further."
"
As
nor
[and]na
manner
ommended."
rec-
tellyou
hardlyany
of the adventures
the way to Athens."
Hawthorne.
called into no exercise by doinga
"
merelybecause others do
"
no
'
stop to
[can]
I cannot
go
Sheridan.
"
''
I canrwt
repentfor doinggood,nor [and]shall not now."
of Venice,
Merchant
"*
delight
Mvdih Ado,
"
"I
**
comforter
it,no [any]more
others believe it."
"
had
petitioners
elsebut the
than
thing
a
by believing
Geo. P. Marsh.
ter."
any interestin the mat-
(Omit else,)
let
there
not
was
us
and decide whether or
cited,
mistake made in the name."
(Omit the
examine
not
a
the
case
second not,)
[and]do not,confine the purposes of God."
allow him what his argument
"I cannot by no [any]
means
must prove." (Or, I can by no means
allow,"etc. )
*'
We
need not,nor
"
1
See
anUf
page 49.
66
MISTAKES
IN
WBITINQ
"NQUSH.
CHAPTER
XVI.
COBBELATIYES.
" 80. Certain adverbs and conjunctions
tain
requirecerothers to correspond
with thera,in comparison
or
which are called correlatives. The princiantithesis,
pal
words of this sort are the following:
"
as
.
,
both
if
,
.
.
.
either
ajid,
,
,
.
*'
As
I
n^t
as
white
.
merely
,
there,
.
.
,
.
or,
but,hut also,hid
....
even.
shall thy strengthhe."
as
driven snow."
dehtor hoth to the Greeks and to the
am
yet.
tlien,
.
.
"is, ilicU,
,
.
.
.
whether
nor,
.
.
wliere
thy days,so
**Lawn
**
.
when
or,
.
f neiUter
not onlyor
.
.
though
then,
.
.
so, such
ctSyso,
,
both
harbarians,
to the wise and to the unwise.*'
"
**
"
**
If I
then
speakfalse,
father
perish.*'
Either he must leave,
or I shall go."
Neither this man
sinned,nor his parents."
but
These are questions,
not of prudencemerely,
my
may
of morals
also."
*'
but
Smugglingand piracywere
honorable."
even
absolutely
**
No lamb
"
No
'*
"
**
e*er so mild
as
not
onlynot infamous,
he."
poor that he could not make restitution."
The difference is of such a nature that it is easily
seen."
man
was
so
Though he slayme, yet will I
"When
"
was
deemed
Where
the heart beats
no
more,
trust in him."
then the lifeends."
the bee sucks, there suck I."
Whether of a publicor of a privatenature."
67
CORRELATIVES.
made in the use of or
frequently
and
of either and neither,
correspondents
" 81. Mistakes
and
as
nor
the
are
onlywithout its proper correlative but
of not
of
*'
**
correlatives,
The following
are
amples
ex-
occur.
usage:
erroneous
but also.
the other
with
They are not so common
though they sometimes
or
"
sold ice at Worcester."
or [nor]
He ueither cut, stored,
Upon the decease of either said Cynthiaaiid [or]Mary,
etc.
leavingchildren,"
instraraent should
"The
claim that
any
"Neither
be
or
one,
[nor]the
in law. or
(Changeboth
be made."
can
bar,both
a
to
to
equity,
or
either,
or
the least chance
other has
to
of
success."
"
in
[nor]
**
Not
so
accurate and
yet as [so]
of it is retained
much
as
much simpli[so]
fied
injures
[thatit]greatly
of the work."
uniformity
the
able to judge,
**A8 [So]far as I am
"i)^Chancer
was
accustomed
of whatever he found directed to
hesitate over
as
be."
it may
"Still
the
world,neither
too [but also Ids reputation]
onlyhis estate,his reputation
suffered by his misconduct."
His work is not
as
in this
the world to come."
has
**
him, neither
forgiven
It shall not be
book is well written."
to say that he
took
possession
no greatpoet need
him, so [then]
any material at hand."
" 82. As in comparisons
("59),care must be taken
to placethese correlativesso as to exclude and include
what is intended.
The following
are examples
precisely
of wrong position
:
"
"I
remember
manners
either]
"He
that I
or
morals."
either
comes
from
here
not
am
"
as
a
censor
either
of [of
R, G. White, Every-Day English,
Ohio or Indiana."^
[from either]
Ayres,Verbalist.
"
not only]a
only communicated
[communicated
and a lethis commission,but a partof his instructions,
ter
Oswald
copy of
from the
not
of
Secretary
State."
"
GeorgeBancroft.
68
MISTAKES
I
"
estimated
neither
after
neither
(Put
money."
of
would
until
proved
"
will
them,
is
of
the
S.
Mill.
oil,
nor
nor
miration.*'
ad-
be
would
auger.")
be
obliged
put
the
to
the
postpone
to
expense
use
made."
what
about
neither
can
[be
be
neither]
disproved."
a
which
good
nor
division
and
nor
ridicule,
neither
would]
only
were
dispute
others,
"The
but
ones
not
nor
It
J.
"
wiue,
nor
anger,
excite
to
[not
only
new
will
"I
excite
to
"attempted
Twt
I'epixxlucing
them
lowly."
nor
neitlier]
[give
give
attempted
(Say,
of
highly
)
neither
neither
"He
ENGLISH.
Thackei-ay.
"
He
**
WRITING
myself
myself,
would
"He
IN
the
affected
forms
beliefs,
the
on
and
of
affluence
not
society,
marked
[depends
depends
neither
off
of
only
but
the
external
[not
entered
whole
neither]
on
the
fortune."
only
affected]
tions
institu-
the
household,
fied
modi-
structure
of
society."
69
CONJUNCTIONS.
CHAPTER
XVII.
CONJUNCTIONS.
" 83. Beginningparagraphsor
should be avoided.
sentences
with
junctions
con-
The
and,
conjunctions
often needlessly
are
connective,
or, and others strictly
thus made
to begin a sentence,more
especially
nor,
In many
be
cases, the and is useless and may
omitted, and where it is necessary the sentence can
often be joinedwith the preceding
A disjunctive,
one.
and.
like hut,may sometimes
of the sentence,and in
be necessary at the beginning
animated or easy,styleit is
an
It is
to begin one with and.
perhapsunobjectionable
without takingup too much
not easy to giveexamples,
space, as whole sentences would be requiredto show
the connection.
Any one can find plentyof examples
in his every-dayreading,
and can judge for himself as
to their propriety
or impropriety.
and becavse should 'not be
" 84. The words reason
used together,
the word because meaning for that reason,"
and thus beingredundant ; as,
"
**
Because
was
picture
**
The
[That]Rousseau had giren an equallybeautiful
no
reason
why Goethe should not repeatit."
[except
that]the
'*
The
reasons
parentshad
"The
do it
60
not for any apparent reason
fail,
other will
loves the child from the
one
of
appealwere
not been
reason
much
but because
beginning."
the consent
becatcse [that]
of the
obtained."
I ask you to do this is because
better than I."
[that]
you
can
70
MISTAKES
other
" 85.
the
are
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
in the
errors
common
use
of
tions
conjunc-
following.
WithotU for
unless,
btU/or; as,
form of .a word can
the grammatical
be
[Unless]
littleprogress can be made in readingthe
at a glance,
recognized
language."
in
You will never
live to my age wUhotU
you keep yourself
"WUhotU
**
breath with exercise.
"
"
fortycampaignswould have fallen into the
without [but for]a vigorouseffort of the first
of
This veteran
enemy's hands
legion."
E. g. :
Onli/or but for except
"It has the well-known
"
of the cube, only [but]with
form
this difference."
was
photograph
that]a greaternumber
**
The
"
First of white
similar manner,
of exposures were
made."
taken
biU
men
the fresh-water
plainbeheld
I
Tliink
**
He would
not
was
But
man
no
sea
E. g. :
"
he may err."
[butthat]
was
joking." (Say, that
whcU
not believe btU what
1
**
joking.")
is often
used after words
unnecessarily
for that ot if, E. g. :
doubt,or
"There
to be
only [except
Friar Le Caron, Chamof the Hurons."
hut
perfect
so
a
the
[except]
"iU what for but that,
"
in
"
is no
doubt but that the settlement there had ceased
occupiedbefore
the
He
"
I should not wonder
**
I have
For the
Conquest."
their intention."
doubts but that he knows
"
never
no
ing
express-
doubt but
use
but
that
[if]
he
[that]
was
will
the case."
cx"rae
to-night."
of hut for than after other and
the
parative
com-
degree,see ante, " 58.
an
tha"t is often repeated,
after
" 86. The conjunction
clause,before the clause with which
intervening
^;he first that
was
intended
to
connect.
In
each
of
71
CONJUNCTIONS.
the
followingsentences
Italicized that should
one
be
omitted.
**To
it
us
clear that if the
seems
"is to 136 taken
feelingof God
the
as
every sinner must at least be
of His redeeminglove."
**
It does
not
of
son
prodigal
sinner,thaJt
every
broughtback by the mighty power
me
fixed
a
towards
the
dated
easy to say, that if cases of unliquibe treated as debts l)ecause theyend in the
to
seem
damages may
ascertainment
parableof
say that the doctrine
of money,
sum
that
at
are
we
to
applicable
equally
damages." Judge Story.
is not
all
to
liberty
cases
of
liquidated
un-
"
**
I have
noted tliatwhen
that
details,
Master
"The
colora
the
you
were
so
ent
differyou wish to touch on many
fare better if you adoptrapidinterrogation."
held that if,in dyeing,the
effected that whiteness could not be predicated
of
of the Rolls had
that the twisted thread
and
selvage,
mottled, red and
was
trade-mark was
not
particular
had no remedy.'^
and that therefore the plaintiff
infringed,
counsel contended, that, if the jury found
"The
that the
and amounted
claimed by the plaintiff,
to a warfacts were
ranty,
as
white,that
matter
as
thcU such
of law the
warranty
was
a
partof the
"
contract.
Uiai so far were
show, by your own
writings,
you fix"m being competent to teach others Englishcomposition,
to study its firstprinciples."Moon,
that you had need yourself
DearCs English.
"
I wished
to
"
" 87.
That is also often omitted
essentialto the
"
After years
contrast
between
E. g. :
sense.
of labor
the
in
cases
where
it is
"
there
he felt [that]
of his
insignificance
very strong
performanceand the
was
a
greatness of his project."
"
fixed classes in
"
there
an
prevalent
opinion[that]
?
society
Is there not
Though
too
the instances
will not be found too
must
are
numerous,
it is
they
hoped [that]
many."
he would proceedimmediately."
[that]
**It is manifestly
to
to apply the principle
impos-sible
A is greaterthan B."
judgmentsas [that]
**Hb
told
be
"
me
such
72
MlSTAKJiS
IN
ENGUSH.*
WKITING
XVIII.
CHAPTER
PREPOSITIONS.
is
" 88. The endingof a sentence with a preposition
considered at the presentday to be a perfectly
generally
accordant with
Englishidiom, and entirely
legitimate
the usages of the language,though it was
formerly
the
objectedto by many writers. Hence originated
the grammarian who gave as
familiar jestconcerning
is a very bad word to end a
a rule,"A
preposition
This usage of the preposition,
ever,
howsentence with."
in a free and flowingstyle.
is indispensable
often misused,and there is
are
" 89. Prepositions
difference of opinionamong
writers as to the
some
to be used with certain words ; but
proper preposition
few specimenexamples,
the following
if not of
a
are
^
at least of inelegant
E g. :
erroneous,
usage.
"
**
The trust refeiTed to
by [in]the
letter is not used in the
will."
"
that is givento
To rise beyond[above]
**
Alike
"
How
few."
another."
on [of]
independent
differentto [from]
this is the lifeof Fulvia !
is very different to [from]what was expected."
"
"This
or
a
"
The wisest powers
"
In pursuance
need not think it any diminution
to [from]
their sufficiency."
derogation
1
For
a
the proper
to
ones
to be used with
"
[of]
of their charter."
[of]the provisions
completesynopsisof
^bell's exceUent
to
Handbook
the
and a list giving
prepositions,
certain words, see Mr. Loomis D.
of
Synonyms and Prepositions.'*
74
MISTAKES
But
we
use
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
the
and the fanner
*'
read between the lines,"
expression
ploughsbetween the rows of corn."
"
often omitted which are
are
" 91. Prepositions
to the correct grammatical
construction of
E. g.
sentence.
the
"
would have been less worthy [of]
notice."
"This
"It
:
cessary
ne-
of about
was
fortyfeet [in]diameter
at the
base,and
of
altitude."
about twelve feet [in]
Then
he
broughtme back [by]the way of the gateof the
outward sanctuary."
The army must of necessity
be the school,
not of honor,but
[of]effeminacy."
I might be excused [from]taking
notice of it."
any more
"
"
"
for
"Watch, therefore,
Lord
ye
know
not
have
banished
[at]what
hour
your
doth come."
laws of the
"The
censors
him
[from]the
forum."
"
The
act
militarysettlements
creating
was
passed[in]the
"
year,and it is stillin force.
same
"
President [on]April30,1789,
Washingtonwas inaugurated
life[on]March 4, 1797."
and retired to private
both of the mollusk and
"They stimulate the oiganization
[of]the
creatures
Where
the
three
which
or
form its food."
more
construction
words
in the
requirethe same
if repeated
at all,
must
preposition,
same
case;
in
case
objective
the
preposition,
be used
in every
as,
*'
in quality,
Simplesensations are said to be distinguished
and in time."
[in]intensity,
of innocence or of guilt,
of merit or
We may have a feeling
[of]demerit."
"She has been assisted by Miss Smitli,Miss Brown, and by
Miss Robinson, as well as by Messrs. Jones and Thompson."
"
(Omit the Italicizedby.)
often inserted needlessly,
are
pecially
es" 92. Prepositions
by the older Englishwriters. In the following
75
PREPOSITIONS.
the
examples
:
prepositions
erroneously
are
terposed
in-
"
the
And
**
Italicized
elders
apostles and
together/or
came
consider
to
of
matter."
this
first emotion
This
**
of
instead
by the
awakened
by
the
dental,
acci-
antecedent."
necessary
Notwithstanding o/"the
**
last to be
at
comes
panegyrics
numerous
the
on
ancient
English liberty."
I will
"
Inserting of
by another
a//, before
after
already governed
word
a
preposition, is especiallycommon
of this period,
"
During
all
**
He
was
informed
In
all
**
Andronicus."
loith
encounter
0/ these
of all
forces
same
conditions
of the
the
cases,
the
works
mind
by
; as,
work."
at
were
agreement."
of the
of its
methods
own
invention."
"
a
Double
93.
single
E.
etc.
"The
of the
"Leap
The
are
a
with
the
then
small
in
fence
sold
at
above,
to, up
me
into
frequently
used
include
tautologous.
;
the
angry
as
idea
the
tops
about
that
a/.)
flood."
hence, from
but
above
occasionally,at
(Omit
this
up
up,)
and
par,
premium."
with
top extended
on
(Omit
expressions /rom
whence
on
but
"
wall
at
of,
of
where
used
often
are
as,
first-storywindows."
time,
and
:
Its stock
**
are
is necessary;
one
g.
prepositions
the
of
thence,from
adverbs
from,
whence,
hence, thence,
the
expressions
76
MISTAKES
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
XIX.
CHAPTER
.
CONSTRUCTION
" 94.
or
two
sion
must
In
or
two
containing
sentence
a
SENTENCES.
OF
each of which
clauses,
more
words,
more
or
a
requires
ferent
dif-
to connect
it with the conchiproperly
particle
of the sentence,the appropriate
connecting
particle
he used after each word
of this rule is one
of the most
or
The
clause.
and
common,
violation
one
of the
sins against
ing
In the followEnglishgrammar.
grossest,
the words inserted in brackets are necessary
examples,
to make the sense
complete. E. g. :
and perhapsmore
"So he, as much
than, any of his
[asj,
"
feels the burden
townsmen,
it is not
a
of
heavy taxes. Thus we
all,[of]the peoplewho must
few, but
see
tliat
bear the
burden."
**Beak about the
and
-or a littlelonger
length[of],
[than],
twice as broad as the cuspidate
scale."
Botany.
structed
Those shares were
purchasedby a person who had been inbut no higherthan,forty
dollai*3
to bid as high[as],
per
"
**
share."
**
He has made
alterations [in]and additions to the work."
**The firstproposal
was
and
different [from]
essentially
rior
infe-
to the second."
**
Will it be
urgedthat
older than tradition?
**He
was
more
the four
are
Gospels
as
old
or
[as]
even
"
beloved
but
[than],
not
so
much
admired
as
Cynthia."
times
someguidedby interests alwaysdifferent [from],
contraryto, those of the community."
So far as these are private
the State has the same
property,
and no greaterthan,over other private
property."
[as],
**Ho
**
ower
was
OF
CONSTRUCTION
77
SENTENCES.
"Elegance prohibitsan arrangement that
throws the emphasison, and thus causes
a
suspension
other unimportantword
of the sense
or
at, a particle
(as in this sentence)."^
is
This,whether in the familiar or the solemn style,
be avoided.
In
and should generally
alwaysinelegant,
forms of law, and the like,where fulness and exactness
ation,
take placeof every other considermust
of expression
"
95.
"
be admitted."
it may
the foregoing
sentence
principle,
Hill's Ehetorio should be transposed
as
In accordance
from
follows
:
*
with this
"
an
Eleganceprohibits
arrangement of the sentence
that throws the emphasis on a particle,
other unor
important
word, and there causes a suspensionof the
'*
sense.**
The
examples in the precedingsection would
if likewise transposed
improved,therefore,
:
all be
"
So he
"
as
much
as
any
of his townsmen
feelsthe bnrden
of
heavytaxes, and perhapsmore so. Thus we see that it is not a
few of the ])eople
who must hear this burden, but all of them."
about the lengthof the cuspidate
"Beak
scale,or a little
and twice as broad."
longer,
structed
Those shares were
purchasedby a person who had been indollars per share,but no higher."
to bid as highas forty
'*
"
"
has made
alterations in the work, and additions to it."
Will it be urgedthat the four Gospelsare older than tradition,
or
even
''He
was
"
the
He
as
old?"
more
beloved
than
Cynthia,but
not
so
much
guidedby interests always different from
community, and sometimes contrary to them."
He
was
1
2
of Rhetoric,page 139.
Principles
Mun*ay'sGrammar, under Rule XVII.
Hiirs
mired."
ad-
those of
78
MISTAKES
IN
CHAPTER
XX.
AND
SUPERFLUOUS
TAUTOLOGICAL
The
ENGLISH.
WRITING
WORDS.
words, or of words
superfluous
which are either impliedin another word already
used
is very general "There
in the sentence
or
itself,
is especially
ginning
at the becommon
are,"or "There is,'*
" 96.
of
of
use
where
sentence
a
it is useless
or
worse
than
useless;stillthere are cases wh^re it givesa special
The Italicized
emphasisto a statement or a remark.
all tautological
sentences
words in the following
are
or
redundant,and should be omitted :
"
**
walked
usually
We
side of the stream
the
to
shore offered the better
**
legof his trousers
he
beinglittlebetter,
"Give
**
other,and
brother called
Mv
had become
had cut them both off at the knee."
on
me,
and
actual life compels us
"Our
badlytattered,and, the
0/ those books."
both
me
wading from one
back, accordingas either
footing."
One
other
of the canoes,
ahead
we
both took
to connect
a
walk."
these ideas
togetker
often."
very
"They invited
me
"He
these facts
combined
to enter in."
together"
higherup, in a recess, there were remains of similar
line with the lower ones."
step",but not in a straight
"Still
"There
are
placesthere
on
are
many rabbits and
fieldsof maize ; and
it now
now
snakes,and in some
the top there is
on
small,ancient temple."
and no other bones
layalone by themselves,
were
aloiigwith them."
any other objects
set apartby themaelves"
"The
discriminated objects
are
"
The
skulls
nor
a
TAUTOLOGICAL
'*
AND
had the candor to abandon
He
convinced that he
was
SUPERFLUOUS
''At the extreme
at once
79
WORDS.
his
when
position
Jie
in error."
was
northern
pointthere
towers
aloft the
peak
of Mt. Athos."
**
certain features of monastic lifewhich
Tfiere are
are
common
to all the monasteries.**
settlement
"A
about and
"
The
of considerable
had
proportions
grown
up
it."
around
of the fraud
government could show the entire history
the
from
perpetrated,
of the scheme to its^Tta^
firstconception
consummation.
It is apparent from these lettersthat the
accused had combined together
to carry out the fraud."
...
"
I shall have finished by the laUer end of the week."
"
"They soughthim throughoutthe whole country."
Greenhouse
to sow
m%u^ prefer
seeds in Januaryrather
men
"
than in December."
"
words indicates
re of itselfin many
" 97. The prefix
and such words are often reor
dundantly
iteration,
repetition
the same
used with another word signifying
thing. Kg.:
"
"There
is not
the
ground for supposingit ever
slightest
appears
re-
again"
ing
of dividagain the old folly
dangerof repeating
our
peopleinto two hostile camps."
of our discussion."
Returningagain to the subject
"They returned inick again to the cityfrom whence they
**
We
are
in
**
forth."
came
**
Whether
he
can
recover
back the
sum
thus
paidis not
the
questionbefore us."
again,and take
"Return
"
He
" 98.
The
fUl fvU and fiJdup
expressions
"
are
wise
like-
filla
glass
; as,
/mZZ o/[with]water."
glasshalf /uW of wine." (Say,"Half
Fi]l a basin
**FiU
with
oath with thee."
restored it back to the owner."
redundant
"
an
a
wine.")
Fill up the
pitwith
stones."
'
80
The
"
l"rn
*'The
filled full of
was
canal
WRITING
IN
MISTAKES
filled up
was
ENGUSH.
hay.
to
"
level
the
the
of
sarroimdiog
surface/*
So
99.
"
:
**
got is frequently used
following examples^,
the
in
as
have
expression
the
where
is
got
fluous
super-
"
I have
''They
got
cold."
a
have
got
excellent
an
'of
assortment
silks
their
at
establishment."
"
1 have
the
In
is correct:
"
I have
worked
*'
got
a
my
"Rules
than
meet
the
"
have
got
"
have, because
I have
is done
the
?
tautologicalexpressions
absurdity
of
of truth
and
together,** "follow
which
of
some
not
g.
:
quite
so
are
is very
obvious,
and
"bold
leading citizens,**
aud
audacious
bery,**
rob-
veracity,**"sylvan forest,**"false
matter,**
after,*'"most
"trifling minutise,'*
unbounded,**
"very
incessant."
For
the
For
double
use
of
reason
in
"
regulations/* "prominent
ordinary occurrence,'*
man
mother
"
misrepresentations,** "subject
"
evening.*'
got through learning my
'
great familiarity. E.
and
yoa
others, however, it is
and
"a
work
I have
great many
; in
their
education
better
say,
use,
evident
this
Washington
for it.**
A
common
for
"
can
100.
"usual
leave
'
Who
from
to
following examples, however,
harder
tongue, and
"
got
with
hecatise,see
prepositions,etc.,see
ante^
ante^ " 93.
"
84.
82
MISTAKES
laborers.
IN
But
WRITING
ENGLISE.
at the
presenttime there is an
for the word, which would justify
absolute necessity
its
vants
or
alreadyexist. It is the proper
and necessary correlative of employer and is justas correct
and other words of
as are
dssignee,
payee^ indorsee,
tlie same
class. It is givenin the Supplementto Worcester's
Dictionary,
publishedfive years ago, is used by
the judgesof our Supreme Court in the Massachusetts
is found in many law books,and is in constant
Keports,
use
by many of our best newspapers, like the New York
Nation and the Boston Evening Transcript.There is
whatever to employeewhich does not apply
no
objection
when
without the
to employe(especially
printed
equally
finale). One wiseacre proposes to substitute worhmmi.
But the word employeeis far more
can
comprehensive,
be used for every gradeof employment,from the agent
of a corporation
down, and appliesto persons of any
The antipathy
which some
age or of either sex.
ple
peoThere is no
have had to the word is astonishing.
at least should not
reason, however, why Americans
if
coinage,
it did not
^
it.
use
jyibriB.
This is one
"
of the few French
words which
and it should be adopted
Englishequivalent,
into the languageas a necessity.In that case it might
without the accent, like
properlybe written debris,
depotSLudfete,
have
^
no
Allude.
the
"
the most
This is perhaps
misused
word
in
the presentday. Its only proper significa
ally
is to refer to a person or thingwithout actu-
languageat
often
mentioningthe name,
read of a speechin
oeaker alluded to several
"
to
which
hint
at.
Yet
we
it is said that the
when
subjects,
in fact
they
MISCELLANEOUS
WORDS
constituted its whole
AND
substance.
83
PHRASES.
In
a
reportfrom
a
the writer states of
institution,
collegiate
certain mattera that they have been alluded to in former
cussed.
disreports,when in fact they had been elaborately
branch
of
a
A
here it is proper
writer says, "And
been adopted''
method which has recently
;
recent
to allude to
a
and then goes on to givea full and elaborate account of
without similar
it. There is hardlya newspaper
printed
of this word.
misuse
Drive
lUde.
or
"
The. Englishcustom
of
usingride
ing
for ridingon horseback,and drive for ridexclusively
in a carriage,
is the fashion in England,and undoubtedly
correct enough because the fashion there.
This is not New
England usage, however,and is not
does
Dictionaries. Where
warranted by our
a person
it is proper to say that he takes a drive ;
drive^
actually
but
but a person who goes with him does not drive^
rides.
car
or
he rides in a street
says he drives when
railroad car, and neither does he drive when
No
a
one
closed carriage.A farmer may say, " I will
he intends actually
drive you to the railroad station,"
as
he rides in
a
to drive ; but if he should overtake you
road,he would ask
and O.
you
to
ride,and
walkingon
tlie
not to drive.
Oh! is properly
an
inteqection
onlyof
pain,grief,
surprise,
sorrow, or anxiety.It was
formerly
of a wish,and is so
employedalso for the expression
Oh!
used
in
our
versions of the Bible
:
but the best mod-
this last usage of the word,
generally
reject
and employ only 0 for that purpose.
This distinction
is made by Professors Crosby and Goodwin, by Goold
mars,
Brown, and by Prof. W. D. Whitney, in their Gramand by most of the best authors.
em
writers
"
84
MISTAKES
is used
IN
WRITING
ENGLISH.
for the
sign of address,or the vocative
for the expressionof a wish; to introduce an
case;
meaning
unas
an
exclamatoryphrase;and also,colloquially,
0
introduction
it
might be omitted
the
Oh I requires
it,but 0
The
words
"
addition to
or
without
sentence,where
a
the
at all affecting
exclamation
sense.
after
pointimmediately
should have it.
never
are
following
correct
examplesof the
of both
use
: -^
But oh ! as to embrace
she
me
I waked."
inclined,
Miltmi,
"
But she is in her grave, and oh !
The difference to me !
Wordsioorth.
**
"
"
**Oli! I
"
**
Oh ! I die,Horatio."
'*
0 for
a
Some
**
Hamlet.
"
**
lodgein
some
boundless
vast
wilderness,
Fontarabian
shade."
of
contiguity
O for the voice of that wild
On
resolve itselfinto
a
"
Covoptr,
horn,
echos borne ! "
"
ScotL
0 that this too, too solid flesh would
Thaw, and
reform
Othello,
"
amiable thou art, 0 virtue ! "-
How
"I
by villains."
undone
spoiled,
am
melt,
dew !
"
"
Hamlet,
with
hope we have reformed that iQdiiferently
it altogether."
Hamlet,
us.
-^0,
"
"Remuneration!
O, that's the Latin word
Love's Labor
"
for three farthings.
Lost,
"Catch, then,0, catch the transient hour.
Johnstm,
as it flies."
Improve each moment
"
Although the use of this verb in phrases
like "You
are
mistaken,"**I was mistaken,"etc.,is
given in the Dictionaries of Worcester,Webster, and
as havingtwo
meanings;
Richardson,
precisely
opposite
it is better
should alwaysbe preferred,
yet,as precision
and say,
to limit words to their primary signification,
"You
and **I mistook,"when that is what is
mistake,"
Mistake.
tended.
"
MISCELLANEOUS
85
PHRASES.
AND
WORDS
is unobjectionhowever,as an adjective,
able,
We
and the authority
find
for it is abundant.
like mistaken ideas,''mistaken reports,"
expressions
etc.,used by standard writers;and the hymn beginning,
Mistaken,
*'
'*
souls,who dream of heaven,"
"Mistaken
is well known.
No
for without
is a slang
fail^certainly^
but not often seen
in print
colloquially,
mistake,
used
phrase,
and
Farther
Further.
Although these
"
words
are
by many writers,yet fartheris
indiscriminately
to distance only; while
more
appropriately
applicable
of something to come,
furtheris used in the sense
used
Jeopardize.
old
will say
as, "I
moreover;
This
"
is
etc.
further,"
useless
a
Englishjeopard. We
might as
neologismfor
well
use
the \
hazardize*
for hazard.
Almost
no
or
nothing.
"
"
*The Duke
of Sutherland
got almoist no rent for his salmon fisheries for the
last four years.'The writer should have said soarcdy
^
His wages for that periodwere
almost
any rent^
anything."
7iothinyJ'*
Say scarcely
has
"
"**
and Older.
Elder
^^
"
Elder and
eldestare
appliedto
paring
onlyin com-
to the best usage,
persons, and, according
thus: *An
of the same
members
family,
brother
*
;
*
the eldest sister.' But
older and
elder
oldest
ai-e
and also to
appliedto persons of different families,
older than
things. Hence we say, Franklin was
Washington*; 'Harvard is the oldest collegein the
*
United
States.'""
1
"
Peabody*sConversatioD,
p. 138.
Ibid.,p. 112.
86
MISTAKES
^*Had
"
had
as
IN
as
WRITING
had better,
had best,
had like,
liefy
sometimes
good,liad rather,are
which
idioms
they are
times, and
ENGLISH.
have
in
been
criticised; but
from
use
abundantlysupportedby
and would rather
Would as lief
are
early
the best
thorities.
au-
also used
are
by good writers."^
Than
whom.
"
admitted
It is generally
that usage has sanctioned
and it has been used
good English,
time
this
by
at the present
as
expression
standard
many
writers besides Milton.
This word
in the
of to
happen,
both in America and Engto pass, is very common
come
land,
but is condemned
by all good authority.The
to Websfer, is:
true meaning of the word, according
1. To exhale ; to pass off in insensible perspiration
;
Fluids transpire
from the human
body.* 2. To
as,
public
; as, The proceedings
escape from secrecy ; to become
of the council have not yet transpired.'
Transpire.
"
sense
"
*
*
"
Quantity /br Number.
or
we
mass,
should
speakingof a collection
quantity;but in speakingof
"
use
In
must use
the yvord number,
"A
we
objects,
of wheat,"or
of wood," is correct,
a quantity
quantity
of books,'*
but
of birds,"
is
a quantity
or
a quantity
individual
"
"
"
wrong.
Peas, Pease.
the
pea,
seeds in
Peas
"
is used
for seeds
when
spoken of by number;
bulk, or by quantity.
The
or
plantsof
pease,
for the
is
of in these expressions
redundant,and should not be used. We taste a thing,
but do not taste or smell ofit.
or smell a thing,
Taste
of, Smell
1
of.
"
Tweed's Grammar, p. 106.
AND
WORDS
MISCELLANEOUS
87
PHRASES.
"
Differ
from
with.
or
"
Worcester
says,
thing;n some
by many of the
for
differ
good authority
; from a person
person in opinion
"
quality; and this distinction is made
a
best writers.
from
"
there is
But
and
opinion,
in
its use
Diflfertdth
"
or
"
be left to individual
must
taste.
This
form
is very often used nowa*
days for different
from ; but it is a decided vulgarism,
and should not be tolerated.
Different
to.
Different
than.
"
from, as bad
has become
who
once
This is another
"
the
as
for difexpression
ferent
foregoing.E. g. : The paper
"
the organ of different men
determined its policy."
than
those
[from]
A
fashion is very
prevalentof using the latter of these two forms in
Gradtiated
or
graduated.
was
"
or
speakingof a graduateof a university
college.
intransitive
as
an
Why, it is hard to say, as gradiiate
verb is given in all the Dictionaries.
He graduated
"
Oxford."
at
Todd.
"
Brethren.
Brothers,
children of the
of
for members
Zieam
"
Brothers
is used
used only
parent; brethren is now
or charitable body.
religious
same
a
This
is very common
children and iinlettered people.To teach is to
for
Teach.
"
error
among
instruct4 to
glad to
to receive instruction.
learriy
learn,if you will teach me."
Relative.
to express
Meter
come
for male
"
This word
is much
kindred,and is now
and Gram.
within
called to the
"I shall be
better than relation
commonly
used.
does not
Although orthography
the provinceof this work, attention is
in spelling
discrepancy
metre, millimetre,
"
88
IN
MISTAKES
other
and
of
measures
the
diameter
with
WRITING
ENGLISH.
metric
thermometer^
close
in
system,
barometer
or
,
dimeter,
hexameter,
Greek
word.
word,
in
system,
derived
with
made
from
better
French
the
accordance
words
compound
all
altogether
all
and
with
,
etc.,
is
It
nection
con-
from
spell
to
of
terms
the
which
same
the
the
of
have
itive
primmetric
number
great
it
the
the
other
nation
termi-
er.
The
have
reasoning
same
anagram,
metric
this
class
not
should
be
written
word,
long
since
writers.
The
etc.
so
only
spelled
program,
introduced,
from
^ram,
is
be
other
now
used
the
gram,
milli-
and
an
we
belonging
word
is
and
spelled
programme,
which
and
which
telegram,
should
which
weights,
system
to
diagram,
monogram,
kilogram,
to
applies
old
this
English
by
many
90
APPENDIX.
5. The
third person
of verbs
singular
in accordance
singular,
is formed
the first person
rules. E. g. :
from
with the foregoing
"
ride,rides 5
make, makes ;
break,breaks ;
echo,echoB ;
push,pushes;
professes
;
profess,
go, goes ;
Compounds of
woo,
march, marches
annex,
annexes
woos
;
;
comply,complies
;
;
pray, prays ;
do, does ;
buy,buys ;
buoy,buoys.
do and go follow the ritlefor the
tive
primi-
word ; as,
forego,
foregoes
;
undergo,undergoes;
overdo,overdoes
undo, undoes.
;
for the
foregoing
changesin the rules
for the formation of the pluralas they have heretofore
in the following
been laid down, are explained
nication
commuto the Boston Evening Transcript
:
6. The
reasons
"
"To
THE
of
the
Transcript:
"
reforms which can stillbe
practical
made in Englishby the droppingof useless silent letters.
been made within
Many such reforms have already
the past fifty
years, as the droppingof the useless silent
in words ending in ouTy and the e after dg in words
u
like abridgmentand jttdgmerU,
both of which reforms
are
now
universally
acceptedin America. Both for
and uniformity
I propose that the useless e
simplicity
in formingthe plural
of nouns
enHing in i and 0, and
of verbs of like ending,
also the third person singular
Words
be droppedin all words except monosyllables.
"
There
Editor
are
some
if writlike no, wo, go, and do would look very awkward
ten
without the es as b, termination. But the omission
of
e
in all such words
hardlybe
respectto
of
than
would
syllable
noticed,and I will venture to say that,with
than half of th6 words ciiding
in 0, no
more
more
one
FORMATION
OF
THE
into the
say without looking
should be written.
plural
can
one
Of
91
PLURAL.
how the
dictionary
are mainly
endingin ^, the more common
of Indian
Oriental,chiefly
Arabic,or else the names
tribes or nations,like Abnakis, Miamis, Mississippis,
the plurals
of which are now
almost always written
without the e.
The most common
noun
endingin i is
Other such words are cadiy
alkali,an Arabic word.
mufti,maravedi,and rabbi,all of which are as often
"
nouns
written
without
the
e
in the
still
ending in o,
more
perplexing.Thus, memento, canto, grotto,piano,
and many
take simplyan s for the plural
others,
; while
volcano,and many more, without any
motto, mosquito,
I respectfully
apparent reason, take es in the plural. Now
"
As to words
pluralas with it.
the discrepancies
are
submit
that the useless and
e be
perplexing
dropped in forming the pluralof the whole list of
w^ords ending with i and o, except in monosyllables.
and
It can
make no difference with the pronunciation,
from all doubt as to
will relieve the writer and printer
the correct spelling,
by simply extendingthe regular
rule for the formation of the pluralto all this large
class of words.
"Cambridge,March 15, 1886."
This
A. P.
changehas
Peabody and
received the commendation
Prof. F. W.
of Prof. W. D.
Whitney
of Rev.
Child of Harvard
of Yale
versity,
Uni-
of
College,
Mr.
W.
and of other
J. Rolfe,the editor of Shakespeare,
scholars. Prof. J. P. Cooke has also adoptedthe spelling
of alkalis in his
scriptiv
recently
publishedtext-book, DeList of Chemical Experiments."
7. The following
nouns
ending in / or fe form the
pluralby changingthe forfe into ves, viz. beef,calf.
"
92
APPENDIX
leaf life,
half,knife,
loafselfsheafshelfwharf
elf^
SLudioolf;
as,
wife,
knife,knives
cilf,calves ;
wolf,wolves
wharf,wharves.
in the plural.All other
;
written staves
\^ usually
Staff
nouns
endingin/,/e,or ^ form
changingthe
plural
regularly.
the
.words is made
following
sound of the singular;
as,
pluralof
8. The
the
;
vowel
by
foot,feet; tooth,teeth,
brethren ^ ; goose, geese ;
louse,lice; mouse, mice.
brother,
in the same
Compounds of these words form the plural
men
man,
way;
woman,
;
the
man
syllable
always follow
this
needlewoman,needlewomen.
dormouse,dormicf.
at the end of a word doos not
rule;as,
German, Germans;
Norman, Normans
The
;
as,
foeman,foemen ;
Northman, Northmen.
But
women
of
plural
ox
Mussulman, Mussulmans;
talismans.
talisman,
;
is oxen
;
of
children.
child,
Many words derived from the classicalor other
guage
foreignlanguagesretain the pluralform of the lanBut many of them
from which theyare taken.
have also the regular
Englishplural;
as,
9.
focus,foci;
larva,larvae;
radius,radii;
crises;
criteria;
crisis,
criterion,
matrix,matrices; phenomenon,-nomena;
genus, genera;
h3rpotheses
hypothesis,
;
-
formula,formulse or formulas ;
memorandum, -da (yr -dnms ;
bean,beaux or beans ;
cherub,cherubim'cr cherubs ;
or stigmas
stigma,
stigmata
;
-dices or
appendix,
-dixes;
bandit,banditti or bandits
;
seraph,
seraphimor eeraphs.
10. In
of capacity,
measures
abbreviating
weight,
or
time,it is unnecessary to add an s for the
distance,
plural
; as, gal,for gallonor gallons
; Ih, for pound or
pounds ; yd,for yard or yards; yr, for year or years.
1
See anteypage 87.
II.
APPENDIX
WORDS.
COMPOUND
will convey the
separatesimplewords
words
they
in
are
2. The
written
as
one,
use, and
common
accented
are
compounded where separate
signification
justas well ; and
should always be united when
should not be
1. Words
when
the words
selves
them-
singlewords.
as
of words
formerlycompounded, or
written
two words, which are now
as
generally
is largeand constantly
increasing;
as,
number
railroad,steamboat,slaveholder,
byword,anything,anybody,
roughhew,heartache,
raindrop,
teardrop,
everybody,^
everything,
forevermore.
nowadays,forever,
which
words
seen
frequently
compounded,or written as two words, may be found
written as one
by Spenser,Shakespeare,Milton, or
be so written ; as,
and should now
other old authors,
3. So, many
are
now
wellnigh,erelong,bygone, alehouse,schoolboy,spellbound,
awestrnck,downtrodden, selfsame.
4. Where
compound
a
is used
noun
word
should
not
as
be
a useless
adjective,
made; as,
an
top,Sunday school,supper table,slave trade,coffee
table,journeyman printer,
trade,minute hand, multiplication
cabbageleaf,sister cit}^brother minister,apple
peasantwoman,
mountain
tree, fellow student.
1
one
Many peopleeven
words.
as single
accented
as
two
words
and every
to write any one
as
go so far now
But these are justas distinctly
pronounced and
as
any
man
and every
man.
94
APPENDIX.
5. The
many
and nouns, as well
following
adjectives
sometimes needlessly
are
others,
compounded:
as
"
law,law merchant,common
sense, ill health,good
free will,
will,
grandjury,North American (Review),New York
South Boston (Biidge),
Street (omnibus).
(Directory),
Washington
common
Also
:
phraseslike the following
"
well
good by,good morning,ever to be remembered (event),
laid out (grounds),
inside out, uncalled
longlooked for (retuni),
for (remarks),
by and by, attorneyat law,the pulHngdown, the
carrying
out, etc.
away, the blotting
6. The
rules are givenfor various classes of
following
words,in accordance with these generalprinciples.
7. Titles like the following
are
compounded :
"
viceex-president,
ex-governor, rear-admiml,vice-president,
etc. ; but viceroy,
words.
are single
chancellor,
vicegei'ent,
Titles like the
are
but
often compounded,
are
following
and better,
written as two words :
frequently,
as
"
chief
solicitor
justice,
attorneygeneral,governor geneitd,
lieutenant colonel,
second lieutenant,
etc.
general,
8. Words
kindred
expressing
compounded ;
are
as,
etc., greatgrandfather,
greatstep-daughter,
step-mother,
etc.
etc.
o
r
grand-aunt great-aunt,
grandson, grand-uncle,
,
But
the
hyphen
is needless in
others,which
are
compounded;as,
frequently
cousin german,
father in law, brother in law,son in law,etc.,
foster son, etc.
second cousin,etc.,foster brother,
9. The
written
as
following
pointsof
singlewords:
the compass
should be
"
southwest.
southeast,
northeast,
northwest,
But the
are
followhig
compounded :
"
etc.
north-northeast,
west-southwest,
10. Fractions like the
"'ihouldnot be
one
when
following,
compounded :
written out,
"
two thirds,
ten
five eighths,
half,
thousandths.
COMPOUND
"
Another class are
one
95
WORDS.
follows
compounded as
:
"
'
fiftieths,
hundredths,
ninety-uine
twenty-fifth,
forty-nine
thirteen ten-thousandths,
etc.
like the
Numbers
are
following
also
compounded :
"
etc.
twenty-fifth,
forty-second,
forty-nine,
twenty-five,
of
a fraction
halfor qimrter (whether
like the following
are
or from quarters)
usually
printed
with a hyphen :
Compounds
11.
"
witted,
halfhalf-crown, half-barrel,
half-dollar,
half-way,
half-past,
half-yearly,
quarter-day,
half-price,
quarter-barrel,
ter-face,
quaretc.; hut quartermaster.
quarter-deck,
words
12. The
with
/oW,
of
numbers
one
scctrey penny
and pence^ united
written as single
y
are
syllable,
words; but with numbers of more
they are compounded or written as
than
words
two
syllable
one
:
"
two hundred-fold ;
hundred-fold,
twofold,
tenfold,
twenty-fold,
fourscore,
twenty score, a hundred score ; halfpenny,
twopenny,
fifteen
fourpence,
tenpence,fifteen-penny,
tenpenny,halfpence,
pence.
13. Ordinal numbers
or
hand
compounded with the word
usuallywritten with a hyphen ; as,
are
rate
etc.
first-rate,
second-hand,fouith-hand,
fifth-rate;
14. Numerals
meaning,which
compounded with
explainthemselves :
are
words of various
"
one-eyed,
one-armed,two-handed, two-headed,three-legged,
etc.
four-footed,
four-story,
Numerals
are
as
adjective
also combined
follows
:
with
a
to form
noun
an
"
two-foot rule,ten-mile
run,
one-horse
chaise,twenty-foot
pole,etc.
15.
Compound
written
as
one
nouns
endingwith
man
or
woman
are
word ; as,
Eiiorlishman,
workman, oysterman,goodman; needlewoman,
Frencliwoman,
market woman,
etc.
96
APPENDIX.
16.
Compounds endingwith
written
as
one
holder , monger,
are
ally
usu-
word ; as,
landholder,slaveholder;
bondholder,stockholder,
horoughironmonger.
cheesemonger,
monger,
Compounds ending with hoot,hook,drop,light
house, room, side,or yard are made singlewords if
the first part of the compound is of onlyone
syllable,
than one,
but are joinedby a hyphen if it is of more
written as two words; as,
or
17.
,
canal-boat ; handbook, daybook,commonplace-book
sailboat,
longboat,
water-drop
sunlight,
; daylight,
; dewdrop,raindrop,
ing-house,
meetalehouse,
boathouse,warehouse,greenhouse,*
candle-light
;
anteroom,)
(a^so
dwelling-house
; bedroom,greenroom,
bedside,
fireside,
hillside,
river-side,
dressing-room;
dining-room,
mountain-side ; churchyard,
farmyard,courtyard,
timber-yard,
marble-yard.
written
Compounds endingwith work are usually
words,unless the combination is unusual ; as,
single
18.
as
groundwork,network, framework, needlework,brickwork,
ironwork,stonework ; biU mason-work,carpeut"r-work.
19.
Compounds of
and bush
tree,leaf,
made; but this seems
unnecessary.
in the Oxford
alwaysprintedse|)arately
20.
Compounds endingwith
like are
are
Such
frequently
words
are
Bibles.
written
as
one
word, unless derived from a proper name, or unusual
when
combinations,
they take the hyphen; as,
childlike,
lifelike,
womanlike,workmanlike,fishlike; Arguslike,
Bedouin-like,
business-like,
miniatu^-like.
21.
one
Compounds beginningwith
word; as,
eye
are
written
as
eyelash,
eyebrow,eyeglass,
eyewitness.
22.
one
Compounds beginningwith
word, except when
made
bred,school-teaching);
as,
with
school are
a
written
as
participle
(school-
98
APPENDIX.
The hyphen is used in all words
self-explaining.
and
selfsame,
beginningwith ulf^exceptingselfhood,
with its derivatives. Selfis also compounded
selfish
and the compound
with pronouns
as
a
termination,
etc.
written as one
word; as, himself,
myself,itself,
for on^s self,
but its use
is
Some writers use oneself
are
not
well established.
in conare
stant
compound personalepithets
usuallywritten with a hyphen
use, which are
explainthemselves;as,
28.
and
Many
broad-shouldered,
sharp-uosed,
blue-eyed,
longlight-haired,
etc.
legged,
29.
of adverbs
Compounds
like
above,ill,well,so,
or
ly,)with a participle
endingin
sometimes
to form an epithet,
are
adjective,
participial
the noun
written with a hyphenwhen theyprecede
they
but it is quiteas well to make them separate
qualify,
(butnot
words
in all cases
; as,
reform,"
author," ^*theso called sjielling
well known
"the
"
of adverbs
this illadvised
Compound
words; as,
proceeding," the
**
adverbs
above
should
be
named
parties."
written
single
as
meanwhile,awhile,meantime,everywhere,
anywhere,forever,
forevermore,
hereinbefore.
howsoever,
moreover,
wheresoever,
30.
Compounds
are
of all with
very common,
and
are
an
or
adjective
written with
a
participle
hyphen ;
a
as,
all-conscious,
all-wise,all-knowing,
all-commanding,allto
seeing,all-honored,
all-informing,
all-mighty
{contracted
almighty).
31.
as
Compounds made
to the
use
Dictionaries and
with
are
ing
prefixes
very perplexof the hyphen,and are given in the
used by authors both with and with-
COMPOUND
out
it.
Those made
from
99
WORDS.
or adverbs,like
prepositions
under, after,
out, cross, or counter, with words of
made one word,and sometimes
one
are generally
syllable,
than one
with words of more
syllable.But the practice
and the difference of the Dictionaries
is so variable,
so
great,that the matter must be left to the taste and
ovevy
discretion of the writer.
All words
should
be consolidated
to consolidate.
that it is possible
Many of these compounds given in the Dictionaries,
better written as separate
however, would be much
words; as,
under
anxious,over cunning,over burdensome,after
counter
cross
reference,
revolution,
age, after part,cross section,
counter
lip,over
influence.
like demi,semi,
Compounds made from prefixes
intro,
intra,extra, etc.,or like deutero,
non, sub,inter,
electro,
pseudo,sutpho,ikermo,etc.,are often made and
written as singlewords,althoughusage is -unsettled.
32.
before a
prefix
co-, re-, or pre- occurs
word which beginswith the vowel of the prefix,
or
ilar
where before a consonant the prefixmakes a word simin form with another of different signification,
a
; as,
hyphen should be used after the prefix
33. Where
the
re-examine, re-creation,
co-operate,co-ordinate,pre-exist,
re-formation.
re-collect,
34. It is not
claimed
that the
rules
foregoing
are
and usage is so variant that it cannot be expected
perfect,
is
as the matter
adopted,
theywill be universally
But the main
dependenton taste as well as custom.
pointis to make compound words only where theywill
helpthe
reader to understand the writer^smeaning.
u
.
-5
,
"*
V
APPENDIX
III.
TYPOGRAPHICAL
SOME
MATTERS.
In
correcting
proofs,
especially
where
they are sent to a distance,by mail or
the
as
otherwise,authors should not use a lead pencil,
to become
marks are very likely
Either ink
illegible.
or
a
crayon pencilshould be used.
the proof-sheet,
if the
2. When
a query is made
on
author desires the correction to be made, he should
the ? or Qy, If he does not wish the change
erase
tinctly
made, the correction and query should both be dismarked through. Queriesshould never he rubbed
This practice
otU vntk an
eraser.
givesmuch trouble
who are at a loss what to do, as the
to proof-readers,
in the manuscript,
queriesoften relate to discrepancies
to other matters which
or
they cannot readily
When
decide.
duplicate
proofsare sent to an author,
should invariably
be
the one marked by the proof-reader
returned^as otherwise errors marked by him may pass
without being discovered.
1. Correcting Proofs.
3. Dates
two
and
ones.
Numbers.
numbers
includingthe
"
to
numbers
Also to show
tween
A short dash is used be-
"
representthat they are
that
a
part of
years isvincluded in
wher^tSitea':^''
#xen between
the 25th' of March
all the
given and
from
a
two
or
a
intervening
more
certain term.
the 1st of
the time
of
series,
secutive,
con-
Also,
January and
the adoptionof
SOME
TYPOGRAPHICAL
MATTERS.
101
Styleby the Catholic Church in 1582 to the
time of its adoptionby the English Parliament in
1752,*to show that accordingto Old Style it is in
one
Style in the other;
year, and accordingto New
18, 1724-5.^
as, January 10, 1641-2; March
should
4. In quotingpages or numbers the full figures
be used; as, pp. 245-253, Nos. 124-129; not 245-53,
dates the figures
the
1 24-9.
But in giving
representing
century may be dropped; as, 1634-35, not 1634-5;
wise,
1713-15, not 1713-5; 1875-79, not 1875-9; otherit might sometimes appear to stand for a date in
Old and New
Style.
better in figures
than printed
5. Dates are much
in full,
althoughin legaldocuments they are written
out to preventmistake,or ^ud
by tbe alteration of a
figure.It is better to write out the month, either in
narrative matter or in the date of a letter,
instead of
cember
abbreviating;
as, the 24th of December, 1880; or, De24, 1880 ; instead of Dec. 24, 1880. But where
in statistical
dates are frequent,
or other matter, they
may be abbreviated to save space. Write 2d, 3d, not
2nd, 3rd.
the New
6. Parentheses.
"
Parentheses
are
used to enclose
an
'defii^tion,
explanation,
authority,
reference,
translation,
not belongingto the sentence.
or other matter
They
now
are
1
seldom used except for this purpose.
On the 16th of
March, 27 Eiiz. 1584-5,a bill was read the first
time,in the House of Lords,entitled " An Act givingher Majesty
dar
authorityto alter and new make a Calendar,accordingto the Calenused in other countries."
Sir Harris Nicolas. But the change
till
the
The Old Style is stillretained
not made
was
year 1752.
in Russia and Greece,and is now
twelve days behind the regular
"
calendar.
2
Sometimes
Written
or 1724/5.
172|,
102
APPENDIX.
7. Brackets.
The
"
of brackets is the same
use
as
but is restricted to interpolations
parentheses,
made by authors in
corrections,
notes, or explanations
from others,
works.
or
by editors in editing
quotations
that of
8. Quotations.
indicate
to
is said
what
a
"
Marks
passage
by
a
taken
quotation(" ") are
from
when
speaker,
But the marks
words.
of
another
it is
author, or
given in
not used when
are
used
his
own
the substance
or when
a
passage is given,
Double marks
in the first person.
onlyof
a
quotation
; but
marks
another,single
for
a
where
are
one
speechis not given
used
are
generally
within
occurs
quotation
used.
9. In
from books or letters,
if the quoquotations
tation
is long,"
it is usual to begin it with a paragraph.
If the quotation
does not begina paragraph,
should
none
be made
before its close.
Every paragraphshould have the commencing
quotationmarks, but no close should be used except
at the end of the last-quoted
paragraph. If there is a
break in the quotation,
three or four periods
are
ally
gener10.
used to indicate the omission.
11. Titles of
or
books, pictures,
etc.,
newspapers,
when
formallygiven,are usuallyquoted; but where
the title of a book is well known,
the Iliad,
the
as
ated,
Odyssey,the ^Eneid, or Paradise Lost, or is abbrevior is frequently
repeated,
quotingis unnecessary.
"
"
12. In
quotingstanzas of poetry, the commencing
quotationmark should stand outside of the stanza,so
that the lines themselves will appear precisely
as in the
original.The mistake should not be made of allowing
the quotationmarks belongingto the stanza itself to
stand outside of the lines.
13. The
this
of vessels are
names
103
MATTERS.
TYPOGRAPHICAL
SOME
sometimes
quoted. But
as quofcj
generally
to be
quiteas unnecessary
of streets,
else ;
churches,or anything
ing the names
in any work where constant repetition
of the
especially
seems
of vessels occurs.
names
14. Italics.
with
All words
"
from
which
alphabet
our
should be Italicizedwhenever
sentence.
But
the
i. e., etc.,viz.,
are
In such
phrasesas
Latin abbreviations
common
as
written
foreign
languages
have not been Anglicized
they occur in an English
g.,
well,or better,printedin Eoman.
in loco parentis,
in statu quo, etc.,
the in should not be in Roman
as
phraseis Italic,
e.
when
the in is Latin,not
15. Abbreviations.
"
the rest of the
English.
In narrative matter
very few
allowed are
used in
English. Those
orary
titleslike Mr., Messrs.,Mrs.,Dr.,Hon.,Eev.,and honinitial letters indicating
or
degreesand titles,
membership of a society
; as, LL. D., D. D., Esq.,Kt.,
K. C. B., M. P., S. J.,A. A. S., etc. The Latin e. g.,
abbreviations
are
i.e., viz.,
and etc.
are
also very
common.
when
titles,
frequently
occurring,
Military
may
and also the title Professor.
be properlyabbreviated,
short
Nothing is gained,however, by abbreviating
titles like Captain or Colonel,although in lists of
names
they should be so written. A long title like
should not be written in
Professor or Major-General
full when
are
only initialsof the name
given.
17. Where
of a country designated
sovereigns
by
numbers
mentioned
the number
is
are
incidentally,
usuallywritten in full;as, Henry the Eighth,Louis
16.
the Sixteenth.
But
in works
where
such
often,they may be written with Roman
Henry VIIL, Louis XVI.
names
occur
numerals ; as,
104
APPENDIX.
numbers, roand
printing
18. In
out, and
spelled
but where
statisticsare
also,are
or
one
usually
hundred;
should
given,figures
small the numbers
however
occur,
smaller than
numbers
are
sums
may
be.
where
given in figures
where
dollars and
much
of money,
odd numbers
Sums
better
cents
be used,
b^th to be
are
pressed,
ex-
easilyapprehended.
The Englishlanguagehas
19. Accented
Letters.
accentual or diacritical
no
marks,
recognized
universally
exceptthe long(-)and short (^),which are never used
in general
works,and the diaeresis( ). Even this last
as
they are
more
"
..
is used in
and dictionaries for a
spelling-books
differentfrom its proper use.
totally
vowels in Englishhave therefore
on
purpose
All other accents
fixed
meaning;
end it is useless for writers to undertake to show by the
of a foreign
word
use
of such letters the pronunciation
to a mere
Englishreader.
20. Foreign Names.
In usingFrench titlesbefore
in English,
the barbarism of using an English
names
with a French preposition
should be avoided;
noun
either make both French or both English. Write Due
of Orleans ; Due de la Kochefoucauld,
or Duke
d'Orleans,
of La Rochefoucauld ; Comte
Duke
or
or
d'Artois,
Duchess
Count of Artois;Duchesse de Perpignan,
or
Duke de la Rocheof Perpignan. Not Duke d'0rl6ans,
foucauld,
Duchess de Perpignan.
Count d'Artois,
21. Names
from foreignlanguages,
precededby a
without a title or Christian name,
as
preposition
Van in Dutch, Von in German, De or D' in French,
or
Da, Bella,or Di in Italian, when given in English,
for the preposition
should be written with a capital
;
as. Van Tromp, Von Humboldt, Von Moltke,De Thou,
D*Alembert,Da Ponte, Delia Crusca,Di Cesnola,etc.
no
"
"
"
106
APPENDIX.
those
informing
book
relating
consult
it
In
for.
of
the
his
subject,
birth
26.
in
that
all
find
there
words
is
is
subject
to
know
what
that
fill
the
an
is
with
index
bulk
of
an
mind
that
is
no
information
may
to
the
and
anything
author
and
every
it
occurs;
be
able
it.
to
sary
Unneces-
regular
his
make
it
test
more
or
is
references
useless
index
if
order
possible.
as
and
important,
in
subject
An
indexes.
af
of
absurd
concerning
give
to
death
account
an
index,
relation
in
closely
as
the
of
is aiiy
the
in
avoided,
be
logical
chrono-
somewhat
there
that
for
to
biography
a
by
the
index.
place
book
the
keeping
but
a
impossible
the
the
anything
should
on
;
in
followed
It
27.
to
have
looking
inversion
of
followed
which
on
where
one
any
in
the
mention
a
in
wish
may
where
life, it appears
subject
mentioned
that
with
case,
order
should
given
page
so
early
Every
be
to
the
followed;
immediately
and
arranged
be
they
is
therefore,
biography,
a
there
which
subjects
should
is often
as
what
it
consult
the
to
order
begins,
who
not
to
of
its
definite
ought
editor
index
ingly
accord-
worth
nothing,
value.
while
and
INDEX.
A
or
an,
both
9-12,
and, 66, 67.
Brackets, 102.
brothers,brethren, 87, 92.
but,66, 67, 69, 70.
.
Abbreviations, 19, 103, 104.
Letters,104.
Accented
acquaintancey19.
Adjectives,48"55.
.
.
Adverbs,
For
cherubims, 19,
53, 54.
92.
Collective Noun, 16, 17, 27, 51.
Adjective Pronouns, 48-55.
less
UseFor Adjectives, Compound
Words, 93-4^.
Adverbs, 56-59.
Position
57.
54.
of, 32, 56,
Compounds, 93, 94, 96, 97.
53,
of Sentences, 14, 23,
Construction
For Relative
Pronouns, 62.
att
52.
75.
alf,51,
28, 29, 32, 45, 50, 56, 57, 67, 69,
of,
72, 76, 77.
allude,82.
almost
CorrectingProofs, 100.
66-68.
Correlatives,
85.
no,
alternative,20.
73.
among,
an,
dare, 31, 32.
9-12.
sentence, 69.
and, beginning
and
both, 66,
.
.
and
any^
any
.
which
or
67.
62.
Decimal
64.
one,
27.
Indefinite, do^ done,
Definite, 10.
of, 10,
11.
Inserted
Omission
ously,
errone-
Double
Double
drive
11.
as, so,
Numbers
not
differ
from, or with.
differentthan^ 87.
differentto, 72, 87.
dilemma, 20.
93. "^
9, 10.
101.
debris^ 82.
who, 61,
23.
anybody else's,
for is,14, 16, 18,
are
Article,Uses of,9-12.
DateA, 100,
or
Negatives, 64, 65.
Prepositions,75.
ride, 83.
66, 67.
after reason,
69.
each
other
49.
^
being,46, 47.
besides,50.
between, 73, 74.
19.
effluvia,
either^ pron.,
bid, 31, 32.
elder,85.
either
.
87.
33.
each, 15, 26.
because
plural,12.
.
.
or,
50, 51.
66, 67.
./
108
INDEX.
49,50.
thatij
81,82.
employeor employee^
58.
as wellj
equally
the
.
.
.
85.
\jeopardize,
eceVy never, 59.
every, 15, 26.
54.
last,
last three,52.
54.
latter,
every one, 93.
and ^ie,
42, 43.
/aj^
learn for
feacA,87.
85.
farther,
51,52.
less,
/ee/,81,32,53,54.
compounds of,97.
Jtllow,
fewer,51, 52.
/ie and
lay,42,43.
/i^e for as, 57, 58.
2iA;e,
compounds of,96.
or up, 79, 80.
Jillf'aXl
52,54.
firstly,
Jirat,
means,
18, 49.
meter, 87.
^r""two, 52.
folks,19.
folk,
MilitaryTitles,
94,103.
Miss,Misses,19.
ForeignNames, 104,105.
84.
mistake,
former,54.
mistaken,85.
81,82, Money, sum of,in plural,
"nglish,
requires
18.
v
erb,
singular
Fractions,compomided,94,95.
words
French
in
104.
from, 72,73.
from hence,thence
further,85.
for
most
75.
59.
almost,
Mr.,pi.Messieurs,19.
Mrs.,pi.Mesdames, 19.
Mtusulmen, 19.
got,80.
graduatedor
smu
87.
graduated,
88.
^am,
104, 105.
Names, Foreign,
Double,64, 65.
Negatives,
neither,pron., 49.
AoJ
AcK? better,
etc.,86.
/"^
compounds of,95.
Aa{/*,
a"
neither
.
.
.
Neuter Verb
have got, 80.
Aoto ^to, 59.
nor, 66-68.
has same
Case after
before it,17,18, 24.
as
never, ever, 59.
101.
New Style,
if, so, 67.
no, 15,26, 58, 64,65, 85.
no
mistake^ 85.
(/*...then,66, 67.
Mood
Nominative
Case and the Verb,
Imperative
requires
tive
Objec,
,
Case,24.
ImperfectTense,35.
none, 51.
in, 73.
nor,
Indexes,105.
Infinitive Mood,
13-19.
64-66, 68, 69.
not, 15, 26,64, 65.
31-33.
sion
Omis-
of to,32.
is for are, 14,16,17, 18, 22.
103.
~^lic8,
of to,31.
Misuse
not
only
.
.
.
but,66, 68.
nothingafter almost^85.
Nouns
51.
of Multitude, 16,
17, 27,
109
INDEX.
Preterite for
35.
Participle,
prttAouSy
previously53.
noWf as adj.,54.
number
for quantity
86.
^
y
88.
written,92,94,95, programme^
Pronoun
and
24-29.
100,101, 103,104.
Antecedent,
Numbers,
how
Pronouns,Possessive Case of,22.
ObjectiveCase of, 24. Adjective,
Numerals, compounded,95.
0 and oh ! 83, S4.
48-55.
60-63.
Rehitive,
100.
Proofs,correcting,
ObjectiveCase, 24.
""/;
19,45, 72-75.
oh I and 0, 83, 84.
Old
New
and
for number^86.
quantity
quitefor very, 58.
101.
Style,
o^er, 86.
on
iGt
in,73.
one*8f51.
one,
another
one
Quotations,
102,103.
y
Prefix,79, 99.
69.
reason
because^
re-.
49.
.
.
.
onlyfor excq"t^70.
or, 65, 66, 67,69.
Redundant
Words, 69, 75, 78-80.
relative lot
relation^
19, 87.
49,50.
othery
other
bendeSf50.
otAer
than,50.
49.
otherwise,
Relative
"
"
.
.
.
.
ride
or
Pronouns,60-63.
83.
drive,
18.
names
of,Singular,
Sciences,
52.
secondjsecondly,
31, 32.
/"a"n", 18.
"ee,
101.
Parentheses,
Sentences, Construction of, 14,
23,28,29, 32, 45,50, 56, 57,67,
36.
used for,
Use of the,44-47. Possessive
Case with, 45, 46. Active for
use
Passive,46,-47. Awkward
Preterite
Participle,
of
Passive,47.
and pease,, 86.
Plural,of Nouns,
peas
13-20, 89-92.
69,72, 76, 77.
seraphimSf19,92.
43, 44.
sit,
shall and will,
36-41.
should and would,86-41.
sitand set,43,44.
set and
19. Of Decimals,19.
Of Titles,
Of Verbs,
Of Pronouns, 25-27.
hen, 44.
sitting
44.
sitting-room,
13-20, 25-27, 89-92.
smell,53.
Possessive
Formation
Case,
eign
For-
tions,
Of Abbrevia-
Words, 92.
92.
Of
of,89-92.
21-24.
With
smeU
of,86.
66, 67.
as, that,
matter^ 80.
subject
so,
such,
,
.
.
Mood,
Subjunctive
45, 46.
Participle,
30.
Prefix re-, 79, 99.
such for so, 58.
Prefixes,compounds with,98, 99.
Superfluous
Words, 69,75,78-80.
72-76.
Prepositions,
At end of
80.
sylvan
forest,
Misuse of, 72,
sentence, 72.
73. Omission of,74. Needless
toMe, 53.
use
of,74,75.
Double,76.
taste
of,86.
110
INDEX.
Case and, 13-
Taatological
Words,69,7b,78-80. Verb,Nominative
19.
teach and learn,
87.
Tense, or Time, 34,35.
whom, 86.
that,adj.pron., 48,54,55.
than
that,rel. pron., 60, 63.
that,conj.,66, 70, 71.
them for
.
,
.
.
very, 58.
80.
incessant,
Vessels,
quotingnames
very
.
was
for was, 14,16,17, 26, 30.
were
when
.
where
.
then,66.
.
fAu,that,48, 54,55.
Mote and yo", 25, 26.
whether
.
.
.
yet,66.
52.
last,
Time, or Tense,34, 35.
Titles,of Individuals,19, 103.
Military,94, 103. Of Books,
104,105.
etc.,102. Foreign,
31-33.
to (signof Infinitive),
Oiree
86.
transpire,
80.
minuiics,
trifling
try and, 33.
two
of,103.
for were, 13, 26, 30.
87.
graduated,
was
66.
there,
19.
whereahouts,
though
after
those,55.
54.
then,as adj.,
then
when,66.
there
where,66.
these,those,
54,55.
52.
third,thirdly^
.
Verb,Neater,has same Case
as before it,
17, 18, 24.
52.
first,
.
.
.
...
or, 66.
which,28,60-63.
whole,51, 52.
toAo,whose,whom, 24,60-68f'^
36-41.
tot7/and shall,
but for,70.
loithout for unless,
tt^ottMand
would
yet
,
as
.
"
should,36-41.
86.
Uef,would rather,
though,66.
you was, 13.
yotfand thou,25, 26.
TTniversltyPresi*. Cambridge
:
John
WUsoii
nnd
Son.
HandbooK
of
Punctuation.
Mctnation anilder
Matters.
Typoioiipliical
of
Authors
Printers,
MABSMAIilt
T. BIGEJLOW,
By
BrettSs
versity
Camhridge.
For
the
use
and
iTettehei^,
Corrector
SmaU
Scholars*
the
at
Uni'
S9
CLOTH,
4to.
CENTS.
Lenox
BiGiiiiOW.
Mb.
Deab
Typographical
and
autnora
which
contribute
it to all
AlUbone'8
the
other
in
pointing
excellent
an
I
many.
of letters.
of
manual
cordially
is
for
be
to
of
praf.tical treatment
public's
jations to him."
a
obli
the
use
occasion
afford
I. Austin
of Awthort,
book
reading
have
who
men
hardly
Daily
comfort
bad
over
find
to
and
Punctuation
recom*
authors, printers,
men
Faithfully yours,
It is intended
**
glad
and
Bigelow's
enlarges
your
19, 1881.
Aug.
York,
"
long groaned
was
the
to
Dictionary
Mr.
**
for
sent
(having
and
printers),
will
mend
I
"
"
Matters
Neva
Library,
to
without
of
Allibonb.
the
subject, and
Monthly,
Atlantic
"
teachers, while
print circulars, advertisements,
a
and
authors
of it for
copy
reference."
"
business
etc.,
can
Schenectady
Union.
Mistakes
inWriting
anil
How toATOidTbim
Englisli,
Wor
Use
the
**
Punctuation
This
**
of
is
busy
admirable
an
The
*'
we
This
is
.
generally
; but
the
as
up
their
the
of
Matters,^'
of
the
use
which
little manual
Herald,
with
rules
grammar,
of
and
shows,
speech,
parts
It is arranged
cally,
systemati-
and
use.
the
for
and
comprehensive.
all
writors
nearly
convenient
It is not
words
correct
use
to
most
Christian
"
little volume.
it takes
by example,
is adapted
to
and
BIGELOW,
Typogrttphical
those
are
it
knowledge."
valuable
a
out
commend
.
have
definitions
and
pointed
We
which
author
admirable
little work
; the more
clear
it is little,dnce
it is also
because
errors
.
of
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