1. art and entertainment
2. books and literature
3. poetry

0
HOW
STUDY
TO
LITERATURE
A
GUIDE
TO
OF
THE
LITERARY
INTENSIVE
STUDY
MASTERPIECES
BY
PaOFBSSOK
BNGUSH
OF
UTBKATURB,
MILLBXSVILLX,
HINDS
31-33-35
West
A.B.
HEYDRICK,
A.
BENJAMIN
"
NOBLE,
STATB
(Harv.)
NOKMAL
SCHOOL,
PA.
PubUshers
15TH Street, New
York
City
Digitized
by
\^
Barvard OoUeffe Library
D0O.
20, 1018.
TraiuBferred
from
Mnoatioii Librvy.
University,
Harvard
Librafy*
of Education
:)..pt.
Giftof the Publishers.
Copyright,
By
benjamin
xqox, 1903,
A.
HEYDRICK.
Digitized
by
Co
Digitized
by
Digitized
by
PREFACE
It is
take
to
a
is intended
book
This
introduction
date
and
the
and
difficult words
this
on
it.
on
Yet
of
is
The
and
allusions.
that
the
best
know
still be
the
play
deals
as
with
is
a
to
This
it
is the
end
examinations
set
and
notes
or
even
literature.
of
For
literaryhistory;
of
and
and
manners
is
all, only
appreciation
sons
les-
assign
to
information
is,after
the
explain
appreciating
facts
an
gives
introduction
piece
is
with
notes
is easy
easy
shall
Shakespeare's
the
philology, grammar,
time.
how
But
provided
play;
is
method
introduction
from
far
of
ture.
litera-
of
a
and
valuable,
to
means
enjo]rment
it
an
of
literarymasterpiece.
The
aim
of
this
careful, and
as
study
It
may
the
that
the
class
indispensable, but
end, and
a
notes.
very
with
customs
text-book
of
introduction
notes
The
sources
and
the
play
A
and
understanding
the
?
basis,
a
thoroughly,
the
studied
class.
the
in
literarymasterpieces.
be
masterpiece
before
conceded
generally
certain
up
aid
to
literature.
itself,not
upon
It
manual
is
to
facilitate
appreciative study
concentrates
editorial
attention
explanation
or
bf
the
tematic,
sys-
literature
upon
comment.
Digitized by
the
text
It
vi
furnishes
Preface
which
ascertain
may
for himself the chief characteristics of the book studied.
means
by
the
student
of
acquaintshim with the fimdamental
principles
self
construction,and asks him to decide for himliterary
have been observed.
how far these principles
Not
to present ready-madeopinionsfor his acceptance, but
to teach him to see for himself and to judge for himself
is the aim throughout.
Further,each book is treated as a type, a representative
of a class,so that the studyof a few books may
of many.
The sugopen the way to the appreciation
gestions
for comparativestudy,the collateral reading
recommended, all have this objectin view,that through
of a few volmnes
the medium
the student may gain an
It
outlook upon the world of literature.
Outlines are givenfor the studyof six
in poetry, the
and
epic,l)nic,
drama
;
literary
types :
in prose, fiction,
classes include
These
essay, and the oration.
all the books
practically
prescribedfor the
the
entrance
examinations
work.
years of college
study of literature is
and
In
those
most
studied
college
in the
secondaryschools
first
the
pursued for several years, three
each
four classics being taken
This
or
up
year.
manual
is not intended to supplantany of the texts
used, but to supplement them, to be used with them
as
a guide.
The
listsof critical terms
given are intended to aid
.
the student
to
say
what
exactly
he
means.
Digitized
by
It is often
vii
Preface
the
that
feels the
begmner
masterpieceas fullyas
case
words
term
Yet
if the terms
he wants
words, but
To
commoner
It is not
are
at
he understands
hand,
he
of
power
older reader,but,
express himself,he falls back upon
like " fine,"which may mean
any one
one
the
an
beautyor
to
things.
the
a
a
a
lackmg
general
of
twenty
can
select
the
meaning of the
lary.
theyare not a part of his working vocabuselected lists of
supply this lack, carefully
critical terms
have been provided.
;
intended
that the outlines shall be followed
in every detail. With a certain poem
noted for
rigidly
the beauty and variety
of its imagery,that section of
characterthe outline will be emphasized,the one
on
study,perhaps, abridged. On the other hand, if a
class is already
able to distinguish
of speech,
the figures
studied is not noteworthyin this respect,
and the poem
that section of the outline may
be omitted.
perhaps,onlysayingthat this book does not
to
take the
placeof
the
This
pretend
teacher.
intelligent
B. A.
MILLBRSVILLE,
PA"
Digitized
by
is,
H.
TO
KEY
PUBLISHERS
REFERRED
Bk.
Co.
American
Ginn
Harpers
B. F.
Book
Company
and
Company
Ginn
Houghton
Johnson
Lippincott
LoveU
Macmillan
Putnams
Scribners
and
Harper
"
"
"
"
B,
"
"
"
IN
VOLUME
THIS
Am.
TO
Hou^on^
F,
Mifflin
Johnson
J" B,
A,
The
and
Brothers
Company
Publishing Company
LippincoU
Company
Lovell
Company
and
MacmiUan
G,P,
Charles
Company
PtUnam's
Sons
Scribner^s
Sans
Digitized by
CONTENTS
Prbfacb
PART
Nature
Classes
and
outunes
Literature
of
"
"
"
i
"
study:
for
Narrative
Lyric
I
Poetry
5
Poetry
Dramatic
19
Poetry
28
Fiction
40
The
Essay
53
The
Oration
"
"
PART
Speomen
"
"
"
.
"
"
"65
II
Studies:
Lowell's
Tennyson's
"Vision
Sir
of
Launfal**
Song"
"Bugle
79
....
Shakspere's
"Hamlet"
.
George
Eliot's
Macaulay's
Webster's
Essay
Bunker
Samuel
on
Hill
Appendix
A.
Figures
Appendix
B.
Versification
of
.
"
"
Marner"
"Silas
73
81
92
Johnson
Monument
.
Oration
98
103
108
Speech
III
fac
Digitizedby
Digitized
by
books.
printed
as
Yet
work
a
city directory, bound
distinguish
to
merely
their
to
called
and
their
or
literature.
Books
power.
The
the
directory, encyclopaedia,
are
books
not
literature, in
a
novel
:
which
to
read
we
it holds
we
the
by
to
go
facts, but
for
its
beauty
or
class
latter
the
are
works,
They
are
word.
But
it is interesting
because
and
power,
by
text-books,
facts.
of
aim
us
reference
out
sense
move
other
other
find
narrower
not
us
and
which
which
and
a
is necessary
those
of the
arithmetic
metic
arith-
Shakspere's,
It
not.
those
an
or
literature,while
books:
of
give information,
beauty
is
covers,
of
of
play
leather, is
classes
two
A
paper
in
all written
hardly speak
literature.
in
TURE
LITERA-
includes
sense,
would
one
of
bound
though
OF
broadest
in the
Literature,
even
CLASSES
AND
NATURE
therefore
it
is literature.
As
into
of
has
literature
several
poetry
appears
classes.
and
puzzled
prose.
the
poets
under
The
To
various
most
define
themselves.
it is divided
forms,
obvious
division
is
poetry
It
is
a
task
is that
which
possible,
Digitized by
how-
ever, to
and
Classes
point out
some
of the
poetry and
the first place,they differ
In
prose.
essential differences between
Poetry is arrangedin
in form.
usuallyrime/ and, further,the
arrangedas to form
in a sing-song
way.
But
of Literature
Nature
2
lines; these lines
accented
are
syllables
This
regularrhythm
so
be read
regularrhythm : they can
a
alone is not
form
short
is called metre.
sufficient.
Thirtydays hath September,
November.
April,June,and
That
couplethas
rhythm, but
The
lines
neither
of true
the
of poetry ; it has rime
form
poetry, it is
it is not
merely help one
beautynor
to
not
in them.
power
Stands
Now
burnt
are
is not
tiptoeon the misty mountain
only form,
told in these
prose way
:
to
him
the
day
but
That
hnes?
sayingit.
of
night,and
1
:
there is
take two
lines
jocund day
out, and
"
of
facts
poetry :
Night'scandles
Here
literature.
even
remember
and
But
beauty.
it is
is
a
Romeo
and
What
is the
That
morning.
the poet
palingstars
tops.
are
is the
dying candles
hving being,merry
Formerly, but less correctly,spelled rhyme.
Standard, or International Dictionary.
fact
thingsimaginatively
sees
the
Juliet,
See
and
eager.
the
Century,
Digitized
by
Nature
Instead
of
statinga plainfact,he appeab
with
in
to
nation
imagi-
our
prose
imaginative.
Again, take
lowing herd
word
one
Gray's" Elegy "
familiar line from
a
The
is
5
pictures. Poetry,then, differs from
being more
There
of Literature
Classes
and
winds
in that
be used in prose.
Nor
Poetry, then, has
slowlyo'er
:
the lea.
line,"lea," that would
would
find
we
"
o'er
"
not
for "over."
different vocabulary from
slightly
a
prose.
To
*
and
and
up, poetry differsfrom
sum
prose in
different vocabulary,
usuallyrime, in using a slightly
importantof
most
"
all
"
in
being more
of
Poetry is divided into classes,
'
and
narrative,lyric,
are
defined
by its
events.
loftynature, and
the
poem
the
poem
"Skeleton
In
other
as
in
men.
and
Armor,"
narrative
extends
it is called
thoughts and
if
a
ones
poetry is
of
are
a
considerable
a
is called
an
epic. If
Longfellow's
as
ballad.
a
relates
the
deeds
of
his
poet writes of himself,telling
and
feelings,
thus
instead of action,the result is
poetry may
events
to
such
spirited,
poetry the writer
But
Narrative
If these
liiad^it
Homer's
is short
the chief
it is Usually
story-telling
poetry,
name;
and
length,such
imaginative.
which
dramatic.
acts
dealingwith
own
metre
possessing
be described
as
dealingwith
lyricpoetry.
tions
emo-
Lyric
feelingexpressedin musical
Digitized
by
Nature
4
words.
hymn
This
be
beauty of
in the
be
feelingmay
it may
;
Classes
and
writer puts his
of
as
patriotic,
essential
; the
nature
into
feelings
national
our
is written to be acted.
poetry in that it deals with
It is like narrative
that the
thing is
verse.
poetry is that which
Dramatic
in
of love,of delight
feelingof grief,
a
own
Literature
and
acts
events.
In
similar way
a
If
classes.
is
author tells of the deeds
an
whollyimaginary,he
are
presents his
he
the result is
an
intended, not
drama
six
is written
be
And
to
acted
we
to be
"
essay, and
come
within
For
the
If the
be
he
spoken
have
If
in prose,
judgments
if what
finally,
read, but
he
men,
writingfiction.
"
writes
is
justas
a
oratory.
and dramatic
classes,narrative,
lyric,
the
These
poetry, fiction,
oration,include nearlyall books
that
the definition of literature.
with helpful
general,
Ruskin's
to read, see
discussion of literature in
a
suggestionsas
Sesame
and
Choice
of
"Books,"
to
what
and
Lilies^Part
Books
in
how
I;
Frederic
(Macmillan);
Society and
Emerson's
Solitude;
The
Harrison's
essay
on
James Baldwin's
(McClurg) and Van Dyke's
Recuiingof Books (Houghton).
Book-Lover
the
essay.
to
is
opinions and
own
of other
general
historical novel.
or
possiblya
writinghistory,
characters
into certain
is divided
prose
Counsel
Digitized
by
upon
OUTLINE
THE
FOR
STUDY
POETRY
TIVE
(Sec
I.
kind
is to
done
by
Do
not
you
can
idea
notes
one
This
of
the
idea
an
look
to
This
not
answer
or
of
work
Part
of it
of
as
a
enough
the
done,
to
to
in this way,
as
a
of
whole,
reference
This
best
refer
the
work
should
with
they
to
gain
be
read
be
After
the
a
notes
a
text
second
These
notes.
the
;
general
intended
questions
to
the
to
the
are
text.
the
can
any
sitting,if possible.
a
to
;
up
of
nor
book
the
take
with
mastery
at
connection
understand
them,
of
memorized
be
literary work
whole.
a
words
up
73)
II, p.
Subject-matter
study
carefully,in
more
read
the
Mastery
understand
help
of
Study,
single rapid reading,
stop
are
been
and
a
of it.
time,
to
gain
Specimen
in
first step
The
NARRA-
OF
merely
work
in the
when
has
outline
sary.
neces-
subject-matter, the comprehension
precede
must
any
study of parts
partictdar characteristics.
5
Digitized by
Narrative
6
Poetry
II. Classification
chief classes of narrative poetry
The
{a) The Eptc^a
a dignified
as
style,
{b) The Metrical
loftyin theme and
story. Examples:
are
:
a heroic
treating
long poem
Paradise
theme
in
Lost
Romance,
long story in
a
stylethan
the
verse, less
often
Epic;
love-
a
Scott's Mar-
Tennyson's Princess;
mion.
{c)
The
briefer ; sometimes
but
Examples:
"
The
{d)
in
a
the
"
a
humorous
Canterbury Tales;
"
; Bums's
Ballady a
of
Metrical
short
Tam
and
instead of
narrative
spirited
There
tale,but there
"
a
Pastoral.
in which
the characters
and
"
and
in
smith's
Gold-
deals with rural
Bums's
Cotter's
"
Snow-Bound."
teach
aiming to
events
of
objects
Example,
the poem
have
Examples : Spenser'sFaerie
den's "Absalom
deals with
Examples :
poem
Wreck
Mariner."
action.
no
Whittier's
a
Allegory,
poem
often characters in it as
Village." If
SaturdayNight,"and
The
are
is littleor
Deserted
it is called
life,
(/)
This
DescriptivePoem.
events.
nature.
O' Shanter."
"Ancient
Hesperus"; Coleridge's
The
mance,
Ro-
Tennyson's
"
simple style. Examples : Longfellow's
{e)
a
Chaucer's
Arden
Enoch
Tale,resemblingthe
Metrical
a
a
double
lesson,
cance.
signifi-
Queene, and Dry-
Achitophel."
Digitized
by
8
Poetry
Narrative
17.
Is the story
{a)
that
you
did
Plot
perfectlyclear,or
understand
not
at
are
the
there
first
parts
reading?
Where?
Is
{b) Considered simplyas a story,is it interesting?
there any placewhere the interest flags
?
{c) The climax of a narrative is the placewhere the
interest is at the highest
pitch. Where is the climax here ?
Are any of the
{d) Is the story probable,as a whole?
If so, does this improbability
incidents improbable?
make
a
the
less
poem
{e) Has it miity?
singleevent, or with
that
they form
(/)
An
one
enjoyable?
plothas unitywhen
A
a
series of events
it deals with
related
closely
so
story.
episodeis an
incident told at
several pages, which
with the main
plot,episodeswould
does
not
some
any direct
have
story. In givingan
be omitted.
They
length,
perhaps
are
nection
con-
outline of the
most
frequent
Epic poetry. Are there any episodeshere ? Do they
do they add, or
affect the unity of the poem?
What
in
why
were
{g) Is
source?
writer add
the
they introduced
the
If
to
at all ?
plotoriginal? If borrowed,what
read
possible,
or
this,
the
alter it?
original
story.
What
was
was
the
Did
the
the purpose of
changes?
Digitized
by
Poetry
Narrative
V.
9
Characters
(a) Are there many? i,e. many mentioned byname?
characters
Are theyclearly
or do the minor
distinguished^
talk and act about alike ?
{b) Lifelike ? Do theystand
drawn
people ? Are theyvividly
{c) Is
there
hero ?
a
What
in your mind
out
Can
?
are
you
see
as
real
them
?
the chief traits of his
character ?
{d)
Is there
a
heroine?
What
her
are
chief characteristics
?
{e) Do
poem?
(/) Are
men
angels,etc.?
Characters
or
women
there any
remain
place in the
"
use
be
may
the chief
characters, ghosts,
supernatural
Is their
they may
.stationary,
their natures
occupy
effective?
stationaryor
suffer
the
developing. If
changes in fortune,etc.,but
same.
If
developing,the
so
theygo throughchange their characters,
theybecome
etc.,than
at
more
the
more
serious,
more
tolerant,
periences
ex-
that
generous,
beginning.
or
developing? If
{g) Are the characters stationary
developing,do you think the experiencesthey go
throughare adequate to producesuch changes?
Digitized
by
Narrative Poetry
10
VI.
{a)
Where
or
do you infer them
{c) Is
there much
two
or
Point out
At
allusions ?
in
description
the poem
does the author
about
particulars
of
description
a
?
occur
stated,
placeor placesdefinitely
from
or
detailed,
descriptions
only one
supposedto
?
history,
approximately
the time and
{d) Are
told
the events
are
what time in
Setting
each
Are
the
mention
usually
scene
a
?
or
object?
an
kind.
of nature ?
Select the
{d) Is there much description
of a landscape,
sunrise or a sunset, a
best description
a
of nature accuAre the descriptions
bird or an animal.
rate
them
?
Does the author make
vivid by permore
sonifying
objects,speakingof "hungry waves," "timid
etc.
flowers,"
the author
("f)Does
customs,
?
(/)
story,or
introduce
details of costume
or
Are the
the
peculiarto
scribed
placede-
are
descriptive
passages keptsecondaryto
there
placeswhere
the author
seems
the
more
than anythingelse,
description
givingmore
necessary?
several
{g) Study carefully
to
objects,expressions,
This is called local color.
interested in
than
?
answer
Does
the
of the
longerdescriptions
:
following
questions
the author
usually
givethe
form of
objects?
color?
Digitized
by
The
Narrative
he
Does
deep
a,
crimson
sounds
usuallymention
he
Does
11
the sky ''red/'
or
generalterms, as calling
use
it **
as
specific,
calling
is he
Poetry
"?
in his
?
descriptions
Odors?
Is there
usuallymotion
Quote passages
(h)
Does
the author's
in narration,
strengthlie chiefly
character
yil.
be in the
may
by
victory
;
a
one
;
or
in
or
any
be
or
of the poem,
tone
in
one
a
in which
A.
Are
humor
there
there may
as
where
or
lighter
the
even
Where
same
may
be
be contrast
tragicpassage
a
a
humorous
each.
Note
style
Stylein
?
spects
re-
is used.
contrast
General
patheticpassages?
in the poem
between
an
possible,
example of
Vra.
I.
duced,
being intro-
the other in certain
contrast
and
descriptions;
by
persons
different occasions; there
on
Point out, if
other ways
a
It
defeat is closely
followed
a
character,two
there may
is followed
vein.
effectivedevices in art.
justthe oppositeof
in the
in the mood
Contrast
where
plot,as
person'sactions
contrast
drawing?
of the most
Contrast is one
?
pictures
to illustrateanswers.
or in
description,
in
in his
?
Where?
Is the
humor
broad?
Digitized
by
Is there
quietor
Narrative
12
2.
best
Select from the
describe the
these words
Poetry
Ust
following
styleof
two
the whole
or
three terms
If
poem.
none
that
of
apply,suggest others.
concise
Clear,direct,
;
Obscure,tedious,verbose
;
Fresh,natural ;
harsh
Awkward, stiff,
;
Melodious,musical,sonorous.
3. Are
as
there
any
parts of the poem
you
would
scribe
de-
:
Graphic,animated?
Earnest,dignified,
grand,sublime ?
Strong,intense,impassioned?
Delicate,brilliant?
Give reference to passages
B.
where
Figuresof Speech
Select several pages
givenbelow.
questions
for careful
For
Is the poem
Which
speech?
2.
Does
the
notable
kind of
author
Give
for
use
examples of
answer
the
examplesof
p. 108.
of
profusionof figures
a
figureis most
? metonymy
personification
found ?
study to
definitions and
of speech,see Appendix A,
figures
1.
found.
the
simile ? the
?
Is
the
?
common
metaphor ?
Homeric
each.
Digitized
by
simile
Narrative
3. Are
like
"
of the
many
red
figuresnew,
rose,"" black
a
as
C.
Select the two
or
are
they familiar,
night,"etc.
as
Give
?
amples
ex-
Diction
three
or
that
choosing,
own
your
IJ
if found.
original
figures,
of
1.
Poetry
this list,
or of
from
terms
best describe the
languageof
the
poem:
idiomatic
Simple,colloquial,
;
ornate
Elevated,polished,
(over-ornamented)
;
Smooth, strong,terse,elliptical.
Is
2.
the
language
different from
that
of
prose ?
Give examples of poeticdiction, expressions
Markedly so?
oft
for often," vasty
to poetry, as
peculiar
deep for "ocean," etc.
"
"
"
"
"
"
there
3. Are
examples of
IX.
{a) What
B, p. III.)
iambic
is the metre
The
metre
pentameter
such
form?
as
Metre
of the poem
of the
more
poetry is sometimes
in
frequently
there any variations from
substitution of other feet,
or
(For variations
?
(SeeAppendix
great Epic in Englishis
j other narrative
written in this metre, but
(d) Are
?
Biblical expressions
in iambic
stanzas.
the normal
changesin
the stanza-
pentameter,
Digitized
by
metre,
see
Dra-
Narrative
14
Poetry,Sec. VIII,p. 35.) What
matic
these
is the purpose
of
changes ?
{c) Are
parts of the poem
any
different metre,
is used
metre
(^^)Write
into
any book
In
as
the
lyricsin
Why
here ?
written
The
is the
out
the scansion
X.
Characteristics
new
in
entirely
an
Princess t
form
of Author
of the characteristicsof the
enumerated.
Some
or
will
of many
was
not
after
the book
sonality
perfrom
wrote
expect
to
of the characteristics
probablybe apparent
others will disclose themselves
{a) Judging from
who
man
answeringthe questionsbelow,do
find indications of all
?
of twenty lines.
authors put their own
exceptions,
their works,so that it is possible
to infer
some
the author
What
introduced
very few
With
it
Poetry
a
at
once
;
littlestudy.
alone,would
you
infer that
:
?
broad-minded,philanthropic
Earnest,sympathetic,
?
prejudiced,
cynical,
misanthropic
Flippant,
Cheerful, optimistic?or grave, melancholy, pessimistic?
a reformer
original,
Independent,
Positive in his
opinions?
Conventional,conservative
A
man
of
?
?
? devout
high ideals ? patriotic
?
Digitized
by
Poetry
Narrative
16
beautyor
power,
and memorize
which
Read
a
authors,the
standard work
and
American
series
{b)
If
:
the true
work
literary
your
Read
the
of
a
in his life seem
inferences drawn
Critical
their statements
Consult
of
position
1
volume
of his letters
man
usually
to
have influenced
man
as
givenin
from his works.
Opinion^
several of the best criticisms of this poem.
studyunder
{b)
of Letters
?
your
Xm.
Compare
nature
a
Men
the characteristics of the
biographywith
{a)
(W. Scott). For
American
possible,
get
circumstances
{c) Compare
his
the
series
pers),
(Har-
in his letters.
What
his
them
read
of Letters series
Writers
authors,consult
out
comes
Fuller
EnglishMen
the Great
"
Biography is the
is givenin
treatment
National
of reference.
(Houghton).
and
For British
brief biographyof the author.
of the
the volumes
Life of Author
Dictionaryof
"
? Select
quotations
as
of these.
some
XII.
{a)
serve
may
a
with
results obtained
Sections IV, V, VI, and
standard
of
history
this author,how
Sections XIV
the
and
XV
are
by
VIII.
literatureto ascertain
he ranks with others of his
intended
for advanced
classes.
Digitized
by
Narrative
age, and how
class.
same
this poem
Poetry
17
with other poems
compares
that will be useful here
Books
Elizabethan
literature,
Saintsbury's
of the
are, for
lish
Eng-
Literature
(MacGosse's EighteenthCentury Literature (Macmilmillan),
lan),Perry'sEighteenthCentury Literature (Harpers),
Stedman's Victorian Poets (Houghton),Saintsbury's
iV^i"^teenth Century Literature (Macmillan). For American
consult Stedman's
literature,
Richardson's
\i^xA"^%
American
LiteraryHistoryof America
another
Choose
possibleone
Note
(Scribners).
Comparative Study
narrative poem
alreadystudied
or
of the
read,and
in the chief
it with this one
subjects?or
themselves ?
be made
the
The
:
the time in which
the
are
subjectof
ZV.
a
run
the
it to
over
the outline.
is a marked
ence.
differ-
the authors wrote
differences due
comparison of
if
class,
same
pointsof
pointsin w;hichthere
particularly
Is this due to
their
(Houghton),
(Putnam), Barrett
Literature
XIV.
compare
ofAmerica
Poets
two
to
the
poems
?
men
might
theme.
Collateral
Reading
Paradise Lost and Paradise
{a) Epic Poetry, 'iA\lton*s
Regained stand alone in Englishas examples of the great
Epic. The Epic poems of other literaturesare accessible
Digitized
by
Narrative
18
Iliad has been translated in
in translations. Homer's
by Pope, Chapman,
jEneid
by Dryden
Poetry
Lord
and
Derby,
and
verse
Bryant; Vergil's
Dante's
by Conington;
Comedy by Gary,by Longfellow,and by
Divine
Norton.
(Jf)Other Forms of Narrative Poetry. Some of the
best examples have alreadybeen mentioned in Section II.
To this listmay be added Tennyson'sIdylls
of the King^
William
and
Morris's
"The
"Sohrab
poems,
Eve
and
with
Earthly Paradise, Keats's
of St.
Agnes," and
Rustum."
a
discussion
class of poetry,may
of the
Matthew
Arnold's
lists of
narrative
characteristics of this
be found in Baldwin's
(B.F. Johnson),or
Literature (Ginn).
ature
Extended
"Isabella"
EnglishLiter-
in Arnold's Manual
of English
Digitized
by
OUTLINE
THE
FOR
STUDY
LYRIC
OF
POETRY
(See Specimen
I.
the
Read
read
it first
Then
read
new
up
clear,take
as
it
a
or
a
second
the
the
into various
Love
may
Way
Patriotic
Thomson's
Sacred
Tennyson's
as
refer
the
of
notes.
to
and
notes
to
ing
lookis
poem
questions following.
Classification
of
be
classes,as
Lyric
to
meaning
deals
definition,l)rricpoetry
this emotion
"One
stopping
not
It is best
studied.
time, referring to
II.
By
be
to
When
79)
II, p.
Subject-matter
poems
whole^
words.
up
of
Mastery
poem
Part
Study,
Bxu'ns's
"
J
emotion.
kinds, lyrics are
various
follows
with
As
divided
:
Highland
Mary,"
Browning's
of Love."
Lyric,
"Rule
Lyric,
as
Key's
"Star-Spangled
Banner,"
Brittania."
as
"Crossing
Milton's
the
"Ode
on
the
Bar."
19
Digitized by
Nativity,"
20
Lyric Poetry
Lyricof Grief,as
"
Hood's
"
Bridgeof Sighs,"Shelley's
Adonais."
Lyric of Supplication^
as
"
Sleep
"
Shelley's
;
Lyric of Praise
Matthew
"The
the
which
sonnet
celebrate
Walks
Battle
in
Lyric, as
"
to
Pibroch
on
his
blindness,
Wordsworth's
"
Daffodils,"
Byron's
of Donuil
Battle
of the
Dhu."
Ariel's songs in The
Tempest,Keats's
"The
Bums's
Mermaid
Roarin' Willie,"
Rattlin',
Tavern."
Lyric,as
in Our
"
Bums's
"
Duncan
Gray," Carey's
Alley."
SocietyVerse ( Vers de Societe),
lyricswhich
"
societythemes in a graceful
way, as Holmes's
Leaf," Dobson's
A
l)rric
may
Mary
"A
Dead
combine
"
studied
To
expresses
which
of the
treat
The
of
Last
Letter."
feelingof
griefas
usuallypredominates.
{a)
Baltic,"
Nightingale."
a
Humorous
"SaUy
sonnet
Campbell's "
Convivial Lyric,as
Keats's
class,as
a
Beauty."
Lyric of Fancy, as
Ode
individual,
as
Builders."
Ship
Descriptive
Lyric,as
"
"To
Eliot's " Choir Invisible."
George
Scott's
an
Shakspere,or
on
Reflective
Lyric,as Milton's
"She
sonnet
Night."
may
y
Arnold's
Whittier's
To
Wordsworth's
several kinds
well
as
:
love,but
foregoingclasses does
"
one
land
Highing
feel-
the poem
belong?
Digitized
by
Lyric Poetry
Lyricsare
also classified in another way,
their form, as
The
Songs,Odes,
and
restricted to
but includes most
short
be sung,
It is
Collins's "How
are
Sleep the
Ariel's songs
in
Tempest
The
Ode
is longerthan the
enthusiastic
Song, is more
mood, usuallyhas a complicatedmetrical
exalted in
with
structure,and deals progressively
Examples
"
to
in thought
by simplicity
Brave," Scott's "Hunting Song," and
or
l)rric
poems.
the Sonnet.
lyrics,
except
language. Examples
The
of
compositionsintended
characterized by brevity,
and
and
accordingto
Sonnets.
includes the greater number
Song
It is not
21
Milton's
are
Alexander's
Ode
"
Feast,"and
the
on
a
theme.
dignified
Nativity,"
Dryden's
Wordsworth's
Intimations
of
lines,written
in
"
Immortality."
The
is
Sonnet
iambic
Does
usuallyriming in
iii.)
Examples are
sentiment.
(3)
of fourteen
poem
pentameter, and
(See Appendix B,
or
a
p.
It deals with
the sonnets
studied
the poem
belong to
fixed order.
a
of
a
singleidea
Shakspere.
going
any of the fore-
classes?
III. Central
Every lyricpoem
about
was
some
emotion
has
as
a
a
Theme
central
core.
roughlyindicated by the
The
thought.
nature
It is built up
of this emotion
classificationunder Section II.
Digitized
by
Lyric Poetry
22
It
remains
now
theme,
so
a
emotion^
central
or
l)rric
may
express
patriotic
lyricmay
patriotismconquering the
fear of
a
have
death,
on.
{a)
{b)
the
definitely
State
Has
it a
{c) Does
central theme
the poem
possess
The
emotion
and
Select
one
of the
poem,
of these
unity?
Mood
underlyinga lyricpoem
in various ways.
deep
of the poem.
If so, state it.
secondarytheme?
IV.
or
this
love
child ;
for her
love
for its theme
and
state
A
definitely.
more
mother's
to
A
love
tender,or
or
or
two
be
lightand gracefiil,
sad.
words
choose
l3rric
may
be treated
may
best describe the mood
which
of
adjectives
your
own
if
none
apply:
Tender, dreamy,sentimental,vague
;
Strong,intense,passionate,
extravagant;
morbid
Earnest,grave, sad,tragic,
;
reckless ;
cheerful,
light,fancifiil,
Exalted,triumphant,spiritual
;
satirical,
Humorous, witty,
pathetic
v.
Read
terms
the poem
Movement
aloud and decide which of the
best express its movement
:
Digitized
by
following
ly^ic Poetry
24
Bat
our
Our memories
this
Does
What
{a)
metre
occur
were
treacherous
VII.
Structure
and
sere.
sere.
?
is the stanza
form?
(SeeAppendix B,
?
palsiedand
thoughtsthey were
Lyricpoetry is varied
p.
The
song
The
in.)
in metrical
impossibleto reduce the
rime order?
structure.
It is often
and the ode to any definite
metrical scheme.
(Ji)Are there
you
see
any marked
why theywere
the two
describe the
or
ue,
VIII.
Style
?
Can
Diction
three terms
from
the poem
languageof
the metre
what eflfectis produced?
made^
A.
Select
changesin
idiomatic
Simple,colloquial,
this listthat best
:
;
ornate
Elevated,polished,
(over-ornamented)
;
Smooth, strong, terse,elliptical.
B.
Is it characterized
Stylein General
by
:
Grace, spontaneity,
delicacy,
brilliancy?
Dignity,
grandeur?
Digitized
by
Lyric Poetry
25
Strength,
intensity,
passion?
Beauty
of sentiment
Profusion of
by the
as
a
author
group, turn
14, and
X, p.
Characteristics
questionshould
same
stanzas
the
answer
"
Intimations
under
1
Sections XII
the
Immortality,"
other
form
of poetry, expresses
here.
See
Critical
the man's
suggestionsfor study
16.
Opinion^
best criticisms of this poem.
with
the
results obtained
Sections IV, V, VI, and VIII.
and
best
memorizing.
any
{a) Read several of the
Compare their statements
studyunder
of
entire ; with poems
Poetry,Sec. XII, p.
XII.
your
Poetry,Sec.
a knowledge of
personality,
necessary
Narrative
takingthem
Life of Author
than
more
l)rric,
more
of poems
questionsgiventhere.
be selected for
the author's
life is
studied ; then
be committed
XI.
As the
number
Memory Passages
should
lyrics
may
been
a
the outline for Narrative
to
like Wordsworth's
of Author
be left until
have
X.
Short
?
Beauty of description
imagery?
IX.
This
?
XIII
are
intended for advanced
classes.
Digitized
by
by
26
Lyric Poetry
{b) Consult
of
the position
standard
of
history
this author,how he
a
his age, and
how
of the
class.
same
this poem
For
for this purpose,
see
a
Select
a
of
group
ranks with others of
with other poems
compares
listof books
that will be
the references
Poetry,Sec. XIII, (^),p.
XIII.
literatureto ascertain
ful
use-
rative
Nar-
givenunder
i6.
Comparative Study
lyrics
by
author,such
another
as
the
or
\ync" in Tennyson's Princess^or Shakspere'slyrics,
Foe's shorter poems,
and
just studied,accordingto
Narrative
with the group
directions
the
Poetry,Sec. XiV,
XIY.
them
compare
given under
p. 17.
Collateral
Reading
{a) Collections of Lyric Poetry. Palgrave'sGolden
Trec^uryyFirst Series (Macmillan),contains the best
lyricpoetry written during three centuries of English
literature. It is
should
a
The
own.
book
which
Golden
every student of literature
TreasuryySecond
selected from writers of the Victorian
books
are
contain
period. Other
able
valu-
Carpenter's
English LyricPoetry (Scrib-
Elizabethan
ners),and Schelling's
volumes
Series,is
selected poems,
Lyrics(Ginn).
with
Both
introductions
scholarly
and notes.
Digitized
by
Lyric Poetry
{b) IndividuaJ
Au^iors.
Nearlyall the great English
poets have written lyrics.There
stand out
27
are
some,
however^who
distinctively
lyric
poets. Such are Bums and
Herrick and Shelley. Other writers who have attained
high eminence in l3rric
poetry are Tennyson,Swinburne,
The great sonnet writers in Englishliterature
and Poe.
are
Shakspere,Milton,Wordsworth, and Dante G. Rosas
scttL
Digitized
by
OUTLINE
THE
FOR
STUDY
MATIC
The
first
kind
is to
done
by
Do
not
time,
notes
to
been
look
to
one
read
and
This
not
are
the
to
This
or
of
mastery
work
as
a
of
best
can
refer
the
to
gain
should
be
read
with
the
they
the
to
to
subject-matter,
whole,
must
second
a
These
merely
the
in
the
;
general
a
intended
are
questions
reference
be
notes
notes.
After
text.
any
sitting,if possible.
a
work
up
with
This
the
;
take
of
to
the
them,
answer
at
connection
understand
literarywork
nor
book
memorized
be
a
whole.
a
of
enough
done,
to
of the
of parts
as
words
up
in this way,
necessary.
of
study
of it
carefully,in
more
help
the
idea
an
understand
of it.
idea
in
8i)
p.
Subject-matter
single rapid reading,
a
stop
can
you
gain
of
II.
Part
Study,
Mastery
step
DRA-
POETRY
(See Specimen
I.
OF
work
has
the
line
out-
text
the
precede
particular characteristics.
Digitized by
when
hension
compre-
any
study
Poetry
Dramatic
II.
Tragedy^in
characters
Classification
divided into the
Playsare
the
which
Example, As
Like
You
humorous
or
the
there
but
serious,
prevailingly
happily. Example,
which
To
be
illustrated in
contest
between
Ccesar,
This
Caesar's friends
All the characters
are
whole
with
plot deals
included
the
there is
also
a
a
main
The
comedy
the
j
play
Venice.
play
and
simpleplotis
deals with
in these groups, and
The
the
Caesar's enemies.
strife between
complex plot is illustrated by
Here
of
tone
Plot
simple or complex.
Julius
of
playbelong?
m.
Plots may
view
The
of
scenes
are
Merchant
The
class does this
Macbeth.
unites
implies,
name
tragicending is threatened,but averted,and
ends
principal
Example,
of the characteristics of both the above.
some
a
the
sad;
It.
Drama^ which, as
Reconciling
is
is
death.
or
cheerful
Comedy^ presentinga
life.
classes :
following
ending
disaster
meet
29
them.
Merchant
the
The
of Venice.
story, that of the pound of flesh ;
secondarystory, the elopement of Jessica.The
episodesof
the caskets and of the
the main
action.
If the
but several stories told side
ringsstillfurther
plotis not
a
plicate
com-
singlestory,
by side,it is called complex.
Digitized
by
Dramatic
30
Poetry
{a) Is the plot of this play simple or complex? If
threads,or separate stories,are
complex, how many
there?
all the events
{b) Are
make
{c) Is
miderstood
easily
more
are
is it
follow,or
to
written
confusing? Plays are
read,and
not
play less enjoyable?
the
story of the play easy
the
sometimes
If not, does the improbabili
probable?
be
to
when
acted,
seen
on
the stage.
Source.
{d)
If
took
the
Is the
the
accessible.
or
playoriginal
and Roman
playsfrom
Englishhistorical playsare
Holinshed*s
Chronicle.
Morley's edition
Library,givesthe
rowed?
bor-
original
story. Shakspere
materials for his Greek
upon
National
the
read
possible,
Plutarch's Lives; his
based
plot of
Both
of the
books
plays,in
of each
source
largely
are
Cassell's
playin
the
appendix.
{e) What
alterations have
additions?
story ?
What
made
(Thismay
?
form
IV.
{a) At what time
supposed to occur?
{b)
At what
Are these
in
the
been
made
Why
were
subjectof
original
these
changes
theme.)
Setting
historyare
How
a
in the
much
the events
time
placeor placesis the
do
of the
play
they occupy?
action carried on?
placesreal or imaginary?
Digitized
by
Dramatic
32
there any
(e) Are
humorous
characters in the
(/) Study
of
PrincipalCharacters.
chief personages^
at
one
time^and
a
does not
not
this indicates
give an
be
this manner,
noting every
of,and
thereby shown.
traits found.
each
of the
they
through
is
One
or
end
two
says he
is
"
he
not
Cassius's
urging,
throughthe play in
Go
acts, speaks,
trait of character is
any
make
a
of the most
one
first appears
the person
whether
the
This
time
For
disposition.He
to
once
of the
summary
stimulating
parts
should
lessons
may
be
be
given to
or
developing. If
stationary
suffer
may
remain
the
changes
same.
they become
etc.,than
in
If
they go through change
that
the
up
characters.
principal
Characters
their natures
see
At
study.
sober
deliberate.
to
is spoken
Brutus
a
at
answer
showing him
of the
follow them
the sports, and
to witness
care
gamesome";
does
Take
discover their chief traits of character.
play to
example,m Julius Ccesar,when
or
play?
them.
Name
the
Poetry
more
more
serious,
at the
beginning.
tionary,
sta-
fortune,etc., but
the
developing,
periences
ex-
their characters,so
more
tolerant,
erous,
gen-
or
developing? If
{g) Are the characters stationary
do you think the experiences
developing,
theygo through
are
adequateto produce such changes?
Digitized
by
Dramatic
VI.
Purpose of
serves
Scenes.
making
Every
what is to follow ; it may
in
deepen
Julius
CcBsar
{a)
or
serve
it may
frenzythe
mob
as
a
purposes
the effect of
the
murder
had been
of each
^ to
(Questions
^ inclusive
by another,or
a
a
what
In
whom
in
ter
characto
scene
a
preceding scene,
of Cinna
shows
state
;
as
to what
the
briefly
a
purpose
apply to tragedyonly.)
'tragedyis
conflict.
The
end ; he is opposed
accomplishsome
or
by something within himself,
by
the
excitingforce
is the chief character
the first half of the
toward
for
action,
conflict ensues.
is called
or
the
precedingscene
{b) Who is the principalcharacter?
is his motive
wish to accomplish? What
motive
comprehend
scene.
chief character wishes to
so
a
situation,
to indicate
to
play
wrought by Antony'sspeech.
essential element
fate,and
to
forward
serve
contrast
throughthe play and
Go
The
facts necessary
it may
the
give us
introductory,
preparingus
be
follow ; it may
or
well- written
a
merelycarry
/".,continue the story;
; it may
in
scene
It may
acquaintedwith
us
33
Stractare
definite purpose.
a
Poetry
the
end
play the
What
does
for this?
of the
he
This
tragedy. By
opposed?
chief
character
vances
ad-
he has in view ; this is called the
Digitized
by
Dramatic
34
"
action,"and
rising
he is nearest
Poetry
continues to the
where
turning-point,
success.
does the "rising action"
{c) Where
begin? (It is
usuallywhere the excitingforce enters.) Where is the
turning-point?
After the turning-point,
the opposing force proves
borne down
stronger, and the chief character is gradually
by
This
it.
where
catastrophe,
to the
or
"
continues
action,"and
falling
the chief character
ruin
meets
death.
{d)
Where
with what
us
prepare
"
is the
"
firstmanifest,!".,
falling-action
does the decline
event
Dramatic
as
is called the
foreshadowingis
for
a
the
begin?
lettingfall of
coming event, usuallyof
Calpumia'sbad
dreams
before
a
tragicnature,
the murder
two
or
(e) Look through one
precedingan important event, and
of Caesar.
immediately
scenes
if there
see
hints to
are
any
hints of it.
Vn.
(a)
art.
Contrast
by
a
victory
;
one
introduced,
respects ;
or
one
be in the
It may
followed
is
of the most
plot,as
or
in
where
on
be
a
effective devices
a
defeat is
two
character,
justthe oppositeof
there may
person'sactions
Contrast
contrast
different
closely
persons
the other
between
occasions;there
Digitized
by
in
being
in certain
the
may
same
be
Dramatic
in the
contrast
in the mood
descriptions
; and
tone
or
is followed
in
by one
other ways
in which
35
as
where
lighteror
a
tragicpassage
a
a
even
example
contrast
be contrast
there may
of the poem,
Point out, if possible,
an
vein.
any
Poetry
humorous
of each.
Note
is used.
{b) Allied to contrast is the principleof parallelism,
characters or incidents that are similar in
or introducing
of Venice,
respects. For example,in The Merchant
many
Bassanio's wooing is paralleled
by Gratiano's ; both win
their wives
give them
play
or
lot,both
same
This
away.
studied
incident
the
by
is
of
parallel
normal
without
incident.
both
the
Does
in
character?
(For explanationof
III.)
The
and
rings,
either
examples of parallelism,
contain
VIII.
p.
receive
varied in the
and
metrical
terms,
of the drama
metre
rime,
Metre
hence
called
following
ways
see
is iambic
blank
Appendix B,
pentameter,
verse.
This
is
:
.
By varyingthe placeof the caesura.
spondaic,or pyrrhicfeet.
By the substitution of trochaic,
By the addition of
of a line,or sometimes
By
an
the addition of
Alexandrine
an
unaccented
a
following
a
at
syllable
pause
within
sixth foot,making what
line.
Digitized
by
the end
the
line.
is called
Dramatic
56
Poetry
By
the
use
of
By
the
use
of lines divided between
By the
use
By
incompletelines,
usuallyin dialogue.
of rimed
often
couplets^
the alternation of
Appendix B,
the end of
a scene.
lines.
run-on
(See
in.)
introduction
the
By
p.
at
end-stoptand
speakers.
two
of
Ophelia'ssongs
as
lyrics^
in
Hamlet.
By
the
{a)
of the
are
of prose
use
Scan
for certain
twenty lines,notingthe
pointsmentioned.
What
of any
occurrence
the
proportionof
lines
run-on?
there any
{b) Are
metre
lyricsin
the
is the
What
play?
of these?
{c) Are
any
used here ?
occur.
nature
in
entirely
scenes
Find
What
the other?
a
is the
Does
for the
reason
it
{a)
depend
upon
is prose
Why
both prose and
change
the
from
verse
one
speaker,or
to
the
of the discourse?
Is
obscure,is
use,
prose ?
in which
scene
IX.
in
parts.
or
the
language
this due
to
the
to
Style
of the
the
play alwajrsclear?
words,
thought, which
{b) Are there allusions to
Biblical stylein the play?
the
which
are
is not
no
If
longer
pressed?
clearlyex-
Bible,or any echoes of
Digitized
by
Dramatic
{c) Point
(d)
would
Is any
37
words
examples of poeticdiction,i,e.,
out
phrasesthat
Poetry
not
be found
or
in prose.
What
part of the play written in dialect?
is gained by its use?
("?)Is there
humorous?
chiefly
a
humor
in the
What
play?
does
purpose
Are
scenes
any
humor
serve
in
tragedy?
Is there
(/)
(g) Is
or
pathos?
the styleof the
there
are
poeticlevel?
Give
Select
a
the
examples.
level
same
the author risesto
out,
through-
higher
a
examples.
do you
Memory
Passages
consider the finest parts of the
of fifteen
passage
out
play at
placeswhere
X.
(a) What
Point
or
twenty lines and
play?
rize
memo-
it.
{b)
there
Are
beauty or
power,
and memorize
notable
or
singlelines,
couplets,
which
a
serve
as
quotations?
Select
of these.
some
XI.
For
may
for their
brief life of
Life of Author
Shakspere,consult
Dowden's
Shaks-
(Am. Bk. Co.), or Wendell's
William Shakspere,Chap. II (Scribners).
For a fuller
treatment, see the Life,by Sydney Lee (Macmillan). If
pere Primer, Chap. II
other
books
are
consulted,be
careful
to
separate iajcX
Digitized
by
Dramatic
58
from tradition.
In
reading about
which
the events
Poetry
his
his work
influenced
larly
particu-
life^note
as
writer of
a
plays.
XII.
Read
His
Critical
what is said of the
Mind
and
Art
Opinion
play in
Dowden's
read the views of critics
or
(Harpers),
in the introduction to Rolfe's edition of the
in the
Co.),or
appendix to
Fumess's
with
cott). Compare briefly
What
another
Choose
alreadystudied
with this
in the chief
one
subjectof
a
which
of the
careful
there
compare
the outline.
is
a
Note
marked
playsmight
Collateral
studyof
every
Such
Macbeth,
it to
over
run
pointsof
two
if possible
one
class,
same
it
ticularly
par-
difference.
be
made
the
one
Reading
play makes
greaterpleasmre. There
playswhich
read.
(Lippinyour study.
theme.
XIV.
a
the results of
the
read, and
or
comparison
others
Variorum
Bk.
Comparative Study
play of
pointsin
The
play(Am.
pointsare brought out?
new
XIII.
The
Shakspere,
Romeo
are
educated
The
and
are
person
Merchant
the
some
is
of
readingof
Shakspere's
supposed to
have
of Venice,Hamlety
King Lear, Juiius Ccssar,
Juliet,
Digitized
by
OUTLINE
OF
STUDY
THE
FOR
FICTION
a
Study,
I.
Mastery
of
story rapidly,
The
notes.
this
is to
gain
impression
an
introduction
for
stopping
not
receive
to
II, p. 92)
Part
Subject-matter
of
purpose
plot, and
the
of
Specimen
the
Read
nor
(See
knowledge
a
the
of
book
as
whole.
Title
II.
The
as
in
title of
David
time,
the
serves
Ninety-
as
Scarlet
or
the
purposes
it may
or
or
Letter;
be
:
The
indicate
merely
.007.
Last
plot, as
as
;
the
The
nature
Light
fantastic,
chosen
Sometimes
Days
or
significant
some
reverse,
Kipling's
the
Middlemarch
as
mention
or
the
principal character,
suggest
scene,
;
tragic or
curiosity, as
several
TTiree
title may
the
name
the
name
story, whether
Failed;
arouse
or
The
object, as
story may
Copperfield;
Kidnapped;
the
a
a
of
That
to
title
of Pompeii gives
40
Digitized by
Fiction
both
placeand
and
character
titles often
aim
The
End
time ; Sentimental
Tommy
suggests the
of the
this
at
or
purpose
Crusoe; it may
as
Uncle
present
these
Cabin;
or
as
subjects,
Reason.
What
the tide
was
as
picture,
Romola
or
set
;
Robinson
Ivanhoe
advocate
a
;
cause,
forth the author's views
Meredith's
it
as
The
Egoist;
is,as
serve
more
or
Howells's
A
than
of
one
dominant.
is usually
one
the
visible
In-
?
serve
historical
Many books
yet
purposes,
{a)
Choir
Purpose
faithful pictureof Hfe
a
Woman^s
a
lesson,as
Tom*s
certain
upon
present
moral
a
The
as
by written simplyto entertain,
Fiction may
teach
story. Modem
etc.
does
purposes
the chief
names
as
suggestiveness,
III.
or
tone
of the Passagey
,
What
41
author's
in
purpose
writingthis
book?
{b)
in your
If the book
words.
own
aims to teach
a
Is this lesson
book, or merelyimplied?
If
lesson,state
this lesson
stated
definitely
where
stated,
?
in the
(Read
the
preface.)
(c) If
the book
is this purpose
book
as
a
made
has
too
a
purpose
beyond entertainment,
prominent,so
that it injuresthe
story ?
Digitized
by
Fiction
42
IV.
{a) Is
Plot
?
Does
the storyinteresting
the interest
flagat
point?
any
(b) Is it probable as
Would
improbable ?
whole
a
the
?
be
story
any
incidents
better
without
Are
them?
Plots may
with
be
character
one
or
and
of characters^
singlegroup
a
simpleplotdeals
The
simpleor complex.
follows their fortunes to the conclusion.
the method
short story. The
of the
several groups ; the
story deals with
then
another,
to
of the
the
are
a
as
("/)Would
the
way
usual ?
By
out
or
that the whole
the
each
passages
rapid.
the author's
{e) Does
up
of the novel.
If
complex,
How
?
plotis a
What
stories ?
unit
acters
char-
of the story,
describe the movement
succeed
events
it is
where
takes
connectinglinks ?
you
Point
usually
This is the method
etc.
first,
of unconnected
number
serve
then
one,
stories of different groups
these threads united,so
instead of
is
complex plot has
plothere simpleor complex ?
threads,or
many
the
usuallythat
and
romance
{c) Is
how
returns
This
other, as
where
Is it retarded
the movement
by
much
stoppingto explainhis
story progress
does it open
with
some
slow,rapid,or
is
slow,
?
description
characters ?
from
steadily
the
event, and then in
Digitized
by
ning,
begina
later
Fiction
chaptergo
called
back and tellwhat
43
happenedbefore
This is
?
narration.
reverting
Does
(/)
is at the
it rise to
a
highestpitch?
climax,a pointwhere
is this ?
Where
the interest
Are there minor
climaxes ?
{g)
storyat
or
the author
employ suspense, breakingoff the
a critical pointto introduce comment
or description,
of people? Point out
to take up another group
Does
instances.
{h) Does the storyend happilyor unhappily?
?
you prefera different ending? What
(/) Select the best chaptersor the best pages
Would
in the
book.
Characters
v.
{a) Many
confused?
{d)
Drawn
or
Too
few?
you
occasionally
get
them
many?
from
with which
several,
{c) Does
Did
what
classes of
is the author most
the author succeed
society?
If
from
successfril?
best with
men
or
women?
Successful with children ?
{d)
Are
the characters lifelike?
{e) Are they like real people,or are they exceptional,
or
more
fortunate,more
being braver, more
beautiful,
villanous than peopleusually
in real life?
are
(/) Is there any tendency to exaggerate certain traits
of character,
so making caricatures?
Digitized
by
Fiction
44
(g)
Are
any of the characters historical?
the novelist present them
do?
This may
Can
(h)
groups,
in the
be made
the
subjectof
wicked
and evil traitsmingledin the
sometimes
a
theme.
same
people,
havingsome
good
good people
or
"
person, the
yieldingto temptation,and
characters
historians
lightas
same
separate the characters easilyinto two
you
good peopleand
"
If so, does
are
the worst
even
redeeming traits?
or
(f) Are the characters consistent,
surpriseyou by doing something you
do
theysometimes
think
they would
do?
not
Characters
may
they may
remain
natures
be
tionary,
or
stationary
developing.If stasuffer changes in fortune,
etc.,but their
the
If
same.
they go through change
become
more
serious,
more
than at the
the experiences
developing,
their
so
characters,
more
tolerant,
that
generous,
they
etc.,
beginning.
or developing? If
(/) Are the characters stationary
do you think the experiences
developing,
theygo through
are
adequateto produce such changes?
There
and
opinionsof
the
two
are
the
methods
of characterization
analytic.In
the characters
method, the
analytic
the dramatic
from
author
what
comments
form
we
theydo
the dramatic
:
our
and say ; in
upon
the characters,
their motives,etc.
explaining
{k) Which
method
is
usuallyemployed
here?
Digitized
by
Most
Fiction
authors combine
each method.
things for
is the heroine^and what
does the author represent
think his ideal
characters
subjectof
which
him?
her chief traits?
are
traits of character
admirable ?
most
as
admire
you
would
be
this?
This
like ?
What
Which
be
may
do
of his
made
the
theme.
there
Is their
etc.?
man
nearest
comes
a
Are
(")
the chief traits of
are
what qualities
or
general,
In
{m)
you
What
is the hero?
his character^the
Who
acterizati
char-
examples of
Point out
the two.
by
(/) Who
45
as
characters,
supernatural
ghosts,
any
or
effective,
use
would
the story be better
without them?
(o) Do
men
or
women
the chief
occupy
place in
the
story?
In
(/)
the
the
older type of stories,
author
used to
call up all his characters in the last chapterand say
words
about
fiction
"
final fortunes
that which
omits this
Which
the
aims
generaldismissal
method
Fiction includes the
the incidents
few
Realistic
one.
present lifeas it is
at the
is followed
VI.
romance
to
of each
a
"
usually
close.
here ?
Classification
romance
are
and
the
novel.
ofiien improbable or
Digitized
by
In
the
unusual;
Fiction
46
the chief characters
interest is in the
novel
from
plot:
the incidents
not
are
you
ordinarypeople; ^
read it for the story. In the
probable,the
are
and you are
life,
every-day
as much
as in the plot.
Is this a
romance
or
a
VII.
the chief
characters taken
ters
interested in the charac-
novel?
Deeoriptlon
{a) Are there any long passages of description?Do
they interfere with the progress of the story? Were you
tempted to skipthem?
of nature?
Did you
{b) Is there much description
of a landscape,a
like it? Select the best description
or
sunrise,
{c)
Does
a
sunset.
the
author
introduce
objectsor
details of
he is describing?
costume, etc.,peculiarto the locality
This
is called local color.
is used for dramatic background,
description
when
a
as
fighttakes place duringa storm, or
lovers meet by moonlight; the surroundings
harmonizing
with the action,or sometimes
with it. Are
contrasting
there examples of this?
{d)
1
Sometimes
In the old romance,
of Scott and
Dumas,
the characters
are
usually
the noble, etc., embodying the characteristics
tjrpes: the soldier,the priest,
of a class,but not sharplyindividualized.
In the modem
romance,
the characters are individualized*
of Stevenson,
Digitized
by
Fiction
48
in the mood
is followed
vein.
of the
tone
or
by
in
one
a
in which
A.
it possess
Does
2.
/".
serve
?
quotations
3. Is there
one
any
of the strong
4. Are
there
Select the best.
the power
fuU
could
you
know
of
of
Note
Is it
pointsof
the book?
pathos one
who
wrote
meaning, that
it ?
broad?
Give
Are
may
of these.
some
quietor
patheticpassages?
recognize
making epigrams,
Select and memorize
humor?
Is
of each.
General
did not
short,striking
sentences,
as
humorous
is used.
so that
writers,
the author have
Does
a
ent
i,e.is itmarkedlydifferindividuality,
this writer if you
by
tragicpassage
Style
Stylein
from that of other
book
a
even
example
contrast
a.
a
lighteror
Point out, if possible,
an
any other ways
1.
story,as where
Is it
examples.
they affecting?
of the strong
pointsof
the book?
5. Would
you
describe the
styleas
:
Direct,animated, brilliant?
Balanced,stiff,
artificial,
bookish,dull?
obscure?
Eccentric,confused,disjointed,
Quote
and
passages in iUustration,
are
qualities
characteristic
of the
say which
which
style,
Digitized
by
of these
are
sional.
occa-
Fiction
6. Of the three chief
and
beauty,which
of style,
force
qualities
clearness,
is most
B.
1.
the author
Does
Give
Many?
2.
is
words
any
3. In the
do
dialogues,
the
characters
is the conversation
they
are
are
iar?
unfamil-
Is it hard to understand?
its use?
people,or
that
examples.
gainedby
Or
notable in this book?
Diction
use
Is dialect used?
?
49
too
What
talk like ordinary
rather stiffand
ish
book-
clever, always saying bright
things?
4. Which
of these terms
best describe the diction
:
Simple,idiomatic,coUoquial?
Polished,elevated,dignified?
Terse, vigorous,
picturesque?
(Ifa
fuller studyof
Essay,Sec. V,
p.
who
of Author
authors put their own
exceptions,
their works, so that it is possible
to
very few
into
from
58.)
Characteristics
X.
With
under
is desired,
see questions
style
any
wrote
book
some
it. In
of the
characteristics of the
answeringthe questionsbelow, do
expect to find indications of all or
of many
sonality
per-
infer
man
not
of the charac-
Digitized
by
Fiction
50
at
others
once,
will
Some
teristicsenumerated.
will disclose
probablybe apparent
themselves
after
a
little
study.
the book
{a) Judgingfrom
the author
was
alone,would
you infer that
:
broad-minded,philanthropic?
Earnest, sympathetic,
prejudiced,
C3aiical,
misanthropic?
Flippant,
or
Cheerfiil,
optimistic;
grave, pessimistic?
a reformer?
Independent,original,
Conventional,conservative?
A
In
devout?
high ideals? patriotic?
man
of
each
case
teU
what
upon
passages
base your
you
reply.
his
{b) Do
indicate
writings
A vivid
?
imagination
A keen
sense
A
or
generalize,
he
a
possessed:
of humor?
of
turn
philosophical
{c) Was
that he
to
seek for
who
man
mind, shown
had
causes
in
a
tendencyto
?
had
evidently
a
wide
perience
ex-
of life?
A
man
of much
A
man
of broad
?
scholarship
learning,
familiar
culture,
with
music, painting,
etc.?
literature,
A
lover of nature
?
What
were
his fiavoritebooks ?
Digitized
by
Fiction
his fame
{d) Apart from
to know
him?
(/) Write
shown
a
have him
theme
upon
author^would
an
as
To
51
for
like
you
friend?
a
the character of the author
in his works, quoting passages
as
illustrate your
to
points.
XI.
See Narrative
Poetry,Sec. XII,
XII.
Read
one
author.
Prose
Lists of such
Writers
Critical
good
two
or
Life of Author
p. i6.
Opinion
critical articles
articles are
(Scribners)
.
this
discussing
given in
Consult
a
Clark's
lish
Eng-
tory
standard his-
of literature to learn the historical importanceof this
writer ; how
compares
Narrative
he
ranks
with
others
of his time ; how
with other great novelists.
he
See references under
Poetry, Sec. XIII, ^, and add
the
following:
TTie
Developmentofthe EnglishNovell Cross (Macmillan),
and
The
book
follows the
Evolution
a
EnglishNovell Raleigh(Scribners).The
recent
historyof
book
of value in the
a
type, as
studyof
(Macmillan)is
fiction.
Comparative Study
one
read,if possible,
story recently
a
novel
The
only to 1814.
of the English Novell Stoddard
XIII.
Choose
fiction
latter
instead of
a
romance,
and
of
go
Digitized
by
a
ent
differover
it
Fiction
52
to
with this in the chief
compare
where
noting particularly
Are
these due
the
subject,
novel,
time
the
the
subjectof
a
Collateral
Reading
periodwas
son
compari-
as
book
one
the
trulyas
student
The
by
each
of the
Englishfiction, Defoe, Goldsmith,Jane
of
masters
This
the age of the drama.
of literature should read at least
or
romance
theme.
present is the age of the novel
Elizabethan
wrote, the
men
whether
"
XIV.
The
in which
of the story,
nature
be made
may
the
differences.
marked
are
to differences in the authors?
or
"
to
there
outline,
the
pointsof
ten,
Aus-
Scott, Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, R.
Stevenson, Rudyard Kipling; and
Poe, and
W.
list. The
D. Howells
supplyof
save
so
constant
read the book
as
a
suggestive
to-daythat
of the
the
day,usually
son's
and speedily
forgotten.Emerslight
significance,
rule
will
Cooper, Hawthorne,
be mentioned
fiction is
temptationis strong to
of very
may
L.
never
one
to
from
read
much
any
book
that is not
a
trash.
Digitized
by
year old
OUTLINE
THE
FOR
THE
ESSAY
(See Specimen Study,
I.
kind
is to
done
by
Do
not
been
and
be
mastery
of tiie work
as
a
with
of
This
book
refer
should
;
up
with
they
text.
the
reference
any
best be
can
the
to
to
gain
be
read
a
notes
second
a
After
the
These
intended
are
the
text
;
general
the notes.
questions in
to
of
sittingif possible.
a
to
nor
the
take
merely
work
has
the outline
when
sary.
neces-
subject-matter,the comprehension
whole,
precede any study
must
of
parts
particularcharacteristics.
II.
Essays
which
whole.
a
connection
understand
them,
answer
the
memorized
in this way,
read
of
as
literarywork
a
of the work
enough
done,
to
to
one
This
or
of
words
up
in
carefully,
not
are
help
to
look
to
98)
II, p.
Subject-matter
study
idea of it
an
This
time, more
notes
the
understand
of it.
idea
in
Part
single rapid reading, at
a
stop
can
you
gain
of
Mastery
first step
The
OP
STUDY
the
may
be
Classification
classified,
according
subject is treated, into
to
the
manner
:
S3
Digitizedby
in
The
54
Essays,tho"t
Narrative
as
a
biographyor
which
Warren
Tartar
Tribe."
Hastings
;
a
series of events,
Examples:
Macau-
Quincey's Flightof
"
De
dealingwith questionsof
Essays usually
Critical
^
art,as Lowell's Among
or
relate
historical sketch.
a
"
lay's"
7^
Essay
a
ture
litera-
Walter Pater's
My Books;
Renaissance.
or
Reflective,
and
and
Wisdom
jects,
Essays,dealingwith generalsub-
usuallydidactic.
Example,
Bacon's
Essays,
Emerson's.
Personal
nor
truths,
do not
Essays,which
pretend to present
new
but givethe author's individual
great thoughts,
opinionsof
and
men
humorous.
things. The personalessay
Example, Lamb's
Essays may
belong to
and
Macaulay's "Life
Essays of Elia.
more
than
Writings of
narrative,
partlycritical.
is often
Yet
one
one
of these classes.
Addison"
is
characteristic
partly
usually
predominates.
To
which
of the above
III.
The
essays,
{a)
essay has
no
as
Introduction,
belong?
Siruciur6
rigidlaws
however, such
The
classes does the essay
of structure.
Macaulay's,some
The
In
longer
plan is
lowed.
fol-
opening paragraphsusu-
Digitized
by
The
56
IV.
The
Study
method
of
of
Essay
""My
as
Whole
a
studywill depend
the nature
upon
of
the essay.
Narrative
A.
the events
Are
1.
the
thought of
observed,that
essay is easy
of
time,or
Is there much
2.
givea
clear idea
the best
to
foUow?
cause
and
of the situation?
pictureof
If the essay is
does
biographical,
to
you?
5. If the essay is
givenin
essay, is the
subjectin
a
6.
favorable
most
frank
"
is he real
the account
of the
this with
essay is
givenin
a
has
Hght,or
the
man
in
he dwelt too
opinions?
our
of the "cts,without
setting-forth
what
telling
If the
the man,
essayista hero-worshipper,
presentinghis
in either direction?
in
the author succeed
read
biographical,
faults,
loweringthe
upon
you have
Do
encyclopaedia.Comparing
an
the
is the essay
motive
Select
much?
Too
to
them?
of
a completepicture
presenting
much
is
effect?
of places? Enough
description
in
man
order
What
of people vivid?
descriptions
clear mental
4.
of
that the
logicalorder,so
a
descriptive
passages.
Are the
3.
a
told in
Essay
what
If the latter,
was
the
bias
essayist's
alreadyknown?
historical,
compare
standard
was
Or
it with
the
count
ac-
history.Judged by this,is the
Digitized
by
The
in matters
accurate
essay
in the
the
history?
in restating
facts akeady
essayist
This
Critical
Read
the book
Does
1.
highly?
in
a
feel the
you
have
work
that has
another
or
a
singlebook.
harshlyor praisetoo
too
demands
be
To
faults
point out
Or
and
to
give a
faults impartially?
criticism of the book
a
the two.
Reflective
Essay
meaning
to commit
of the words
compare
careful
allusions should
If
call attention to ments
overestimated?
this,read
answer
praises?
praiseis misplaced?
work, showing merits
author^and
insure that the
use
Essay
to
essayist
been
C.
not
known?
appreciated?
of the
To
This
facts
new
the ?dm of the
of all that he
merit
that the
been
not
complete view
by
less,
Is he fair?
Is it the aim of the
which
any
or
essay.
judge
essayist
not, does this show
3.
Are
was
author
an
then the
first,
the
Can
2.
with
usuallydeals
Is it more,
If not, what
essay?
B.
57
of fact?
than
or vivid,
interesting,
broughtout
Essay
is
looked
the
in this
by sentence,
study,sentence
Difficult words
grasped.
up
in
an
to
and
ary,
unabridged diction-
but
definitions,
to
understand
place.
Digitized
by
the
The Essay
58
D.
To
what
work?
does
extent
Can
Personal
author
the
infer what
you
different from
recognizea
See
questionsunder
rative
Nar-
Style
Stylein
it possess
Does
1.
his likes and
p. 14.
V.
A.
reveal himself in his
his habits were?
dislikes? his favorite books?
Poetry, Sec. X,
Essay
General
ix,
individuality,
is the
edly
stylemark-
that of other writers,
so that you
book
of his
even
if you
did not
might
know
the
author?
Is there
2.
broad?
Is humor
Point out
in the
essay?
of the strong
one
Is it
pointsof
quietor
the book?
examples.
pathos found?
3.
Is
4.
Does
Any
humor
any
author
the
of these to
5. Are
effective?
Is it effective?
a
employ irony?
marked
out
satire?
degree?
of speech used?
figures
Point
ridicule?
firequently?Are they
examples. (See Appendix A,
p.
of statement
?
108.)
6.
Is the work
logical
power?
or
characterized
keen
by
accuracy
analysis?sympatheticappreciation?
by exaggeration?
prejudice?untruth?
Digitized
by
The
the
of
7. Select such
his
choosingas apply to
Essay
59
bdow
terms
of your
or
own
style:
musical
Smooth, graceful,
;
harsh,commonplace
Rough, plain,
;
Direct,animated, brilliant,
stimulating
;
Balanced,rhetorical,
stiff,
bookish,dull;
dignified
Clear,flexible,
poetic,
;
Obscure,rambling,confused,eccentric,
pedantic*
Of the three chief
8.
and
beauty,which
9.
Compare
of
a
to
quotations
From
oration and note
an
be
to
appear
here?
the
distinguishing
theme
on
the
styleof
this essay,
illustratethe chief
points.
Quotationand
Allusion
the author quote other writers?
Does
what
ences
differ-
style?
B.
I.
of
few pages
essay
Write
marked
is the most
style. What
of
qualities
10.
a
of style,
clearness,
force,
qualities
does
books
he
quote
giving
Frequentljr?
oftenest?
Does
he
quote accurately?
An
for
to.
allusion is
grantedthe
Thus
is to make
reader's
to say,
an
indirect reference,
the author
an
"
I
was
allusion to
out the vials of his wrath
taking
knowledge of the thingreferred
plungedin a sloughof despond,"
PilgrinCs
Progress; He poured
"
upon
my
head"
is an
allusion to
Digitized
by
60
ne
Revelation,
Allusions to the Bible
Shakspere,to Milton,and
2.
there
Are
state
ten
Do
of the
paragraphsin
this way
ideas not
paragraph?
4.
If
word
a
Point
make
possible,
the
paragraphsfollow
the
thought
1
that
This
from modern
of the
seem
statement
average
by
Count
ten
logue,
diasecutive
con-
to
see
for this is to
test
paragraphin
a
sentence.
whether
Try
of them
any
to the main
"in
used
out
thought.
near
the
next
the end of the preceding
examples of
linked paragraphs.
each
in
a
logicalorder, one
in
is based
of
on
by
sentence.
graphs,
paraDo
continuing
preceding paragraph,or
out
place,"or
outline of the essay,
an
statingthe subjectof
some
The
beginning,as
of
repetition
the
The
the average.
related
closely
the
expressionat
by
are
paragraphsusuallylinked togetherby some
the
Are
words.^
unity?
possess
the substance
contain
3.
they
books
prose, imbroken
120
paragraphsand get
2.
length?
modem
and
loo
What
Paragraphs
lengthof paragraphsin
is between
mythology.
allusion?
of medium
Long, shortyor
to
to ?
C.
1.
also
frequent,
are
to classic
examples of
alluded
frequently
most
Essay
are
there
place?
a
count
of thousands
of
examples taken
writers.
Digitized
by
The
SenUnces
D.
In
clear?
Always
1.
61
Essay
they simple or
structure, are
involved?
much
of average
Long, short,or
2.
in
sentence-length
modem
thirtywords.^
and
The
length?
is between
prose
twenty-five
twenty consecutive
Count
average
sentences
and find the average.
3.
not
contain
they sometimes
Do
and
related,
closely
4.
so
balanced
principal
ideas,
unity?
loose
they generally
In structure,are
5. Are
lack
several
used
sentences
or
periodic?
Give
firequently?
examples.
6. Are
exclamatoryor
is
frequently?What
8.
Does
the author
Climax?
possess
that may
Are
words
words?
2.
there
newly
use
of
words?
making epigrams,
serve
many?
slang? technical
obsolete
Is the author's
the
of
as
tations?
quo-
Words
unusual
any
coined?
dialect?
in
partly
examples.
examples.
E.
1.
Give
the power
i.e,short,pithysentences
Give
this form?
gained by
7. Is antithesis used?
used
sentences
interrogative
words?
Give
terms?
See note, p. 60.
"
these
foreign
examples.
vocabularycopious? This
unfamiliar words, partly
in
1
are
Digitized
by
is shown
the repe-
62
The Essay
tition of ideas without
repeatingthe words,partlyin
words,the
choice of
to express his
author
the
alwayshavingthe rightword
meaning.
he
words
precisely,
showing an exact
knowledge of their meanings?
he preferspecific
or
generalterms? Give
4. Does
examples.
5. Are there examples of Biblical forms of speech?
Give examples.
list
6. Select the two or three words in the following
3. Does
which
use
best describe his diction
:
Clear,simple,idiomatic,
colloquial,
homely ;
ornate
Learned,terse, polished,
eloquent,
mented)
(over-orna-
;
Obscure,quaint,grotesque,hackneyed,verbose (too
words)
many
Quote
.
passages which
between
author's
illustrateyour
that
qualities
and
style,
those which
VI.
characteristic
are
are
shown
or
their
because
chiefly
of their
strength? Memorize
Select and memorize
of the
occasionally.
Memory Passages
Select the best passages in the essay.
to you
guish
Distin-
answer.
one
singlesentences
Do
beauty,or
of these
that
they appeal
their
truth,
passages.
impressyou.
tized by
Digi
The Essay
64
ZI.
The
works
the student.
Collateral
of the great
The
Reading:
essayists
present
followinglist
is
Quincey,Matthew
rich fieldfor
suggested: Bacon,
Emerson, Macaulay, Addison, Lamb,
De
a
Carlyle,Ruskin,
Arnold,Lowell,John Burroughs.
Digitized
by
OUTLINE
THE
FOR
THE
ORATION
(See Specimen
I.
See
Essay,
of
oration
the
and
oration
be
end?
The
the
the
interest
or
three
handling
peroration.
or
does
Where
fully the
in
this
The
the
parts
of
Can
:
the
this
introduction
as
follows
:
subject of the
oration
; to
subject ;
subject;
subject is
to
Introduction
several
serve
choosing the
the
into
discussion?
may
clearlyand
divided
discussion,
conclusion,
III.
This
Stnicture
divided?
so
Subject-matter
usually be
may
introduction;
theme;
II, p. 105)
I, p. 53.
II.
An
F^
Study,
Mastery
Sec.
OF
STUDY
be
to
treated
ends,
give the
to
indicate
; to
the
orator's
manner
To
reasons
in
state
arouse
for
which
gain the good-will of the
audience.
65
Digitized by
The Oration
66
What
piirpose or purposes does thisintroduction
IV.
An
them
to
action ;
some
oration,and
to
in
rather than
An
aims
here ?
men's
method
statement
a
Which
{c) If the
certain
their
and
some
of the
State
forth ?
it
clearly
Why
here
minds.
He
may
emotions, arousing their
their
is
employed most
frequently?
each, if possible.In passages
orator
course
order
sense
of
action,does
etc.
justice,
;
their
or
for
it,or
as
following
a
preferable?
seems
grounds,appealingto
usually
orator
reasons
statement
is attemptingto
of
the
give his
then
the
first,
come
reasons
conclusion?
moral
honor
intellect,
presentingarguments,
examples of
does
appeal to the intellect,
the
a
their
out
which
to
move
discussion is devoted.
set
fully
influence
to
appealingto
Which
{b)
make
to
or
pity,sympathy,etc.
anger,
Point
may
later?
or
by appealingto
or
do
sooner
orator
do this
is this
Where
to
He
central theme
the
developingthis the
sentence.
a
forms
is the central theme
{a) What
truth ;
some
lead them
to
or
This motive
character.
definite aim.
some
hearers of
persuadehis
wish to
DiscttBsion
The
always has
orator
plish?
accom-
persuadehis
he
take them
hearers
on
high
honor, their patriotism,
does he rest his
Digitized by
case
upon
The
expediency,showing
convenient,or
more
Oration
it would
that
to
more
their
each
examples of appealsof
Give
67
be
easier,cheaper,
advantage,to
act
so?
kind,if possible.
{d) Are there any placeswhere the orator turns aside
and speaks at some
lengthof matters which do not bear
these
directlyon the main thought? Can you justify
digressions?
y.
This
may
serve
; to restate
a
well-rounded
the minds
sum
Peroration
up
certain
the
main
pointsin
pointsfor emphasis;
close,leavinga
favorable
or
the
tion
ora-
to make
impressionin
of the hearers.
What
{a)
to
The
or
purpose
does
purposes
this
peroration
serve?
(Jf)Is
that
the
the
of
perorationat all different from
In what
introduction,or the discussion?
styleof
the
respect?
VI.
See
there
Essay, Sec. V,
an
58, and
add
to
under Stylein
giventhe following,
Euphony,
in
p.
Style
or
oration.
rhythm
questions
General
:
desirable
pleasingsound, is particularly
Read
of the sentences.
there any
the
the best passages
Would
unpleasantcombinations
aloud ; note
they deliver
of sounds?
Digitized
by
well?
the
Are
68
Tbe Oration
VII.
Select
appeal to
truth,or
best
the
you
Passages
Memory
in the
passages
of their
chieflybecause
their
strength?
Select and memorize
Do
oration.
Memorize
they
beauty,or
of these
one
that
singlesentences
their
sages.
pas-
impress
you.
VIII.
See Narrative
Characteristics
Poetry,Sec. X,
IX.
See Narrative
Poetry,Sec. XII,
XI.
or
Critical
Essay,Sec. IX,
Select another
read,and
givenunder
p. 14.
Life of Author
X.
See
of Author
p.
p. 16.
Opinion
63.
Comparative Study
oration,preferably
one
with
compare
Narrative
XII.
{a) Illustrative
inspiredby great
this
accordingto suggestions
Poetry,Sec. XIV,
Collateral
Matter.
crises in
p.
1
7.
Reading
Great
a
alreadystudied
orations
nation's life,
or
are
usually
deal with
Digitized
by
Tbe Oration
who
men
have made
such orations
measures
such
as
the
is necessary
men
discussed.
American
histories of the United
means
(i)
whose
To
great achievements.
it
fully,
the
or
09
Statesmen
States and
to
appreciate
be fiuniliarwith
Standard
the
biographies,
Series,and
the
England, will
larger
furnish
for this study.
Other
Orations.
speeches survive
The
as
number
of great orators
literature is not
large. Pitt,
Burke, Fox, Sheridan,Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Everett,
the most
portant.
imLincoln,Sumner, and Phillips,
are
among
The
student who
aims
at
with
public life,
its
for publicspeaking,
will be helped
accompanying necessity
by stud3dngthe
models
of oratory left by these
men.
Digitized
by
Digitized
by
Digitized
by
STUDY
OF
LOWELL'S
SIR
LAUNFAL"
II.
Metrical
OF
"VISION
Classification
Tale.
III.; Purpose
and
entertain,
{a)
To
(3)
It teaches
the
give yourself
with
you
(c)
This
in
Part
and
II,
true
is
lesson
to
your
teach
spirit of
charity :
gift,it
nothing.
The
but
Laun^,
(^)
in
It is
is
clear
first
the
what
time
some
in
the
poem
the
long description
{c)
The
leper
I,
stanza
6,
after
occurs
the
introduction
it does
prelude
not
of
appear
Sir
for
is about.
in the
perhaps
second
in Part
II,
the
interest
flags
prelude.
stanza
7, where
the
is transformed.
(d)
with
Part
unless
Hot
interesting,though
climax
in
that
8.
stanza
story
is
definitely stated
IV.
(a)
spiritualtruth.
a
the
The
story
leper
are
is
since
probable,
represented
as
only
the
a
two
dream.
73
Digitized by
meetings
Lowell's "Vision
74
of Sir Launfal"
{e) The poem has not perfectunity:
is not strictly
a part of the story.
(/) There are no episodes.
{g) The plotis original
Characters
v.
{a)
The
characters
the firstprelude
are
few,and clearly
distinguished.
drawn.
though not very vividly
{h) They are lifelike,
{c) The hero is Sir Launfal. His character is marked
later by humilityand
at firstby pride and scomfulness,
charity.
{d^e)
(/)
Women
absent fix"m the poem.
are
and
leperis a supernatural
character,
The
tively
effec-
used.
{g)
The
chief character
above.
It is
to cause
such
a
a
The
developing,as
question whether
a
dream
explained
would
suffice
change.
VI.
{a)
is
events
are
probablyduring the
Setting
supposed
Middle
to
occur
Ages, when
in
England,
ished.
chivalryflour-
stated.
(^) The time and placeare not definitely
in the poem.
A detailed
{c) There is much description
is that of the June day, in the firstpredescription
Digitized
by
Itide.
of brief
Examples
The
in Part
ones
similes
is full of
poem
in
long descriptions
the
brief
of the
are
from nature.
drawn
is that of the
where
the two
June day.
he
speaks of
Nearly
3.
Perhapsthe
The
best
are
all the
tion
descrip-
are
descriptions
the robin
5.
sides
Be-
nature.
there
preludes,
and
i
of the
leper.Part I,stanza
of
description
II, stanzas
75
those
are
description
a, and
castle.Part I, stanza
{d)
of Sir Launfal"
''yision
Lowell's
rate,
accu"
''
plasteringhis
ing
nest, and says that the river is bluer than the sky, showPersonification of natural objects
close observation.
is frequent,
Every clod feels a stir of might."
e^.
as
'*
(e) There
locality.
is
local color, as
no
there is
no
definite
(/) The descriptive
passages in the preludesare as
importantas the story.
(^) The author does not usuallygive the form of
objects; he givescolor,usinggeneralrather than specific
sound and motion in his descripThere is usually
terms.
tions.
All these pointsare shown in the second prelude,
stanza
He
a.
{h)
His
does not mention
in description.
lies chiefly
strength
VII.
There
and
odors.
is contrast
the poor
Contraat
in station between
leper;
there is contrast
Sir Launfal in Part I and
in Part
the
proud knight
in character between
II.
There
is contrast
Digitized
by
''Vision
76
LowdVs
in
between
description
between
are
country around
castle
the
the
gloomy
1.
away
no
from
Styk in
his castle gate
merry-making
in
the
without.
style
is pathosin the
There
trasts
con-
glad bright
the cold and storm
Vm.
A.
castle and the
the
and
eve
preludes. Minor
two
it; between
Christmas
on
of Sir Launfal"
General
figureof
Sir Launfal
2).
(PartII,stanza
turned
There
is
humor.
2.
3.
The
styleas
The
tone
Part II.
The
whole
a
is earnest
is
clear,fresh,and
and
descriptionof
musical.
dignified,
especiallyin
the
brook
in the
second
preludeis delicate.
B.
1.
common
2.
The
Figuresof Speech
has
poem
a
profusionof imagery: the
figureis metaphor.
Simile
:
Like
a
locust shrillsthe
imprisonedsap.
Metaphor :
At the Devil's booth
Personification
Heaven
are
all thingssold.
:
tries earth if itbe in tune.
Digitized
by
most
''Vision
LowelVs
Metonymy
For
3.
A
bells
cap and
a
simile is not
of the
number
77
:
Homeric
The
of Sir Lauttfal'*
our
lives we
pay.
found.
are
figures
original.
Examples :
His words
The
wanderer
the
As
shed
were
softer than leaves from
is welcome
hang-birdis to
the elm-tree
2.
It differsfrom
of the poem
bough (II,lo).
Diction
diction is polishedand
The
elevated.
that of prose.
the words
pine (11,8)*
to the hall
C.
1.
the
"
In the
'*
list,"
lay,"and
opening
"
doth
"
lines
belong
the diction of poetry.
to
3.
Biblical
are
found, e,g.
expressions
the Gate
Himself
Enter
the
temple of
IX.
{a)
The
substitution
{b)
There
metre
is iambic
are
closinglines
In Part
a
(0
God
men
in
can
(II,7).
man
Metre
pentameter, with
frequent
of anapests.
frequentchanges in
lines of three feet
the
whereby
II,stanza
move
are
more
found.
In Part
to
slowly,
8, the opening lines
soft,flowingmovement,
the metre.
II,stanza
suit the
are
suited to the
sional
Occai,
thought
anapestic,
giving
thought.
No.
Digitized
by
''Vision
LowdVs
78
(d)
of Sir Launfal"
Scansion.
\ KJ
\J
And
|\^
\ \JKJ
as
a
day in June?
|
\J
what is so
\j\
rare
\\j
perfectdays;
\kj\j \\J
I w
\j
tries earth | if it be in tune,
Then Heaven
I
\\^\j \kj \j
\j
it softly| her warm
And over
ear
lays
\^\\j
Ivy
I^m'wI
\j
whether
Whether
we
we
look, | or
listen,
\j\ vy| \J
\ \j
I
vy
We hear life murmur,
or
| see it glisten;
\j\\j \\y
\j\
feels
clod
a stirof might,
|
Every
\ KJ \y
\\J \J
\kJ K^
\J
I
\J
KJ
Then, I if ever, | come
"
5
"
An
instinct within it
| that
reaches and
towers,
\kj\^
Iwvy
\kj
Kj
And, Igropingblindlyabove it for light,
\ K^
y^\Kj
|\y
soul
in
Clunbs to a
| grass and flowers;
"
"
X.
"
xo
Characteristica of Author
(a) The poem shows that the author was earnest,sympathetic,
in spirit,
and devout.
Earnestness is
philanthropic
shown in the generaltone of the poem, and its evident
lesson.
S3rmpathyis shown in the way the leperis spoken
that animates Sir Launfal
of; philanthropyin the spirit
after the vision. The transformation of the leperand his
words to Sir Launfal show a devout spirit.A love of
in the descriptions,
and in the constant
is shown
nature
use
of
imageryborrowed
ftom
nature.
Digitized
by
80
Tennyson's"Bugle Song''
The
{d)
closinglines
The
movement.
firstwords
suggestingthe
last
words, ending
the sound
of each
.
(/)
imitative in
sively,
pronouncedexplo-
unaccented
bugle,while
the
suggest
syllable,
growing fainter.
in
"
snowy
summits,"
"
long,
.
The
repetend is used,
the
closinglines
of each
variations.
being repeatedwith slight
stanza
VII.
{a)
with
are
blast of the
an
{e) AUiteration is found
light
lakes,"etc.
.
be
must
sudden
with
stanza
It is written in
internal rime
a
Stmctore
six-line
in the
x
rimingxaxabb^
is chiefly
The metre
stanza
lines.
iambic.
(Ji)There
is
lines of each
and
a
marked
stanza,
to
change in
in the
metre
suggest the sound
of the
last
bugle
its echoes.
Vin.
{a)
The
(Jf)The
beauty
of
style
diction is polishedand
elevated.
style in general is characterized
sentiment,and
by
grace,
beauty of description.
Digitized
by
Classificatioii
n.
It is
"HAMLET"
SHAKSPERB'S
OF
STUDY
tragedy.
a
m.
The
(a)
of
affairs
(d)
the
form
to
The
(c)
The
{d)
adds
story
is easy
older
an
Hisioires
used
play
or
one
{e)
Laertes,
marries
that
but
two
important
the
appearance
of the
story.
king
wives, and
is
The
story
there
and
was
Shakspere
Hamlet
is
told
in
probably
have
may
is not
of Denmark,
finallyslain
gives deepens
more
of
sources.
version,
becomes
much
the
follow.
uncertain.
of these
Shakspere
dramatically
to
interest
'^Hamlet."
Belleforest's
In
the
for
except
hardly
are
TragiqueSy
called
both
the
to
is
source
Belleforest's
which
him^
probable, except
are
which
The
about
with
entirely
sub-plot.
a
events
Ghost,
those
Fortinbras,
to
dealing
simple^
and
Hamlet
references
enough
is
plot
Plot
goes
to
in battle.
the
killed
England,
The
tragedy,
effective.
8i
Digitized by
by
ing
endand
is
Sbakspere's"Hamlet"
g2
IV.
The
{a)
The
A.D.
IOI2
says in
Hamlet
of the
events
four months
since
; in
after this for Hamlet's
Marcellus
159).
sea
is laid at
scene
Danes
used
not
were
in
and do not
affect the merit of the
these
Yet
2, 288.
Danish
seaport.
Saviour's birth
there
mentioned
V,
be
there must
Christians at this time,yet
the
speaksof celebrating
Cannon
dead
been
and return.
voyage
Elsinore,a
not
were
as
III, 2, 135, Ophelia says it is
king'sdeath,and
the
in
occur
several months,
I, 2, 138, that his father had
months
{b) The
{c)The
supposed to
play are
occupied is
time
less than two
time
Setting
(I,i,
early;they are
so
minor
are
matters,
play.
in the play. The Ghost
{d) There is littledescription
is described,
as he appeared
I, 2, 200-241
; also Hamlet
to
is
Ophelia,II, i, 78-100.
IV,
briefly
described,
made
with
is the central
Horatio
Ophelia.
and, at first,
up of the
Queen
groups
Character
Hamlet
King
and
the others of the court.
the
placeof Ophelia'sdeath
7, 167-173.
V.
{a)
The
are
serve
not
as
figure
;
him
are
Another
ciated
asso-
group
is
Queen, Polonius,
Ophelia,and
Ophelia and, to
some
connecting links,though
really
separate.
Digitized
by
extent,
the
two
Sbakspere's''Hamlet"
(I) The
characters
makes
clearlydistinguished,
except
are
Guildenstem, whom
and
Rosencrantz
83
dummy
mere
Shakspere
posely
pur-
men.
like real
so. much
(c) The characters are lifelike,
as of Henry
people that we speak of Hamlet as familiarly
the Eighth : one is as real to us as the other.
(d)
Men
is
the chief characters here,and the catastrophe
are
misfortune.
or Hamlet's
fault,
through Hamlet's
(e) The First Gravedigger is
and Polonius,
so.
unconsciously
(/) Study
of
Hamlet's
speech (I, 2, 65-66)
the
King (1.68)
words
The
often have
is
shows
a
ready with
double
meaning :
Queen's speech tellsus
shows
also in his attitude toward
pretend any
shows
melancholy;
restrained from
strong
sense
of
suicide
the
by
right. His
hastymarriage shows
His
the
his
own
His
Horatio
line
nature.
Hamlet
:
appears
does
not
soliloquy(1.129)
he is weary
of life,
yet he is
his conscience, showing
abhorrence
high
a
of his mother's
standard
(1.162) shows
repeatedquestionsas to why Horatio
a tendencyto suspicion.
greetingof
deeply
feeling.This
King
his
quick-witted.
mourned
affectionate
affection for him.
first his
is
he
first
replyto
retort,and
a
that he has
that he is sincere in his
His
His
bitter,sarcastic.
him
character,
I.
Character, Act
his father's death,showing an
76
humorous
a
of conduct.
but
cordiality,
came,
Digitized
by
show perhaps
''HamUt"
Sbahspere's
84
In Scene
4, lines
suggests that he himself
revels of the court
nature
at the drunken
8-20, his displeasure
and temperate in his habits.
tendency to
topics: marks
In Scene
for
seek
of
a
5, lines 29-30,
lacks steadfastness of purpose.
him
greatlymoved
by
the
Ghost's
highly emotional.
is
a
various
speculateon
steps
no
show
22-37
of mind.
promises instant
he
He
nature
Lines
turn
philosophical
the Ghost, yet takes
to
to
causes,
refined in
was
his
keep
to
Lines
revenge
promise.
91-93
communication
Lines
againhis tendencyto philosophize.In
lines
:
his
165 show
and
131
show
188-189
regrets the necessityfor action,showing a tendency
shrink from
(g) The
The
chief characters in the
{a) Purpose of
stationary.
opment.
devel-
Stmctiire
Scenes.
Act
is
play are
short to allow time for character
VI.
i
to
responsibilities.
action is too
Scene
he
I
introductory,
preparingus
for what
is to
follow,and arousinginterest.
Scene
2
is also
preparatory, givingthe situation in
the
Denmark, especially
and
Queen.
It also
relation of Hamlet
givesindications
as
to
to
the
King
the character
of Hamlet.
Digitized
by
Sbakspere's''Hamlet"
the character
Ophelia,and
to
4 is
Scene
and
givingHamlet's
3 is also preparatory,
Scene
arouse
This
This
i.
Laertes.
The
play,
murder, and
vows
Hamlet's
visit to
character.
II
gives the
character
advances
action
Ghost
action of the
also reveals Hamlet's
scene
Act
Scene
of the
interest
our
learns of his father's
for here Hamlet
relations
Ophelia.
practically
beginsthe main
5
revenge.
of
preparatory : the appearance
its beckoning to Hamlet
Scene
85
Ophelia,and
of Polonius
as
slightly,
and
learn of
we
the characters of both
are
shown.
Scene
2
Rosencrantz
The
Hamlet
of Hamlet
character
the
side-action
Guildenstem
and
playersarouse
there is
a
play to catch
the
to the
is shown
preparationfor
see
the
i
advances
play;
character
to
emplojrment of
Hamlet.
upon
by having the speech
need
in his
of action.
The
and
long soliloquy,
in his
planning
King.
the
III
action,as the King
also Hamlet
King determines
spy
followingscene
a
Act
Scene
the
:
to
action is carried forward
main
of the
introduces
send
breaks with
him
is further revealed
to
in his
consents
to
Ophelia,and the
England. Hamlet's
soliloquy.
Digitized
by
Sbahspere's''Handet"
86
Scene
clear.
Hamlet's
character
3 advances
Scene
4 contains
Hamlet
scene.
in
the Queen
to
when
his vengeance,
to execute
is shown
the action
equal measure,
Scene
action,as the King'sguiltis made
afterward
Horatio, and
almost
the
advances
2
and
others.
and
character
displays
Hamlet
has
but turns
an
in
opportunity
away.
action than almost
more
talk with
his
kills Folonius,and
wins
any
the
previous
Queen
to
his side.
IV
Act
Scene
the
hastens
i
action,as
Polonius's death, decides to act at
Scene
2
to
Scene
3 continues
side-action of the
the
Scene
escape
Scene
Laertes
action,as Hamlet
three
is
moned
sum-
being ordered
to
all deal with
scenes
a
the
sendingaway of Hamlet.
action : the sightof the soldiers
the main
on.
5 deals with
Opheliaand
These
"
spurs Hamlet
in. Scene
once.
action,Hamlet
play,
4 hastens
Scene
King, learningof
the King.
depart for England.
Scene
the
carries forward
the
Laertes's
a
the
side-action,
-r-
rebellion.
Both
are
madness
of
results of Act
4.
6 advances
the main
of
action,
telling
Hamlet's
and retiim.
7 also advances
plan the
the
action,as the King and
death of Hamlet.
Digitized
by
88
Sbakspere's
''
YII.
(a) Contrast
and
"
Contrast
in character
Hamlet
Laertes,
Claudius
is contrasted
is contrast
and
he had been
as
in Act
V,
Scene
is followed
Fortinbras
act ; Laertes
to
There
in
is contrast
activity.King
the
former
Hamlet
he
appears
formerly.
i, where
the
as
Contrast in mood
jestingof
the
There
Hamlet
and
is
Guildenstem
is
here
is found
gravediggers
lose
Laertes
a
Scansion
Do
not
characters
are
incident in the fact that both
father.
Metre
of lines 120-130,
Act
III,Scene
forget: | this visitation
"
"
Is but to whet
"
"
"
"
"
4
:
zao
\yj
\ \j
\\j
\ \j
almost
blunted
|thy
purpose.
y^\\j
\\j
|vy
\ \j
\j
mother
sits:
on
But, Ilook, Iamazement
thy
Ivy
\ \J --\\J
I"
\J
soul :
O, Istep between her | and her fighting
\\J
\ \J
\\J
|vy
KJ
Conceit in weakest bodies |strongest works :
\j\kj
\ \J
Sp^Jc to her, |Hamlet
\yj
"
so
hardly possibleto distinguish
in
parallel
vm.
"
king.
by Ophelia'sfuneral.
them.
\j
Hamlet
stronglywith
between
and
(3) Rosencrantz
that it
closelyparallel
{a)
between
reflection.
and
Hamlet
There
is shown
slow
thoughtful,
impulsive,actingwithout
also between
Hamlet"
"
Digitized
by
89
"Hamlet"
Sbakspere's
\j\\J
I
w-l
Iw
Alas, Ihow
1^^
\j
| lady?
\\j\j
\\j
\j
eye
your
\ \J
on
vacancy
|vy
"
\ \J
"
"
air | do hold discourse
incorporal
1^^
\ \j
1^^
\j\ \j
Forth at your eyes | your spirits
wildlypeep ;
\j\\j
1^^
\\J
\ \j
the
the
alarm
And, Ias
sleepingsoldiers |in
with
And
"
"
lines;in
line
feet
Spondees
Pyrrhicfeet
occur
are
is found in line 121.
syllable
two
speakers^and, as often
Line
120
(^) Lyricsin
Scene
Act
V,
5, and
Scene
(r) Prose
where
Scene
Hamlet
the
so
after the
third;
on.
120,
125, 126,
125, etc.
123,
The
123, etc.
extra
125 is divided between
in such
cases,
the others
play are
the snatches
122,
Line
is run-on^
is regular
,
in the
first and
in lines
in lines 120,
130
it is in and
122
substituted in lines 123,
found
are
|
thus
it is in the fourth foot,and
Trochaic
etc.
"
"
first foot; in line 123 it is in the
in line 124
"
the caesura, marked
of
position
in the first two
?
the
"
The
195
_
\
do bend
you
\J
is'twith you,
\\j
\j
That
I
KJ
is it with you,
How
has
end-stopt.
Ophelia'ssongs,
of song
lables.
syl-
extra
sung
in Act
IV,
by the clown
in
i.
is used
in Act
II, Scene
feignsmadness;
2, for Hamlet's
advice
it is used
to the
purelydidactic,is hardly suited
2, and
elsewhere
in Act
III,
which, being
players,
for
poeticform; when
Digitized
by
Sbakspere's''Hamlet''
90
Horatio
enters,however,the
is on a higherlevel,
dialogue
The
naturaUyrises to blank verse.
emotional,and
more
playwithin
the
it from
distinguish
to
the
The
language of
Sometimes
the
to the
rime,
play proper.
IX.
(a)
2, is written in
play.Act III, Scene
Style
the
play
is due
obscurity
thought; but
the
to
always clear.
is not
obsolete
times
words,some-
is
meaning
clear
usually
after a littlestudy.
(^)
Biblical allusions
are
2, 231, the
fallof
a
''
there's
sa3ring
"
sparrow
two
sparrows
not
fallon
thrice
"
I, 2, 131, and V,
"
;
oft
;
your
"
hath,"
"
x.
29
:
''Are not
of them
one
the
shaU
Other
Father."
amples
ex-
i, 40.
poetic diction
of
"
to Matt.
farthing?and
ground without
{c) Examples
"
a
occasionally.In V,
specialprovidence in
a
is a reference
sold for
the
are
found
"mine
are:
all m
II, i, 90-1
arm";
10.
(//)There is no marked use of dialect,though the
opening of Act V, Scene i, approachesit
in the dialoguebetween Hamlet and
occurs
(e) Humor
Polonius,Act II, Scene 2 ; the dialoguebetween Hamlet
and
Rosencrantz
and
in the
Here
and
dialogueof
the humor
serves
in Act
Guildenstem
to
the clowns
deepen
the
in Act
III,Scene
V, Scene
2
;
i.
tragedyby contrast.
Digitized
by
"
Sbakspere's Hamlet
"
(/)
a
Pathos
state of
(g)
is found
madness,in
The
styleis not
rises and fallswith the
In Act
and
the
at
soliloquy
9I
in the appearance
IV, Scene
Act
at the
or
speakers,
IV, Scene
Captain is
4, the
in
the close is in
a
a
Opheliain
5.
level
same
of
but
throughout,
the nature
of the discourse.
dialoguebetween
plainstyle,but
strain of exalted
let
Ham-
Hamlet's
poetry.
Digitized
by
STUDY
OF
"SILAS
ELIOT'S
GEORGE
MARNER''
n.
The
title
the
names
Title
principal
III.
(a)
To
(^)
The
hardened
of
(c)
at
teach
to
lesson
by
leading
stated
Purpose
entertain, by presenting
life,and
human
their
them
the
The
when
is that
wrongs,
back
close
of
is not
purpose
natural
Chapter
feithful
picture
hearts
have
is often
the
men's
little child
a
into
a
of
lesson.
moral
a
human
been
means
It is
relations.
XV.
made
IV.
(a)
character.
too
prominent.
Plot
The
story is interesting,and
(^)
It is
probable.
(c)
The
plot
the
interest
does
not
flag.
the
two
village form
groups
Silas,then
are
is
Silas and
complex.
one
group,
connected,
the
Cass
first
by
the
poor
family another.
Bob
Cass, who
by Eppie.
92
Digitized by
folk
of
The
robs
George Eliot's
The
{d)
as
at
of theft.
the
(e) The
is
break
It is slow in the
It is sometimes
retarded
at the close
of that
pause
between
discussion of
chapter.
from
story progresses steadily
a
ning
begin-
by description,
beginningof Chapter III, and by
character,as
There
93
how Silas was
book, but quickensin telling
of the
accused
is usual.
movement
"
Silas Marner
"
Part
I and
where
Silas
the
Part
beginning.
II, but
no
in the story.
(/)
The
climax
the ballroom, and
Minor
of Bob
occurs
asks
Nancy
bringsEppie into
Godfrey whose child it is.
the. theft of the gold and
climaxes
are
Cass's
body.
the
finding
(g) Suspense is used at the close of Chapter XII.
(A) The story ends happilyfor the chief characters.
(/) The best chaptersare VI, XI, and XIV.
v.
(a)
The
characters
Characters
are
numerous,
yet
theyare
kept
distinct.
of
(d) They are drawn from the middle and lower classes
society; perhapsthe author is most successful with the
lower
classes.
(c) The
Nancy
women
are
is clearer to
great power
in
us
more
than
drawn than the
fiiUy
men
:
Godfrey. The author shows
children.
depicting
Digitized
by
George Biot's
94
The
(d)
characters
m
"Silas
Marner"
generalare
lifelike.
people.
(e) They are not exceptional
(/) There is no tendencyto caricature.
(g) None of the characters are historical.
(h) Both good and evil traits are shown in the same
person, eg. Godfrey Cass.
(i) The characters are consistent.
(j) Development is shown in the principal
characters,
and affectionate,
At firsttrusting
notablyin Silas Marner.
he becomes
selfish,
suspicious,
miserly. Then by the
back to his old self. The
coming of Eppie he is won
he passes through are adequate to account
(experiences
for these changes.
methods
are
(k) Both the dramatic and the analytic
used here
:
the dramatic in the interview between
brothers in
Godfrey at
upon
(/)
The
his
The
novel
the
has
no
hero,in
{m)
are
The
comment
the old-fashioned
sense.
; his chief trait is
his friend,then
to
Eppie.
heroine.
traits of character the author
to duty,moral
fidelity
(n) There
(o) Women
the
chapter.
is Silas Marner
simple devotion,first to
is no
analyticin
the close of this
character
principal
There
most
Chapter III;
the two
are
no
courage,
seems
to admire
and kindness.
characters.
supernatural
occupy
almost
as
prominent a place as
men.
Digitized
by
George Biot's
96
IX.
A,
The
2.
Epigrams
Stylein
occur
in
Mr.
Have-your-own-way
one
I'd
the
in
Style
General
styleis not stronglyindividual.
1.
3.
'*
Silas Marner
"
the
dialogue,e,g.
I say,
"As
husband, and
is the best
the
promise to obey." (ChapterXI.)
broad, is
Humor, usuallyquiet,sometimes
only
ever
strong pointsof the book.
Good
one
examplesare
of
found
Chapter VI.
4. Pathos
is found
condemnation
of his
in
the
of
account
(Chapter I), and
in his
Silas's unjust
the loss
griefat
gold (ChapterX).
mated,
stylein generalis direct,and at times aniin the dialoguebetween
the brothers in Chapter
5. The
as
III.
6. It has
said that
one
clearness,
force,and beauty;
is more
quality
B.
1.
There
"
2.
makes
are
a
marked
than another.
Diction
few unfamiliar
exiguity,"vicinage."
Dialect is used, but it is not
words,
such
as
train,"
"dis-
"
the characters
country people would
3. The
hardlybe
it can
more
real ;
difficultto
they speak
read.
as
speak.
conversation is natural.
Digitized
by
you
It
feel
George Biofs
4. The
dictkni,aside
"Silas
from
Marner"
the
paits in
97
diaJogQe,Is
elevated.
Cfaancteristica
X.
Judging from
aatfaor
was
a
possessinga
and
this book
person
vivid
of
of Antfanr
alone,one
mi^^t
infer that the
high ideals,earnest, sympathetic,
a
imagination,
keen
sense
of
having a tendency to philosophize.
Digitized
by
humor,
STUDY
OF
MACAULAY'S
SAMUEL
JOHNSON
II.
It is
narrative
a
Classification
essay.
III.
There
(a)
subject
(^)
Samuel
in
is
the
The
ON
ESSAY
Structore
introduction
no
Macaulay
:
takes
up
his
first sentence.
The
Johnson.
life,writings, and
is the
subject
unity, and
has
essay
character
of
there
no
are
digressions.
(c)
a
The
final
giving
summary,
and
paragraph
conclusion.
a
of
estimate
final
a
as
serves
It is
Johnson's writings
character.
lY.
Essay
in the
2.
The
thought
order
There
Johnson's
is easy
to
Whole
a
Narrative
A.
1.
as
Essay
The
follow.
events
are
told
of time.
is
little
birthplace,
briefly described
in
T
description
is
merely
of
places.
named.
His
40.
98
Digitized by
Lichfield,
home
is
Macaulay's Essay
3. The
of
descriptions
Examples
4.
The
author
is the
5.
makes
Carlyle's
essay
Johnson
on
is seen
Boswell's
A.
1.
It possesses
2.
There
much
too
Stylein
individuality.
quiethumor
sometimes
provoked
was
he said
thingsthat
; e^,
"
the small man,
duringa
found, "?^. '^
Irony is occasionally
Williams,whose chief recommendations
poverty." (f 40.)
Figures of speech
style. Example
.
who
(f 19.)
6. The
essay
Johnson,T
are
:''...
dressed like
a
See other
.
an
old
an
were
lady
her
is found
add
force to
7-
absent awkward
and ate like
examples in Tf
by
.
Ridicule
frequent,and
scarecrow
is marked
few
51.
.
Mrs.
passion,
(f 39.)
is found in IT 5 and
of
description
Indeed,the
into fits of
4.
the
with
General
Pathos
5.
ample
ex-
Johnson's
upon
3.
in the
good
a
:
Style
is occasional
blindness and her
.
us
Johnson.
resented."
hours,seriously
.
real to
by comparing this essay
V.
named
detailed.
vivid and
closingparagraph.
shortcomings. This
in which
99
i, 3, 5, 7.
Macaulay perhaps dwells
great man
Johnson
are
persons
found in TT
are
Samuel
on
occasional
22
scholar,
a
rant."
cormo-
and 43.
exaggeration,
Digitized
by
he
when
e^.
be
Samuel
Macaiday's Essay on
100
"'*
It would
Johnson's Shakspere^
says of
difficult to liame
Jobnson
a
slovenly,
more
a
worthless,
more
edition of any great classic."
(T 37.) Prejudiceis seen
Macaulay'sWhig tendencies appear.
in T 13, where
styleis direct,animated, balanced,rhetorical,
7. The
and clear.
8.
Clearness and force
B.
There
1.
are
are
the
Quotationand
but few
marked.
most
qualities
Allusion
in the
quotations
Aside from
essay.
(IT41 ")
Johnson himself,the onlyauthor quoted is Ossian.
Allusion is found.
2.
inflamed
aUusion
are
found
to
in ff
Romeo
and
25 and
33.
C.
1.
The
"
words,
Capuletsagainstthe Montagues"
the
an
In f 13, in the
Juliet.
Other
such
as
there is
examples
Paragraphs
paragraphsare
long,averagingover
two
dred
hun-
words.
2.
They usuallypossess imity,
though %%
i,
38, and
40
lack it.
usuallylinked,e,g. %%
3.
They
are
4.
They
follow in
His
sentences
16.
order.
logical
D.
I.
15 and
are
Sentences
alwaysclear,and
seldom
in structure.
Digitized
by
involved
Macaulay's Essay
rather
2.
They
are
3.
They
possess
4.
They
Samuel
on
Johnson
short,averagingtwenty-sixwords.
unity.
generallyloose,about
are
101
one-third
being
periodic.
Balanced
5.
rick
sentences
used
are
brought Irene out, with
now
displeasethe author,yet
"The
(T 22.)
althoughit raised Johnson'sfame, added
6.
Exclamation
7. Antithesis
under
No.
had
who
allowed
An
example
but
taken
have
been
the shears, whipped at the
noisome
8.
dungeon
Epigrams are
in the
books
Example
rare.
house
2.
"
is
The
are
an
almost
example
author's
Climax
f 13
quoted
is infrequently
:
"...
A
part of the license
with
and flunginto
tail,
by what
no
of
a
:
the
"...
is fixed not
public estimation
E.
There
found.
pillored,
mangled
cart's
his
a
to die."
written about them, but
1.
not
is foupd in
one-tenth
piece
Dictionary,
sentences
examples.
are
would
him
to
; the
common
above
5
used.
writer
is very
the
nothing to
(T 29.)
and interrogation
are
pecuniarymeans."
"Gar-
alterations sufficient to
sufficient to make
not
the audience."
pleasingto
frequently,
e^.
by
placeof
what
is
is written in them." % 42.
Words
unusual
word
now
words.
"Sponging-
obsolete.
vocabularyis copious.
Digitized
by
Samuel
Macatdqy's Essay on
102
3.
He
zealous
words
uses
and
at
the
as
precisely,
time
same
in
Johnson
f 27,
of delicate and
of
show
"a
judicious
kindness."
4.
"Richard
ribbons
Savage
in St.
.
of
Savage
.
irons
feasted
had
known
both
had
legs in
his
on
Another
Newgate."
had
who
.,
James's Square,and
pounds'weight of
ward
16.
to generalwords, e^., m%
prefersspecific
He
writer
of
of
lain with
a
6.
diction is clear,simple,and idiomatic.
His
VI.
Paragraphs 5,
Biblical forms
Mac-
generalstatement.
does
use
fifty
said that
society.
5. He
not
blue
the condemned
might have
extremes
details instead
aulaygivesspecific
among
of
speech.
Memory Passages
39, and
52
are
in subject-matter
and
significant
worth
as
memorizing
good examples
as
of
Macaulay'sstyle.
VII.
From
somewhat
Characteristics pf Author
this essay,
one
would
infer that the
prejudiced(f 13), positivein
(T 46), and
that he
was
a
man
of much
author
his
was
opinions
learning(TIT33,
37)-
Digitized
by
turns
orator
to
sympathy
express
of
the struggle
as
justified,
{a)
This
oration
the
rounded
to
serves
restate
libertyand
"
somewhat
be
a
of
well-
There
elevated than
where.
else-
Style
General
markedly individual.
It is not
an
themes
makes
and
"
more
Stylein
A.
such
is
liberty.
main
the two
union
VI.
2.
for
was
This
close.
{b) The styleis
1.
Greece
for Greece.
Peroration
The
v.
Oration
Hill Monument
Bunker
Webster's
104
is
no
humor,
nor
would
it be
expected on
occasion.
3.
Pathos
4.
None
in ff
occurs
of these
13, 14.
are
qualities
found,nor
would
they
expected.
5.
Figiuresof speech
.Example
effectively.
feelingruns
6.
By
"
through two
(T 28.)
both."
:
none^
A
used
and
frequently,
very
A great chord of sentiment
and
are
continents,and vibrates
good example is also
in any marked
found
over
in % 31.
degree.
7. The
styleis smooth, orotund, direct,at times
animated, as in f 12; balanced; somewhat
rhetorical;
clear ; at times
as
poetic,
in f
28 ; and
alwaysdignified.
Digitized
by
Webster's
and
Force
8.
The
Hill Monument
Bunker
clearness
would
sentences
the
are
deliver
Oration
105
marked.
most
qualities
well; the longer ones
are
frequentlyrhythmical.
Quotationand
B.
The
1.
The
quotes from
author
quotationsare
waters
of darkness
the voice
political
libertythe
somewhat
long^averaging
words.
hundred
two
2.
They usuallypossess unity,though T
3.
They
are
usuallylinked.
4.
They
are
order.
arrangedin logical
D.
1
They
.
Some
2.
at
Paragraphs
paragraphsare
Webster's
of
phrase*^
retire."
C.
1.
in % 40, in the
occurs
mighty bidding of
the
MUton^ Horace^ and Vergil.
accurate.
Biblical allusion
2.
Allusion
are
Examples
lacks it.
21
TT 21-27.
are
Sentences
and usually
simplein structure.
alwaysclear,
of the sentences
are
unusually
long;
the
age
aver-
words.
lengthis thirty-one
have
unity.
3.
They
4.
Periodic sentences
are
nearlyhalf beingin
frequent,
that form.
5. Balanced
sentences
are
frequent,e^.
''
Nearer
Digitized
by
to
Webster's
106
Bunker
closelyconnected
timeSy more
our
stillmore
therefore
to
interesting
is the settlement
6.
of
used
they are
is not
interrogation
7. Atitithesisis
in honor
come
Good
the
is
is in the last
There
3, 7, and
example.
2.
The
3.
He
4.
General
f
Plymouth
author's
Death
in
come
and
might
disgrace
frequent
51.
paragraphof
perhaps
the
speech:
the best
^^
Let
our
Country,and nothing
uses
4
words.
words
precisely.
terms
are
he
and
Words
"
Entablatures
uses
used rather than
The
"
general words
specific
terms,
instead
of
naming
Jamestown.
of
speech are occasionally
found,as
(T 6.)
is clear,
and eloquent.
polished,
cloud of witnesses."
6.
12
vocabularyis copious.
5. Biblical forms
"
*^
is rather
Climax
very few unusual
are
an
in
(T 4.)
."
.
Country."
.
^^.
tions^
affec-
heightenedemotion,
express
field,it might
E.
1
.
frequent,
e^, ITT
are
objectbe Our Country,Our Whole
but Our
and
feelings
our
found:
occasionally
is
fates^and
our
country.
own
(T 19.)
examples are %%
example
with
found, e^.
occasionally
on
Epigram
to
Oration
used.
scaffold."
the
8.
our
Exclamatorysentences
14, where
on
Hill Monument
diction
Digitized
by
Webster's
Hill Monument
Bunker
Vn.
Memory
and 44
Paragraphs7
was
is shown
in
particularly
is seen
{b)
He
in fT
{c)
marked
the
ff 27-37
^
7 and
None
use
of
12.
A
in the tone
memorizing.
of Author
would
infer that
man.
patriotic
of the whole
oration,
ness
closingparagraphs. Broad-minded-
possesseda
his constant
battle in
in
for
earnest, broad-minded
an
Earnestness
recommended
this oration^one
{a) Judging from
107
Passages
Characteristics
Vm.
Webster
are
Oration
;
in f
patriotism
vivid
18 and elsewhere.
as
imagination,
imagery,and
in the
turn
philosophical
is shown
of
description
of mind
by
the
is shown
28.
of these characteristics
are
shown
degree.
Digitized
by
in any
APPENDIX
A
FIGURES
A
of
making
reader's
of
a
from
a
For
image.
or
down
states
in
in the
if
example,
fact
a
call up
to
as
way
literal mode
a
one
if
literally;but
bucketfuls, he
uses
figure
a
speech.
The
simplest
Examples
Let
thy
that
girlsings
comparison
voice
like
a
voice
figure
is the
in which
Simile,
a
kinds.
of different
things
between
as
not
like
rise like
every
Jenny
Lind
is to
to
is
is not
several
the
a
a
a
and
SimUe.
day.
Simile.
To
say
that
the
Simile, because
kind
same
another's.
use
night
me
exceL
not
things of
compared
through
shalt
for
comparison
is between
is
fountain
a
thou
water,
nightingale
continued
of
:
Unstable
Note
form
is made
comparison
a
in such
figure
coming
SPEECH
departure
a
raining heavily, he
it is
says
is
Speech
statements,
mind
it is
says
he
of
Figure
OF
But
to
:
say
When
a
lines, being expanded
io8
Digitized by
one
son's
per-
she
sings
Simile
into
is
a
Appendix
it is called
littlepicturein itself,
is Milton's
example
The
Hong
on
A
109
Homeric
a
his shoulders
Valdamo,
like the moon,
lands,
in her spotty globe.
of Simile receives
has been
If I say,
Simile.
a
^'
and
the
Examples
books
or
object,
the
by
Metaphor,or implied
her to
compare
she is
girlsing;
likeness is taken
a
for
gale,
nightingranted,
the
other.
Metaphor :
are
to
few to be chewed
When
its use
epicpoetry.
object is applied to
one
is a cistern,genius is
Talent
Some
of
from
name
is the
not
The
one.
of
name
Lost,I, 286.
should hear that
You
I do
perfectnightingale,"
but call her
its
favorite in
a
to the Simile
Closelyallied
oxb
artistyiews
"Paradise
Homer, and
whose
of Fesole
desciy new
to
RiverSy or mountains
This form
:
drcnmference
broad
eveningfirom the top
Or in
An
the shield of Satan
of
description
Throng^ opticg^assthe Tuscan
At
Simile.
be
and
The
Earth
to
be
swallowed,and
some
digested.
abstract
Examples
fountain.
tasted,others
Metaphor
to an
a
attributes life to
some
inanimate
is called
idea,the figure
:
groaned beneath
Night dropped her
her load.
sable curtain down.
Digitized
by
fication.
Personi-
Appendix A
110
Simile^ Metaphor^ and
The
founded
on
there
Metonymy
objectis put
it.
likeness
some
"
I
between
word
it,which suggestsit. Examples :
we
object,
The
absent
a
if animate
addressed
purse steals trash.
of
man
Apostropheis
are
name
iteals my
was
a
as
and present.
sixtywinters.
figureof speech
The
as
how
sad
in which
inanimate
present, or
the
objectsas
Examples :
Milton ! thou shouldst be
With
bottle suggests
related
something closely
to
He
one
figureof speech in which,instead
a
naming
Who
of
the
closelyconnected.
thingsare
two
of
an
In
all
closelyconnected with
stands
bottle,"every one under-
liquor. The
liquor,because the
Metonymy, then,is
name
are
that is
of the
Beware
mean
objects.
likeness,but the
no
for another
If I say,
that
is
Personification
livingat
this hour.
steps,O Moon, thou dimb'st the sky.
Apostropheis often
combined
with
Personification,
in the last example.
Digitized
by
Appendix
112
Rime
sometimes
internal rime.
B
within
occurs
in the third line below.
example is seen
An
This is called
the line.
in clanging lists,
They reel,they roll,
the tide of combat
when
And
Perfume
That
and
stands.
flowers fallin showers,
rain
lightly
ladies' hands.
from
"Tennyson.
II. Stanza
By
The
singlelines
of rime
means
simplestform
Forms
is the
grouped into
are
lines bound
couplet,two
by rime, illustrated by quotationsfrom
The
however, is
couplet,
The
of three
stanza
Example
called
lines,
the
But for
The
most
rime-order
letter to
X
may
lines,called
used.
mon.
com-
"
be
the
"
Lowell.
is the
quatrain,
designatedby letters,
using the
for lines that do not
giveyou
that rime
Thus
rime.
the end
of
Only wind it into
It will lead you
Built in
and
together,
a
a
one
The
rime in various ways.
It may
designatelines
I
stanza.
time
have
but low aim, is crime.
failure,
commonly
a
is not
triplet,
line,be that sublime,
a
of four
stanza
above.
:
Greatlybegin ! though thou
Not
together
Emerson
regardedas
not
stanzas.
same
the letter
:
golden string, (x)
ball, (a)
in at Heaven's
Jerusalemwall,
gate,
{a)
"
(jr)
William
Digitized
by
Blake.
Appendix
Another
B
II5
form of four-line stanza
common
I find earth not
Heaven
Do
not
I stoop ?
Do
gray, bnt rosy,
I
plnck a
I stand and
In
is the form
common
Memorianif
as
Thon
Robert
Thon
The
form
madest
a
a
every
are
Sonnet
Tennyson's
to die ;
blows
Rime
red
so
buried Caesar bled ;
lap from
of
some
wears
once
lovelyhead.
Englishverse^
besides the
of
Royal, consisting
in iambic
Chaucer's
of nine
"
Prioresses
rime
usually
Tale,"
lines,
rimingab
lines.
ones
lines,
seven
pentameter, the ninth
consists of fourteen
called the octave,
Fitzgerald's
:
hyacinth the garden
in her
just
in Edward
This is used in Spenser'sFaerie
The
in
why;
not
thou art
:
never
some
riming ab ab bcc^ used in
and the Spenserianstanza
bcCjeight lines
him
made
]" found
where
chief stanzas
enumerated,
not
was
think that
as
Dropp'd
Tlie
a
x
I sometimes
That
used
he knows
ELhayyam,as
rose
BROwNiNa
in the dost ;
us
man,
thinks he
version of Omar
The
leave
thon hast made
And
(^)
:
wilt not
He
(Jb)
All's bine.
abba,
:
{a)
posy,
stare?
^^as
a
{a)
grim, but fair of hae.
"
Less
is a ^
an
ab be
andrine.
Alex-
Queene.
The
abba abba;
firsteight,
the last
Digitized
by
six.
Appendix
114
the
lime
sestety may
couplets* The
riminga^ba
metre
in various
abba
abc abc
is
arrangedin
snch
of accented
syllables.Read
to
I fold my
no
cause
these lines aloud
hands
or
shall
own
and
wait.
tide
or
thinkingof it,you
"serene,"and
making
four
the words
John Burkoughs.
each.
In
between
syllable
care," wind," tide,"and
by four unaccented
separated
"
"
If
we
and the unaccented
\j
ones
\j
Serene
I
\j
Nor
mark
the
line,with
sea,"
accented
my
for
and
or
tide
accent
four accents,
so
:
wait,
\j
\j
wind
unaccented
\j
hands
"wait,"
with
thus
syllables
have
we
and
line you
syllables
; and
\j
fold
an
agam
"
thus "-^,
\j
care
"
of
syllable
last
the second
"
other lines.
the
"fold,""hands,"
in that
accents
sea;
to me.
come
accent
:
"eite.
or
"
Without
words
regularrecurrence
a
'gainsttime
more
lo,my
by havingthe
prose
for wind
care
rave
For
as
way
Nor
The
Metre
from
Poetryis distinguished
Serene
ab cdcd
iambic pentameter.
alwajrs
m.
a
Italian,
abba cdd cdc.
Contempoiaiy,abba
of the sonnet
I
ab
Shaksperian,
the
;
the
arc
in
sddom
bat
wa^s^
principalsonnet-fonns
and the
rfrfgg;
B
or
sea;
Digitized
by
the
"
B
Appendix
each
into groups
to fall naturally
seem
syllables
The
of
consisting
group
accented
unaccented
an
syllable.These
kind
particular
115
are
groups
of foot is called
followed
by
an
called feet^
and this
iambus^or
an
of two,
iambic
an
foot.
In the
lines the
following
|w
Kj
His
words
\ \j
\j
shed
were
is somewhat
metre
I
\j
softer
different :
than
leaves
WW
the
from
.
firstfoot is
The
thus
syllables,
an
^^
^^
mingled
.
^1
"
This
eye
^^,
"
trochaic
verse.
Trochaic
and
"
Milton's
It is justthe
L' Allegro"
Resembling
naming
the metre
feet
\
^
it
round
is called
iambic
feet
caught
v^l
I
landscape
foot,
is called
iambic
"
hath
^
the
accented
un-
often
are
we
is :
^1
wl
While
foot
two
predominates.
"
mine
in
poem;
of metre
form
Straight
one
foot that
giveonly the
Another
in
others have
This
"
anapest. Anapesticfeet and
found
in
the
iambic, but
pine.
w
measures.
trochee,and
a
reverse
such
verse
of the iambic
sometimes
are
v"
"
pleasures,
new
foot.
mingled,as
in
justquoted.
the trochee
is the
dactyl,
"
^^
"^f found
Evangeline,
Black
\j
the
were
\
her
\j
thorn
by
eyes
\j
the
\
the
as
berry
that
yj
wayside.
Digitized
by
grows
on
Trochaic
the
feet
often found
are
\ \J
The
is the
a
spondee,made
whitewashed
The
foot below
with other
of the
the
feet.
Another
verse.
use
found
are
used
method
This
is
to
of
is
of Paradise
an
of which
example :
a
the movement
vary
varyingthe
effect is
within
pause
not
the
the Caesuras
Lost
firstdisobedience,| and
man's
Of
that forbidden
tree, |whose
the fruit
mortal
taste
Brought death into the world, | and all our
With
loss of Eden,
Restore
us,
|tillone
|and regain the
greater Man
blissful seat,
Sing,I Heavenly Muse, | that,| on
Of Oreb,
That
| or
of
woe^
the secret
Sinai,|did'st inspire
shepherd
Digitized
by
top
are
by
line,
always.
:
Of
"
only interspersed
by punctuation,though
opening lines
follows
are
of the Caesura.
usuallymarked
the
They
occasional form
nicely-sandedfloor.
the
Pyrrhicand Spondaic feet
Jew.
both
syllables,
of two
walls,
accented
un-
\ \J
pyrrhic. Another
second
two
:
discharge the
to
up
The
contains
wlv^*
money
foot is called
accented.
which
third foot below
|w
"
present
Such
foot,as above, is regularly
foot is found
the
as
syllables,
\j
In
dactylicverse.
either spondee or dactyl.
syllables,
foot of two
Occasionallya
in
the sixth
hexameter
dactylic
a
are
B
Appendix
116
In
as
B
Appendix
The
Caesura is best
aloud.
It may
observed
in any
occur
117
by readingthe
the line.
placein
In the first
line above, it is in the fourth foot ; in the next
line,after
the third foot ; in the fourth line it is in the
in the fifth line,
it is in the second
varies the
of his lines.
of
position
line may
A
the sixth line above.
the pause
have
two
or
Or there may
third foot ;
The
foot.
lines
poet purposely
to vary the music
as
Caesuras,
more
be
line without
a
a
as
Caesura,
well I
Too
But the absence
that there is no
of
"
the dire event.
rue
punctuationdoes
In the
Caesura.
it is
punctuation,yet
after
and
see
destruction
alternation of
line is
some
the
one
mark
music
of
a
:
Paradise
Lost
on, the third
In
verse
with but
metre
onlythe
of
a
run-on
the
the
end-stopt
An
line is read with
slightest
pause,
In
the
firsttwo
fourth run-on,
poem
by
indicated by
end, usually
the line-unit.
the
end-stopt,
be varied
lines.
run-on
at the
thus low.
may
quoted above, the
givingthe
not
|laid
punctuation.A
sufficient to mark
ing
paus-
"
of the
pause
followingline
read it without
is no
"
end-stoptand
with
line there
following
to
impossible
In horrible destruction
Further,the
alwaysindicate
not
merely
firom
passage
lines
and
are
so
it is customary
kind of feet,but the number
in
Digitized
by
run-
on.
to
a
cate
indiline.
Appendix B
118
A line of
dimeter
foot is called
one
; of
a
three,trimeter
monometer
; of
order,then,to
a
poem,
the
a
it is necessary
number
Thus
poem
describe
of
"
feet in
Gray*s Elegy"
in iambic
the
fully
seven,
(a) the kind
line,and {c) the
a
would
be described
feet
five,
heptameter.
metrical structure
state
to
; of
four,tetrameter
pentameter; of six,hexameter; of
In
line ; of two
of
of
feet,.(^)
rime-order.
as
metrically
pentameter, rimingabab.
Digitized
by
throughout.
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how
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What
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What
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What
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Money ?
Question ?
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children ? If
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and
What
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Saving ?
Savings Banks ?
Orders, 1895?
Endowment
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lack
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Accomplishthis and.
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In this book the authors in a styleat once
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