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H OW TO
The DOT has just informed
you that your transportation
operation will be audited. Are
you prepared? Do you know
what records will be reviewed?
Do you comply with the regulations?
By Steve Frisch
C
ompanies that have been
subjected to a DOT compliance audit often describe
the experience as similar to
a root canal. However, a DOT review
of your transportation safety program
records and evaluation can be pain-free
if your company’s management team
understands the regulations to which
AT A GLANCE
A DOT audit reviews six categories
of concern:
■ General – insurance, accident, etc.,
documentation.
■ Drivers.
■ Operational.
■ Vehicles.
■ Hazardous materials.
■ Accidents.
they are subject and what records the
DOT expects to see.
WHO CAN BE AUDITED?
In 11 years of transportation consulting, many companies have contacted
me regarding an audit, claiming, “We
are not a trucking company, so we did
not know we were subject to all of these
regulations.” Often, the primary business of these firms is non-transportation (construction, manufacturing, etc.),
and they operate commercial motor vehicles to support that business.
Regardless of the industry, any employer, employee, or vehicle involved in
the transportation of property or passengers in interstate commerce, with a
vehicle of gross vehicle weight rating
(GVWR) or combination weight rating
(GCWR) of more than 10,000 lbs., is
subject to Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR).
Companies operating solely in intrastate commerce are subject to applicable state regulations regarding commercial motor vehicles.
A DOT on-site audit evaluates a
company’s safety performance and
confirms proper and complete recordkeeping. The review also determines
if the company has adequate management controls in place to ensure FMCSR compliance.
As a brief review, the points covered in this article are not necessarily
all-inclusive. The motor carrier is responsible to know and comply with all
FMCSR regulatory and recordkeeping mandates.
FACTOR 1: GENER AL
A carrier should be prepared to show documentation demonstrating it has proper liability coverage in place for the
type of carrier and cargo. Section 387.9 of the FMCSR contains a schedule of limits.
Carriers should have ready for examination the MCS-90 or MCS-82 form (382.15). This form is countersigned by an
insurance provider representative.
In a Factor 1 review, the DOT will also request to see a company’s accident register. This document lists accidents
that meet the definition of an “accident” as found in Section 390.5 of the FMCSR and are commonly called “DOT recordable accidents.”
The review determines if a carrier maintains an accurate record of these accidents. The record must contain the information required by Section 390.15, which includes:
● Accident date.
● Location (city and state).
● Driver’s name.
● Number of injuries.
● Number of fatalities.
● The presence of hazardous materials other than fuel spilled by any vehicle.
Even if a carrier has had no DOT recordable accidents, it is required to have the accident register in place for review.
If an accident entry appears on the register, it must remain for three years from the date of the accident.
Vehicle markings may also be checked during a DOT review. Commercial motor vehicles must be marked on two
sides with the carrier’s legal or single-trade name (whichever appears on the MCS-150 form) and the DOT-assigned
number proceeded by the letters “USDOT” (390.21).
Another key part of a Factor 1 review are training records. The FMCSR requires motor carriers to train not only
drivers, but also any employee who may be involved in regulatory compliance, on the applicable regulations. To demonstrate an adequate level of management control, it is strongly suggested carriers keep detailed records of any transportation safety-related training provided employees.
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P R E PA R E F O R A
A DOT review is divided into six inspection categories called factors:
● General.
● Driver.
● Operational.
● Vehicle.
● Hazardous
● Accidents.
Materials.
Each factor is reviewed and rated
Satisfactory, Conditional, or Unsatisfactory. A satisfactory rating does not
mean a company can relax its compliance efforts. Satisfactory simply means
a company is doing the minimum the
DOT expects of a carrier’s safety program in that factor.
FACTOR 2: DRIVER
A Factor 2 review covers commercial driver’s licenses (CDL), driver qualification, and drug and alcohol testing. The
DOT expects carriers operating CDL-required commercial motor vehicles (CMV) to demonstrate drivers have valid licenses commensurate with the vehicle class and with the appropriate endorsements. A carrier should have in place a
means for tracking license expiration dates. A carrier operating CDL-required equipment also must have implemented a drug and alcohol testing program as described in Parts 40 & 382 of the FMCSR. The DOT verifies a carrier’s CDL
driver testing program is separate from any other company-required testing.
Section 382.601 mandates a carrier have a written policy covering the testing program. The policy is reviewed to ensure it contains all required content listed in that section. The policy must be distributed to CDL drivers, and a signed
receipt from each driver must be on file and available for inspection.
The DOT verifies a motor carrier has made a good faith effort to obtain from previous employers three years’
worth of Part 382 testing results. The DOT also requires the following tests be in place for all CDL drivers who may
operate a CDL-required vehicle:
● Pre-Employment Drug Test (382.301).
● Post-Accident Drug & Alcohol (382.303).
● Random Drug & Alcohol (382.305).
● Reasonable Suspicion (382.307).
The DOT reviews records to determine testing complied with regulations, tests were recorded on federal custody
and control forms, and training for supervisors on Reasonable Suspicion testing was completed.
If a carrier chooses not to terminate an employee for testing positive for drug use, records must document the substance abuse professional evaluation, completion of rehab (if required), and Part 40 Return to Duty (40.305) and Follow-Up (40.307) testing. For carriers who employ a third-party administrator (TPA) to manage the testing program,
the DOT may wish to review the semi-annual or annual statistical summary reports.
The driver qualification file is a significant point in a Factor 2 review. Motor carriers are required to use only qualified CMV operators. The documentation required in a driver file includes:
● Driver application with all required information listed in Section 391.21.
● Previous three years of employment verification and, if applicable,
a safety performance history, and drug/alcohol test results (391.23).
● Motor vehicle record (MVR) check for
● Road test and certification (391.31).
previous three years (391.23).
● Three years of DOT physical certifications (391.43).
● Entry-level driver training, if required (380.503).
● Three years of annual MVRs from state(s) in
● Annual written driver statement of violations,
which the driver is licensed (391.25).
three years’ worth (391.25).
● Three years of signed annual reviews
● Any waivers granted (391.49).
from the motor carrier (391.25).
Driver files should be complete, current, and correct and contain the same information in the same order. Notably,
placing the DOT physical examination form in the driver file is not required, but it must be available upon request during an audit. Only those items listed previously are required in the file. Other records or documents the motor carrier
may feel are necessary for managing the fleet may be placed elsewhere.
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Compliance
FACTOR 3: OPER ATIONAL
Regulations covered in Part 395, Hours of Service of the FMCSR are the largest component of Factor 3.
Any business operating a CMV is subject to driving limitations and hours of service recordkeeping. Unless the carrier is using an exception, the DOT expects six months of driver logs and supporting documents be made available during the review.
A carrier is expected to maintain a file (electronic or paper) for each regulated driver. When drivers are required to
complete the standard graph log, the DOT examines these logs for violations of:
● Form & Manner (395.8(d)).
● Hours of Service (395.3).
● Falsification of Logs.
Form and manner is simply the information, in addition to the graph, required on a driver’s log. Hours of service violations occur when a driver exceeds the 11-hour, 14-hour, and 60-hours in seven days or 70-hours in eight days rules. Falsification is checked using supporting documents to identify when a driver intentionally misrepresents information on a log.
Legible logs must be returned to the carrier within 13 days of completion. A motor carrier must have a procedure to
account for on-duty hours resulting from a driver performing compensated work for any person (including him/herself)
outside their employment with that carrier (395.2(9)).
A carrier operating CMVs and using a logging exception, especially the 100-Air Mile Exception (395.1), may believe the
operation is exempt from all Part 395 requirements because the drivers are not required to complete graph logs. However, even when using exemptions, the carrier must comply with recordkeeping requirements. The 100-Air Mile exception mandates carrier compliance with four driver requirements before driver use of the logging exception is permitted:
● Stay within 100 air miles of his/her normal work reporting location.
● Return to the work reporting location and be relieved of duty within 12 consecutive hours.
● Refrain from driving a CMV for more that 11 hours in that 12-hour period.
● Take 10 consecutive hours off duty between shifts.
If these requirements are fulfilled, the carrier must keep clear and accurate records (including supporting documents)
for six months of the driver’s daily start and stop times, total on-duty hours, and the 60- or 70-hour rule tracking.
FACTOR 4: VEHICLE
The inspection and maintenance issues reviewed in Factor 4 are found in Part 396 of the FMCSR. The DOT expects
the carrier to demonstrate any CMV under its control for 30 consecutive days or more is enrolled in a program of systematic inspection, repair, and maintenance.
Each vehicle subject to Part 396 should have a vehicle maintenance file. In addition to containing records of all repairs, inspections, or maintenance performed on that vehicle, the file should clearly detail the following:
● Company number (or license plate number).
● Model and year.
● Vehicle identification number (VIN) or serial number.
● Tire size.
● Owner (if not the motor carrier).
Except for annual inspections, maintenance records are required to be kept in the file for 12 months before the information can be purged. Fourteen months of annual or periodic inspections must be maintained by the carrier. Proof
of periodic inspection must also be stored in the vehicle in the form of a copy of current inspections or, in some states,
an approved sticker with inspection information clearly legible.
The DOT verifies that annual/periodic inspections are performed by certified inspectors. Certification is also required for anyone performing CMV brake system work and may be requested during a review.
The motor carrier should maintain records of roadside inspections for at least one year. The DOT examines inspection forms to determine if the carrier has performed required repairs discovered on a vehicle during a roadside inspection and that a signed inspection form was returned to the issuing agency within 15 days of the repair completion.
An issue of note is the requirement a carrier maintain for 90 days the post-trip inspection reports completed by drivers at the end of each workday. This report must be in writing and completed by the driver. The report must indicate:
● What vehicle was inspected.
● Date of inspection.
● What was inspected.
● Any deficiencies present on the vehicle.
● Signature of inspecting driver.
For inspections during which a defect is noted, the signature of the mechanic who corrected the defect, the signature of the next driver to conduct a pre-trip inspection, and the individual who accepted the vehicle back into service
must also be detailed in the report.
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WT0709adriansteel.indd
Compliance
FACTOR 5: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Carriers transporting any amount of material that meets the definition of a hazardous material are subject to a review of Factor 5.
The records that must be made available during a review include Hazardous Materials Registration (if applicable) and
training records for all employees involved in the transportation of hazardous materials. Training records include:
● Name of person trained.
● Training date.
● Instructor name and address.
● Description or location of training materials used.
● Certification of training (172.704).
Unless a new employee is working under the direct supervision of an already trained employee, hazardous materials training and testing are required prior to an employee performing a hazardous materials function. Under no circumstances is training completed later than 90 days after assignment of hazardous materials duties (172.704).
Training records are reviewed to confirm recurrent training is completed every three years. The motor carrier must
make available for examination each employee’s current and preceding training records (172.704).
HazMat training must include (172.704):
● General awareness.
● Function specifics.
● Safety training.
● Security awareness training. Carriers required to have a written security plan must implement in-depth security
training.
● Driver training for drivers without a HazMat endorsement on their licenses.
When a shipment of hazardous materials requires a shipping paper, the shipper and carrier must retain a copy of the
paper for two years from the date the load was accepted for transport. The forms must be available for review. The
DOT inspects the forms to verify a proper shipping description was used and all other required information, such as a
certification signature, emergency telephone number, and emergency response information, was also present.
FACTOR 6: ACCIDENTS
Factor 6 is the only factor that does not include “conditional” as a possible rating. Depending on its accident ratio, a
carrier is either “satisfactory” or “unsatisfactory” in Factor 6.
The accident ratio is calculated when the number of DOT recordable accidents (390.5) in the previous 12 months
is multiplied by 1 million and the result is divided into the number of miles the carrier has accumulated over that time.
The result provides an “accident-per-million-miles” ratio.
If the carrier’s ratio is more than 1.5 accidents for every million driving miles, an unsatisfactory rating is awarded.
16 WORK TRUCK JULY/AUGUST 2009 www.worktruckonline.com
.COM
R
/MARK
OSICA
About the Author
Steve Frisch is a senior safety consultant for JJ Keller & Associates, Inc., and
has more than 30 years of transportation experience. He can be reached at
[email protected].
HOTO
:
PHOTO
defending a carrier’s safety program
in the event of litigation following
an accident.
A solid understanding of regulatory
requirements and recordkeepingg allows a company’s management team
to implement policies and proceedures to ensure effective safety practices are in place. When
those polices and procedures
are executed, there should be
no reason to dread the arrival off
a DOT officer. Without a professsional level of understanding of
the FMCSR requirements, stand
nd
by for a root canal. WT
CKP
©ISTO
SCORED FACTORS DETERMINE
SAFETY RATING
Once the DOT has completed an audit,
the individual factor ratings are scored
and a carrier’s overall recommended
safety rating is established.
The overall rating of satisfactory, conditional, or unsatisfactory
significantly affects the motor carrier. Anything less than satisfactory prompts a DOT follow-up review,
increases a carrier’s insurance premiums, reduces the potential customer base, prevents a carrier from
bidding on contracts, and most importantly, increases the difficulty of