3. How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System June 24(Tue), 2008 Venue : Conference Hall, Hokkaido University Main Organizer(s) : Hokkaido University Initiative for Sustainable Development Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Faculty of Public Policy, Hokkaido University Overview of The Symposium By Fumikazu Yoshida, Naoyuki Funamizu “How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society -Synergy of Social and Engineering System-” Tuesday, June 24, 2008 Chair Fumikazu Yoshida Professor Faculty of Public Policy, Hokkaido University, Japan Chair Naoyuki Funamizu Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan Overview of The Symposium The purpose of the symposium was to discuss how to produce synergistic effects between the science of public policy, which seeks to reorganize social systems, and engineering, which pursues technological solutions, with the aim of accelerating the shift toward a sustainable low-carbon society. The program consisted of two sessions. In the first, under the topic “Social System Transformation”, Prof. Zou Ji (China), Prof. Thierry Hommel (France), and Prof. Kazuhiro Ueda (Kyoto) gave lectures followed by a lively discussion. The speakers stressed the emerging trend toward low-carbon technologies and the need for this type of development, and called for studies to compare Japan’s experience in reducing sulfur oxide emissions in the 1960s and 1970s with the current situation in nations around the world. In the second session, Prof. Taikan Oki (Tokyo) and Visiting Prof. Yasumoto Magara (Hokkaido) spoke on the theme, “The Technical Challenges of Water as a Fundamental System of Human Society.” Among other points, they discussed the severity of the water problems that exist today and warned that the situation will only get worse as climate change leads to increasingly frequent droughts and floods. They noted that, although the debate has tended to focus on ways of mitigating climate change, studying ways to cope with it should also be a priority; and they emphasized the importance of governance in maintaining water systems. - 113 - Overview of The Symposium By Fumikazu Yoshida, Naoyuki Funamizu Lastly, the moderators, Prof. Fumikazu Yoshida and Prof. Naoyuki Funamizu (both of Hokkaido) joined the speakers for a panel discussion on how to produce synergies between the science of public policy and engineering. After making the point that technology should be developed with a clear goal and rationale in mind, lest the means become an end in itself, the panelists then addressed the true purpose of technical solutions and suggested that it is to improve the quality of life. Turning to the globalization of technology, they discussed whether the Japanese experience is meaningful in a broader context and concluded that in order to pass on experience with particular technologies or mechanisms for their diffusion, it is important to take the approach summarized by the term “localized technology,” which is based on mutual comparisons and exchanges and on the measurement and assessment of local needs. The symposium was well attended by students and researchers alike and filled the venue to the point of standing room only. In the question-and-answer sessions after the lectures and in the panel discussion, there was lively participation from the audience. - 114 - Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System Session 1 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 9:15am – 10:00am Speaker Zou Ji Vice Dean School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University, China Presentation Data: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/34494 Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 Contents International Symposium on how to make sustainable low carbon society Synergy of social and engineering system • Why climate sound technologies (CSTs)? • Understanding the CSTs: a whole package for effectiveness • Categorizing technology-related activities and identifying leverage points • Measuring effectiveness of D&D&T of CSTs • Technology needs assessment: findings from a pilot study in China • Enabling environment: promoting policies and innovative financing • Fundamental challenge and barriers: market failure and others • Needs for strategic innovation on international enabling mechanism Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 Ji Zou, Professor School of Environment and Natural Resources Renmin University of China It’s a matter of development paths: Conventional v.s. Innovative (SD) GHG Emission Technology change is the only way-out for developing countries Emission Energy GDP Emission � * * *Population Energy GDP Population Conventional path Limits of GHGs emission How to make this shift? Innovative SD path Inputs: 1. Install low carbon technologies 2. Human resources 3. Policies and measures 4. Financial resources Technology changes lead to efficiency improvement GDP per capita 0 - 115 - Inevitable courses Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji Concept of lock-in effects in Power Sector Urgency: Avoiding Lock-in effects relationship between capital investment, M&O cost, and efficiency/emission level Technology Index, efficiency • Energy-intensive infrastructure sectors are easy to be locked-in: power, heating, airconditioning, transport system, buildings……; • The lifespan for infrastructure operation is very long: over several decades; • Not easy to change the emission feature of existing infrastructure with very high replace costs • Rapid and massive construction of infrastructure in developing countries, e.g., in China, cannot wait for a slow and modest CST flow into their economies, given the keen anticipation to improve living standards and alleviate poverty. Tech 2 e.g., capacity of single generation set Fixed and M&O Cost Capital invest.1 Tech 1 Capital invest.2 year M&O Cost 1 M&O Cost 2 emission Emission 1 year Emission 2 year 1. High carbon tech scenario; 2. Low carbon tech scenario. CO2 Emission Reduction and Corresponding Technological Change and Capital Investment in Thermal Power Sector in china, 2020 and 2030 Technological options and Small changes in capacity (MW) sets Normal sets Sub critical Super critical USC IGCC 105943 103640 156768 17500 0 0 2020 -72930 -20000 749000 0 0 0 2030 0 -50000 520000 0 0 0 2020 -72930 -70000 189000 200000 380000 30000 2030 0 -60000 0 0 430000 100000 2005 BAU Scenario Tech Improving Scenario Capital Investment (bln USD) 2006—2020, 57 2006—2030, 135 Accumulative CO2 reduction�Mt-CO2� 2006—2020, 998� 2006—2030, 2, 875 Potential of Technology Change • The gap of general energy efficiency between China (35%) and the OECD average (45%) is up to 10%. • This shows a current potential for China to control its GHG emission by improving its energy efficiency with more efficient technologies available from developed countries. • With large share of energy use and GHG emission, only several percentage points of improvement in energy efficiency may lead to significant GHG reduction. Source: Ji Zou and S. Fu, 2008 Energy efficiency for major products in China, 1990 - 2004 �energy consumption Int’l standard China 1990 Gaps in 2004� 2000 2004 � absolute 363 349 299.4 49.6 16.57 392 376 312 64 20.51 alternating current consumption for Electrolytic Aluminum �kwh 16233 �t� 15480 15080 14100 980 7.00 Steel �large firm��kgce�ton) 997 784 705 610 95 15.57 cement�kgce�ton � 201.1 181 157 127.3 29.7 23.33 Crude oil process�kgce�ton � 102.5 118.4 112 73 39 53.42 Ethene �kgce�ton � Thermal power generation Coal 392 consumption�gce�kwh� Power plant electric supply Coal consumption�gce�kwh � 427 � 1580 1125 1004 629 375 59.62 synthetic ammonia �kgce�ton� 1343 �large scale� 1327 1314 970 344 35.46 Paper and cardboard� kgce�ton�1550 1540 1500 640 860 134.38 �Source: Qinyi Wang, International Petroleum Economics, Understanding Climate Sound Technology: A Whole Package for Effectiveness 2006, NO.2 CSTs’ Nature: providing for climate benefit as global public goods CSTs work as a whole package CST may include: • Climate benefits are core returns of CSTs; • More rapid and effective development, transfer, diffusion, and deployment of CSTs in developing countries are of great importance to protect global climate as global public goods; • These global public goods are shared and enjoyed by both developed and developing countries; and • It may be regarded as an efficient global allocation of technology resources to curb global warming. • We need to find out an innovative mechanism to realize the above global allocation of technologies efficiently and effectively. – Hardware: devices, equipment, process, etc.; – Software: IPRs, designs, know-how,; – Enabling environment: mechanism, policies, appropriate institutional arrangement; and infrastructure – Human resources: awareness, well trained and qualified; and – Financial resources to make D&T&T happen. - 116 - Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji Category of Technologies Different types of technologies may apply to different stakeholders and policy instruments • By stage of technologies – – – – Invention: earlier/pioneer/basic R&D, Innovation: R&D for pre-competitive, demonstration Diffusion: marketing, deployment, Application: in place to produce environmental and commercial benefits Stage of tech dimensions • By sectors: differences in scale of capital, intensity of knowledge, intelligence, and corresponding market structure (perfect, imperfect and monopoly market) • By owners: public sectors vs private sectors • By mechanism for transfer and development: – trade, – FDI, – innovative pattern (PPP) Invention Innovation Diffusion and R&D R&D (demo) Deployment Stakeholder Research institutes and Universities Large company, Research inst., Universities, joint venture Companies, Brokers, Financial resources Public finance for R&D Public finance Company invest. Venture capital Company investment, Bank, stock, bonds Policy instruments Subsidies, Planning, awareness Subsidies, planning, norms, permit, standard, directorate, Taxation, pricing, competition promotion, permit, norms, … Some leverage points in China 1 Leverage points of int’l technology cooperation • Joint R&D to provide for strategic technology backup for medium and long-term development, e.g., CCS, PV, Fusion, etc. • Joint smart manufacture design and urban planning for more efficient technology application • Enlarge penetration of current available lowcarbon technologies in markets by They may be in all the stages of technology lifecycle: – Basic scientific researches; – Joint R&D for demonstration; – Joint design of manufacture and urban planning – Dissemination: market tapping, increasing penetration by transfer, diffusion, and deployment of CSTs; and – Full application (or even commercialization). – Overcoming market obstacles related to int’l transfer and cooperation of CSTs – Innovative international regime as enabling environment, including incentives and financial mechanism Key Energy Intensive Sectors in China Some leverage points in China 2 • • • Infrastructure sectors, such as power, transport, and construction/building should be paid an urgent attention. • Streamlined designs at strategic, policy, and technological levels are crucial • Integrating: Industry used about 71% of the total energy in 2005 and 2006; and the following 6 sectors account for 72% of the industrial energy use, more than 50% of the total energy use in China. ��� ������������������������������ ��� ��� �� �� – water strategies, policies and investment with adaptation – CO2 mitigation with air quality and energy security �� ���� ��������������������������������������� ���� ����������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������ ����������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� Data source: China Statistics Some important fields in China Primary technology needs assessment in China: findings from a pilot study by RUC • Integrated assessment and design: – global VS local concerns; – technologies VS economy; – transportation VS urban planning List of some technology needs • Advanced coal technologies: linking with desulphurization and NOx reduction and CCS (IGCC, CFB, breeze) • High efficient vehicle • Implementation of building/construction energy conservation • Energy intensive manufacture sectors (metals, cements, chemical products, etc.) - 117 - Sectors Technology Degree of technology diffusion in China Degree of technology diffusion worldwide Abatement potential Cost information Industrial boilers High-efficient coal-fired industrial boilers Medium (the scale of boiler manufactures is mainly small and key technologies such as coal combustion devices and automatic control devices are lack). High 5-10% Estimated cost for the retrofit project is 60 billion Yuan Cement industry NSP cement kiln technology package High ( but technical level in key technology fields still lags behind such as the automatic control device and the overall operation level). High 15% Estimated cost for the retrofit project is 100 billion Yuan Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji District cogeneration combined heat-powercool system based on gas-steam combined cycle Low Medium heat-electricity-coal gas triple co-supply system Low High cogeneration technology using biomass Transportatio n Building Emission reduction rate is more than 20% compared to regional heating boilers Total cost of cogeneration will be lower than the separate production of heat and power, but the corporate profits will depend on the pricing mechanism for heat and electricity Low Medium The technologies for the more efficient gasoline and diesel engine Medium High 10%-20% Increase by 10% The technologies of diesel engine for cars and light trucks and the technologies to produce high quality diesel Low High 20%-30% Increase by 20% Light-weight Vehicle Technology Low Middle 5%-10% Increase by 10% Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine technology Low Low 10%-20% Not clear Advanced and efficient transmission system Low Middle 10%-30% Increase by 20% technologies and materials of heatinsulation of external walls low 20-30% 50-200yuan/m2 higher than usual the ground source heat pump system medium 40-50% 500 yuan/m Petroleum oil industry Highly efficient heat exchangers and burners Low 15-20% Investment will be 2.25 ~ 3.20 billion yuan at crude oil processing capacity of 45Mt Petrochemical Industry Petrochemical industry New type energy saving and separating technology for ethylene industry Low Approximate ly 10% Technical renovation for a 4.0Mt capacity project calls for an investment of 810.0 million yuan radiant short tubes for ethylene cracking furnace use Medium 5-10% Technical upgrading of the existing SRT-II and SRT-II furnace calls for an investment of 580.0 million yuan production energy management center Low 15-20% Investments in a total of 10 large- and medium-sized companies totaling 2.0 billion yuan Iron and steel industry Building materials Technology for Oxyfuel Combustion in Glass Furnace. Very few by now High 20%—30% Increase by 30% Petroleum and chemistry Technologies for natural-gas-based chemical products (except for methanol and acetic acid) Very few by now High 10%—15% Increase by 20% Electric Motor System Medium and Large size frequency modulated equipment(MLFME) Around 5% in 2006 High 11mt-C/year, 50TWh/year in 2010 Direct Current Permanent Magnet Brushless Electric Motor(DCPMBEM) Green Lighting Program Electric saving is around 8.8TWh in 2010 white light conduct LED Very few by now 300 to 600yuan/kW higher than normal electric motor Electricity saving is 100TWh, 3.45Mt-C, NOx 0.5million ton, SO2 6.75million ton 32yuan by 2006, and then 24yuan by 2020 6 hundred million Iron and steel low calorific value gas combustion turbine technology low 20% Cement the steam turbine units medium 5-10% How to measure the effectiveness of D&D&T? 2 • Speed of technology flow – Considering to avoid lock-in effects in developing countries – Needed time for innovation (R&D) and diffusion • Range of technology flow – Covering most of the meaningful sectors – Larger market share and penetration • Effectiveness – Emission reduction – Affordable and least cost and expected benefits Source: Zou Ji, et al., 2008 The roles of different stakeholders in financing D&T&T Governments mainly from industrialized country take leadership Enabling Environment: Promoting Policies and Innovative Financing Bank subsidies Public finance tax and levy D&T&T subsidies Consumer or household Financing leverage points based on technology cycle Research loans tax and levy Financial market: Stock, bond, etc venture capital resources and goods pricing Firms Industries Needs for innovative mechanism as part of international climate regime Objectives: Win-win Develop. to speed up, widen, and enlarge international technology cooperation to catch the historic opportunities, meanwhile ensure the poor to be better off and the companies to make profits and boom economies. Financing Upgrading or substitution subsidies Fiscal budget Pilot or demonstration Commercializing - 118 - Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji Intergovernmental Mechanism 1 Major Components of the Innovative Mechanism for International Development and Transfer of ESTs • Enhance mechanism within UNFCCC: need a more effective and implementation-oriented body to: • Intergovernmental Cooperation Mechanism • Special Financial Mechanism for TT • Mechanism for TT Performance Assessment and Monitoring • IPR Protection and Transfer Mechanism • Mechanism Promoting CSR and Public Participation • Platform for Technology Exchange/Trading – Provide for advices, guidance, and recommendation; – Coordinate actions by different international stakeholders and governments, e.g., fiscal policies; – Guide and supervise utilization of special TT fund based on public finance; – Promote communication and info/knowledge sharing; and – Monitor and assess the performance and progresses. • Cooperation on other bilateral and multilateral bases Intergovernmental Mechanism 2 Intergovernmental Mechanism 3 Organizational Structure COP of UNFCCC With priorities on: • Policy dialogues and coordination for better incentives to private sectors and markets; • Financing basic research and R&D; and • Direct transfer and diffusion of publicly owned technologies. SBI and SBSTA Subsidiary Body on D&D&T TNA and Information Panel IPR Coordination Panel Strategic Planning Committee Enabling Policy Panel Financial Panel Capacity Building Panel Monitoring and Assessment Panel Intergovernmental Mechanism 4 Special Financial Mechanism for TT Policy coordination to provide private sectors with incentives Tax exemption for CSTs exports of companies in developed countries; Subsidies to encourage R&D and transfer of CSTs; Favored conditions for CST-related export credits: guarantee for technology export credits, subsidies, etc.; Removal of technology export bans; and Other policies and measures. • A PPP framework for financing D&D&T of technologies may be feasible by linking public and private finance; • Significant amount of public finance should play a leading role in guiding and attracting private financial resources into D&D&T of technologies • A special fund based on public finance need to be established and used to create incentives to private sectors through various of policy instruments with impacts on capital market • A range of financial instruments may be applied for financing D&D&T. • Venture capital might be a typical form for private investment in ESTs • • • • • Back to Major Components of the Mechanism Developed Countries’ Public Finance • R&D budget • Revenue from energy and envir. taxes; and • Revenue from auction of carbon credits Considerations on Different Financial Sources for D&D&T of CSTs Some developing countries’ Counterpart public finance Sustainable Development financial sources Increasing contribution along with development over time Venture Capital Guiding incentives incl. taxes, subsidies and carbon market Private funds in capital market Technology Market for transfer and development of CSTs serving for mitigation and adaptation - 119 - barriers for D&D&T adequacy and performance assessment solutions basic researches; precompetitive and in process of commercialization political will Effectiveness: scale, speed, and range to improve awareness of politicians and the public , increase scale via current tunnels and potential new pipelines. manufacture sector: end user technologies pre-competitive and in process of commercializati on; commercialized 1.market force, 2. technical capacity, 3.export permits, 4. others 1. Guidance and incentives; 2. Effectiveness: Scale, speed, and range 1. Guidance from gov’ts policies; 2. enforcement of laws; 3. incentives; 4. breaking negative market forces (limit monopoly) Infrastructure: power, transport, building, and relevant energy intensive technologies �R&D, Market tapping; Massive investment; etc. market force Effectiveness: scale, speed, and range. Initiatives by governments: cooperation between the North and the South. challenges to address specific targets typical technologies stage of technologies Public fiscal budget: ODA & additional for CC; subsidies for T&T,GEF, Tax exemption; R&D, Gov't guarantee for Export Credit, venture investment etc CB, LDC, small islands, adaptation, R&D, market tapping, infrastructure, etc 1.CB,2. R&D in strategic areas, 3. catalyzer of T&D, kick-off market; 4. prototype/pilot/ demonstration, 5. adaptation, 6. policy development precommercial or precompetitive techs in power, transport, building (infrastructure ), adaptation tech, etc. Private FDI incl. CDM, trade of IPR, service and product, and Ccredits; fund and loans from commercial banks, venture invstment massive investment substantial GHG reduction with a win-win manner PPP combination of public and private financial resources: joint venture, subsidies, managing Cmarket, funds, … attract private investment in climate public goods guiding financial flow into the targeted areas Special public fund for technology transfer and development policy instruments Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji Key Elements of Indicators for Performance Assessment 1 Framework for Performance Assessment • Speed of technology flow • The frequency and intensity of activities in technology needs assessment, technology information, creating enabling environment, capacity building, and development of mechanism; • the scale of investment in R&D, innovation/demonstration, diffusion and deployment of ESTs and the contribution from Annex II parties; – Considering to avoid lock-in effects in developing countries – Needed time for innovation (R&D) and diffusion • Range of technology flow – Covering most of the meaningful sectors – Larger market share and penetration • Effectiveness – Emission reduction – Affordable and least cost and expected benefits Key Elements of Indicators for Performance Assessment 2 • • • IPR Protection and Transfer Mechanism 1 the speed of international flows of ESTs from developed to developing countries; the range of ESTs transfer in geographical and setoral terms; the obstacles in development and transfer of ESTs and the degree to which these obstacles are obviously overcome and corresponding measures and actions are in place. • Although managing global externality, rather than IPR, is the real core issue in the context of climate change, improvement in IPR protection may contribute to faster and more technology transfer • IPR protection should not be an excuse to postpone international development and transfer of ESTs; • Compulsory licensing and different pricing for public climate protection may be introduced, as it has been in public health domain, on a newly developed international legal basis; and • Efforts to protect private IPRs should be made together with the ones to avoid over-making monopoly profits and to fulfill corporation social responsibility in climate protection IPR Protection and Transfer Mechanism 2 Mechanism Promoting CSR and Public Participation • Legislating and enforcing laws and regulations are still the mainstream measure for IPR protection; • Improving enforcement capacity and efficiency and lowering enforcement costs; • Continuous efforts to improve awareness of companies and the public on IPR protection; • Establish awarding fund for encouraging exposure of information on violence of IPR; • Development of both governmental and nongovernmental organizations providing for IPR consultancy service; • Exploring commercial patterns of joint R&D for sharing IPR; and • Support by incentives based on public finance. • Request companies provide annual report on implementation of CSR • Institutional arrangement for exposure of information on environmental and D&T&T performance of companies; • Promote D&T&T by anti-monopoly measures and re-arrangement of patent protection period • Promote development of intermediary organization providing for technological and legal service • Make efforts to improve public awareness for an enabling governance based on wide public participation Platform for Technology Exchange Conclusions • Develop rules for technology assessment and trade; • Improve technology information; and • Improve infrastructure to support technology trade • Establish and operate a Special Intergovernmental Body for D&D&T of CSTs under COP of UNFCCC; • Develop an involvement mechanism for owners, developers, and potential receivers of CSTs and policy makers; • Identify prioritized strategic areas of CSTs by TNAs; - 120 - Development and Transfer of ESTs: A Pillar of the International Climate Regime post 2012 By Zou Ji Conclusions (Cont’ed, 2) Conclusions (Cont’ed, 1) • Select appropriate financial instruments and pipelines – – – – – – – • Develop a special PPP financial system to combine and bridge: – public finance (mainly from developed parties) – Combining markets for carbon permits, CST, and capital Share-holding in climate sound projects Venture capital to invest in R&D of CSTs Funds Bonds Insurance for adaptation Long-term soft loans Others • Initiate series of programs/schemes targeting at specific technological areas in developing countries Thank you for your attention! [email protected] or [email protected] - 121 - Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System Session 1 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 10:10am - 10:55am Session 3 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 16:20pm - 17:30pm Speaker and Panelist Thierry Hommel Professor Sciences Po, France Presentation Data: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/34489 Climate change policies, European and French energy policies ABSTRACT : Carbon free society is the ultimate goal beyond 2050. Key choices in the next 5 years will shape ability to meet 2050 goals. From this viewpoint, a sequential approach is needed: goals for 2020 are designed to “keep in play” the potential to achieve reasonably the 450 ppm goal by 2050. EU credibility is at stake, support is needed for technological innovation and for avoiding lock-in of current high carbon technologies. The EU commitment to transform Europe into a highly energy-efficient, low-carbon economy meet a context of high energy prices and increasing global competition for fossil-based energy resources. In this context, EU propose a package, which covers Energy Transformation Systems(ETS)and non ETS sectors while improving energy security. This politics provides predictability and visibility for investment decisions whether an international agreement is concluded or not. This creates incentives for other Parties to join in an international agreement on climate change. Nevertheless, the EU perspective cannot be efficient without the implication of member states and proactive support of the citizens: the EU has a legislative power, but states keep prerogatives and sovereignty. If objectives are settled at EU levels, some instruments will be EU wide, while compliance will also depend on national policies. According to national circumstances, French policies will develop specific instruments to ensure a coordination of innovations, the implication of all industrial sectors and the support of the civil society. Overview Climate change policies, European and French energy policies 1. Measuring the action to prevent the risk 2. Current emission dynamics - the french situation Thierry Hommel – June 2008 3. French policies and measures aimed at reducing GHG emissions 4. Long Run scenarios toward Low-carbon society 2 Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales – 27, rue Saint-Guillaume – 75337 Paris Cedex 07 – France – Tél.: 00 33 1 45 49 76 60 –– www.iddri.org - 122 - Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel Measuring the risks 1. Measuring the action to prevent the risk 3 4 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Measuring the action to prevent the risk 5 Emissions have to pick between 2015 and 2020 6 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Options for international collective action 7 � Kyoto logic � Agreement on quantified targets for nations states � Markets mechanisms for efficient implementation � Bali road map � Integration of emerging countries � US vs EU : different visions /necessary coordination � 4 issues : mitigation, technology, funding, adaptation � A possible breakthrough � US & China : internal implementation needs international coordination � A very different Post Kyoto : hybrid, more inclusive but less coverage and fragmented � No exclusive options but combination : technological innovation / coordination framework/ international regulation � Carbon value = managed scarcity � Market failures needs accompanying measures ( technological pull/push capital markets failures for innovation) 8 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Strategic implications for energy Risks and opportunities Energy mix transformation Risks on renewables resources (hydro, wind, biomass…) Risks on users conflicts Advantage to non carbon energy Vision 2030 : electricity without CO2? What reducing emissions in developed countries by 80 % in 2050 means ? Revolution in demand Climate impacts New demand profile (hotter winter and summers) Buildings : less energy demand but advantage to electricity Urban mobility: more electricity in individual and collective transport New business model More expansive and scarce energy with higher added value More decentralized energy Energy services and integrated management of buildings 9 Network Climate vulnerability 10 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 - 123 - Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Mitigation policies Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel Current emission dynamics - the French situation (1) � Kyoto Protocol - First commitment period : France committed to a 0% increase of it GHG emissions compared to 1990 � EU : 8% emissions reduction target at the global level � EU-countries : agreed on differentiated commitments depending on national circumstances within the so-called European « bubble » 2. Current emission dynamics – The French situation 11 � 2005 : French GHG emissions equal to 553,4 Mt CO2-eq (Eurostat) � 8,73 t CO2-eq per capita (lower than EU 15 mean value – 10.82 t CO2-eq per capita) � Main reason : low carbon content of power generation : 80% nuclear, 12% hydro) � French emissions were 1,9% (i.e 11 MtC02-eq) under the objective 12 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Current emission dynamics - the French situation (2) � C02, 1990-95 : Current emission dynamics - the French situation (3) � CH4 and N2O emissions have decreased respectively by 12 Mt CO2-eq (-18%) and 22,6 Mt CO2-eq (-24%) 19,8 Mt +5% � Industry alone : responsible for a 17,4 Mt C02-eq reduction of N20 � Increase : � Transportation � Residential and tertiary energy use 21,3 Mt + 18% 9,2 Mt + 11% � F-gases have increased by 4,1 Mt C02-eq (+40%), because of their increasing use in cooling equipments; their contribution to national global emission remains low (2,5%) � Significant reduction achieved in : � Industry � Energy supply � Agriculture � Waste management 13 5,3 3,5 1,2 0,7 Mt Mt Mt Mt Thierry Hommel – June 2008 - 5,3% - 5% - 12% - 28% � Sectors pushing global emissions upwards are well identified : Transportation and Energy use in domestic building! 14 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Current emission dynamics - the French situation (4) Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Current emission dynamics - the French situation (5) Energy use in buildings : Transportation : � Domestic air transport has been stabilized thanks to the development of the high speed train network � Dwellings has increased by 15% since 1990, as the occupancy rate declined from 2,6 to 2,3 inhabitants per dwelling � Main concern is about the road transportation : � Mean surface of housing increased from 85 to 90 square meters � Number of cars and the number of passenger-kilometers increased by 25% since 1990 Parallel trends in residential and passenger road transports can be explained by the evolution of prices : building price index increase and domestic fuel price decrease during this period ! � Road freight increased by 15% since 1990, now accounting for 80% of total domestic freight, including international transit � Rail freight remains inefficient and decreased by 14% since 1990 15 16 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Current emission dynamics - the French situation (6) Current emission dynamics - the French situation (7) � Drivers that could hamper futures efforts to reduce French emissions or even stabilize them at their 1990 level during the next five years: inertia of Transportation and Residential � 1990 - 2004 : Carbon intensity of the French GDP decreased by 17% (annual decrease of 1,4%) � 80% improvement in energy efficiency � 14% improvement from energy substitution : energy mix partially shifted to electricity and natural gas instead of oil � The largest mitigation potential could be achieved in the building sector with existing technologies and significant benefits that would result from higher energy efficiency allow for a low unitary cost of reduction � 2004 - 2014 : Emissions reduction for non-C02 gases in the industry are likely to slow downs in absolute terms : Most of the cheap reductions have already been done, partly for non climate reasons � Mitigation in transportation is usually assessed as expensive and difficult : it does not require only technological change but also investment reallocation to low emissions modes, infrastructure management and urban planning � 2004 - 2012 : C02 emissions from transportation and residential energy uses are expected to keep increasing significantly 17 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 18 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 - 124 - Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (1) � France, 2004 : To be in observance with its Kyoto targets, adoption of the « climate plan » � Reinforced in comparison to the previous « National Program against Climate change » set in 2000… 3. Reducing GHG Emissions : � Because this Program was assessed to be insufficient… � Significant gap between measures early announced in the program and what has been really implemented French policies and measures � Emblematic countermeasure : the withdrawal of an energy tax that was supposed to induce 40% of the emission reduction target � Other measures or sector target were also unrealistic : doubling of the railway freight… � Less than 10 % of the measures initially contained in the plan have been now implemented 19 20 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (2) Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (3) � Without Climate plan : business-as-usual emissions are projected to increase to 620 Mt C02-eq in 2020, i.e 10% above the French target � Step forward, French parliament - 2005 : a new law on the energy strategy is adopted � Sets national targets as a 3% year reduction of GHG emissions � Division by 4 or 5 of national emissions in 2050 � Enumerates existing policies and measures as those included in the 2004 Climate Plan � Confirm the role of nuclear power as the major options to avoid GHG emissions in the French electric sector and to contribute to national energy security � Sets that public investments on collective transports, railways and waterways are going to be the priority over road infrastructure. � The « climate plan » provide additional measures and policies intended to curb emissions under this target : 5,75% biofuel target in 2010 Larger tax credit for thermal renovation in buildings Generalization of energy labels on energy end-use equipments New taxes and subsidies on new cars in function of their emissions Control of emissions due to the development of air cooling in buildings and vehicles � Possibility for local authorities to commit themselves in the elaboration of local climates plans � � � � � 21 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 22 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (4) Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (5) � 2005 : France is included in the new European Trading Scheme, involving : � 2007 : « Domestic project », Joint Implementation mechanism from the French Government � Electric sector � Energy intensive industries � The biggest heat producers � Government will periodically announce a call for emission reduction projects for sectors not covered by EU ETS (Emission trading system) and for non C02-GHG � First three-year period is overlocated, but this new instrument has led major corporate players involved to get used to continuously monitor their emissions and to trade quotas, and raised new expertise to supply assistance and advice on the carbon market � Company or communities may propose reduction projects and prove their additionality. For each approved project, a French agency entitled to manage financial transactions, real estate and carbon trading for the government, will buy all the corresponding credits, and manage subsequent exchanges on the international carbon market. � A new National Allocation Plan was recently published for the Kyoto commitment period 2008-2012 23 � This policy tool is expected to foster reductions from 10 to 15 MtC02eq over 5 years, i.e. around 0,5% of current French emissions 24 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (6) Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (7) � 2007: Presidential election in France � 2007, The « Grenelle of Environment », launched by President on the 21st of may 2007 � During the campaign, candidates had to face with strong claims for urgent and aggressive environmental policies, which led to inflation in their promises � Six working groups, including one on climate change and energy management � First outcome of this pressure: integration of the ministry of environment and the ministry of transport, territorial planning and development to a single ministry in charge of sustainable developments policies � All the groups included 40/50 persons, from : � � � � � � Second outcome : President Sarkozy promised to open broad negotiations about a new round of environmental policies to respond to ecological emergencies. This was named « Grenelle of Environment », in reference to the Grenelle Agreements, a successful negotiation between labour unions and employers in 1968 ; 25 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 26 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 - 125 - NGOs, administrations, labor unions, employer federations, and local authorities Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel How to reach a “Factor 4”? Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (7) Forbidden � 2007, Grenelle of Environment process – The case of the,working group on climate change and energy management � Summer Objective : define a path to reach a factor 4 in 2050 � September, the group produced a synthesis of all the propositions that were consensual to the group and which constituted the basis of the final 2 days of negotiation with all minister concerned (agriculture, housing…) Fossil energy power without cogeneration � No Nuclear, no sequestration � Portfolio of advanced technologies CCS � Transports = fossil energy � Renovation of old buildings � Heating = fossil and inefficient buildings � Recycling of raw materials � Massive use of fossils in industry � Structural change for transport � Wait for energy efficiency � Change in behaviors � Wait and See strategies � Coal to Gas 28 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Two main errors: � Grenelle of Environment, climate change and energy group outcomes : � October : Short phase of diffusion and consultation of experts ad various national council and citizens � Renovation plan for existing building, aimed at reducing energy consumption by 12% (resp 20%) in tertiary (resp residential) building in 5 years � For new building, a breakthrough toward 30% zero energy buildings in 5 years and 100% in 2020 � An increase the share of rail and water freight from 14% to 25% of the total domestic freight in 15 years � No new road infrastructures, exept projects already in the pipe, and systematic priority of investment in railways and waterways � Progressively decreasing standards for a new cars, e.g 120g of C02/km in 2012 (EU decision) � A general fiscal reform in favour of ecotaxes with a constant budget recycling � Increase the share of renewables in final energy from 9% to 20% in 2012 (EU decision) Everything changes : Technological fix up? For the next 30 years we can anticipate Nothing changes : Technological innovations in a changing world innovations. � Limits on emissions will change context On one hand : more electricity means a more concentrated production for mass technology (nuclear or coal or gas plus sequestration) On the other hand : more renewables + hydrogen more decentralized production New electricity economy more complex : energy mix and network management Different technology different behaviors � � � � 29 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (8) Factor 4 : Technological Innovations and social change � � Development of renewables � Lock in and path dependency in buildings and transport infrastructures � End of October : Outcome 27 Incontrovertibles � Energy efficiency � 30 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Reducing GHG Emissions : French policies and measures (9) � Grenelle of Environment : new expectations of the civil society: � A lot of observers and even some NGOs that had attended to the « grenelle agreement » were surprised by an apparent higher level of political will from policymakers 4.Long run scenarios toward low-carbon society, French target � This process has raised large expectations from the parties involved and the wider society � It is now in the hands of central administration (for operational implementation) and the parliament (for new law projects), two steps that are like to modify the content and the ambition of final measures! 31 32 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Long run scenarios toward low-carbon society, French target (2) Long run scenarios toward low-carbon society, French target (1) � Long Run : the target for 2050 may seem identically approximate � French target : reach a division by 4 in 2050, included as a national objective in the French energy law in 2005 but … � Very vague in its formulation, for example about the reference level � March 2007 : the so called « 3 X 20 » target, Council of Europe : � Starting point : the + 2�C temperature ceiling (compared to the mean pre-industrial level) adopted by the European Union � a voluntary commitment to reduce emissions by 20% in 2020 compared to the 1990 level � With 20% renewables in the primary energy mix � 20% energy efficiency � This maximum temperature increase is consistent with a stabilization of GHG concentration around 450ppm C02-eq, which requires cutting emissions at least by 50% in 2050 compared to emission in 2000 (IPCC, 2007) � …the same objectives were adopted in the ‘Grenelle agreement’ final report � There are still many things blurred about a precise definition of the targets in 2020 and 2050. As for 2020, the 20% reduction is indeed a global European target � Factor 4 has been flagged for its simplicity, as a mobilizing utopia.Such a long run target does not pretend to be a precise commitment : it is supposed to help stabilizing expectations about the shared ambition of stabilizing GES concentration � But will this global commitment be translate in differentiated commitments depending on national circumstances ? 33 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 34 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 - 126 - Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Climate change policies, European and French energy policies By Thierry Hommel Long run scenarios toward low-carbon society, French target (3) Long run scenarios toward low-carbon society, French target (4) � To date, no macroeconomic simulations have been done on the feasibility and the cost of a ‘factor 4’ scenario in France because of the lack of ready to use energy-economy model in France � All those reports do not provide a clear picture of what is the more efficient trajectory to divide French emissions by 3 , 4 or 5. But they bring some robust findings : � MIES uses a mee energy accounting approach to build 8 alternatives systems that could satisfy the factor 4 target in 2050 � A huge renovation plan must be achieved in all type of building � The transportation sector will need both large infrastructure reorientation and technological innovation to reduce emissions for identical mobility services � OE-DGEMP describes a world scenario built from the MEDEE energy demand model � In scenarios that maintain a strong nuclear generation capacity, a strong development of renewables including biomass is needed to cover the final energy demand. � Scenario based on a global 450 ppm C02 target, with a division by 4 of OECD emissions (division by 3 for France) � It concludes that the target is feasible with existing or upcoming technologies ! � The simulation shows a carbon price above 500 euros per ton of C02 even with all optimistic assumptions 35 � Alternatively, a phasing out of the nuclear capacity imposes that a significant share of primary energy needs would be covered by fossil energy, thus requiring a massive and early development of Carbon Capture and storage in industry and in the electric sector. 36 Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Thank you for your attention! Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales – 27, rue Saint-Guillaume – 75337 Paris Cedex 07 – France – Tél.: 00 33 1 45 49 76 60 –– www.iddri.org - 127 - Thierry Hommel – June 2008 Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia By Kazuhiro Ueta How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System Session 1 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 11:20am – 12:05pm Speaker and Panelist Kazuhiro Ueta Professor Graduate School of Economics and Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Presentation Data: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/34485 Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia ABSTRACT : It will not be possible to arrest climate change without qualitative change in economies. We must tackle the prevention of climate change not as a defensive reaction but as a form of “environmental economic strategy.” When we frame the issue in this way, we should be able to see the way forward to the achievement of our goals. Among the environmental policy tools available are an emissions-trading system and a carbon tax (environment tax). Arranged in some suitable combination, such tools can serve usefully in tapping the creativity of businesses and communities and providing clear signals of the direction in which to proceed. Outline of Presentation ������������������������ ���� ������������� ���������������� �������������� ������������ • Sustainable Development/Low Carbon Society • Environmental Kuznets Curve • Japanese experiences • Regional cooperative approach/ Environmental governance for SD Hokkaido University ���� 23-24, 2008 Kazuhiro Ueta, Kyoto University [email protected] - 128 - Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia By Kazuhiro Ueta Sustainable Development��� ����������������������� • • • • • Economic Interpretation/definition of SD Dasgupta(2001, 2007)---Social Well-being/QOL Constituents and Determinants of QOL Productive Base���Criteria for SD Wealth���Capital Assets� Man-made Capital, Human Capital, Natural Capital and Knowledge) • Critical Natural Capital • Inclusive Wealth and Institutions • Most common definition of Sustainable Development: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."��Our Common Future, 1987� • Development with ecological/environmental sustainability� economic and social sustainability Can we overcome the trade-off between environmental conservation and economic development Low Carbon Society • Low carbon society is necessary to protect climate which is critical natural capital • Low carbon society can be realized through ambitious reduction target and climate policy�in developed country • Low carbon society is a necessary condition for sustainable development/society, but not enough • Global�developed countries’ and developing countries’) low carbon society • • • • • • Conventional wisdom���trade-off Internalizaton of external diseconomy Decoupling strategy Dematerialization Factor4/Factor10�Porter hypothesis Environmental fiscal reform/double dividend Critiques to the E Kuznets Curve • Econometric method to the EKC • Range of environmental pollution and pollutants that EKC can explain • Explanatory power of the factors environmental movement N-shaped curve • Earth’s resource base vs. indefinite economic growth(Arrow et al., 1995) - 129 - Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia By Kazuhiro Ueta A Brief History on Kogai � Minamata mercury poisoning/disease(1956) � Irreversibility/Anti-pollution movement � Kogai litigation/court case � Local initiative pollution control agreement(1964) environmental ordinance(1968) � Pollution Diet(1970), Environmental Agency(1971) � Victims of pollution-related health damage Seriousness and Features of Env. Disruption in East Asia Lessons and Implications �Irreversibility/Paradigm shift---Pollution Diet(1970) ����������������������������������� �Comprehensive environmental policy���clear signal for market, organization and individuals �Stringent target + regulation(ppp) + integrated policy (environmental and industrial policy) �Environmental regulation, pricing (policy) and technological innovation �Capacity development---learning capacity/ creativity of people and organization�institutions • Rapid industrialization and high economic growth(catch-up style of economic development) • Pre-welfare state���public health issue • Local, regional, and global env. issues • Region as victim/polluter • Economic and ecological interdependence - 130 - Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia By Kazuhiro Ueta Causes of pollution in China Environmental Governance in East Asia Energy (coal)/Industrial structure(heavy) Enforcement capacity of environmental policy Lack of environmental infrastructure Economic system(catch-up and transition)��� domestic and global • Government/Judicial/Political system • Societal environmental consciousness��� education/learning capacity • A comparison of environmental governance between current China and Japan in late 1960s/1970s • Top-down environmental policy----advantages and disadvantages • Environmental policy in the relationship of central government and local government • Behavior of local government • • • • �������� ������ Marginal Abatement Cost Curves in Japan and China ����� ����� ����� ����������������� ����� ����������������� ����� ����� ����� ����� ������������������ ����� � � ����� ����� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������ ������ Nakata and Ueta (2003) “Sulfur Emissions Control in China,” mimeo. 2008�9�10� � Ueta & Bros. Co. 24 Regional Cooperative Approach • Ecological interdependence with economic�� • MAC of CO2/SO2 in China and Japan • Local pollution and environmental/health damage in China • Domestic and regional optima • Co-benefits (Ancillary benefits) • Clean Development Mechanism - 131 - Environmental Governance and Economics for Sustainable Low Carbon Society in East Asia By Kazuhiro Ueta Conclusion(1) Conclusion(2) • Network/communication of local initiative • Multi-level environmental governance for sustainable development • Regional economic/environmental community---collaboration for common base of scientific knowledge---Regional IPCC • Contribution of intellectual network • Institutions/governance for sustainable development • Institutions for creating knowledge, innovation /diffusion/transfer system(IPR)of technology • Global democracy/equity/fair market • Crucial role of central government - 132 - Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change By Taikan Oki How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System Session 2 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 14:00pm – 14:45pm Speaker and Panelist Taikan Oki Professor Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Japan Presentation Data: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/34487 Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change ABSTRACT : Water is a naturally circulating resource that is constantly recharged. Therefore, even though the stocks of water in natural and artificial reservoirs are helpful to increase the available water resources for human society, the flow of water should be the main focus in water resources assessments. The climate system puts an upper limit on the circulation rate of available renewable freshwater resources (RFWR). Although current global withdrawals are well below the upper limit, more than two billion people live in highly water-stressed areas because of the uneven distribution of RFWR in time and space. Climate change is expected to accelerate water cycles and thereby increase the available RFWR globally. This would slow down the increase of people living under water stress; however, changes in seasonal patterns, enhancement of uneven distribution of regional RFWR, and increasing probability of extreme events may offset this effect. Implementing adaptation measures and reducing current vulnerability will be the first step to prepare for such anticipated changes. http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 1 Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change Taikan Oki Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo Challenges in Water System as a Fundamental System of Sustainable Human Society, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, June 24th, 2008 - 133 - 2 Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change By Taikan Oki http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 3 World Water Issues 4 Future Projection through the 21st Century � Indispensable water for lives � One in five of the world population does not have access to safe and affordable drinking water (20L/d/c within 1km). Changes considered include: �Water demand for domestic, industrial, and irrigation sectors. � Each year 3-4 million people die because of waterborne diseases � Profitable water for agriculture and industry � Total withdrawals 3,800km3(1995)�4,300-5,200km3(2025) � Population (SRES) � Comfortable water for human being and ecosystems � Climate Change and Urbanization �water hazard risks � International conflicts because of water issues? � Urban and rural areas separated � GDP (SRES) � Improvement of reuse (SRES) �Climate change (SRES) http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ “irrigated land, which is 16% of cropland, produces 40% of crops” 8 GDP and Domestic Water Use GDP/capita and domestic water use � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � Q ����������������� �������������� ������������������������� ��������������������� �������������������������� Assumptions� 1 2 . 03169 � G G � 324 . 989 ���� ����������������� ���������� ����������������������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 7 �������� ����Supply ������������and �������Production World�Food 2 ��� �� � ��� ���� ����� ��������������������� ����������� ������ G Q : Domestic Water Use [m3 / capita/year ] G : GDP per person [US$ equivalent of year 1990] ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 9 GDP and Industrial Withdrawals ������ (part of the left figure) ������ ������������������������ ��� ������������������������ ���� ��������� ��������������������� ������ ��� ����� ������ ���������� ����� ������ ��������� ����� ����� ������ ����� ������ ������ ���������� ����� ����� ����������� � �� ����� � � ��� ����� ����� ����� ��������������������������� � ����� ����� � ��� ��� ��� ��� ����� ����� ��������������������������� � ����� Japan is an exception with high water use efficiency. (2055-2000) A1b Future Projection Future IW�Current IW �GDP Growth for Industry �Improvement of water use efficiency http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 10 Total Water Withdrawal (106m3/y) in 2050 (difference to Year 2000) Total water withdrawal and GDP for industry in each country are proportional. ������ � Future Domestic Water Use= Future Estimate +D where D is the bias error, D=Statistics in 1900 – Estimate for 1990 * Future GDP under SRES scenario was downscaled from GDP projection in 4 region in the world into each country by CIESIN. (based on FAOSTAT & AQUASTAT) ���� Domestic water use in developing countries will increase associated with the increase of GDP. Life style in domestic water use is calibrated by simple manner for countries with statistics of the current domestic water use. log(Q) = -5000 -200 -50 -5 5 50 200 1000 5000 (Shen, et. al, 2008, HSJ) http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 11 12 Impacts of climate change on freshwater fesources � In the course of the century, water supplies stored in glaciers and snow cover are projected to decline, reducing water availability in regions supplied by melt water from major mountain ranges, where more than one-sixth of the world population currently lives. � By mid-century, annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to increase by 10-40% at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and decrease by 10-30% over some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in the dry tropics, some of which are presently water-stressed areas. � Drought-affected areas will likely increase in extent. Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk. �IPCC AR4, WGII, SPM, 2007� �Lead Authors for the 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC, WG II, Chapter 3 “Freshwater resources and their management”� - 134 - Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change By Taikan Oki http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 13 Number of people under serious water stress 14 Change in water stress index for 2050 (ratio) Rws in 2055 (A2) 2055/2000 A1b Awc= Q/C < 0.5 0.5 - 0.9 0.9 - 1.5 1.5 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 4.0 - 5.0 > 5.0 Rws= (W-S)/Q (m3/y/c) Q: How can we realize B1 society? B1 MultiGCM/GSWP2 (Oki and Kanae, Science, 2006) http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ A2 http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 15 ���������� 16 ����������1.2��� ������A1B��������� ���� �� � ���� �� � � �2080-2099������ ��� �1979-1998������ ���� ��� ����� ��� �� Extreme Events? http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ ��� ��� ��� ���������� � � ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� 1��� ��� ��3� ��� � (CCSR/NIES K-1 ���������������) � 1.2%(0.1) ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� � �������� (Billion people) � 69.2% (5.6) � ����� �� ����� � ���� ����� � �� ����� � ��� ����� 1.05�1.10 � ���� ����� 1.00�1.05 � �� ����� � � � � � �� 1.20�1.25 � 1.15�1.20 � 1.10�1.15 ���� ��������� 18 Decrease Drought Increase Drought Flood Increase 20.2% (1.7) ������ 27.3%(1.1) 25.1% (1.8) ��� �������� ��������� ��������� 20 � Mitigation � Reduce the emission of green house gases (GHGs) and slow down the speed of the climate change. � Most of the measures are also good for reducing the energy consumption and saving the fossil energy. ����� 23.1% (1.6) 11.3%(0.8) Flood Decrease Counter Measure against CC ���� 31.9% (2.2) � ��������� �� � � � http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 24.4%(2.1) � � MIROC-Hi, A1B 13.1%(1.1) � � � Hirabayashi et al., (HSJ, 2008) Based on CCSR-NIES AOGCM 19 11.5%(0.9) 10.3%(0.8) ����� Frequency in the 21st century of 100year flood in the 20th century Number of people under more frequent floods � ����� �� End of 21st century compared with 20th century http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ � �� � Change in Flood Frequency ���� �� ����� � ���� ���� ���� �� ����� �� Drought: daily river discharge is below threshold of 10% percentile ���� ���� ���� ���� �� ��� � End of 21st century compared with 20th century ���� �� � ydro.iis.u-tok http://hin Change Droughtyo.ac.jp/ Frequency 17 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � ����� � Adaptation ����� � Enhance the resilience of the society and reduce the disaster which is anticipated due to the climate change. � Most of the adaptation measures are also good for solving the existing social issues: poverty, vulnerabilities for natural disaster, food and agriculture, health, ecosystem, … return period of 100-year flood (Hirabayashi et al. 2008, HSJ) - 135 - Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change By Taikan Oki http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 21 22 Naha, Okinawa, Japan 40,000m3/day Adaptation Options �Supply-side �Prospecting and extraction of groundwater �Increasing storage capacity by building reservoirs and dams �Desalination of sea water �Expansion of rain-water storage �Removal of invasive non-native vegetation from riparian areas �Water transfer (IPCC AR4, WGII Ch3, 2007) http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 23 Unit Requirement of Water --Crops-(m /t) Adaptation Options �Demand-side 3 � Reduction in water demand for irrigation by changing the cropping calendar, crop mix, irrigation method, and area planted � Promotion of indigenous practices for sustainable water use � Expanded use of water markets to reallocate water to highly valued uses � �� � � �� ��� Pork 5,900 Whole �� ��� Pork Poultry �� ��� http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ (m3/t) 78.5 ������ North America Western Europe 38.8North West Africa Central Caribbean America 36.4 4,500 560 3,200 Egg� � 26 “Virtually Required Water” Trade between Regions associated with food trade in 2000 (cereals only) 14,400 m3/t � � � � � � � �� � (Oki, et. al, 2002, IHE-UNESCO) 25 3,000 � �� Unit Water Requirement of Major Crops 4,100 Whole �� ��� Poultry � � ��� � (based on crop yield in Japan�FAOSTAT mean 1996-2000) 20,600 Whole �� ��� Beef � �� � � ��� (IPCC AR4, WGII Ch3, 2007) �� ��� Beef 2,000 1,900 � �� � � � � Reduction in water demand for irrigation by importing agricultural products, i.e., virtual water � 2,600 2,500 � �� � � � Expanded use of economic incentives including metering and pricing to encourage water conservation Unit Water Requirement �� � � � � � ��Meat ������ ����� ����� 3,600 � �� � � � � � �� � � ��� � ���� ��� ��� � Improvement of water-use efficiency by recycling water http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 24 57.5 West Africa South America USSR 33.5Middle East East & South East Asia South Asia 46.2 for milk Oceania Importer based, over 5 km3/y Unit Water Requirement of Major Meat 1~5 (based on crop yield and the way of raising in Japan) (Oki, et. al, 2002, IHE-UNESCO) http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 5~10 10~15 15~20 20~30 30~50 http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 27 Virtual Water Balance in Countries (m3/c/y) in 2000 50< km3/y (Based on Statistics from FAO etc., for 2000) (Oki, et. al, 2004) 28 Conventional Water Resources Assessment Potentially Available Water Resources per Capita in 2000� Major crops and meat Country base Blue: Exporting Red: Importing (Oki, et. al, 2004) Exporting Importing GSWP2 ensemble runoff, SRES A1/B1 population •7 out of top 10 importing countries are seriously poor in water resources. •7 out of top 10 exporting countries are rich in water resources. Seriously Stressed (~1) Stressed (1~2) •Denmark (10) and India (18) are water stressed but exporting RW in net. Moderate (5~10) Rich (10~) - 136 - Slightly Stressed (2~5) 103 m3/capita/ /capita/year Water, Sustainable Development, and Climate Change By Taikan Oki http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 29 World Water Resources Considering Virtual Water Trade Potentially Available Water Resources per Capita in 2000� Country base +VW GSWP2 ensemble runoff, SRES A1/B1 population Seriously Stressed (~1) Stressed (1~2) Moderate (5~10) Rich (10~) Slightly Stressed (2~5) 103 m3/capita/ /capita/year http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 30 Water Resources Assesment Considering VW trade 22 Countries were classified into “seriously stressed” in 2000 by conventional water resources assessment. ���� ���� � +Virtual Water Import � � VW Balance � ������ ��� ��� ��� Rich Countries are � � � by VW import saved � � � Poor Countries remain Water Poor � Seriously Stressed � � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � � ��� �� ���� �� ��� �� ��� �� �� � � � �� ��� Egypt:141m3/c/y http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ (Oki and Kanae, Science, 2006) When you drink water, think its origin. ���� � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � � (Oki, et. al, 2004) 32 “LAND” Water virtual water trade desalination hydropower �Mitigation is also good for sustainable energy usage, and adaptation is also good for reducing of current vulnerabilities against hazards. ���� � � � � � � � ���� ��� ���� � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � Water should not be dealt alone separated from food and energy. �Limited Resources = �The ultimate objectives of future-oriented world water resource assessments are to show the international community what will happen if we continue to manage our water resources as we do today and to indicate what actions may be needed to prevent undesirable outcomes. In that sense, studies of future world water resources are successful if their predictions based on business-asusual are proven wrong. http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ � � � � ��� ���� Support developing sustainability in a society Messages �Scenario Projection: Oman: 512m3/c/y Bahrain:313m3/c/y � �� ���� ��� ��� � � � � ������� � � � � http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 31 ��� �� ����� �� �� � ��� ������� �� �� � � ������ ���� �� � � � � �� �� � Stressed Burundi: 31m3/c/y � Rwanda:53m3/c/y ��� UAE:4,490m3/c/y Slightly Stressed � ������ Energy 33 ���� When you eat, think about water. Thank You!! - 137 - bio-fuel cultivation irrigation Food Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara How to make Sustainable Low Carbon Society - Synergy of Social and Engineering System Session 2 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 14:55pm - 15:40pm Session 3 : Tuesday, June 24, 2008 / 16:20pm - 17:30pm Speaker and Panelist Yasumoto Magara Professor Research Center for Environmental Nano and Bio Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan Presentation Data: http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/34492 Wise use of Water ABSTRACT : Water is used for various kinds of purposes: in daily life, agriculture, industry, and fishery. Water is supplied from the ocean to the atmosphere through evaporation and comes back to the ground surface as rainfall. It supports various kinds of human activities as well as nature and the global ecosystem. While water flows over the ground surface and becomes available as a resource in rivers, lakes/marshes, underground water, and coastal water, it contains inorganic substances from the soil, and organic substances and microorganisms generated by living organisms and human activities. Impurities which exist in water include not only essential substances necessary for supporting the life of living creatures, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, but also hazardous substances, such as arsenic and mercury, which are not just unnecessary for living creatures, but also cause health problems. Water also contains parasites, infectious microorganisms, and chemical substances such as agricultural chemicals, which may cause health problems to humans or other living creatures. It can also contain other substances which do not cause any hazard to humans or living creatures, but disturbs proper use of water, such as silt and sand which make water turbid. It is therefore necessary to consider the wise use of water according to the purpose of consumption. Natural & manmade water cycle Wise use of Water RA I N LAND I NPU T C ONT ROL SYSTE M ST OR AGE ENERGY AG RI CUL T URAL US E TR ANS PORTATION FR ESH W A T E R SLUDGE COMMUNI T Y SLUDGE RI VE R & LAK E POLLUTANTS ENERGY Magara, Yasumoto Appointed Researcher, Public Policies Research Center. Environmental Bio & Nano Engineering Research�Center Hokkaido University OUTPU T C ONTRO L SY STE M SLUDGE TR EAT E D W ASTEW AT ER OCEAN DEPOSIT 150 X1012m3 of fresh water resource/ a week - 138 - Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara Surface fresh water is safe or not ? �������������������������������������������������� ������������������� ���������������� ������������ ������������ ���������������� ����������� ���������������� �������������� ������������������ ������������������������������� ��������� ���������� •Rainwater captures pollutants during precipitation , flowing processes on ground surface. •Groundwater is the most appropriate for water source, since the pollutants are reduced by the soil, unless some hazardous substances exist in the soil and elude into the water. •Most of the freshwater resources cannot be used without treatment, or much worse, •Most of them may even cause various health damages including infectious diseases. ���������������� ���������������� ������� ������������������� ��������� ������� ������ ���������������� ��������������������� ������� ������������ � � � � � � �� � � � � � � ��POPULATION �� WORLD ��������������� ���������������� ����������� ��������������������� Demand of irrigation water ����������� ����������� ����������� Irrigated Area Population Cultivated Area 1975 2015 2000 We must share 150 X1012m3 of fresh water resource/ a week Areal Distribution of water resource utilization ��� How much water resource ? ���������� ���������������������������������������� � ������������������������������������������������������� ������� � ������������������������������������� � ������������������������������������������������������ ��� ������������������������������������������������������� ��������� � ������������������������������������������ �� �������� ��������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� ��������� � ����������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������ ��������������������������� �� ���������� ������������������� �� �� �� �� �������� ������� Kantoh ������ �������� ������ �������� ������ �������� ������ ������� � ���������������������� Water resource in China (m3/CpY) China is going to • Allocate water resource at ���� ������ ������� ������� ����� ����� ������� � ������ ����� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� – – – – Agricultural 52% Industrials ��� Domestic���� Ecological ��� • Development of water and waste-water facilities are national project • But the level of performance should superior than global standard of conventional treatment facilities Water resource of Japan is about���� m3/CpY - 139 - Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara ����������������������������������������������� ��������� • Epidemiology & Environmental engineering • Cholera was transmitted from Asia with trading actvities ����������������������������������������� ���������� ��������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������� ���� ������������������������������������������ 1855 Statistical verification • Cholera and water treatment ������������������������������������������ ���������������� � � �� Regional differences of death of cause ������� ������������������������������������������ 1960 6000 Case of polio etc./year Europe 80� America 60� E.Medit. Africa 40� W.Pacific 20� S.E.Asia 0� 33� Infectious parasite 5� 6� Mal-delivery. Accidents Suicide 8� 26� Circulatory Cancer 100000 Shigellosis 5000 80000 4000 3000 2000 Paratyphoid 1000 Typhoid 0 60000 Poliomyelitis 1960 40000 Case of Shigellosis/year 100� 20000 1965 Year 0 1975 1970 Reducing Exposure ������������������������������������������ The F-Diagram Population ( 1000) 120000 Total population 100000 80000 sanitary treatment � 75% 60000 40000 public sewerage system 1930 1950 1970 Year 1990 Water Quality Food Feces Flies public water supply 1910 Fluids Fields Unsanitary treatment 20000 0 Sanitation & hygiene 2010 Fingers Water Quantity Hand Washing with soap Sanitation Intestinal worms • Toilet should be facilitated to prevent the entry of hygienic insects and animals that carry the pathogens in the excreta, and it act as a barrier to release of parasitic worms or their eggs in the excreta into the surrounding environment. However, the role of toilets is lost unless the excreta are eventually removed from the pits or feces tanks. - 140 - New Host Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara ���������������������� �������� Malnutrition & stunting (Unicef) 120 20000 Mortality Latrine Coverage, % 100 Lower IQ 15000 Latrine Coverage, % 80 Anemia contributing to maternal mortality 60 10000 Mortality Shorter body height 40 5000 20 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998 �������������� ���������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� Drinking water Quality ������������������������ ���������������� ������������������������� �������������������� �������� ������������������� � � �� ���� ���������������������� ��� ��� �� � ��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������� AA � � �� �� ������ � ���� �� � � �� � �� ��������� Precipitatio n Dam & Reservoir Raw water quality Supply RawR quality Raw water Chlorination Rainwater harvesting Fe. Coli 0/100ml YE S Spring water NO Next Rapid sand Filt. YES Turb.5 Water Quality Oxid. NO NO Shallow well NO Deep well Down Stream Selection of system for surface water Supply YES Quantity Upper stream Ground water Cascadian Selection of water system Demand � ��� Spring water ��� � ������������������������� NO Surfacewater Surface N O Turb.30 Fe, Mn,NH4 Slow sand Filt. NO Coag. Arsenic affected countries in Asia ������������������������������ M o ngo lia • ���������������������������������� • ��������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� ����������� • ������������������������������������������� ������������������������������� Chin a Pa kista n Nep a l Ba ng la d esh Ind ia M ya nm a r Lao PD R Tha ila nd Vietna m Ca m b o d ia - 141 - YES Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara • Arsenic contamination - • “An emerging public health problem” Est. 200 million already affected Population at risk - not known Damage to health - irreversible and untreatable Bangladesh Arsenic �~ 1970 water source was surface water & Shallow dug well • Toxic and carcinogenic • Known poison for >4000 years • Acute poisoning symptoms occur within 30 min. of ingesting lethal dose • Arsenic toxicity in drinking water & Environment • Chronic in nature • Takes 5-20 years to develop symptoms • Symptoms found in infants in China, India & Thailand (possible transfer from mother to child?) High mortality rate especially in infants and children by water related infectious diseases� Many tube well have developed Decreasing infant & child mortality India Nwabganghee Dahkka India Ganges delta �In 1990 Ground water were contaminated by As Burma Excessive use of ground water irrigattion Tubewell�&�Dugwell ������������������������� ��� ���� ����� ��� ����� ��� ��� ���� ��� �� �� ��� ���������������� ��� ���� �� ���� �� �� ��� �� � � � 0.62 Jyohzannkei Hot Spring 18.5 Sewage treatment plant 24.4 Caribbean 1.56 7.30 Toyohira River Latin America & the 15.3 1.19 21.4 Water purification 5.01 Sapporo City Africa Latin America & the Europe Asia Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Sewage treatment Plants 20.3 Water Supply 1.1 billion 5.74 Land fill � What are the constrains for safety water and Sanitation �������������������������������������������������� 23.8 � Land fill - 142 - Sanitation 2.4 billion ����������������������� �������� ����������������������� � ���� Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara Annual investment in urban water supply Population growth rates and proportion on informal settlements�in urban area � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� ��� ��� ���� ���� ��� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � �� �� ��� ����� ��� ����� ����� ����� ��� ���� ��� ����� ����� ���� ����� �� � �� � � � ��� ��� ���� ���� ������ Strength of water pollution ���� ���� Maintenance and rehabilitation of sanitation ���� ��� Development of sanitation ��� ��� Maintenance and rehabilitation of safe drinking water supply ��� Development of safe drinking water supply � ������������� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� ��� � � �� � ������� ����� Industrial wastewater Domestic wastewater Nitrogen, Phosphate Hazardous chemicals 1960 1970 1980 1990 Current situation in developing countries Strength of water pollution Industrial wastewater Domestic wastewater Nitrogen, Phosphate Hazardous chemicals 1960 Sustainable Development of Water Supply Services PAYMENT 1970 1980 1990 How much can we pay ? • 0.8% of disposal income for water tariff • The disposal income of the residents of large cities such as the capital is greatly higher than for the residents of rural areas. • The dispensable limit varies even within one country must be recognized. • The problem depends on the system that is feasible to facilitate and maintenance/control for the sustainable services of water and sanitation WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BENEFIT ������ MDG Distribution of Cancer Risk of Tap Water in�Metropolitan Area WATER ���� Water pollution aspects of industrialized countries Cost for safe drinking water supply and sanitation (2005-2015): WHO Cost( Billion $) ����� ��� ���� � � ��� �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ���� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �� � ���� �� CHARGE CONSUMER/COMMUNITY SAVE LABOUR WATER CORRECTION & TREATMENT CONTROL PATHOGENIC DISEASE PROVIDE SANITARY FACILITIES FIRE PROTECTION OTHERS BENEFICIENCE� - � BORN SYTEM - 143 - Wise use of Water By Yasumoto Magara Conclusions • Full cost pricing • Monopoly system • Water is essential not only in healthy daily life but also economical/social activities • Sustainability • Customers satisfaction – Governance/Transparency of business – Financial soundness – Human resource - 144 -
© Copyright 2024