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Construction of a Urine Diverting Dry
Toilet in Chonyonyo/Tansania.
Carbonisation and
Sanitation „CaSa“ –
Project
2013
Mavuno, Tansania
Ingenieure ohne
Grenzen e.V.,
Regionalgruppe Berlin
Components// Agenda
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Principle of a UDDT
Casa Project
Cost overview
Requirements for location
Foundation
Construction plan
substructure
Guideways for shitpot
Slab
Mold
Intermediate plate
Slab mosaic
Walls
Window
Roof
Ventilation pipe
Stairs
Containers and adapters
Chamber doors
Plastering
Main door
Reed bed for anal cleaning water
Maintenance
Credits/ Support/ License
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Principle
The UDDT has a septic foundation and an intermediate plate where the UDDT cabin
is built on.
The substructure consist of three chambers, which are below the toilet bowl. The
urine is led into a canister in the first chamber. The faeces are collected in a pot in
the second chamber. This chamber is improved ventilated by pipe. The ventilation
pipe is over-top the roof of the toilet cabin and is blackened on top. Therefore the air
is heated in the upper part of the pipe, so that low pressure develops there. Thus
the air will be sucked out of the chamber and fresh air will flow into the chamber.
After the faeces pot is filled it will be pushed into the third chamber. This chamber is
painted black from inside and covered with glass Due to the greenhouse effect it will
be heated up through solar radiation. A temperature of 60° C can be reached.
Through that, bacterias and pathogens will be minimized.
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CaSa Project
The Urine Diverting Dry Toilet built in Chonyonyo is part of the microenergy system
“Carbonization as Sanitation”. For more information please visit:
www.ingenieure-ohne-grenzen-org/casa
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Cost overview
TSH
OVERVIEW cost for materials
Euro
303.059,00
144,10
61.750,00
29,36
144.000,00
68,47
19.000,00
9,03
527.809,00
250,97
880.000,00
417,61
595.000,00
282,36
285.000,00
135,25
331.400,00
157,27
foundation, walls, roof
(incl. Bricks, cement, brc, nails, iron sheet and others)
ariation pipe, urin pipes, urin canister and politank
Doors (metall and wooden), color, locks
Solarchamber
TOTAL COSTS FOR MATERIALS FOR UDDT
TOTAL COSTS OF LABOUR FOR CONSTRUCTION
fundis
translator
TOTAL COSTS FOR TRANSPORT
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Costs of some of the materials
Material
Price in TSH
Sheet metal for doors
34000
Nails, cement
85000
Hoses, joint pieces
15500
2 canisters for urine storage
6000
Cement, water proof, chicken wire, iron sheets, nails
59250
Frame joints, wood laquer, toilet brush, glass
26000
Putty
2000
Window
8000
Door frames construction and placement
8000
Locks for doors
15000
Small bin for substrate
1500
Canister for Urine and adapters
42500
Beams
3 pieces
3500
Sand
43 carray
433
Bricks
942 pieces
Reinforcement steel
4 sqm
7200
Cement
1 bag
20500
Round bar(10mm)
3m
10000
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Requirements for location
The solar chamber must be exposed to direct sunlight. So the location you
build the UDDT on mustn‘t be shadowed at best.
Look out for the region you are, since the sun proceeds differently (e.g.
European vs. Equatorial).
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Foundation
Measurements : 180x141 cm
We made a classical concrete foundation:
We digged a hole with the above mentioned measures that was 0,2 m deep.
Then filled it with gravel, broken bricks, 2 reinforcement steel grids joint together
and finally concrete.
In our case the first foundation was wrong
directed, so a second foundation was
made as indicated by the red arrow.
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Construction Plan
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Substructure
Before starting to build the substructure you
should plan the walls you are gonna build.
You need five walls and three spaces for
the doors. Build the walls so that it fits to
the highest collector (urine or faeces), take
care so that everything is leveled.
Planned walls with poopot
Substructure without doors.
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Guideways for shit pot
Build two guideways inside the faces and
solar chamber, so that the pot is elevated.
Reasons for the guideways:
- distance from the toilet floor to the bottom
of the pot (avoiding splashing and sounds)
- distance to the ground of the chamber in
case that there is water on the floor
- faeces pot is closer to the solar window →
more effective heating .
On the guideways you can shift the pot that contains the shit from the inner chamber
to the solar chamber. Take care that they are fairly leveled so nothing falls over.
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Slab
Building the slab is a bit tricky and should be
planned well. Think about that you have to build a
negative first, done here with loam.
Start with drawing the outlinings of the slab that
will be modelled. Here the measurement were
found by empiric trials with the users.
slab: 80 x 60 cm
poo hole: Diameter is 20 cm
pee hole: 45 x 30 cm
foot steps: 35 x 12 cm
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Steps to build the slab
 constructing a frame for the formwork of the UDDT squatting slab (55cm x 80 cm)
 mixing loam soil and making it smooth for modelling
 preparing a place inside a building for making the slab
 adding a thin loam soil layer on a plastic foil into the frame
 cutting out the foot steps
 modelling placeholders for the faeces hole and the urine outlet
 preparing a reinforcement from coffee mesh to be added to the slab
 mixing the concrete: cement and sand (1:3 in terms of volume) and half a
package of water proof
 adding the cement carefully into the formwork until the layer was 7 cm thick
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Steps to build the slab
Finished mould
Slab
Filled with concrete,
leaving holes free
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Steps to build the slab
We modelled a rim for the urine basin out of a
concrete sand mixture (1:2) with water proof
additive, for the reason, that urine does not
splash beyond the urine basin, and cleaning
water does not enter the urine hole.
We tried to do a reinforcement but, because
we did not modell a full mould, it was difficult
to hold it at the right position.
We unmolded the rim for the urine basin and
adding another layer of concrete
(sand:cement – 1:1, with water proof)
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Finishing the slab
We made a mosaic with smashed tiles on the foot steps, adding a 1cm layer of
concrete (sand:cement – 1:1, with water proof), laying the tile pieces and after they
had been in a good position, hammering them with the handle of a trowel, after they
had been fixed to the concrete.
We added a very liquid mixture with cement and water proof (3:1) into the gaps, after
the surface had been dried, we ripped off the cement from the tile surface and
hardened the gaps with fingers (while wearing gloves)
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Making a mould
We made a mould for the lid to close the faeces
hole, we made a round shape out of a metal sheet
and modelled loam, so that we have a conical shape
afterwards.
We cut 1 cm steel bar of 1 m length and the ends
were bent. A piece of wire mesh was fixed into the
prepared formwork, the steel bar was connected to
the wire mesh as a handle (so that people can cover
the faeces hole easy without bowing down).
Finally we filled the formwork with concrete.
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Intermediate plate
Construction alike the foundation. For the lower part of the shuttering we used sheet
metal of which we later made the doors for the urine and the faeces chamber. As
distance piece we used little stones. We made two holes in the reinforcement.
Where later the hole for the faeces shall be we put a cake-like piece made out of
clay and in the other we fixed a pipe to later connect the urine pipe. Everything was
filled with a mixture of cement, sand and gravel.
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Slab, mosaic
After the UDDT building was plastered. The
slab was inserted and the intermediate was
plastered once. Smashed tiles were used to
make a water protective mosaic floor . After
all the tiles were layed the floor was plastered
again. In the end the tiles were cleaned.
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Building the walls
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Building the walls
Here we constructed the walls by bricklaiyng, since the toilet will be presentated
to officials and ought to be representative. But you can also build the walls with
other materials. To be able to build the upper part of the walls we had a wooden
construction to stand on (see picture at the right). Into the walls the door frame
was fitted.
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Window
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Roof
For the roof wood planks (longer than the actual
UDDT building) were put on top on the walls and
then covered with sheet iron.
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Ventilation pipe
The ventilation pipe shouldn't have a bend. If so it must at least have 135°. Therefore it would
be best to guide it through the intermediate plate. If you do so don't forget to spare a hole when
making the plate! The challenge here is to make a proper lining where the pipe goes through
the roof.
Preparing the aeration pipe
The pipe exceeds the height of the roof by 50 cm. This top part has been painted black in order
to increase the chimney effect, top part will warm up, the pressure in the top part will decrease
and air will flow from bottom to the top.
Mosquito mesh has been fixed in two layers to close the top opening, so flies are not coming
out to spread diseases.
To fix it, holes had been made into the pipe with a hot nail and mesh has been fixed with wire.
A roof to cover the aeration pipe was made from corrugated iron sheet. A circle was cut
(diameter ~50 cm). The sheet was made flat with a hammer, a slit was cut on one side so that
a cone could be formed, holes were made into the sheet with nail and hammer, so that the
cone shape could be fixed by binding wires through the holes.
To fix the roof to the aeration pipe, 2 pieces of 6mm steel bars had been cut from BRC, 4 holes
had been made with a hot steel bar into the pipe so that the roof could be fixed with the two
steel bars pushed though the pipe.
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Stairs
Stairs were also made of bricks and the then
plastered. At first the stairs were not
standardized, so people who are walking on
knees, due to disablities, could not climb them
because they were two high. The stairs were
adapted later.
Fundament for stairs
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Containers and adapters
For the urine collection use a jerrycan (20 l). Use one screw cap in which you make
a hole to guide the hose through. The cap can be fixed on the jerrycan and no urine
will be spilled. The connection between the urine hole and the hose must be a fix
corner piece(use screw couplings for expansion). Otherwise the hose can clog
because of strong bending. For connecting a PVC pipe with a rubber pipe, the
rubber pipe had to be heated on a small fire and widened.
For collecting the faeces use a metal pot.
Corner piece with with hose and scre cap
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Metal pot
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Chamber doors
Doors for the pot chambers were made by a metalworker and then
plastered in.
Measurements were
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Plastering
We plastered the whole building.
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Main door
The main door was made from wood. The wood
should be strong enough, so it won’t stretch out and
change its shape.
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Solar chamber
We used steel girders to build the aslope covering
of the solar chamber. These were then filled up
and plastered with cement. We build a steel frame
for the solar window and plastered it in. Same for
the door. Since a window would have been too
fragil for transport and maintenance,too
expensive we took an iron sheet instead. Also it
would have been questionable to use a window in
terms of acceptance, since the shitpot would have
been exposed.
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Optional: reed bed for anal cleaning water
Mason three walls connected to the bottom construction where the anal cleaning
waterpipe comes out. On one side put a small pipe so that the water can come out
of the bed. Fill the bed with a layer of gravel. Where the water leaves the bed,
make a small hole and fill it with gravel too. Just above the outlet put a bigger pipe
to prevent clogging.
Fill the whole bed with earth and plant some plants.
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Pipe to protect from clogging
Exit of water from the bed
To avoid clogging of the outlet of the flowering bed, two half pipes were fixed
together, pieces of bricks were fixed with concrete to the basin so that the pipe can
stand on them, in case of clogging, someone can reach with his arm through the
pipe to remove accumulated material from the pipe opening.
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Maintenance
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Credits/Support/License
Pictures were taken by Catherina Clausnitzer,
Natalie Rzehak, Adam Bitakwate, Ariane Krause
and others.
Pictured persons are all members of CaSa –Team:
Zipora, Jackson, Joas (DJ), Adam, Evans (Tall),
Natalie and Ariane.
CaSa-Project is funded by Heidehof Stiftung,
Stuttgart.
THIS WORK IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF CREATIVE COMMONS
PUBLIC LICENSE.
http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses
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