1. food and drink
2. food
3. salads

SALADS
AND
THEIR
How
to
Grow
Open
Air,
all
kinds
Hotbeds
on
and
EDITED
t! w!
(Kalght
of
first
Editor
Class,
of
Saladings
Under
in
Glass, by
French
the
the
^
Methods.
BY
SANDERS,
the
of
English and
approved
most
CULTIVATION.
F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
Royal
"Amateur
Otder
of
Wasa,
Sweden.
Qardealng.")
ILLUSTRATED.
LONDON
W.
H.
"
L.
COLLINGRIDGE,
:
143
"
149, AldersgateStreet, E.G.
Kz-IL^
%
LONDON
:
COLLINGRTDQE,
AND
L.
U.
U9,
US
AND
W.
lir
pltlNTED
ALDERSGATE
STREET,
E.C.
FOREWORDS.
No
apology
culture
of
is needed
for
vegetables
a
publisliing
for
salad
subject has
received
books
the
but
already
dealing with
no
one
'dignityand
honour
with
that,
daily
our
has
for
for
of
salads.
all
The
introductions
tiiis fact.
their
The
the
cucumber,
the
of
and
far-off
the
in
worthy
in
we,
the
of the
junction
con-
conclusion
arisen
correspondingly
a
the
And
feature
this
strong partiality
a
peruse
in this
at
and
in
present handbook.
Greeks
radish,
a
thereon,
the
the
other
verify
to
hey-day of
cooling and
and
any
historical
work
in the
salads,
times.
attention
the
as
of
summer
lettuce, and
those
to
glory fully appreciated
influences
in
Romans
of
the
popular
only to
chapters
various
is true
So
manifested
has
It
it
information
have
ancient
soothing
extent
also
publication
ages
and
power
has
cultural
reader
to
deemed
more
to
vegetables generally,
a
become
the
prompted
Epicures
measure
of
hitherto
there
so
demand
greater
fact
have
menus,
its full
special volume.
Publishers, have come
the
salads
as
of
devoted
purposes.
cultivation
have
to
seems
volume
the
grew
rate, to
nations,
a
large
more
and
their
since shown
Italians, have
particularlythe French
full appreciation of the delicacies
and
virtues the salad
has
Even
in this country
an
as
adjunct to the daily cuisine.
sallet."
find our
forebears
In
we
enjoyed their occasional
evidently well known, since iu
Shakespeare's time salads were
radish.
made
to the onion, lettuce, and
his plays references
are
such
In those
fragrant
days the salad bowl often contained
the
remark
Clown's
herbs
as
thyme and marjoram, whence
the Sweet
in "All's Well,"
Indeed, sir, she was
Marjoram
''
"
of the
Later
Salad."
on
alluding to
"
salads
Let
And,
But
find
we
it is in
the
in his famous
OnioiLs, atoms,
scarce
more
verse
hirk
suspected,
recent
wit,
well-known
:
within
animate
times
Smith,
Sydney
that
the
the
the
bowl,
whole."
virtues
of
salads
6
FOREWORDS.
have
becmue
fullyappreciated by
iiiDie
former
have
at
all the
year
round.
during
the
supply
of
The
winter
and
sunmier,
their co:iniiaiid
the
markets
imported produce,
well
pleasure of a mi.xed
Those, however, who
have
is not
always
they
can
under
and
The
a
mixed
is, of
salad, and
and
it may
the
present
our
di.sposalwould
and
be
separate work,
deemed
it best
cultural
details.
the
a
end
series of
tlie
has
why
the
-s-olume
produce,
it
as
tell the
do
to
been
which
ought to be;
in spring and
we
have
it
truth, the
added
latter
hope,
we
may
be
have
for
source
chapter giving
a
and
Avill be
approof some
acquainting himself
salads
at
space
Them,"
appetisingsalads
of
from
justiceto this fruit,
in a
fully described
tq the
wliich, we
in which
omitted
Grow
to
reader
desirous
reader
have
we
How
making
feature
ways
to
and
refer
recipesfor
varietyof
succulent
permit us
ahead}'
not
of the
the
to
market
and
requirements.
an
indispensable ingredient in
course,
eaten
alone,
equally appreciable when
Well,
])riatedressings,a
service
and
Tomatoes
to
home-grown and
to enjoy
everyone
their
volume.
"
Our
tomatoes.
gardens, greenhouses,
rely upon
wondered
its culture
as
At
meet
spring,
and cheap
supply outdoors
and
early spring supply on hotbeds
command
so
produce perfectly^resh
glass, and
tomato
have
to
winter
to
in
abundant
ample
an
wholesome
usuallyan
disposal
salad.
fresh
as
grow
and
a
summer,
or
need
no
and
watercress,
supplied with
is possible for
it
and
the
frames
is
their
at
radishes, lettuce, and
usually
are
nowadays
succulent
cucumbers,
The
pour.
material
fur salads
latter, too, have
there
autumn
rich and
prepared
with
for the
table.
Finally, we
Mr.
F.
of the
Castle,
R.
work
cultural
on
indebtedness
to
acknowledge our
skilled practicalgardener, and
author
to
a
The
1911.
alluded
Tomatoes
information
salading.
London,
have
rest
supplied
we
are
to
in
above, for
connection
most
of the
with
each
T. W.
S.
responsibletor.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Forewords
5
Chap.
I.
American
Land
Cress
History
"
II.
Beet
History
"
,,
Culture
"
Varieties
Pests
Lifting
"
and
"
Culture,
"
and
Storing
III.
Celeriac
History
"
IV.
Celery
History
"
Late
10
Crops
Blanching
Varieties
"
Main
"
...
...
Storing
"
Early
"
Crops"
Culture
"
"
Diseases
...
,,
Crops
Varieties
Pests
"
15
"
and
"
Diseases
V.
VI.
Chervil
16
History
"
Chicory
Culture"
"
History
"
9
etc.
Uses
Culture
"
30
Blanching
"
31
.
VII.
Chives
History
"
Culture
"
Uses
"
33
...
VIII.
Corn
Salad
Culture"
History
"
Uses
34
"
.
IX.
Cucumbers
Under
Glass"
Greenhouses
Feeding
"
in
Culture
History
and
Cucumbers
in
in
Pots
"
Culture
in
Frames
"
Exhausted
Renovating
X.
Culture
"
Winter
"
Pests
Culture
"
Plants
"
Varieties
"
Diseases
in
36
Open
the
Air
History
"
ture
Cul"
Varieties
51
"
...
XI.
Dandelion
"
History
...
"
...
...
Culture
...
Varieties
"
"
Blanching
XII.
Endive
"
"
History"
Culture
57
^Varieties
ill
Frames
"
"
Culture
ing
Blanch"
Pests
eind
Diseases
58
CONTENTS.
Cliap.
XIII.
Lettioe"
Culture
History"
Varieties
for
Varieties
Use
Crop
in
Pests
for
Varieties
"
Culture
-Winter
Winter
"
Salads
for
Lettuce
"
Summer
Use
Use
^Vinter
-Yoiuig
Frames
for
Summer
for
-
Lettuce
Supplies
Early
for
Use"
Early
"
62
Diseises
anrl
...
...
XIV.
"liT,-iTARD
Crk-is
AND
History
"
.,
XV.
Nasturthtm
...
Culture"
History"
"
70
Culture...
"
72
Uses
,,
XVI.
Onion
History"
"
,,
under
Glass
Culture
Pesis
"
Out
Citlture
Doors"
73
Varieties...
"
...
...
XVII.
Purslane"
XVIII.
Culture"
History"
"
Radish
Frames
in
Culture
History"
"
"
Out
Varieties
"
79
Uses
Culture
Doors-
Rid'shes
AVinter
"
"
Pests
XIX.
80
Rampiok
"
.,
XX.
ShaIjI-ot
History
"
,,
-Uses
Culture
"
Pests
85
XXI.
Sorrel
Historj
"
Culture
"
ing
Stor86
'
...
...
...
,,
and
Lifting
"
"
Varieties
"
Culture
History"
Varieties"
"
...
Utes
88
...
XXII.
Watercress"
History
,,
Shallow
Streams
Cilture
"
Ditches
in
In
"
"
In
Trenches
In
"
Pans
"
Pests
XXIII.
90
Frenoi
Method,
"
"
Beds
Beds
"
The
Out-door
"
Primary
Frames
"
and
Features
(Jeneral
Crops
Cropping
"
...
XXIV.
Some
Salad
Recipes
of
Saladinus
...
..
"
Details
Soiling
"
"
the
Varieties
9.3
...
...
...
""
,,
Table
Manure
"
Cloches
...
99
105
"ii^ii"
"^M,age a^
Salads
and
AMERICAN
A
the
of
Cultivation,
their
CHAPTER
a^M"age
I.
LAND
Common
Winter
CRESS.
Cress
(Barbarea vulgaris)
native
of this country.
It belongs to the Cabbage
a
and
is of biennial or perennial duration.
family (Cruciferae),
VARIETY
and
The
Water
flavour
of the
Cress, and
jaleasiugaddition
grown
on
the
Culture.
in
young
shoots
spring
and
the
to
Continent
Sow
"
the
salad
and
is much
winter
bowl.
in America
seeds
in
like
the
This
as
September
a
that
former
Cress
salad
for
a
of the
make
a
is
largely
vegetable.
winter
and
drills 9in. apart and veiy shallow, and
spring supply. Draw
the seeds thinly therein.
the weather
be dry give
Should
sow
occasional
an
watering to promote a speedy gennination. A
in March
for a summer
also be made
supply;
sowing may
other
but, consideringthere are so many
saladings available
much
delicate
in
at that
are
more
so
period, and which
while
in
Cress
growing Land
flavour, it is hardly worth
summer.
The
enough
shoots
to
or
the
handle.
leaves
After
gathered as soon
shoots
gathering,new
may
be
as
large
will
forrn,
I'l
SALADS.
and
so
keep up a successioual supply.
the seedlings 6in.
apart each
weather
severe
with
cloches
or
Souie
and
way,
cold
a
plant
trans-
^niwers
protect in
frame, but
tliis is
rarely necessary.
CHAPTER
II.
BEET.
Beta
in its wild
mahitima
but
the
form
tj-pe of the cultivated
introduced
to-day was
Long before
into
is
native
ii
forms
we
England
of
in
grow
about
seashores,
our
gardens
our
the
154y.
year
that
and Romans
both
period the Greeks
grew
black and white varieties,but appear
to have
used the leaves
only. To-day we attach no importance to the leaves
except
"
in
the
the
of
case
Silver
Beet
the
using
"
onlv
roots
as
a
saladinn;.
Tlie Bjet
is related
which
Beet,
is
so
yielding sugar.
diaceas, and
The
to the
Mangold
extensivelygrown
It belongs to the
is of biennial
when
roots
Wurzel
and
the
on
natural
to the
Sugar
Continent
order
for
Chenopo-
duration.
boiled
held
are
in
high
estimation
as
a
salad.
and winter
They also
good autumn
make
excellent
an
pickle,and form a most nourishing and
that: "A
An
old writer remarks
appetisingarticle of food.
beet-root, sliced up with a Reading or Spanislionion, boiled
of
component
also
in soft water,
meat,
if mixed
boiled
hard."
Either
won
a
as
their
a
way
will be
with
salad
into
nitv, it being very
w^hich
does
not
boast
found
a
spices and
or
a
the
find
we
least
and
roots
of all classes
favour
a
few
with
condiment
vinegar
vegetablethe
seldom
at
nice
even
rows.
a
an
egg
have
or
cold
two
gradually
of the
commu-
cottage garden
This
in itself is
BEET.
sufficient
iif fact, l)eet luay
all localities.
heart
have
no
the
tn
te-tiiiinny
nf
lar^e
rcints
further
in
aid
enltnie
alnmst
(in
umwu
Kven
mir
seen
lie
easy
11
tlie small
L;aiilens anmnd
thorough
a
As
Miils ami
anv
t'nr
sutficiently
lai;L;x'
tluui
beet.
a
matter
in nearly
tlie very
cities, inclmlinL;' Lnmlmi,
ami
tnwns
ui
^\"e
with
[lurinise i;-in\vn
digging in the prc\ioUf
an\"
spring.
Beet,
Turnip-Rooted
A
For
Early
ill order
to
iruotl type
of
Salads
obtain
iirow
The
"
of
roots
tj
Beet
in
.shallow
useful
most
fair
""i;i.
size for
variety to sow
inelmhng in salads
will he found
in the (ilobe
months
early summer
These, being of much
ipiieker
or
Turnip-rooted section.
of a serto
be depended upon
viceable
produce roots
growth, may
till out,
the others
to
size long before
commence
Tliev ha\"e also the additional
advantage of being thor(.iiigldy
shallow-, stony soils,where, without
relialile for growing on
during
the
special cultivation,
above
Earlv
in
the
the
size of
April
sow
hnig varieties
a
the
decent
seed
refuse
furnish
thing
any-
radish.
French
in drills
to
a
foot
apart, placing
12
SALADS.
the
seeds
at
distance
a
plants appear
birds, wliieh
above
often
the
ground keep
soon
the
as
for
sharp lookout
by devouring the
u,
much
cause
As
apart.
annoj-ance
AVliere tliis is feared protect the bed
leaves.
young
weeks
of 6iii. to Sin.
for
few
a
the
ordinary fish or wire netting. When
the size of a shillingthe netting may
be
a
good dusting of old soot is scattered
l)y means
of
leaves
get about
removed, and if
the plants, and well stirred into the soil with the hoe,
among
it will harden
the growth, and, provided ordinary climatic
conditions
liy tlie
middle
General
and
supply;
The
seed
should
short
time
fresli
manure
of
if
good, well-shaped
before
the
of
seedlingsare
each
seed
in
bed
of
with
on
colour
are
for
growing
good spade a
a
account
no
digging give
sprinklingof
winter
must
the
soil
On
a
land
salt at the
common
yard, well raked in,'"will keep
square
and
materially assist in the production
drills about
rows.
At
15in.
apart, and
soil thin
this distance
them
out
the
when
to
Sin.
or
large enough
roots
all
blank
bed
the
for
high
ordinary purposes may be secured.
to germinate
If, through any seeds failing
this
use
quite
be
ashes, if obtainable.
wood
a
will
intended
seed;
after
tliroughthe
well
!)iu. apart in the
for
for
roots.
the
How
the
added, but
ground moist,
good
the
sowing
be
to
that
roots
thoroughly well dug
be
2oz.
ready
May
obtainino; roots
for
sow
good dressingof soot or
of a light,sandy uatme,
rate
in
first week
to
desired, it is essential
them
be
of June.
Crop"
euouo-li
"siiou
fair size should
of
prevail,roots
spaces
should
are
present in the
remain
throughout the
so,
season
thus
rows
there
spoilingthe
or
is
no
other
reason
causes,
why
of the
appearance
handled
and kept
; for, if carefully
inverted
flower-pot,these thinnings
of an
bj' means
later give another
transplant quite safely. A few weeks
it well into the soil with
dressingof soot and salt, stirring
is kept free from
the Dutch
hoe, and, provided the bed
until the crop
is
weeds, no further trouble need be taken
shaded
ready
for
lifting.
13
BEET.
Lifting^
October
tn
rarefullylift
Ijreak
colour
or
when
the crown,
dry
Storing-
and
bruise
Particular
small
of
should
care
shed, outhouse,
or
be
cut
and
most
exercised
cellar where
since
Ijcet
stoi'e
their
run
the
crood
is
very
lieet in
lisk of
Varieties.
"
kind
tn
gviiv,- in
off the
"
not
care
lose
tops justabove
for
as
use
required.
storing the roots in a
cannot
easilypenetrate,
in
frost
EkET.
deep
well-tilled
clamps outdoors,
theii' being injuredin
varieties
uf
in
evenly shaped ones
indifferent shape should
easily injurc(lby
("ood
end
they will
or
way,
shed
open
LoXO-RonTED
A
in any
not
the
At
fork, taking
a
size and
in the
remain
to
"
the best
store
Those
l)e allowed
Twist
Roots
with
root
specimeub
cooked.
and
sand.
the
eacli
the
of
snils.
frost.
])ut
severe
we
Some
prowei's
prefer
nc.t
to
winters.
long-rooted
beet
are
:
]\Iiddleton Park
Favourite, Dell's
Nutting's Dwarf Pinea])p"le,
Superb Black, and Blood Red; while Sutton's Globe and the
aic
eipiallygoo"l sorts
l'"L^'vptiaii
of the
Turnip-i'ootedsection.
14
SALADS.
Pests.
The
chief
('anion
Beetle,
Tlie
Beet
shiny,
the
Carrion
and
feed
A
good
lib.
lime,
Leather
Jacket
of
this
the
on
and
is
its
black,
the
latter
mix
to
sulphur,
flowers
of
the
foliage
over
Grub.
leaves,
remedy
and
Beet
together
and
land
21b.
of
early
in
niorniiig.
The
Beet
sides
Fly
the
of
o'lecnish
cause
eventually
well
the
]iup:e
in
The
soil
their
tlie
before
Crane
holes
is
ft.rni
mould
Leaves
seldoju
to
need
soil
Keep
harass
the
and
the
soil
flies, and
fuiiiigant
larva
will
kill
to
the
attacked
that
which
form
thus
tliis
called
the
best
are
occurs
of
rid
picked
in
fungicides.
this
of
the
the
of
dressing
foliage
cripples
disease
application
get
)iy
recognised
good
to
later
or
yo\ing,
A
the
attacks
easily
are
help
attacks
legs,
Daddy-long-
sometimes
whilst
disease
the
of
legs.
of
sowing
to
the
the
grubs
lieta^)occasionally
ver\-
as
The
fungoid
A
rusty
a
through
absence
before
"
plants.
them
and
Diseases.
a
to
as
with
Grub,
them.
in
tail
(Uiomyces
so
(Tipula oleracea),
Fly
biting
blunt
plants
grown
pupate,
eggs.
or
upon
fully
ground,
further
lay
to
feed
tissues,
When
the
in
sowing
Jacket
insecticide
soil
flies
the
shrivel.
to
under
yellowish-white
into
waj-
the
on
eggs
earth.
the
gnawing
leaves
between
either
routs,
tlie
as
Leather
or
their
its
resultant
themselves
appear
stirred
dress
eat
bury
escape,
betne) lays
the
and
leaves,
and
tliey
(Aiithomyia
maggots
them,
It
larvaj
the
are
(Silpha opaca)
dusk.
sprinkle
to
the
and
Beetle
after
so
(if slaked
peck
siKit,
Flj-,
w(i(5d-lo\ise-like
esjiccially
a
Beet
Beet
attacking
pests
"
pest.
Beet
of
off
such
Rust
b3et,
growth
and
a
a
ing
caus-
of
the
burnt.
virulent
"
CELERIAC.
15
CHAPTER
III.
CELERIAC.
Cbleiiiac
variety of celery,and
a
the
on
it
is
Continent.
differs from
the
which
stems,
latter
of
it is
is known
the
by
roots,
bitter
usually
BotanicallyCeleriac
These
country
as
have
be
Italian, and
ated
origin-
flavour
and
way,
called
the
It
smallage."
useless
leaf-
culinary
for
the
On
short, swollen, turnip-likeroot.
a
account
"
to
ordinary celeryin having short, hollow
are
and
pui-poses,
name
in this
known
formerly
was
The
appears
is said to
Turnip-rooted Celery.
Apium graveolensrapaceum.
often attain the "weightof one
usually cut up into slices when
as
They are
and served
also be cooked
used as a salading,and they may
Moreover,
as
a
vegetable,or be used for flavouringsoups.
unlike
ordinary celery,it is possible to lift the roots in
and
autumn
store
them, similarlyto beetroot, for future
or
p6unds.
moi-e
use.
Culture.
should
Seed
"
be
sown
in
boxes
during April
plants transplanted 1ft. apart into shallow
trenches, or on
a
piece of heavily-manured ground where
be given during July and
abundance
of water
August.
may
than
further attention
No
keeping the soil free from weeds
will be required. No
blanching will be necessa,ry, but the
and
the
must
roots
for
young
as
use
until,a
few
When
the
the
taken
be
up
required.
roots
have
little earth
appearance.
knob
When
aroimd
or
large sowing
A
swollen
the
to
Celeriac
cultivated of all salad
in
stored
is not
a
stems
cause
shed
recommended
for trial purposes.
all suckers, and see, moreover,
been
plantingremove
yo\mg
soil.
and
in November
grown
base
are
them
otherwise
is not
buried
too
deeply in
nearly fullygrown
to
is
vegetables.
a
assume
one
of
the
that
white
most
draw
or
a
pale
easily
16
SALADS.
CHAPTER
IV.
CELERY.
Celery
and
is
(Apium graveolens)
to the
l)eloii";',s
in this state
same
it is
near
with
relative
order
natural
wild f'oi'iuof it is to be met
but
a
in inland
Parsley.
The
(UnibelliferK!).
and
therefore
poiscmous,and
of the
seaside
ditclies,
unfit for human
food,
The
a
old
(Ireek
of
name
word,
first introduced
selinon."
"
we
are
When
unable
l)6en grown
here for at least
and Wise, in their "Complete
devote
his
considerable
space
to
to
two
is
sellery,"
the
say,
derived
cultivated
but
hundred
it
form
must
years.
from
was
have
London
Gardener," published in 1702,
its culture ; and PhilipMiller, in
"Gardener's
of two
Celery and
chapter.
Another
"
"
"cellery,"or
The
ture
Dictionary,"dated 1731, describes the culkinds
of Celery, or
"salary,''viz., the Italian
the Geleriack already alluded
to in the previous
cultivation
these
Rogers, writingin 1832, remarks:
much
into repute within
oeleryhas come
author, named
of
forty years."
of the most
At the present day Celery is one
popular of
have
for growing
salad vegetables,and
few who
our
space
Hundreds
of
of it.
or
so
vegetablesfail to plant a row
in the Northern
Counties, are, moreover,
especially,
acres,
devoted
to Celery culture by market
gardeners.
salad few things find more
As a winter
ready acceptance
the
fact that good,
than
well-grown celery; and, owing to
pence
sticks are
well-blanched
seldom procurable at less than twothe consumption is large
each, in those houses where
entailed in purchasing the winter's supply forms
the expense
small item; therefore, whenever
possible,the
a
by no me-aus
advised
to avoid this by growing
of small gardens are
owners
their
own.
[Photo:
Sticks
Pkizk
A
phot.f
of
preyeiited hy
ami
wim
twii
i'lmr
sticks
(Joimcillor
yiiecHs.-iv
of
T.
years
Celo-y
ok
tliiit
"T:iriic"tt,
at
by
Mr.
T.
E.
Pye.
Cei-ekv.
were
:iwardod
the
silver
Clitheroe
Cottagers'
\Vilkiii,"nij, of
Clitherop.
the
cup,
Show,
i"
SALADS.
We
say at the outset
I'eall}gooiisticks,the cultivator must
well
as
maj'
("(insiderable trouble, not
also in
is
seed
the
for
paying
until the
sown
the
it is not
table; for
this direction
sticks
the
perfectlyblanched
too
much
to
say
the
moment
are
ready
neglectin
and
that
On
disappointingresults.
well attende"l
contrary, provided the needs of the plant are
and
sure
garden will give more
results.
satisfactory
By sowing at intervals it is quite possible
in
to have
celery good condition for at least eightmonths
in the year ; and, owing to the fact that during the other four
to,
no
in
grow
be
detail from
to
leads to most
often
to
prepared to go to
preparing the trenches, but
only in
strict attention
that, in order
crop
months
a
the
kitchen
of various
plentifulsupply
in this book
other salads enumerated
available, celeiycan
are
at
that
time
well
be
dispensed with.
Crop.
Early
Ijy the
should
first week
be
saiy
in
such
as
a
increase
an
it is usual
important
the
seed
10
of
to find at this
at least 5.5
deg.
deg. during the daytime.
of a well-preparedhotbed,
temperature of
gentleheat
liouses,this will be found
the 3'omig
The pot
it is very
the year, certainly
later than the
not
; and for this sowing it will be neces-
minimum
the unifonn
to
August
February
-command
by night, with
Owing
in
sticks
get good representative
to
early in
sown
first week
to
In order
"
in cucumber
season
satisfactory
way
the most
or
of
melon
raising
plants.
or
pan
it is intended
to
the seeds
sow
in should
be
it with broken
crocks, cinders, or
by half-filling
other material
which a nice layer of moss
or
stones, over
he placed in order to prevent the subsequent waterings
well drained
small
should
the
washing
fine soil into
the
free passage
of surplus water.
The soil should be composed
sand
in
meshed
equal parts,
the
whole
sieve, covering the
mateiial
left in the sieve.
seed-pan,
and
furnished
with
moss
This
drainage, and
of
to
loam, leaf-soil,and
be passed through a
with
will
good start
good, healthy roots
ensure
a
preventing the
coarse
small-
portionof the rough
form
a
perfectly-drained
liy having plants well
a
at
transplantingtime.
21)
SALADS,
the
in
trouble
keeping these small pots well suppliedwith
water, there is always the danger of some
being overlooked
forerunner
of premature "bolting." Instead
a
of pots
sure
advise boxes
about
4in. deep being used, the bottoms
of
we
which, after having several fair-sized holes drilled through
with
old leaves
and
them, to be well covered
well-decayed
to
"
These
manure.
boxes
should
be filled with
compost of equal
a
passed
]iartsloam, leaf-soil,sand, and old hotbed
manure,
It
through an inch sieve, and pressed firmly into the boxes.
will be
than
found
in
a
that
loose
quicker in
much
celeryroots
Allow
compost.
the
each
Allow
the
"
them
airy shelf
An
boxes, and
witli
each
near
shift.
certainlynot
avoid
"
less than
giving a
strong sunshine
from
for
without
its power
flagging.
be the best place for the
the glasswill now
to
withstand
the
the soil between
plants sliould
pointed stick twice each week
cither.
often puts in
(iieeiifly
the
proper
time
the
an
should
remedies
stirre"l
lightlj-
be
the
vmtil
a
stage, and
befoie
stood either in front or
of newspapers
hold of the new
soil,
roots, having taken
until the
strong enough
are
box
fairlyfirm
margin for
necessary
sprinklingoverhead
after
heavy watering shade
several days by means
over
become
of room,
plant plenty
inches, and,
two
substantial
a
thoroug-hwaterings wliich will
plants are
ready for another
the
a
employed
this
at
appearance
be
toucli
plants
to
get rid
of it.
B\' the
4in.
become
plants
touch
it will
high, and
now
each
other
be
advisable
they
to
pots, using a similar compost to
are
already growing in, and, provided it is rubbed
the hands
and insects removed, siftingwill not now
a
shift into
firmly and
Pot
which
after
a
cold
the
frame.
mistinted
When
a
best
Here
suppliesof
tlje trenches
anil
4Mn.
return
to
place
will
they
water
during the
must
until
first
-shelf
the
be
have
a
bed
for
of
abundance
a
coal
will
have
give them
that they
through
be
sary.
neces-
few
days,
ashes
in
of air and
ready for planting out
fortnightin May.
into
planting allow each not less than 1ft. nui of trench,
after planting out
mouth
it will lie q"iitesafe to commence
feeding with weak stimulants, graduallyincreasingthe
CELERY.
21
strength as
growtli proceeds. (See Feeding.) Do
plants to produce suckers, and keep the leaves
the
with
up
bast
other
or
Blanching
soft
the
stick in such
will be
found
three weeks
Early
Crop
and
and
manure
the sticks.
the
t(i watch
glance
without
the
not
not
; and
if sheets
placed aroimd
light,this portion
exclude
used
or
exhibition
for
additional
grows
his
sticks
to
dig up
means
up
"
best
uncommon
From
the most
the
is able
see
at
a
suited
dozen
several
usual
exhibition
for
occasionally, and
specimens
in the
found
for his purpose,
before forming a decision
when
occurrence
the
rows
way.
first week
suitable
time
to
for
of
the
end
of March
making the general
glass;and, owing
celeryfor raisingplants under
the increased
lightand heat from tlie sun, a hotbed will
be so necessary
for the previoussowing; but the importance
as
of sowing the seed thinlywill apply with equal force
of the labour
but
only on account
saving this ensures,
sowing
to
the
the
are
Crop.
will be
paper
collars,are
When
blanchingprocess
which
Main
blanchingthese
either for table
later.
who
man
earthed
are
a
having
a
by no
"
month
For
"
brown
to
as
condition
has
air
is that
manner
good
tied
blanchingpurposes
of
paper
advantage
allowing
tlie
t
he
roots, therebyincreasing
reaching
growth,
be
water
freelygiven without discolouring
may
Another
earth
advantage claimed for paper over
or
brown
sun
in
a
well
tyingmaterial.
early rows
nothing is better than
of this, of double
thickness to form
each
allow
not
seed-pan is a great evil, the
disastrous
results of which
not
are
apparent until a couple of
after being placed into their permanent
months
positions,
when, instead of producing what weis expected of them, the
also
because
an
majority run
to
overcrowded
seed
The advice
purpose.
the preparationof the
structure
warm
is
sown.
of
absolutelyworthless for any
given earlier in this chapter regarding
soil and seed-pan apply here, and any
and
will be
become
suitable
for
pot
or
pan
after the
seed
ing
is,however, very important to provide a coverglass,for this,in addition to keeping the soil uniformly
It
SALADS.
--
iiKiist until
a
geriumatiou takes place,also ensures
geriiiiiiatiou.
Failinga sheet of glass,a piece of
the
answer
and
must, of
When
the
the
in
a
removed
less
as
soon
even
will
paper
satisfactory
degree,
the seedlings
as
surface.
plants
handle
they shoiild
advised
for the
be
be
course,
above
appear
although
purpose,
more
this
from
be
sowing
transplanted
earlycrop
partly fillthis
; or,
batter
with
a
are
into
large enough
shallow
should
still,
to
boxes,
as
cold frame
a
quantitj'of old horse or cow
for a covering several inches thick of
manure,
leavingroom
rich soil whicli has been
passed through a half-inch sieve,
which, after being pressed fairlyfirm, should not be more
than
6in. to 8in. from
the glass. Transplant the seedlings
vacant
into
this at
a
distance
of 2in.
thorough watering tlirougha
and
or
with
cover
a
mat
or
or
3in.
fine-rosed
other
apart.
can
After
lightshadingfor
time
with
days, syringingthe interior of the frame
At the
morning aljout nine o'clock.
every
the
roots
shading may
cautiously at
direetlyon
the
appearance.
Continue
to
the
care
roots
will
be
have
taken
removed
and
first, always
plants,
or
hold
of
abundance
the
light,
the next
three
water
givinga
replace the
end
tepid
of this
soil,and
of air
two
the
admitted,
blowing
avoiding cold winds
will
greenfly
surely put in its
syringe tlie frame twice each day, and take
either of
are
kept uniforndy moist, excesses
drought or moisture Ijeingcarefullyguarded againstas being
of the crop.
to tlie future welfare
prejudicial
Treated
thus, the
first week
in
June
should
witness
the
good, strong plants, and, owing to the room
in which
allowed
for development and ricli rooting material
they are growing, may by the aid of a trowel be lifted with
Such plantsas these soon
balls of soil as largeas hens' eggs.
after being placed into trenches; and,
establish themselves
provided due attention be paid to their requirements,can
scarcely fail to give good results.
the trench system is the proper way to
By general consent
ment
good celery,the plantsrequiringso much liquidnourishgrow
be almost
trench provided it would
that were
no
imposframe
filled with
CELERY.
sible
is
sticks of
"to grow
23
large size
and
need
why these trenches
great depth thought by many
no
good quality.
should
be
taken
there
But
out
the
to
be
to
necessary, 20in. being
the lightestsoils,while 15in. will be found
ample on even
quite sufficient on those of a retentive nature.
This depth
allows
the
for
fairlyheavy dressingof
a
bottom,
and
6in. of
soil
good
being placed
manure
placed
the top, which
on
leaves
quite sufficient space, from the surface to allow
being given in unstinted quantitieswithout waste.
growing in deep trenches a long way from the surface
become
weakened
drawn, and
such
to
after-culture
they
In
otherwise
order
the
1ft. wide
is
and
water
of the
system
ably
invariis
how
the
become
never
Plants
constitution
matter
no
water
good the
sturdy plants
been.
three,
two, or even
grown
therefore
the width
governed by
have
'economise
to
that,
be, they
the
result
a
extent
an
may
would
as
in
of
rows
trench
labour
plants in
distance
and
it is intended
suitable
usually found
celery is often
a
singletrench ;
to
where
must
apart
A
adopt.
only
a
be
trench
singlerow
18in. for a double
while
and
plants is to be grown,
row;
in one
trench should
attempting to grow three rows
anyone
not attempt to do so in a trench less than 2 ft in width.
certainly
how
will depend on
The
distance
between
the trenches
in each, always allowing
plants there are to be grown
many
plenty of soil being available for earthing and protecting
purposes.
For singlerows
4ft. will usually be found
sufficient,
of
but
be
for the double
allowed,
follo"sved
the
by
plants
soil
foot
or
in
or
treble
or
some
continual
was
Late
of
often
Crop.
celerymay
the
"
be
rows
top growth is
remaining unblanched.
a
good plan to tie bands
tops, which
good
6ft. should
cultivation has
been
rains,it will often be found that
cient
abundant
growth that, where insuffi-
left between
of the
more
when
cases,
than
autumn
such
make
nothingless
rows
In
sown
such
of brown
proves
Seeds
cases
earthing purposes, a
rendered worthless through
for
as
paper
these it will be found
or
round
straw
the
quite satisfactory.
for
either
providingplants for
on
a
mild
hotbed
late crop
a
or
a
piece
SALADS.
24
of
finely [irepMred
-
the
during
conditions
soil
ninntli
often
of
far
being
the
in
open
time
garden any
sowing under
April, a
more
satisfactorythan
these
made
one
although when
should always
in the open
sort of protection
sown
garden some
fore,
Therethe seeds having a fair chance.
be provided to ensure
after sowing the seed and
watering it well in, protect
fierce sun
the bed from
of glass-paper
heat, either by means
and on no
of wire or fish-netting,
account
thicknesses
or
a few
This sowing will often
the bed to become
allow
dust dry.
furnish good plants for occujjying
the ground after the earliest
under
glass,as
dwarf
peas
are
adopt
this
course
advised
for the
cleared
away,
drawn
the
for
dug
a
and
the early
l.ilauching
and
the
late
give
the
offsets
roots
fairly close
leaf-stems
however,
the
from
Directions
"
for
given on p. 21.
be treated
differentlj-.
in
August and
crop
already been
the
If
September.
a
good soaking
suckers
or
have
crop
eaithing-upof
in
crop
to
the purpose.
answer
Blanching:.
late crops,
the
ronunence
it is intended
where
and
of the soil will be
prcjiaration
ground to have been well manured
and
deep drills
lightforking over
will
rake
Earthingr-up
Tlie main
a
peas,
with
out
crops,
little
very
needed, for, assuming the
and
earlier
to
main
weather
the
of
then
water,
each
of
base
together,and
should
be
the
draw
with
them
secure
all
remove
plant,
dry
a
latter operation is essential
The
to prevent
piece of bast.
soil getting into the heart
and
settingup decay later on.
down
Break
the adjoiningsoil as finelyas possible,and then,
the
by
means
of
to
the
height
operation.
At
of
hands, pack
4in.
intervals
or
6in.
of ten
this
firmly around
Choose
days
add
a
fine
more
each
day
plant
for
soil,until
tlie
at
earthing,early in October, the soil reaches the base
".ifthe leaves ; then
finishingoff the sides to a gentle
cease,
with the back
of the spade.
slope and making them smooth
the final
Protecting
Late
Celery
"
Although
most
varieties
to
celerymay usually be relied upon
through an
pass
with
further
no
ordinary English winter
protection than
where
that which
late supply
the. ordinary earthingaflfords,
a
of
CELERY.
is valued
it will be unwise
to leave
tlie most
exposed during
25
a
of
row
good plants fully
weatlier.
severe
Therefore
it is
kind.
highly advisable to provideprotectingmaterial of some
all useful in their way,
Hay, straw, bracken, and mats
are
and answer
the purpose
certain profairlywell, but a more
tection
is assured
of
wide
boards
nailed
means
by
long,
form
to
the
width
of these being governed
together
troughs,
of rows
of plants in the trench
it is desired
by the number
to
protect.
If at tlie
approach
weather
of bad
these
placed along
are
the
useful in
of celery,they not only prove
tops of the row
warding off frosts, but also prevent the heavy rain reaching
In
the centre
of the sticks, thus causing the plant to rot.
some
a
this is the
seasons
short
time
Needless
removed
be
much
or
that,
well
how
well
results
are
matter
no
it, if the
best
in the
established
such strong growth,
the trenches were
pared
pre-
Celery being of
"
trenches
once
of
water
manure
given with a free hand.
from
water
or
Probably sewage
and
ijjost powerful of all manures,
at, feeding will
the plants are
aimed
when
and
absolutelynecessary,
become
in
follow.
may
Celery.
Feeding^
for
promising crops
most
becoming quite worthless.
to say, whatever
covering is used should always
mild
weather,
during a period of exceptionally
harm
it follows
of the
cause
kind
some
be
may
giganticsticks; and,
is advised
grower
to
this
where
steps to
necessary
state
it only in a weak
the
take
day.
Sewage,
however,
scarcelyadvisable
is
given every
although admittedly
for
use
from
a
ensure
at
a
the
a
first,
tion
applica-
of
frequency
the
produce
to
object in view,
is the
at first until it is
week
a
once
about
calculated
best
to use
supply, taking care
graduallyincreasingthe strength and
from
cesspitis
the
alternate
rich
tiliser,
fer-
hygienicpoint
of view.
Drainings from
state
forms
growers,
one
the stables
cowsheds
used
m
a
j-i
J
i
diluted
large
popular stimulants among
of the others menwith one
occasionally
of the
varyingit
or
most
-"
SALADS.
for celerv, like
tioiieil;
!"ick (if any
horses
nor
cultivated
most
particularplant
one
plants, soon
food.
Where
becomes
neither
cows
should obtain
a
kept, the grower
supply of
fresh dropping-s
from
a
neighbour, and if about a peck of
eitlier is placed in a coarse
allowed
remain
to
bag, and
leveral
daj'sin a tub containingtwenty gallonsof water, a
good stimulant will be ready for use without further diluting.
the tub with
the bag should
clear water
After twice filling
he taken
and a fresh supply of manure
out
provided.
'
are
is
Soot-water
of the
of celery,and
growers
with its aid alone.
Soot-water
advised
as
in
stand
liquidto
Next
care
manure,
hour
an
before
home-made
these
to
liius
cow
is
state, but, after well
thick
a
of
for
is, perhaps, the
results
often
stirred
into
in the
to
grown
same
to
use
way
it
the
allow
using.
fertiliser
of
use
the
was
being taken not
agitatingthe bag,
cheapest
at
water
prepared
liquidmanures
followingthe
the
known
finest stimulants
very
the finest stick we
saw
ever
one
rate
this
of
a
superphosphate
obtainable, good
be
alone.
It may
fair-sized handful
to
gallonsof water, to be well stirred immediatelybefore
using; or, if preferred, good results will follow a weekly
applicationof the powder in a dry state, using a heaped
1ft. high, or scattered along
teaspoonful to each plant when
lineal yard, stirring
of a handful
to each
the row
at the rate
three
it into
Nitrate
to
the
soil with
the
of soda
growth
of
are
sulphateof ammonia
good sticks of celery,being
quick in action
celery; but it should
of
excess
will be
an
oimce
keep
the
at
these,
when
not
as
rate
with
it off the
used
l)e used
and
Peruvian
of well-established
row
and
freqiiently,
too
all others
by the
mentioned,
and
out
concludingour remarks
point out the importance
the soil is moist; therefore
are
guano
recommended
leaves
a
powerful
very
never
gallon of water, or the growth
pithy sticks will result.
In
to
on
aids
valuable
to each
unduly forced,
Canary, fish, or
used
stick.
and
and
in
pointed
a
of the
in
vendors
care
hearts
must
; but
be
of the
in
when
using
taken
to
plants.
feedingit may be necessary
water
only when
using manure
periodsof drought a thorough
on
of
all excellent
28
SALADS.
sjjikiiigif
I
huurs
clear
before
the
for
home
that
in mind
any
kind
is
applied.
numerous,
Aery
few
a
several
rows
short
rows
safe in
are:
White,
or
varieties
the
Either
Crystal.
the
Among
rcils and
Sidlianj Prize, Standard
Webb's
"
in connection
Fly Maggot,
Mannuoth,
There
ouly
are
Avith tlie
a
most
or
White
Bearer,
Ahlenliam
Puik.
serious
two
troublesome
enemies
and
Celery crop,
these
in
pest
Solid
Gem,
widely grown
Al, Clayworth
most
Sutton's
this
reliable for all
are
pinks the
in
popular
most
of these
chieflygrown
are
early
Wright's Giant, Incomparable,
Cole's
jiurposes.
tlie white
supplies, and
very
Pests.
the
tion
making a selecjnctty
tlie list offered by most
seedsmen; but it is worth
section
Prize,
to
will be
consumption
bearing
are:
given
celeryare now
only intends growing
who
grower
the
be
A^arieties of
"
from
for
of
water
manure
Varieties.
and
should
water
the
are
some
consider
to
Celery
and
seasons;
the
Celery Stem Fly Maggot.
Tlie (.'elery
FI3' (Tephritis
onopordinus)laj'sits eggs on
the leaf, and
the resultant
penetrate tlie
maggots at once
epideniiisand form tunnels in the tissues, and feed upon
the latter, causing large,pale blisters to form.
There
are
two
or
tlie
three
and
escape
kill tlie maggots
insecticide,
(Iiice
To
during
maggots
trying to
an
broods
leaves
as
are
the
the
pupate in the
within
infested
pick
the
the leaf
off and
moment
the
on
fullygrown
soil.
from
them
bum
the
It
is
useless
by syringingwith
epidermisprotects them
prevent the flies la5'ingeggs
from
oicasionall}'
When
season.
the
fluid.
forthwith.
them
spray
placed outdoors
leaves
plants are
followingpreparation: Mix half a gallonof tar with
a
gallon of water, and place this on a fire outdoors until it
the
and
AVhen
cool add 50 gallons of water,
boils.
spray
after the crop
foliagewith it. Dress the plot in autumn,
is used, with a soil fumigant to destroythe pupae.
Another
pest is the Celery Stem Fly (Piophilaapii).The
witli the
yellowish-white
maggots
bore
through the
leaf
and
then
up
into the
root-stock
of the
plant
stalks, causing rusty patches to
'
CELERY.
form
thereon.
The
dressing the
with
ground
The
land
of the
attack
autumn.
only remedy is a preventive one, namely,
before planting with
soil fumigant or
a
lime.
larvas
sometimes
29
Dress
Small
the
the
Diseases.
Swift
leaf
Moth
stalks
soil with
soil
a
(Hepialiis
lupulinus)
and
of
roots
celery
in
fumigant.
The
Celery Leaf Blight (r'ercospori
apii)is
a
fungoid disease, very prevalent in wet
causing
seasons,
form
to
the
and
pale spots
on
leaves,
seriouslyinjuringthe
Once
the disease appears
the only remedy is to cut
growth.
off and
the diseased
bum
portions. Spraying the foliage
witli a solution
of carbonate
of copper
early in the season
prepared as follows will act as a preventive : Mix together
of carbonate
of copper,
half
one
ounce
a
pint of liqviid
"
ammonia,
ten
and
two
gallons.
Celery
The
disease
them
to
I'otten
Heart
which
become
heart
attacking
Celery Leaf
Rot
attacks
be
plants
then
add
water
the
hearts
rotten.
promptly
the
next
of the
to
a
goid
fun-
plants, causing
Every plant
bairnt
make
to
is
sclerotioiiim)
(Sclerotinia
soft and
should
otlier
quarts of water,
found
prevent
tlie
with
a
fungus
year.
fungoid
Spot (Phyllosticta
apii) is another
disease, which causes
large brown
spots to form on the leaves.
blackisli and
numerous,
Occasionally the patches are
very
tlius seriously cripplingthe gi'owth of the plants. The
only
leaves.
all
diseased
to be
to burn
remedy appears
in the
Celery Leaf Scorch
(Septoriapetroselini)appears
the plants are
form
of brown
patches on the leaves when
The
disease
about
spreads rapidly and
ready to lift for use.
Bum
all diseased
foliage,and spray
soon
spoils the crop.
with
solution of sulphide of potassium,
a
early in the season
to three
one
oimce
gallons of water.
Celery Leaf Rust (Pucciniabullata)attacks celeryfoliage
of a brown
rust.
in tlie form
Spraying early in the season
is a good preventive remedy.
Mixture
with
dilute Bordeaux
Diseased
leaves
should
be
burnt.
3u
SALADS.
CHAPTER
V.
CHERVIL.
The
Chervil
and
lias loiii^'
))een used
for salads
verj' old
vegetable,
It
flavouringsoups.
is
cerefolium)
(Anthriscus
a
and
and
annual, belongsto the parsleyorder (Umbelliferse),
native of the Levant
and various parts of Europe.
a
(lerarde, the old herbalist,grew it in his garden at Holborn
is
an
is
(London)
to
have
as
Hatton
in the
site of the
the
occupied
Garden.
garden is supposed
present-daydistrict known
centur}'. His
sixteenth
recommended
He
oil and
vinegar,being first boiled, which
people
that
coniforteth
the
in
1629,
French
"
his
in
it
courage;
their
increaseth
in
Paradisi
good
and
rejoiceth
Sole,"
a
stewed
pigskin,eytlierby it selfe,or with other herbes,
a
Loblolly, and so eate it. It is used as
they make
with
used
is much
a
herbe
lished
pub-
work
boj'ledor
bee
for old
strength."
Chervil
''The
Common
says;
and Dutch
people, to
with
eaten
is very
without
and
lieart,and
Parkinson,
John
of the
dull
are
"be
it to
in
whereof
a
pot-
us."
apparentlywas a popular herb in tliosfrtimes, more
than now.
so
dens,
To-day, though, it is grown in all large garwhich
the leaves possess a most
as
refreshingaroma,
salad.
and zest of a good mixed
adds
to the flavour
n-ieatly
Chervil
Culture.
This
"
is
a
drills 9in. apart, in any
the
garden. Sowings
from' March
required sow
tn
bushes.
border, where
seveie
The
A
the
made
Where
at
the
plants
low
in shal-
sunny
intervals of
part of
last
can
the
at
only
base
sowing
be
in
a
a
small
protected
a
montli
quantity is
of currant
on
a
or
gooseberry
south
sunny
by cloches
in
weather.
leaves
wintei'
boxes
be
may
broadcast
Make
Sow
business.
ordinary soil
September.
seeds
simple
very
are
ready
gather in six
had by sowing
to
supply may lie
placed in gentle heat.
weeks
after
the seeds
sowing.
in shallow
CHICORY.
31
CHAPTER
VI.
CHICORY.
The
cultivated
Chicory, or f'liristmas Salad, as it is soinetimeis called, is an
of the
Wild
improved form
Succory
of
roadsides
and
It
(Cichoriumiutybus) our
chalky downs.
the
to
belongs
daisy order (Composite),and is of perennial
duration
the Continent,
Althoug;hlong held in high esteem
on
it does not
to have
been
cultivated
in Engappear
land
the
last
to
find no
prior
can
Anyway, one
century.
reference
In
it in earlier
to
gardens Chicory
is grown
blanched, make
an
whicli,when
those
by
who
works.
published
for
the
sake
of
its leaves,
agreeable salading,appreciated
the
slightlybitter taste which
The roots, however, which
in
are
tlieypossess.
parsnip-like
also
utilised, being roasted, then
shape, are
ground to
powder,
and
blanched
leaves
cultivate
a
esteem
with
mixed
The
coffee.
French
Barbe-de-Capucine,and
variety called the Witloof, or
the
the
term
the
Belgiansalso
Large Brussels
Chicory.
bundles
Forced
winter
months
to
of this
most
prices often
exorbitant
tliat it.s cultivation
during
dwellers, and, guided by
familiar
chicory are
town
asked,
is led
one
just the oppositeis reallythe
but
the
conclusion
experienceand
considerable
entails
the
to
the
pense;
ex-
for very few
returns
for a small
case,
sure
plantsgive better or more
outlay than the Chicory. Both the cultivation outdoors and
of the most
the subsequent forcingor blanching process are
simple nature, as anj-one possessinga few yards of kitchen
garden can prove for themselves.
cultivated
Culture.
months,
the
most
drought
"
but.
Seeds
perhaps
may
the
suitable, for
is
be
during the early summer
sown
in
first week
if
experienced,many
sown
too
of the
Jime
early
plantsrun
will
and
to
be
found
prolonged
flower, and
32
SALADS.
become
worthless.
Providing it lias been well cultivated,
iilmost any
soil will
good roots of chicory,although
grow
land
recently niantired has the tendency to produce very
forked roots, which
makes
the operation of pottingor
boxing
the
roots
tup
root
far
is present.
well
manured
After
will
inch
to
stand
the
apart in the
free
this
tops twisted
shoidd
be
and
laid in
being
))e filled with
need
tops above
tljat absolute
Staii"l the
the
from
within
soil in
into
a
or
generate
a
portion at
a
least
fork, and, aftei'
a
of the
shed,
not
certain
crown,
making
of
amount
growtli.
premature
Process"Immediately
garden
few
a
the
pots
should
boxes
or
soil used
for the
pose
pursoil will
ordinary garden
in a perfectlyupright
close together,leaving only the
fairlj'
After pottinggive a good watering,and
the
roots
pots, boards,
is assured
darkness
pots in
sure
en-
Chicoryis quite
inch
an-
to
hoe.
"
cellar
roots, and
Place
stand
other
Roots.
keeping
way
anxiety. Any
no
the soil.
with
of the
rise
Blanchingr
well.
position,and
effectual
most
the
off to
roots
selected
cause
very
weekly
dry
or
or
taken
consists only of
the
and
this Avill
the
stmt
Forcing
cover
wliicli
necessary
approach of bad weather
be carefully
lifted with
large a heap,
answer
for this crop
shallow
very fine draw
seeds tliinly.(icrmination
treatment
Storing:
should
crop
having the
after
one
other
to
over
rows.
the
by
the
at
of the
heat
the
the
weeds,
and
hardy, but
too
down
sow
outdoor
from
will be
Lifting
they
surface
place, and
subsequent
bed
land
thinning out of overcrowded
commenced
must
be
seedlings
immediately it is possible
handle tliem, continuingthe process until tiie roots
8in.
The
such
but
previous year.
tlie
apart, and
take
soon
when
case
give
choosinga piece
the
raking
drills an
is the
Therefore
needing manure,
crops
was
difficult than
more
a
warm
kee]! well suppliedwith water.
and
a
meiice,
sharp lookout
or
boxes
in such
a
manner
beneath.
house,
or
New
imist
even
cuplioard,and
a
growth
be
kept
will
for
soon
woodlice
comor
33
CHIVES.
greenfly,which, if
As soon
growth.
ready for use, and
the
produce
have
to
done
with
out
variety.
relays of
service
The
"
In
the
on
Pests
as
is
of
will
remain
to
is
as
its
to
generallycultivated
advancp
use
as
Diseases.
and
on
salad
a
the
old
"
By
many
is
common
plant, chicory
vegetablerequiringidentical
a
which
fire.
garden
decided
a
placing those
ones,
variety most
addition
served
new
usuallygiven to seakale.
quite equal to that popular winter
far
small
a
long it
portion
recommend,ed, preferencebeing
that
to
Sin.
or
if allowed
roots
is not
Witloof, which
is often
be
The
course
constant
Varieties.
the
should
is Gin.
they will be much
crop of leaves, but as
the first crop, exceptingwhere the stock of roots
limited,tlie
given
growth
another
.smaller than
is
the
as
attached.
root
sadly disfigurethe
checked, often
not
treatment
it is
thought
dish.
There
are
none
practically
so
is concerned.
this crop
VII.
CHAPTER
CHIVES.
The
Onion
Rush
Chives, or
tive
rela-
is a
(Alliumscliajnoprasum)
shallot, and
native
of this
country
In England it is,however,
well as other parts of Europe.
as
rarelyfound in a wild state, and then only in rocky pastures
Counties
in the
Northern
dense
tufts, have
The
young
for the
small
leaves
onion
to
possible
and
onion
of the
"
are
for
cut
much
and
bulbs
and
esteemed
"
come
Cliives grow in
rush-like,hollow leaves.
in Cornwall.
saladings.Being
and
a
in
of
springas a substitute
perennialhabit, it is
again frequently.The
leaves
D
are
34
SALADS.
much
milder
than
those
by
those who
be eaten
may
latter.
Tufts
of Chives
farmhouse
to
easy
once
grow
"
apart each
fourth
found
portions
Make
way.
for
req\iired
tlie crown,
has
been
in
cottage
They
are
and
very
obtained.
a
March,
rule
to
then
simply
use
others
plant these
and
divide
and
CORN
annual
other
The
foot
a
replant every
latter
name
having
leaves
close
to
course.
VIII.
SALAD.
vegetable,a native
as
Europe, and known
of its
account
in due
salad
parts of
Lettuce.
off the
cut
will form
c;hapter
on
old
year.
Wlien
An
in most
of the
^Any good ordinary soil will suffice. They are
in tufts in the herb
patch. Simply divide a
grown
into small
tuft
be
stock
a
.that account
on
dislike the stronger flavour
to
are
onion, and
in Scotland.
gardens, especially
Culture.
often
of the
of
Com
this
country and
Salad, or Lamb's
to have
been
appears
in former
times been used
given to it
for feeding
lambs.
,
Salad
Corn
the
on
as
a
is
olitaria)
(Valerianella
Continent
tlian in
sul)stitute for lettuce
England,
in winter
more
largely
grown
where
it is often used
and
It is
spring.
easily
Says Philip Miller, in his Dictionaryearly in
eighteenthcentury : These plants will grow in almost
further care
soil or situation,and requireno
but to keep
the
grown.
"
clear
from
weeds
they
they ai'e
until
always be cut while
pretty large they will
In
addition
to
the
become
are
fit for
use.
young,
for if
strong
and
species just
They
they are
any
'em
should
grown
bitter."
mentioned
there
is
an
SALADS.
.iii
CHAPTER
IX.
Cucumber
The
of the
East
(Cucumis sativa)is supposed
Indies.
Testament.
cucumber
as
mentions
in
time
the
being
allusion
his
cultivated
than
more
of
appoint
to
the
the
to
desolation
watcluiian
a
jackals and
of
ravages
times
similar
a
in
once
had
have
to
The
the
in
:
Historians
tell
us
that
of
in
in
modern
more
Cucumbers
are
melons,
classes.
ancient
Tiberius,indeed,
is said
throughout the year.
was
fairlycommon
his table
King
a
cucumbers
India.
tlie Cucumber
country in the time
in this
The
vineyard, as
grow
Even
Emperor
dailysupply for
a
plained,
com-
protect the fruits from
to
foxes.
obtains
custom
Romans.
and
the
"
Judah
of
with water
Egypt, in company
both vegetablesforming the staple food of the lower
also extensively
The Cucumber
was
by the
grown
Greeks
time
from
in fields in
still grown
native
a
t?ae Israelites
Moses
daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in
lodge in a garden of cucumbers."
the custom
in those
It was
days to
fields,and
be
to
of the absence
of the
manna,
upon
The
of food.
prophet Isaiah, too,
fed
article
an
been
it is mentioned
In
when
have
It must
since
immemorial,
Old
GLASS.
UNDER
CUCUMBERS
Edward
III., but
it
was
taken
century tliat its culture was
up seriously. Quaint old Parkinson, writingin 1629, has the
not
seventeentli
until the
followingreference
little salt
houre
their
on
in
more
or
comrneth
them
from
etc., thereon,
ovennucli
the
In
bers.
doe
wee
as
we
it.
by
countries
to
or
our
"
says
and
:
Some
use
let them
cast
to
stand
half
a
an
that
the water
poure
away
the salt, and after put vinegar,oyle,
dish, and
everyone
waterishnesse
Apples
He
f'owcumbers,
as
many
would
a
to
then
liketh; this is done
and
coldnesse
of
to
the
take
away
Cowcum-
as
they use to eate Cowcumbers
Peares, paring and giving slices of them,
daintie Apple or Peare.
friends of some
CUCUMBERS
The
UNDER
in cold
or
weatlier
or
cold
variety is Telegrapb,
Another
not
to
be
used
good
Cucumeeh.
sort
for
growing
author, Philip Miller,
a
in frames
or
in
glasshouses.
century later, devotes
in his "Dictionary of
space
mentions
He
of cucumbers.
culture
considerable
the
a
foi' tlie lidtter
stoniaches."
Frame
to
37
Cowcuiiibers
fittest
aie
greeue
of file yeare,
and for liot stoniaches, and
lawe
time
The
GLASS.
a
Gardening" (1731)
three
sorts
"
the
38
SALADS.
Common
Green
or
Long Turkey
Cucmuber,
Cucumber.
the
The
White
and
Cucumber,
first,he says,
most
was
the
rally
gene-
in this countrj-. The white kind was
commonly
grown
in market
gardens in Holland, and, indeed, is to-day.
grown
The
third sort was
more
as
a
curiosity
apparently grown
than
other^vi,se.
hotbeds
gi-own on
In the
is said
Blount
New
or
reign
to
Year's
it
period
was
time
his
In
they
have
to
appear
ridgesin the open air.
George I. the gardener to Sir
and
of
on
presented to his Majesty
have
Day
been
a
fine
considered
brace
ordinai-yfeat
no
Chri.stmas
on
cucumbers.
of
William
produce
to
that
At
bers
cucum-
in December.
In the
last
not
seriousl}',
the
and
is
demand
for
possibleto
now
in
always
and
growing was taken up more
century cucumber
only by private,but also market
gardeners,
the
obtain
profusion
attain the
same
steadilyincreased.
all the year
cucumbers
and
at
cheap
a
The
months.
summer
has
fruits
cucumber,
as
pojDularity
the
round, but
during
rate
the
however,
will
spring
never
its fruit
because
tomato,
It
This
palatableto persons witli weak digestive
organs.
Dr. Abeniethy
has always been so.
Long ago the famous
food to
as
a
quaint recipefor preparing the cucumbtr
gave
P'irst,carefullypeel ofi: the
of his patients. Said he :
one
it, add vinegar to it, and
rind, slice the cucumber, pepper
is not
"
throw
then
"
however, who
Few,
disposedto
be
of the
it out
window."
able
are
digestthe
to
those who
the latter advice, and
follow
their own
supply will find sound
grow
in the followinginstructions furnished
by
cucumber
cultural
to
our
will
desire
guidance
coadjutor,Mr.
Castle.
Cucumbers
for
in
whatever
Greenhouses
purpose
they
"
may
Seeds
be
of
bers,
cucum-
required,should,
singlyin small pots; for
possible,always be sown
sown
thickly,either in pots, boxes, or pans, no matter
careful the cultivator may
be, owing to the roots being
whenever
when
how
extremely brittle,there
bi'oken ; consequently a
follows
is
always
check
to
transplantation.
a
danger
the
of many
getting
sarily
plant'sgrowtli neces-
CUCUMBERS
"
Ldug
Toms
used, and
"
small
or
these should
hole at tlie.bottom,
put
this to
over
it with
nig
a
ensure
moist
UNDER
60's
in the centre
If
hotbed
a
but
giving
FaiHng
be
found
the
to
both
at
rest
row
one
sawdust.
will make
to the
to
up
plump
fairlyfirm.
one
its rim
taken
in
this,
place.
plenty of
to
a
manner
as
allow
to
brim
that
with
tliis
leaf-soil,
cocoanut
the
goes
side
fixed
fibre,or
the
plunge
pots up to the rim and
of glass. Keep the soil, or
whatever
is used, constantly moist
by frequent
that
water, remembering
soon
as
as this
sheet
their
hurry
a
the soil
equal
the pipe
pipes, so
either
box, leaving room
on
stand.
Having got the box
of the
plunging material
watering with warm
becomes
dry it ceases
pipes to the pots, and
If
make
hot-water
Into
a
in such
of pots to
positionfillit
with
ends
the
on
of it for
cover
pot,
Press
of
hotbed, a good plan for raisingthe seedlingswill
by getting a box about 6in. or 9in. deep, cutting
centre
even
and
composed
sand.
plunge the pot
germination has
imtil
tliroughthe
in
most
a
bottom
box
pots
soil
over-wet
coarse
of each
Avater
are
one
not
is available
no
the
39
generally
large crock placed over the
little dry moss
or
decayed leaves being
drainage,afterwards three-partsfilfhave
loam, leaf-soil,
and
parts^
seed
GLASS.
to be
in
a
very
appearance.
lightreaches
the
remove
conductor
a
the
pots
of the heat
short time
box
out
of
do
the
the
be
not
from
the
plants
young
in too
great
plunging material,
ihorningtilt the glasscoveringthe box for an hour
which
induces a sturdy growth.
or
so,
Watering must be
done
only when absolutelynecessary, and always with water
but
eacli
above
slightly
important
and
droop
to
until
the
When
to
soon
die.
rem.ain
the
near
item
plants
young
box
the
front
become
When
on
the
of the
plants
the
This is a most
temperature of the house.
be observed, for if cold water
is used the
pots
have
are
it
and in a very short
sickljr,
is no
longer possibleto allow
pipes, remove
it to
some
become
well
the
spot
warm
house, keeping the glass over
time
the box
quite strong.
filled with
roots, and
previous to
shiftingthe plants into others several sizes larger, with
nip out the points of each plant at
finger and thumb
the
the
40
SALADS.
rough leuf. This will
iiviiihible for traininginstead of
fourth
usually followed
sL'veral
eusuix'
;
growers
plentifuland growing space
dispensed with, and the plants put
ciiursc
the
on
grown
which
has
nuich
out
cordon
system, a
early fruits
it where
recommend
to
be
closely, to be
more
single-stemor
are
desired.
lire
The
]irojier time
(o
the
sow
seed
of
must,
governed l)y circunistaiiucs, local conditions,
of the
also the
In
when
fruits
it is intended
desired, are
are
and
to
in houses
cucumbers
culture, licl'ore
tjie
them;
grow
mattei's
perature
tem-
recjuiring
"
devoted
their
entirelyto
plants
thi.s every
bit of glass and
woodwork
with strong soai)y water; and,
l)e thiuoughly waslied
life, and
shiudd
owing
to
its
to
ensure
carbolic
and insect-killing
properties,
disinfecting
is,perhaps, the best of all soap to use
ITse a good, stiff brush, and go well into
soft sua])
cie\ice, for it is here
lay
their
of
source
worry
soil
surface
depth
There
are
several
his (Hit into
pests
removed,
corner
every
will be
a
winter
continual
the
summer.
hot
limewash, and
tlie
stages ronjoved
with
imder
for this purpose.
for the
throughout
cultivator
paths or
the
seveial
not
harbour
be whitened
should
\nidcr
cucumbers
the
to
along
of
the
and, if
eggs,
All Ijrickwork
llie
the
it is very
impoi-tant
sliould be thoroughly cleansed
of all insect
settingout
tlie structure
and
be
course,
consideration.
growing
that
where
structure
season
careful
to
most
although, if plants
limited, this pinching may
bj' small
afterwards
is the method
and
one,
being
shoots
the
to
inches.
methods
glass.
of culture
The
market
growing
usually plants
adopted
grower
ordinary garden soil, relyingon
for
liberal
surface
Others
of the roots
for the production of his crop.
feeiling
cucumber
houses, or pits,in which
liave specially-constructed
of fermenting material,
for deep beds
made
pro\ isions are
such
leaves and
as
being placed, which, together
manure,
with
heating, is perhaps
an
adequate system of hot-water
of growing them ;
the most
profitableand satisfactory way
while
tlie amateur
liimself
with
by gettingwhat
limited
he
can
means
out
has
of the
usually to
content
ordinary,under-
CUCUMBERS
and
lieatetl,
mind
the
of these
cultivation
summer
GLASS.
badly-constructed
lean-to
in small gardens.
usuallyfound
Keeping iu
temperature
UNDER
houses, it
will
of cucumbers
span-roofed house
or
diflference both
41
in
construction
readilybe
is not
that
seen
confined
in
limit, but, provided ordinary discretion is observed,
be
may
the
cut
in
even
sunless
most
our
and
a
tlie
small
bers
cucum-
from
summers
primitive constructions.
Where
it is desired
to make
the best possibleuse
of these small houses, the most
economical
tiic stagingat least half-way
plan will be to cover
most
with
across
allow
the water
Cover
and
with
near
soil about
plants
tiles
2tt.
start
slates, leaving little crevices
or
to drain
these
manure,
of
either
t"j
through freelv.
rougli material, or even
any
strawy
the front of the house
place little hillocks
apart,
in.
bucketful
a
being ample
for
the
After
planting,place a stick to each,
tying the stem to it looselyto allow for rapid growth. Keep
tlie atmosphere of the house continually
moist
by svringing
inch
availa'ile
three
least
each
at
times
day when the
every
weather is briglit.
be provided as soon
Ventilation must
tlie mercury
rises
as
of harm
will
beyond 7.5 Fahr., although no great amount
follow should it run
even
more,
provided
up to 90 deg., or
moisture
both
the
and
in
the
at
roots
plenty of
atmosphere
is available.
Should
sudden
outburst
of bright sunshine
a
the temperature to become
cause
unduly hot do not open
to
the ventilators
often
results
had
little both
the
more
house
in
in the
more
they
at the
with
reckless
harm
being done
closed.
remained
top and
sacks
bottom
than
Commence
at the
matting
or
which
many,
would
have happened
to
conmion
way
until
same
the
by giving
a
time, covering
temperature is
normal.
be
of shading must
form
some
During very hot weather
weak
limeCloud
or
provided, and, although Summer
continued
wash
spellof tropical
are
very effectual during a
weather, these permanent shadings have their disadvantages
in our
of recent
summers
durino- the dull periodsso common
this reason
we
prefersuch temporary shading
years ; and for
"
''
42
SALADS.
mats
tiffan}-,
or
fisli-notiiug,
used, these nut
liglit
bt'iii;;
needing to be put on exceptingduring the hottest part of the
in time to ensure
day, being removed
a
growing temperature
being maintained
throughout the niglit.For these, where
circumstances
will allow of onh- a permanent
shading being
the
both
we
used,
give
followingas
cheap and effectual for
To half a gallon of water
add
ordinary purposes.
a
penny
and
size,"half a pint of tui-pentine,
packet of
a
lump of
and
whiting the size of a duck's egg; mix this well togetlier,
as
"
apply
while
still hot
by
snuill brush ; or, what
is
fine-rosod
through a rather
of
means
a
equally satisfactory,
sprayed
This
is
useful shading,being not
most
a
syringe.
and
withstands
Under
rain
favourable
growth as does a
incrediblyshort
fruits will
these
conditions
time
cucumber
sowing
showing; but
while
plants make
few
the
from
dense,
months.
many
well-established
be
soon
for
too
such
rajiid
plant, and
the
of
it will be
seed
in
an
young
good policy
found
still in the
trate
embryo stage, and concenall tlie energy
of the plant in making a good amount
of vine
this good
i.e., strong, healthy foliage; without
cucumbers
will not
be forthcoming. When
the trellis or
sticks are
fairlycovered, select a few of the most promisingfruits,pinching the points of each shoot at the leaf beyond
the fruit.
At the same
time
all badly-formed or
remove
of young
placed fruits, endeavouringto lay in a siifficiency
stead
wood
to keep up
an
uninterrupted supply of cucuudjers, inthan
of what
often happens
a
supply more
equal to
for a few weeks, followed
the demand
by a scarcityfor an
even
longer period.
to
remove
"
"
either
in the
the
sprinkled over
cucimiber
is
of manurial
it sliould
in
Cucumbers
Feeding:
be
a
form
borne
liquidsor
surface, will
voracious
aids
of
come
Greenhouse.
concentrated
become
now
feeder, and
amiss
in mind
to
that
a
"
lants,
Stimu-
manures,
necessary.
little in the
very
plant in full
the whole
lies in the
The
way
bearing. But
secret
of
success
discretion exercised
manuring plants of all kinds
in applying it,commencing with weak
doses, gradually
increasingthe strength as the plants gain vigour. Any of
in
ii
SALADS,
pulled to pieces
with
"
horse
Add
oianure.
of
bushels
a
of
third
a
this
to
lime,
part of only partly-deconjposed
tlie rate
at
of
little
u\er
careful
half-full put
firmly about
in
plant
the
new
erring on
the
laid
as
until
testifies to
soil, when
same
the
watering
the
phosphate
super-
each
two
soil.
thoroughlymixing, proceed
soil
and
soot
5in. pot to
a
After
the
old
good,
some
dry
the
plant
and
roots;
the
to fill the
the
be
having
be done
side.
cultural
down
for
tlie
growing
than
and
when
pressing
ordinarily
of
appearance
their way
found
watering may
Other
centre,
more
growth
new
its roots
in
pot, and
into
required,always
as
details
general
will be
in
crop
the
glass
houses.
Winter
no
Cucumbers
attempting
use
in
below
house
a
under
to
the
a
grow
Glass
It will
of winter
profitablecrop
night temperature
which
of
be
of
bers
cucum-
falls much
set a fewdeg. ; for, even
though the plants may
fruits, the growth of these will be so very slow as to render
therefore of no
tliem exceeilingly
bitter to tlie taste, and
Where
value for salad purposes.
a
day temperature ranging
75
without
heat
70 to
be maintained, and
from
sun
can
deg.
minimum
a
night temperature of 60 deg., it will be quite
60
safe to
as
en
and
plants resultingfrom
with
commensurate
sense
and
it is most
Provided
good plants
this
important
be grown
sowing
sturdilyas possible,for owing to the shorteningdays
weak
absence
of sun
in
plants seldom give returns
any
the
that
early in September,
seeds
sow
should
the trouble
are
got
into
their culture
entails.
end
positionliy the
the
being satisfactory,
things of course
depend on cuttingfruits at intervals during the
tliose raised earlyin the followingyear assume
October, other
may
imtil
of
grower
winter
a
ful
fruit-
stage.
The
important points to
cucumbers
are
these
be
observed
only good, turfy compost, kept open
numerous
lumps of charcoal and coarse
In
dull
weather
growing
winter
:
Use
of
in
avoid
damping
the
by
the
addition
sand.
foliageoverhead,
ex-
CUCUMBERS
UNDER
GLASS.
45
ceptingwhen there is a reasonable chance of its becoming
dry before nightfall,the necessary atmospheric moisture
being obtained by frequent syringing the pipes and the
known
plants' surroundings a process
to
gardeners as
down.
damping
In top-dressing
the plants never
add soil direct from
the
it being thoroughly A\arm
compost heap, but ensure
by
the pipes or in the house where
the plants are
placingover
growing for at least twenty-four hours before using.
Owing to the slow growth stopping the lateral shoots
"
should
carried
be
not
for those
to
coming
necessary
of
other
is
"
are
sure
to
commenced
be
to
more
surface
once
a,
week
only induces a quick root
from
preferredtlian liquid made
not
manures.
material
Frames
in
quantitiesof
is
fruits
are
easilyand
economical
and
on
Hotbeds.
togetherearly in
cucumbers
may
preparing the
the
several
manure
year,
be had
bed
care
form
to
there
is
no
reason
from
these
beds
should
be
the
bed
why
from
taken
to
are
got
fresh-cut
Easter
wards.
on-
thoroughly
heap
forming it by turning
Fresh
before finally
placingthe bed in position.
for
is usually regarded as the best material
materials
times
large
fermenting
required,and plentyof
cheaply obtainable, this is perhaps the
hold;
of supplyingthe housesatiffactory
way
the
not
Where
"
not
and, provided the materials
horse
appear.
the
sprinkledover
fruitinghas
Culture
mix
mended
recom-
being
continually
shootfs
bearing
young
pests
manure
action, but
In
is
as
"
Artificial
most
extent
same
fumigation or, better still,vapourising will be
If this be long delayed
to keep the plants clean.
greenflyand
animal
the
on.
Constant
after
to
later, the object of the grower
sown
plenty
ensure
out
the
whole
be
not
forgotten that,
making a hotbed, but it should
although this generates a gi-eatheat very quickly,it is not
with an
equal
nearly so lastingas when the bed is made up
either oak, elm, or
leaves from
quantity of freshly-gathered
Cow manure,
although termed a cold manure,
beech trees.
46
SALADS.
when
laid
in bulk
for
few
a
occasionallyturned
produces a good, steady heat
becomes
very hot, and
eminentlysuited for the successful
over,
Of
whatever
that
material
to
time
to
the
in order
heat
in
much.
The-bed
than
it should
of
should
it is intended
and
to
also
this allows
as
the
additional
the outside
from
time
requisitetemperature
bed
has
side
be
declined.
will be
made
in mind
to
that
longer the
the
heat
found
allow
when
this
For
least
at
remain, in order
also be borne
employed
manure
the
forming the
2^ft.on either
least
at
plants in,
placed around
maintain
to
that
purpose
the
be
to
cucumbers.
portant
heap is composed it is most imconsiderably
largerthan the frame
be
grow
lieatingmaterial
culture of frame
the
it should
it is intended
and
weeks
too
none
.higher
settling
;
2ft:
for
greater the btilk
in the
bed
will be
retained.
the
Having got
frame
into
position,place a good barniwload of soil under
each light. This should
be composed of
good turfy loam, three parts; horse manure,
road-.sidings,
other grittysubstances, one
or
Superphosphate
part each.
lime, if used
of
is
Keep
tlie frame
which
the
hand
heat
the
wami,
for
be
quart
a
to each
soils for
most
days ;
only
kill all
will not
be
found
bushel
growing
several
invariablyto
are
to
of
rate
to
close
arises
soon
eggs which
After the
the
addition
grand
a
at
then
the
cucumbers.
great heat
insects, but
in the
also
the
soil.
to allow
gone out of the soil sufficiently
placed in without becoming vmcomfortably
has
seeds
either
may
be
in the
sown
of the
centre
if
be put
available, good strong plants may
fail to
we
see
recommended,
Although sometimes
lieap,or,
soil,
of
out.
the
than one
plant under an ordinary
advantage of growing more
3ft. light; for, provided the plant is stopped at the fourth
able
leaf, it will not be many
days before good shoots are availin a
of the frame.
These
for trainingto each
corner
very
the
with
short
whole
time
surface
much
plants
Keep
will send
are
the
with
of the
lateral
shoots, and
fruit-bearingwood, thus
out
thinning out
growing
interior
under
of
the
the
same
frame
so
often
needed
cover
soon
dispensing
when
light.
constantlymoist
by
two
the
CUCUMBERS
the
of
Uie
syringe,and
standing
water
become
check
in the
GLASS.
each
at
frame
to
a
way
plants, and
other
that
for
cold winds
the
cover
frame
material, which
future
conditioas
of course,
this must
will result.
be
not
be
not
will
then
the
fear
of
be
and
sure
removed
during the daytime, although,
carried too far or a weak
growth
the
barrow^ul
kept
down
pegged
becomes
this
if the
they
shoots
young
form
soon
weekly
plants
each
to
are
roots, and
new
rapid.
plants gain strength give
a
well
growth
vei^-
the
As
to
do
if climatic
growth proceeds top-dressingwill become
necessity,
using a similar compost to that in which
Add
5in. potful of bone-meal
are
a
growing.
soil,and
a
directlyon the
evening with mats
As
of
of
can
blow
early every
favourable
not
are
frame
a
it
use;
without
do not
need
47
syringing leave
tepid and quite safe to use,
the growth.
In opening the
it in such
or
UNDER
tiltingthe
frame
the
a
little ventilation
leeward
side, and
little light material, such
as
on
the
as
by
gains
sun
leaves or
short
a
power
be strewn
the frame, to be again removed
over
grass, should
three o'clock ; this will provide all the shading necesabout
more
saiy.
All fniits must
for
the
be
cut
as
soon
table, for it should
of the
energy
they
as
be
of the
are
remembeied
that
and
plant unnecessarily,
size ferred
prethese tax
prevent others
though they
swellingas fast as they would ; and, even
inunediate
not
be
for
required
use,
they may be. kept
may
in good condition for many
days by simply placingthe stems
in a shallow
of water
and standing in the coolest place
pan
possible.
from
Exhausted
Renovating:
Plants.
"
After
frame
,
have
cucumbers
plants
but
despair of
is
be
astonishinghow
soon
soon
bearing
for
five
or
six weeks
show
kindness
little extra
it is
in
signs of exhaustion by producing
need
and badly-shaped fruits,but the grower
again being able to cut first-class produce.
often
small
been
convinced
the
end
shown
to
the
plants
at
they appreciateit, and
is not
yet.
the
none
not
If
a
this stage
the
grower
48
SALADS.
The
wa\-
l"e to
remove
old
every
shoot
tive, retainingonly such
the
base
tlie
of
these
lejuvenate
to
plant
th;it has
outside
be
potf\d of old
(ir
coal has
"if soil.
the
as
been
burnt
P'ollow
from
not
"
to
be
this with
been
added
will
prdduc-
are
grower's
taken
sddt
ceased
showing fruits,and
possible. Top-dress with
as
good, turfy soil, to which has
as
Clay's,Thompson's,
these
partly-worn-outplants
as
near
Gin.
svich excellent
of
tilisers
fer-
but, should
guano;
tlien add
5in.
a
possibilities,
or
canary
chimney
a
coke
"
to
each
wliere
either
bushel
and
wood
a-half
good watering with tepid water,
and
keep the frame quite closed for several days. Plenty
of moisture
will now
be needed, and
new
growths will soon
lie apparent; and, provided a little patience is exercised, it
will not be many
weeks
before the frame
is again well filled
with fruitingshoots.
Varieties
for
late years
in the
Frame
tliere have
of varieties
number
future
near
otiiers not
yet in
a
House
or
been
several
Culture.
notable
"
additions
to
Of
the
for these purposes,
and doubtless
the list will be considerablyaugmented by
suitable
But
commerce.
the
needing
grower
a
leliable
variety,either for home "ise, market, or exhibition,
will not be wrong
in making a selection from the following:
farter's Model, Lord
Roberts, Everv'day,Webb's
Perpetual,*
Delicacy,Sensation, Telegrapli,*Leckie's Perfection, The
and
Rochford,* Tender
True, Blair's Prolific,* Epicurean,
of
Cardiff Ca.stle,*Worthing Favourite,* and
tlie old Duke
I'Minburgh,fruits of which have been exhibited considerably
varieties
suitable
for
most
over
a
yard in length. The
marked
frames
are
by an asterisk.
Pests.
"
Thrips,Red
enemies
common
of
Spider,and
the
the
roots.
the
those
fruits,especially
Cockroaches, too,
under
.serious
glass. They
injury to
are
minute
are
the most
also
are
attack
partial to
in frames.
grown
and
Thrips (Thripshsemorrhoidalis)
do
freqtiently
Fly
Eehvorms
cucumber.
and
Woodlice
Green
their
whitish
the
foliageof plants
and
very
active
larvae
grown
insects, and
CUCUMBERS
do
injuryby piercingthe
the
out
to
UNDER
When
sap.
GLASS.
49
surface
of tlie leaves
numerous
they
very
and
sucking
the
cause
leaves
pale, and
foliageand
turn
the cellular tissue render
by disorganising
the
shoots
unhealthy. Occasional
fumigation
with one
of the nicotine
preparations will prevent this pest
getting the upper hand.
Spraj-ingthe foliage,too, with
insecticide will answer
an
similar object,but, as the thrips
a
to the soil or
on
woodwork,
may
spraying is not so
escape
effectual as fumigation.
Red
is even
harmful
more
Spider (Tetran^-chus
telarius)
than Thz-ips. This exceedinglyminute
pest lives in colonies
under
a
fine web
there sucks
the
07:
tlie sap,
and die.
tint, slirivel,
under
surface
the leaves
the
of
leaves, and
yellow
This pest can
only flourish in a dry
atmosphere ; consequently, if the plants are kept syringed
moist, red spider will not give
daily and tlie atmosjsliere
insecticide
will get rid
trouble.
much
Spraying witli an
advised
for
of it also, and
will repeated fumigation, as
so
Thrips.
Green
as
Aphides,
Fly (Bophalosiphondianthi),also known
outdoor
attack
tlie shoots of in and
cucumbers, sucking out
and
the sap and thus cripplinggrowth. Fumigating indoor
insecticide will keep this
with
an
syringing outdoor
crops
pest in subjection.
Eelworms
(Tylenchusdevastrix)are microscopic creatures
find their way
which
and
out
so
into the
disorganisethe
form
thereon.
causes
cells of the
cellular
The
tissue
presence
to
roots
that
of
a
a.ssume
of cucumbers,
knobs
eelworms
or
cences
excres-
in
the
gradual drooping of the foliageand
the sudden
attack
collapseof the plant. The
in a bad
eitlier conveyed by the manure
or
their ova
are
eelworms
or
Once
of water.
they get inside the roots
by the agency
a
plant droops pull it up, and
there is no
remedy. When
Such
with knots.
covered
the roots will invariably be found
be speedilyburnt, all the soil
tlie plants should
rof)ts and
in
to remain
with gas-lime,and allowed
cleared out, mixed
limea
heap for a year before using. The bed should be
The
comnew
and tliehouse
thoroughly cleansed.
washed
roots
is indicated
by
by
tlie
E
50
SALADS.
post should
well
be
mixed
sterilised six weeks
witli it
Diseases.
Leaf
Blotcli
troublesome
The
appears
These
Leaf
first in the
and
colour,
due
dealt
leaves
burnt, the
of
and
of
the
with
spots
green
unite, and
disease
may
Mildew.
pale
and
soil cleared
leaves
Jeyes' Fluid
are
grej- to a
and
diy up
shrivel
gallon of
and
it not
eased
Dis-
seasons.
should
with
leaves.
a
in future
saturated
each
to
the
on
rapidly spreads,
reappear
and
Both
assume
badly-infectedplants
or
Cucumber
Spot (Cercospora
meloni.s),
infected
The
course.
promptly
ounce
form
the
are
Cucumber
Blotcli,or
spread,
graduallj-
brown
in
principaldiseases
Fungus and tlie
occasionally.
Cucumber
using b}- having
soil fumigant.
a
The
"
before
be
promptly
solution
a
and
water,
of
the
one
beds
The
thoroughly cleansed.
following season
with
solution of two
a
foliage,as a preventive,
liver of sulphur to three
gallons of water, with
structure
the
spray
of
ounces
the
addition
The
of two
Cucumber
the under
of soft
ounces
Mildew
sides
soap.
cubensis)appears
(Peronos])ora
of the
in the
leaves
form
(mildew). It spreads rapidly and soon
Singleleaves attacked should be burnt.
Mixture
The
is said
to
Collar
Cucumber
be
Rot
of
white
a
on
mould
destroys the foliage.
Spraying
with
deaux
Bor-
good preventive.
a
(Ilypochnuscucumeris)attacks
junctionwith the soil, in the form of a
greyish fungus, causing tJiem to rot and the foliageto turn
recommends
kainit
Mr. George Massee
yellow and wither.
the
stems
be
to
their
at
with
mixed
the
slightattack
sulphate of potash,an
of
case
soil
some
to
water
a
Cucumber
ounce
to
time
the
a
before
use,
soil with
gallon of
a
or
sohition
of
water.
also
citrullina)
(Mycosphaerella
Canker
in the
attacks
sliapeof white blotches at the nodes, or
to burn
are
joints. The disease spreads rapidly. Remedies
badly-diseased plants and to spray as a preventive with
the
stems
in tlie
dilute Bordeaux
Cucumber
ends
Mixture.
Fruit
of the young
(Glceosporiumlagenarium)attacks
fruits,causing them to deacy become
Rot
"
the
soft
52
SALADS.
under
The
glass.
staplemeal
of black
In France
and
Gherkin
Russian
bread
(Germany,
is grown
and
Ridge
Avell
as
as
Gherkin
or
in this
cucumbers.
country, the small
simply for picklingpurposes.
Cucumbers
Ridgre
their
peasants, indeed, make
A
"
decades
few
the
almost
ago
fell to
Ridge
bers
cucum-
the share of
only varietywhich
the ordinary working man;
but, owing probably to the low
priceof glass,we find the culture of these is not so much in
evidence
to-day. Yet the interveningyears have witnessed
were
iuipi-ovedforms,
many
ordinary frame
form
a
^
almost
varieties,and
equal in
which, when
to
appearance
the
properly treated,
profitablecrop.
eiy
Many growers prepare a piece of land by thorough digging
and heavy manuring during early spring,and in the month
of May plant the seeds in the ground where
they are intended
to remain, followingthe same
rows.
system as for vegetablemarthis plan answers
summer
Although in a warm
fairly
weW,
a
better
manure
plan
is 'to make
time
some
in
April; and,
inches of soil, press the seeds
bed
a
is
the
and
quicklj-and
more
than
when
quarters
warmth
renders
the
into it about
to
they
raised in this
sized fruit
a
which, in
some
of
air.
the
of sufficient
light
to
on
these
It is
quite
minate
gerconditions
an
seedlings into
the
size,and
few
Such
any
dejaended
and
easy
open
increased
have
operation less risky than woidd
lings
Seedplants raised entirelyin the open.
be depended on to produce goodway may
the
with
case
open
a
apart.
under
satisfactorily
transplant
are
Sin.
means
be
may
in the
sown
afterwards
when
been
seeds
of leaves
covering with
after
easily protected by
covering,
matter
little hotbed
a
up
foitnightin
seasons,
of others
advance
means
a
in the
sown
great deal
to
the
open
grower.
Ridge cucumbers, it does not follow that
these require to be grown
of fact,
on
ridges. As a matter
ing
have seen
we
very heavy crops growing on the level, followAlthouglitermed
a
crop of
if a few
placed under
early potatoes ;
shovelfuls
each
of
plant when
but
it is
an
undoubted
decayed manure
planting. This
or
not
tage
advan-
leaves
are
only gives
CUCUMBERS
the
plants
ynud
a
IN
THE
OPEN
AIR.
Ijut retains
the
jilant-will Ijc
found
start,
53
moisture
drv
in
Aveather.
A
vanl
between
getting;well
alter
troulile need
be
each
at
and
a
covered
soaking
watering,
a
of
for
the
each
plant being
Varieties.
"
an
The
outdoor
"\-arieties for
manure
fi"nt of
water
of
up
taken
manure
mence
com-
given
tii
keep
and
leaves
iidd
cnrrier
some
utilised
be
Cl'CU-MEERS.
ta
(,^row
out'lours.
small
followingwill
culture
be
in
and
be
sdil, should
handlight or
advantage.
a'
little
fruits
nia\-
should
nrdinai'v
and,
space,
checked
Wlien
plenty
sort
h'ir.l.y
,i,^f)Od
earliest crop,
ample
position, verv
roots.
of tliis,made
KiMOE
A
their
l)iitcare
"Where
large bed
with
the
at
tlie leaves.
hand
on
in
exceptinp;keepiny-weeds
water
a
alternate
this from
are
of
swell,
to
established
taken
good supply
a
each
:
Barr's
be
cluLlie
found
Excelsior
[ilacedover
to
be
Ridge,
good
fruit
Stockwood
long, a heavy cropper;
LoniT Riflge,fruit l'2m. long, hardy; Sutton's
King of the
Ridge, fruit smooth, straight, and iL'in. to 16in. long, veiy
prolific
hai'dy and
productive; Sutton's Prolific, a very
smooth
and
14in.
to
18in.
variety,suitable for small gardens.
the Short
Prickly and Barr's Little
kinds
to
grow.
Of
the
Russian
Gherkin
are
the
type,
best
5 A
SALADS.
Pests
and
Diseases"
Japanese
Climbing:
or
from
See
precedingchapter.
Cucumber.
This
"
tinct
is dis-
the
duced
ordinary varieties,having only been introinto tliis country from
It
Japan during recent years.
i.s eminently well suited
for outdoor
cultivation, and has
ing
already become
very popular with cottagers and others,lackthe luxury of a small greenhouse or garden frame.
The
fiuits, although not large,make
a
very good substitute for
the ordinary frame
varieties when
used
in a mixed
salad,
but it nmst
that when
be confessed
alone
eaten
they lack
the crisp quality and
which
flavour
characterise our
most
up-to-date indoor
The
varieties.
cultivation
noted
of these
grand
is
in
growing
crops
of the
extremely simple. We have
the gardens of labourers
in
No
or
special soil, manure,
the fear
of expensive
knowledge is required; neither need
seed debar anyone
from
a
trial, as sufficient
giving them
parts
some
countrj'.
usuallyobtainable for
several
plants enough to suiii)ly
seeds
are
seeds
and,
as
is
reason
no
should
Sow
term
a
not
the
seeds
sowing
press
under
obtain
a
no
nice
the
it into
seed
the
do
soil to
sixpenceto
square
in
a
loamy compost,
wet, but
cucumbers;
seedsmen, there
in what
seedlingsare
bury it too
the depth of an
not
cucumbers.
pot
or
which
box.
shoidd
deavour
Enbe
gardenersusually
Sucli
condition.
garden
feet of
fresh-cut
April
raise
with
most
few
with
in
until the
water
from
table
cover
modest
households
having a
dry nor
excessively
"happy medium"
will need
In
obtainable
now
why everyone
supply his own
to
neither
are
a
a
soil
as
this
through the soil.
deeply, but simply
inch.
Cover
the
glass,and, if
choose that having
a window,
the
western
southern
or
a
aspect protectingthe pot from
direct rays of tho sun, either by placingit in a box or pieces
similar material
of cardboard
placed on the side nearest
or
This will prevent the soil becoming too dry
the window.
before germinationtakes place.
the young
When
plants appear give a little tepid water,
receptaclecontainingthe seed
better place offers itself than
no
with
a
pane
of
CUCUMBERS
but
always
each
which
plant
err
IN
the
on
lias made
it will be
a
ordinaiy smumers
.W
OPEN-ArR.
right side i.e., tlie dn- side
pair of rongh, or true, leaves;
"
safe to water
oftener, until the time
in
THE
it
arrives
"
every
for
alternate
planting
day,
or
until
after
even
Althougli
out.
these
be relied on
to produce a
may
fair crop if grown
entirely in tlie open, advantage should
always be taken of tlie warmest
sjiotthe garden offers, .sliel-
tered, if possible,from
TlIK
An
direct
Cni.MI.IM.
JaT.VNKSE
kiiiiU'tlLC slioot.^ nf which
(tuidiinr
c,r
There
are
cultivatiir.
as
runner
several
Some
methods
persons
cuttingwinds.
ii
CmJCMLLK.
h;ivu"-to hu
triillis.
of
treat
siiiiiiortcd liy pcM
growing
them
open
the plants in the
beans, by plantingin very
shallow
same
stickn
to
the
way
trenches, allow-
SALADS.
56
(."iicli
plant to
ing
the
up
Miw
back
in
tluch
a
bricks.
Here
the
warmth
extra
in
dryness
in
such
the
of
third
l)oth
The
disturb
in
a
bottom
in
cold
soil al)out
and
tiie
the
fruits
with
all
very
fruits
ones
will
Should
pickle
care,
begin
weak
as
cease
use
in
of
soon
as
not
protecting
on
be
enough
planting do
will
a
fair
as
one
required
winter,
to
soon
to
stick, and
a
not
never
give
sunshine
direct
from
when
give
which
be
an
for
use,
fresh
they
crop.
supply
make
specimens
of
ripen
to
an
are
until
watering
the
to
the
comnjences
for
stinnilants
occasional
of benefit
size,
miliealthy
become
soon
account
no
swell, after
as
each
foliage will
soot-water
soon
moderately
plants get established.
the
and
than
Secure
a
,
plant.
plenty
more
ing
plac-
sB)
])ossiblc,and
or
to
soil
"
the
roots
ing
grow-
for
In
the
plant die;
be
do
leaves
or
the
excessive
tiie-addition
for
the
the
plants
soil will
make
to
touched
fruiting positions.
overhead,
until
winds
these
for
tender
better
8ft.
an
advantage of
being directly
not
manure
will
condition.
dry
a
with
Water
all the
around
and
June
into
plants
gentle watering
and
be
near
pests and
with
ever
we
crop
quite
insect
them
grow
erected
wall, yet
associate"l
it will
but
week
the
plant
often
root
finest
additional
the
it, they escaped
the
at
the
the
by
others
never
the
partly-decayed horse
of either, taking care
tiist
place
leaves
had
afforded
plants in,
part
firm
trellis
the
plants
the
]iositions. Ordinary garden
little
a
; but
woodeu
that
the
the
at
a
up
stick;
stout
:i
wulls
or
way
with
contact
up
sheds
growiug
was
wall
of
climb
Cut
fresh
seed.
excellent
able.
unobtain-
-57
DANDELION.
CHAPTER
XL
DANDELION.
Dancklion
The
(Taraxacum vulgare) is
country and of other parts of Europe.
duration, and belongs to the daisy order
forms
for
yieldingblanched
By many
persons
than
nuisance
a
way
to
of it have
Dandelion
salad
a
effort is made
every
exterminate
plants
perennial
proved
Im(Compositse).
is looked
more
upon
plant; and, judging
by
of
It is of
this
the Continent
on
grown
for winter
saladings.
leaves
as
of
been
long
the
native
a
it,
most
almost
would
one
the
from
of small
owners
as
think
gardens
its'sole
to the garden
the earth was
to provide recreation
on
purpose
from
bov in his too-oft-vain attempts to eradicate them
our
lawns
kitchen
or
of the
in either
presence
fact must
capable
plant
is
salads
we
places named
have;
producing
of
and,
the
were
the
greater
its
desirable, the
.cultivationthe
proper
of
one
freelyadmit
we
is not
that under
be overlooked
not
Although
gardens.
"wholesome
most
number
of amateur
contained
gardenersbetter acquaintedwith the good qualities
it would
become
feel sure
soon
in the leaves of this plant,we
popular. Needless to say, a plant that may always be found
^rowing and thrivingluxuriantlyon evei-y roadside and in
field, no
every
skill
sj"ecial
in order
conditions
of
case
give
a
and
the
or
sow
little attention
"
appear,
get good
well-tended
a
a
Choose
plant,it
to
a
only
soil may
roots under
one
in
and
the
rows.
Remove
lift the roots
in
of
of
rows
the
more
no
able
favourthe'
to
our
improved varieties
leading seedsmen,
1ft.
soil thin out
the
the
in
garden. Yet, even
will pay
intendinggrowers
catalogues of most
the seed early in May in
through
be, calls for
details.
few
in the
seedlingsare
9in.
to
common
so
Culture.
offered
of
the
what
matter
all flowers
apart; and
the
plantsto
as
October, and, after
when
Sin.
they
twistingthe
fast
as
"W
SALADS.
lenvt's off
earth
the
little above
;i
sand, introducinga
or
Blanching^.
The
"
of the
crown
into
few
method
in
dry
required.
plant, store
heat
as
blanching is
of
simple,
very
inches
simply consistingof plantingthe roots a few
apart in
When
either pots or boxes, using any soil for this purpose.
filled give a thorough watering, and place in gentleheat in
absolute
darkness, this being obtained
by covering the pots
boxes
with others of similar size, room
or
being allowed for
the leaves to develop. By filling
several pots or boxes, an"l
introducingthem into heat as required,a continual supply
will be
available
Varieties
called
like those
salads
Thick
varieties
two
Frencli
scarce,
and
the
Improved
another
which
of
are
this
in
generallygrown
variety,
finelycut,
endive.
moss-curled
and
are
gardeners cultivate
Moss-leaved, tjie leaves
of the
Pests
when
season
Improved
the
are
The
tlie
the
The
"
Broad-leaved
country.
at
Diseases.
worthy
Practicallynone
"
of
special note.
CH.APTEI!
XII.
ENDIVE.
K.vDivE
relative
(Cichoriumendivia)is a native of India, and
of the Chicory,belonging to the same
genus.
of annual
country
that
Ovid,
it
a
biennial
or
duration, and
has
reign of King Edward
cultivated by the ancient
Roman
"
poet, sung
A
Of
its virtues
garden salad
Endive,
Gerarde, in his
"
was
the
Radishes,
Herbal
"
and
in 43
It is
Long
Greeks
and
B.C.
near
in this
grown
VI.
since the
was
been
a
before
Romans.
:
third
supply
Succory."
century),says
(sixteenth
"
:
It
6fi
SALADS.
into it, tlius
dition
withont
in hot
summers
enablingthe plants to
running
seed
to
stand
a
"
lon^^r in guod
frecjuentoccnneuce
very
ciin-
when
on
badl\--prepared
ground.
grown
For the earliest crop seeds should be sown
the end
towards
of April. Sow
in slialhjw drills, and cover
but sliglitly
with
fine soil.
enough
be
to
and
;
way
when
The
handle
if
planted
fit for
encourage
between
tjie
be
of
the
use
Uo
out.
and
hold
those
up
be
planted
required
for
fortnightor
a
allow
not
1ft.
out
large
apart each
that
at
rows
distance,
will
transplantingthey
in
more
the
when
and
appear,
of tliosc
advance
jjlantsto
for water,
want
quick growth by constantlystin-ingtiie soil
and when
the roots
have
once
]ilants,'
got fairly
soil a weekly dusting of artificial manures
will
advantage.
an
Outdoor
Blanching:
leaves
blanched
are
simplest,and
this
soon
left in tiie .seed
plants are
taking
found
seedlingswill
they siiould
is to
before
tlie
at
place
Crops
time
small
a
fit for
they are
same
When
"
and
use;
tlie heart
flower-pot over
of the
one
effect\ial,
ways
iiiost
the
fully grciwn
f"f
doing
of
each
with moss
to exclude
plant, stoppingthe hole at the bottom
light. Sliould a plentifulsupply of pots not be present an
effectual way
will be found
by coveringa portion of the bed
either of
with straw, hay, or otlier lightmaterial; or, failing
each plant
these, simply laying a tile or pieceof board over
in such
a
exclude
to
as
way
the
light,and
plants will be ready for
Successional
sowings slioiild be
this
till Augiist; from
months
up
time
be
the
lor winter
available
in
Culture
August, and,
ought
until
be
the
frame
to within
a
for
be
very
short
use.
made
latter
during the summer
sowing plants
should
given
the
answer
of the
at
plants to
which
recejition.
be
sown
will
early
advised, every
transplantingas
their
will
foot
Seed
"
of October,
middle
prepared
heated
to
a
use.
Frames
after
in
An
make
time
in
agement
encour-
good growth
a
frame
ordinary cold
should
or
un-
and be filled
for this purpose,
glasswith fairlyrich soil. Into this
well
61
ENDIVE.
transfer
the
plants with as little check as possible,and to
this a good watering should
be given the day previous,
to transplanting,which
will
tlie cultivator,
enable
the
aid of a
witli a good
trowel, to lift each root
ensure
with
ball
of
should
soil
attached.
Give
entirely
abundant
"nail be
water
being the
weather
needed
the
the
Endive
in
is available
a
under
time
leaves
these
plants
be
can
its
to
even
kept
When
leaves, and
filled
Lift
shallow
where
them
into
Wlien
keep
and
light given
required to be
root
boxes
with
as
much
filled with
the
when
day
fine
lifted
be
soil
as
sandy
nice
it off the
goml watering, keeping
protectioncan be given during severe
give
stand
each
garden
no
cellar,will
out
a
little
dampness
plants should
the
during Octobier, choosinj;
quite dry.
and
possible,
place in
where
a
growth.
conditions
very
with.
contend
Even
lights
the
onwards,
"
or
; and
open
has
grower
good shed,
are
soil.
remains
Winter
quite well if frost
the plant is making
grown
by removing
November
from
chief enemy
Storing:
frame
ventilation
the
long as
as
some
position
allows for
quite clear of each other, which
growth during the following fortnight or three
weeks.
while
in
stand
continuous
endive
^Mien
a
weather.
Introduce
in
and
keep
used
for this
total
the
slied
darkness,
serving the
cellar,
or
a
box
at
a
time,
covering of hay or straw
nf protection
against
purpose
tlie
double
cold.
liable to l"e attacked
by soil
specially
grubs, as the laiviB of the Daddy-long-legsFly, Heart and
Motli.
tlie Yellow
Slugs and
Dart
Uiider'-wing
Motli, and
sionally
occaalso partialto the leaves, and Aphides may
snails are
hifest the foliage.
refeired to can
soil griilis
The
only lie dealt with by dressWhere
in"- the plot V"efore planting with a soil fumigant.
Pests.
"
Endive
is
plants are found to
young
the vicinity of the roots,
discovered.
It is seldom
suddenly die,
and,
that
as
a
examine
tlie soil in
rule, tlie grubs will be
established
plants are
attacked.
62
SALADS.
Slugsand
of soot
snails may be kept at
lime.
Either should be
or
be effectual.
The
will (1(1much
to harass
Aphides may
insecticide
or
of the hoe
drive
between
dustings
evening to
the plants
these pests away.
by syringingthe plants with
Happily, there
"
applied
in the
an
water.
soapy
the
and
banished
be
Diseases.
injury to
frequentuse
occasional
bay by
endive
are
that do any serious
none
crop.
CHAPTER
XIII.
LETTUCE.
I-N Lettuce
of
It is
saladings.
Central
tables
Asia.
of the
lettuce.
It would
appear
part of
in
early
the Pnvy
at
Gerai'de
to
been
Hampton
to
sallade, being
Court
before
meate,
it
served
was
Romans,
in this
India
and
to
too,
the
were
country since
Mention
is made
the
as
having
been
grown
maketh
a
also says: "Lettuce
with vinegar,oil,and
rawe
it is
in these
to
in 1530.
He
digested,and
sooner
days
health
it doth
many
in these
and
and
eaten
ojnniiigof supper,
but, notwithstanding,it may
times
of
century.
eight sorts
eaten
if it be boiled
those
native
The
grown
sixteenth
the
mentions
It is served
have
a
of King Henry VIII. of the garexpenses
dener
reward
Place
for
lettuce
a
receiving
taking
countr}-in 1597.
but
be
to
popular
most
Purse
York
cherries
and
supposed
of the
one
According to Herodotus
Persian
kings 500 b.c.
partial to
the
have
(Lactucasativa)we
of
now
the
times
and
then
pleasant
little salt;
nourisheth
coimtries
first,before
a
in this
at
more.
the be-
other meat;
any
be eaten
at both
bodie ; for, being taken
stii'up appetite;and eaten
LETTUCE.
after supper,
it
keepeth
63
drunkenness
away
which
cometh
by
the wine."
Old
Parkinson, too,
in his "Paradisi
shall
be
scarce
to you
up
others
of
rare."
believed
of
becoming
twelve
"There
more
are
so
had
to be
He
bound
vulgar;
blanched,
and
more
are
the Roman
was
and
reckon
Red
we
was,
plant, after being divested
a
says
leaves, weighed
and
the best
I
of little use,
service,which
and
as
I doe
some
common
use
he describes
whicli, as it
I.^'ttuce,
opine, a Cos Lettuce.
For
differing
sorts;
of excellent
sort
he:
great many.
a
more,
are
lettuce
about
great diversitie of Lettice, that I doubt
so
or
The
of its outer
(1629). Says
eleven
that
some
deal to say
good
a
in Sole"
sorts, and
many
has
seYsnteen
ounces.
Cabbage Lettuce was
apparentlya well-known
type in his
day. "All sorts of Lettice," says he, "are spent in sallets,
with oyle and
please, for the most
vinegar, or as everyone
[blanched]
part, while they are fresh and greene, or whited
to
them
cause
to
the
eate
Miller early in
Pliilip
fourteen
noted
are
the
Lettuce.
in
of
sorts
and
April,May,
crop.
The
the
the
to
A
and
and
the
as
island
again
Cos
Cos,
of
tender."
the Black
successional
June, and
type known
from
as
reconmiends
and
eigliteenth
century enumerates
worth
growing. Among these
Lettuce
Cabbage
He
the
lettuce
delicate
more
in
White
and
sowings to
August for
be
a
Cos
made
winter
duced
introbeen
to have
appears
lience the prefixof this name
upright-growingsorts.
century ago
the
Brown
or
Hammersmith
the
Bath
Cos
cultivated
to-day, were
lettuces, which
market
largely in
Cabbage
Green
Hardy
still grown
are
gardens
around
London.
saladingthat everyone with a small patch
easily cultivate during spring and summer.
giound may
Winter
supplieshave to be grown in frames or on hotbeds
Lettuce
we
French
shall
in winter
"
gardening
doubtless
and
of
a
succulent, crisp hearts.
ensure
"
is
see
has
more
spring, as
become
Now
so
lettuce
this crop
the
that
popular in
on
may
sale
in
so-called
tliis
our
easilybe
to
country
markets
grown
on
64
SALADS,
htitljiedsor
We
know
forcinghouses.
makes
a
practice of growing
wlio
gidwer
lettuce
a
in
in his cucnmlier
paying
Culture
in
Now
one.
for
and
for
Early
earh-
in
under
crop of
finds the croj)
an
houses, and
grape
cultural
details.
Supplies
greenhouse
hirgf market
one
Seeds
"
the
month
should
he
sown
of
January,
ling
large pot or shallow box being suitable for raisingthe seedplants in, and a light,sandy compost should always be
used.
Sow
of obviating
very thinlyfor the double
purpose
too earlytransplanting;
also owing to the fact that an
crowded
overseed pan is invariablyfollowed by a large percentage
(if the plants damping ofl just when
the grower
begins to
congratulatehimself on having enough and to spare ; only to
find a few days later what
to
])romised to be a glut proves
be
a
warm
a
famine.
After
the seed with
sowing, cover
and
give a thiir(i\igh
watering with
tine-rosed
afterwards
placing
can,
over
the
pan
to
exclude
lightand
a
u
little
soil,
finely-sifted
tepid water
through
n
a
sheet
ensure
of
a
brown
rapid
and
paper
even
of
germination, removing the pajier on the first appearance
the young
as
plants. Transplant into shallow boxes as soon
the
made
a
leaves;
seedlings have
couple of true
old
such
out
cucumber,
as
worn
light soil
an_y
beds
will do
for
melon,
nu\rrow
or
even
fillingthe
the smface
little silver
sand
boxes, scattering a
over
in order
Allow
each
to
plant
give the plants a start.
stand
tlie
inches
its
and
from
a
neighbour,
couple of
space
box
in a warm
position,covering the surface with a sheet of
should
follow ilirectly
after jilanting. If
bright sun
]iaper
the plants are
kejitwell watered, and the suiface constantly
with a pointed stick, good-sizc"l
plants will 1,-e
pricked over
made
by the beginning of March, after which they should
"
-
"
lie stood
in
a
(piartersabout
sheltered
the
end
sjiotoutdoors,
and
put into permanent
of the month.
ture;
appreciatea good, rich soil and plenty of moistiierefore,whenever
possible,this should lie given them,
to
of this early crop, for they come
in tiie case
esjieciallv
Lettuce
m
SALADS.
maturity
allows
taken
and
ample
time
the
from
Varieties,
off the
are
ground
for anotlier
same
for
in
crop
of
plot during
the
Early
Use
May
different
a
June,
which
nature
being
sunnner.
^Tlie
"
and
question
of
variety
large extent
depends on the cultivator's taste in
tlie matter; but, owing to their more
bage
rapid growth, the cabvarieties are
tional
usuallypreferred,these having an addithe taller-growing,
or
Cos, section,
advantage over
which
them
should commend
of small
to
owners
gardens,
the fact that quite good-sizedheads
from
be
in
grown
may
boxes
without
transplanting,simply allowing 4in. to 6in.
between
the plants, and
when
the
giving a little stimulant
to
a.
hearts
very
to
commence
Reliable
Cabbage
form.
varieties
Favourite, Early Paris
Nutt, Holborn
Standard, All
are:
Market',Heartwell, Commodore
the Year
Round, or Magnet.
Among the Cos varieties Little Gem,
Perfection
are
a
good trio, being of
and crisp,and of dwarf
habit.
Taller
early sowing, are Superb White, Sugar
Lettuce
or
for
ordinary croji
middle
of
Summer
may
Use
be
sown
March,
"
Nonsuch,
and
Dwarf
quick growth, sweet,
varieties,suitable for
Loaf, and Harbinger.
Seeds
for the
summer
outside
time
after the
any
intervals until June.
They
continuing at
either where
be sown
they are intended to remain until
may
fit for use, or on prepared beds to be afterwards
transplanted.
Either
method
will answer,
but, owing to the plants grown
the first-named
method
on
receivingno check, they come
than
others
raised
in beds, and
to maturity sooner
quently
consesuffer a check
through transplanting.
the
kind
After
seeds
be
must
sowing
protectionof some
given, or birds will carry the majority of them away before
the grower
of the fact; and, although the old plan
is aware
thread
of black
answers
fairlywell, nothing is so effectual
wire netting.
as
For
Slimmer
Lettuce
well-preparedsoil,for
do
not
without
minimise
this
the
growth
importance
will be
slow
of
and
a
SALADS,
(iS
for
Varieties
Use.
Winter
; therefore
it will not
be
varietyuntil it has proved itself
D:iost widely grown
for winter
use
the
old
while
Cos, Winter
Bath
among
the
cabbage
wise
are
The
stitution
con-
one
any
varieties
cos
Hardy White,
Champion Brown;
Hicks'
:
and
Round,
section All the Year
White
in
vary
plant
to
reliable.
White,
Park,
Stanstead
Lettuce
"
Dutch,
mersmith,
Ham-
McHattie's
and
usually reliable. On light,sandy soils we have
Standard
and Holborn
seen
splendidexamples of Favourite
survive the winter
by Messrs.
safely. A variety introduced
Winter
Sutton
and
Sons, of Reading, which
they term
Gathering,or non-heartinglettuce, has the reputation of
being thoroughly hardy; and, owing to the plant'squick
growth, it is possibleby making several sowings in the
to
autumn
constant
ensure
a
supply of leaves during the
Giant
are
months.
winter
Winter
unheated
frames
of
way
the
from
Supply
are
ensuring an
winter
growing
cucumbers
"
available
these
unbroken
supply
If
season.
Frames
or
a
is
has
it
empty
further
preparation than levelling the
splendid bed for the winter lettuce.
The
the
cold
most
of lettuce
which
frame
melons
afford
Where
or
certain
throughout
duty for
done
will, without
any
surface, afford
a
during August should
be lifted and planted in these early in October, planting in
such a manner
that the frame
is well filled without the plants
After
absolutelytouching each other.
watering, allow the
leaves to become
dry by leaving the lightoff, returning it
towards
to
evening; but dampness being the chief enemy
most
winter
promising
lettuce,air
Young:
Lettuce
growing
lettuce
often
it should
as
must
of those
be
for
for
whenever
admitted
Salads
salads, and
be, is that
sown
of
"
possible.*
Another
method
which
is not
sowing
the seeds
of
practised as
in shallow
light soil, in a temperature of 65 to 75 deg., in
the seedlingsare 2in.
winter, and spring,and when
autumn,
high cutting them close to the soil, as you would mustard
boxes
of
69
LETTUCE.
and
These
cress.
addition
kind
Any
cessional
the
open
for
be
may
afford
most
a
seedlings make
of chicory, dandelion,
salad
lettuce
will
sowings
in
sown
do.
once
drills
a
etc.
suc-
fortnight.
a
in
maintain
To
cious
deli-
the
open
March
from
continuous
supply of young
seedlings for
When
in the
sown
ordinary crops are
purpose.
also be utilised
thinnings, if removed
early, may
mixed
a
salads.
PestSi
"
"
mixed
a
cabbage
supply make
to
similar
a
to
of
Lettuce
onwards
crisp, tender
grubs,
which
Endive,
and
Lettuce
has
have
been
special
a
general enemies, like soil
in
the
referred
to
chapter on
the
known
Root
as
Aphis. The
few
a
one
Root
insects
covered
small
are
Aphis (Pemphigus lactucarius)
the
with
fine cottony-down, which
congregate in clusters on
the
and
and
the
base
of the
stems
roots, sucking out
sap,
sickly. Infested
causing the plants to droop and become
plants should be promptly burnt, and a solution of soft soap
and
paraffin oil poured into the holes to destroy any pests
soil fumigant.
the plot with
Afterwards
dress
left behind.
a
the
Wireworms,
do
species),
as
in the
sometimes
of other
case
Diseases.
a
The
The
"
fungus
fine, white
soil
which
mould,
only remedy
is to
the
grubs,
with
the
the
causing
up
them
and
Beetles
(Elater
and
here,
is to
dress
Lettuce;
only remedy
fumigant.
(Bremia lactucse)is
Mildew
covers
of
roots
soil
a
Lettuce
pull
Click
various
of
attack
planting
tlie soil before
minute
larvae
surface
to
burn
of
turn
the
the
leaves
yellow
infected
a
with
and
die.
plants.
SALADS.
'"
XIV.
CHAl'TKi;
liiiTil
Mu,s(;i)-il (JJi'iissica
AVIiitc
s.ilaililig.s.
fur snlailiiiii's. It is a niitivc
iisiuiUygrown
\M'll-kiin\Mi
MIC
is llie kiiiil
;illi;i)
of
CRESS.
AND
MUSTARD
Tlie
;iiiil 111' iiiiiiiialdiiiatinn.
I'JiroiK-',
and
Tliu
wliite.
Black
oi'
McsTAKD
M;lT
and
the
fioni
tanl.
bf
in
STOwii
Grown
.sbMllow
liapc (Bras.,ica
napajj
ings. but
niddcr
;l^cj
in
the
White
llavour.
tlic seeds
of
A[ust;ird
The
Mnstai'd
Brown
are
also
i.sthe
round
(Brassica nigra)
r-.|tia]sut-L'C.'J.q.
often
best
of
arc
Pax.
a
bo.xi-s with
lunstard
tlir Bl.ack
i\
secils
of
gi-.iwn
the
eoimnerce
.itid .s..nicliines the
a.s
salad-
three, being
is preiiared
White
Mns-
MUSTARD
Garden
and
for
Ciess
three
centuries,
usually grown
both
'"
Hot
(Lepidium sativimi)is
first introduced
was
and
]5oth
are
for
the
sale
in
winter
of very
structures
easy
in winter
and
sunnner.
Kvcn
This
saladin^^ niny,
of
in
it in boxes
or
fif Mu.stard
germinate in
or
so;
Culture.
the
it
of the
"
In
a
to
of
gi'owu
or
few
in
or
Pax.
a
and
well
in
shallow
bo.ves.
The
the Cress
sowing
one
"-low
mav
window-sills.
on
in
outdoors
garden
no
equally
days,
make
in heated
in
of Cress
seeds
a
week
a
week
Mustard.
order
plan
lieingmore
best
in frames
liave
who
roon}s
it is usual
hence
in advance
year,
pans,
are
vate
gardeners culti-
be grown
may
Grown
be
course,
here
grown
Mustard
spring under the name
produce in chip punnets.
sjiring,or
Cress
the
Market
culture, and
dwellers
Gaedkn
and
Persia,
of
and
sell the
and
town
This
time.
same
native
a
It lias been
1548.
least.
at
at
Cold,"
in
71
CRESS.
AND
to
will be
easy
keep
up
to
sow
to
time
a
supply throughout the
in boxes
the
inside
produce
the greenhouse,
under
these
72
SALADS.
than
conditions
Shallow
be
to
boxes
when
outside
will be
nearly filled
found
with
sowings are
for sowing
best
old
relied
the
upon.
seed, these
other
rough material.
soil,and, after
finely-sifted
manure
or
Upon this place an inch of any
pressingfirmlyand quite level with a board, scatter the seed
thicklyover the surface; again press firmlyinto the soil,and
give a good watering. Stand the boxes on top of each other
in
a
house
warm
55
(temperature
65
to
deg.)for
two
or
three
each with a piece of board or slate,but avoid
days, or cover
coveringwith soil,or much of this will be carried up as the
growth proceeds, and will be very grittywhen required for
use.
Cut
the
plants when
fullyappreciatedit must
Cress is of slightly
slower
a
week
previous
Outdoor
either
to
cover
the
to
sowings
in drills
the
may
be
seeds
with
young
it should
for
state.
always
be
be
to
As
sown
be
made
from
April to September,
it will always be an
advantage
in preference to soil.
mats
XV.
NASTURTIUM.
THE
Garden
a
high,
Mustard.
CHAPTER
Thb
inches
in
eaten
growth,
beds, but
or
of
couple
a
Nastiirtium,or
Indian
Cress
(Tropseolumminor),
is
less
a
as
probably best known
garden flower, and it will doubtbe a surpriseto many
that it also possesses
to know
who
have
had the oppormerit as a salading. Those
some
tunity
of tasting its young
leaves
and
shoots sandwiched
between
bread
readilyadmit
the
and
that
possesses
flowers prove
leaveSj while
the
butter
or
the Dwarf
considerable
in
"
a
mixed
salad
will,however,
also, indeed, the Tall
virtue
as
a
"
turtium
Nas-
salading. In fact,
equally as agreeableto
an
seed-pods also make
palate as the
excellent
pickle
the
ONIONS.
and
substitute
On
capers.
is grown
in France
Nasturtium
is
no
for
why
reason
it should
73
as
be
not
salad
a
plant,
here
grown
the
virtues
of these
account
there
and
for the
same
purpose.
The
Dwarf
Nasturtium
was
about
1596
from
In
England
it has
floweringplant,its brilliant
displayin summer.
flowers
the
Spaniards
ctjnturylater.
Culture.
and
and
of
not
"
too
Sow
rich
Or
the
seeds
soil, in
the
plants out
sowing the
used
in
grown
a
to
a
foot
the
and
Peru,
been
Europe by
Tall
kind
a
chieflyas a
tive
always making an attracgrown
be grown
may
as
about
In
apart.
the
in
the side borders
the
two
paths.
Thin
months
after
gathered and
seed-podsare nearly full
flowers
picklethem
on
edging to
an
leaves and
young
mixed
salad.
When
gather and
into
outdoors, in any sunny
spot
18in. to 2ft. apart, in March
rows
April.
groups
the vegetablegarden or
odd
introduced
be
may
vinegar
for future
use.
XVI.
CHAPTER
ONIONS.
"
"
find favour
with many
Spring Onions
folk, either for eating alone or in a mixed
salad, in spring
and early summer.
Many acres of the White Lisbon variety
the large demand
in market
for
are
gardens to meet
grown
this wholesome, although perhaps somewhat
pungent, salading in our large cities and towns.
What
are
The
Onion
cultivated
Old
an
known
as
(Alliumcepa)is
from
time
a
immemorial.
native
of
Asia, and
It is mentioned
has been
in
the
gered
vegetablefor which the Israelites hunin the wilderness.
According to Herodotus, there was
inscriptionon the Great Pyramid bearing testimony to
Testament
as
a
"i-i
SALADS.
the
fact that
1,600 talents had
been
paid
onions
for
and
garlic. Theophrastus wrote about the Onion 200 B.C.
Even
the
Onion
is a favourite vegetablewith the Egyptians,
to-day
tlie warm
climate
tender
and milder
producing bulbs of more
flavour
than
those grown
in colder
climates.
In Spain,
Portugal, and Italy the Onion is also held in high esteem.
Old Parkinson
Onions are used many
(1629)says:
wayes,
"
as
sliced
layde in
water,
aud
put into
dishes
for
a
pottage,
sallets at
as
for
sawce
or
boj-led and
or
supper;
mutton
or
sliced
oysters;
peeled
and
or
and
put into
into
meate
that
roasted, being stufferl with Parsly,but so many
wayes
I cannot
recount
ing
thoni, everyone
pleasingthemselves, accordto their order, manner,
or
marks
delight." He further re"
that
from
:
The
strong smell
offendingthe
leaves
after
Onions
head
or
of onions
eyes
by
is
the
quitetaken away
eating of Pai*sly
them."
in the seventeenth
and eightlargelygrown
eenth
centuries.
Bradley, writing in 1718, says they were
other vegetable. Early in the last
than any
more
grown
the Deptford,Reading,
were
centur}'-the chief kinds grown
James's
Silver-skinned,White
Lisbon, Tripoli,
Long-keeping,
Globe, Strasburg, and Blood-red
varieties,which, together
with
improved forms, are cultivated to-day.
In this
shall
we
volume, of course,
only confine our
remarks
to those grown
purely for salad purposes.
were
Outdoors.
Culture
plants
months
a
few
grown,
Onions
during
rare
to find
the
are
one
of the most
spring and
of either
person
from
the
plants, freshlydrawn
it is very
young
and
"
a
ful
use-
early summer
sex
bed,
to whom
are
acceptable.
un-
calls for no
produce them at this season
specialtreatment
beyond sowing the seed rather thicklyon
a
piece of well-preparedground early in March, thinning
cut the 3"oung plants as
soon
as
they are large enough for
the bed until
from
the salad-bowl, and continuingto draw
time they
the thickness
of a pencil,after which
the roots are
will have
become
too
strong either for using alone or in
the mixed
salad, to suit the tastes of most
people. ThereTo
76
of
SALADS.
producing enough
termed
A
in
sowing
of young
onions
apply one
give
for
of nitrate
the
growth
These
per
March
In
yard,
square
supply
a
and
hoe
good fillip.
Glass
under
will afford
are
made
be
spring months.
of soda
a
variety should
Lisbon
throughoutthe
ounce
Culture
used
White
plants
young
weeks.
several
in drills 9in. asunder.
August
it in to
the
of
these
as
"
supply a family for
to
"
Scallions
Boxes,
"
raisingthe plants in,
and
pans, or pots may
it is important that
be
the
rich, and kept open by the free use of
sand or burnt
earth, or other grittysubstance.
Sow
surface, pressingthe seed
fairlythicklyon an even
with half an
inch or
of
so
firmly into the soil, and cover
should
soil used
be
the box
with a sheet of glass
watering, cover
and place in a temperature of 55 to 65 deg.
brown
or
paper,
until the seeds have
germinated. After this a shelf or other
the glass will be the
best
place for them.
positionnear
of the
Watering will need to be carefully done, or many
dition
plants will be lost through decay caused by the sodden consoil.
After
of the
soil.
Although good seed of any varietymay be relied upon to
silver-skinned variety,
produce saladingplants, the small
being of rapid growth and mild flavour, is the one chiefly
grown.
Onions.
Picklins
is
case
a
The
culture
of onions
It is not
simple business.
very
to have
a
speciallyrich soil, as
them.
suffice to grow
and made
fine as
as
The
one.
apart.
of
soil,of
possible,and
be sown
may
thinly in March.
keeping the
dusting
The
seeds
Sow
soot
out
where
the
add
that
in the
so
for
pickling
essential in their
quantity rather than
object. Any fairlygood soil,therefore,will
size is the main
of
"
soil free
in
be
must
tlie site should
broadcast
in
or
Subsequent
much
of the soil
and
crowded.
well tilled
be
sunny
drills Sin.
culture
weeds, giving an
showery weather,
seedlingsare
event
from
course,
a
consists
occasional
slightlythinning
We
should
being very lightit
also
is advis-
77
ONIONS.
able
to
firm
a
As
a
give
it
soil is
a
good treaclingor
a
sine qua
non
rule, the bulbs will be
Good
for
sorts
picklingare
TkEE
llip l!ir"-("Imlblet."
smaUer
or
Onion.
Tree
much
bulbs,
and
in
grown
one
others
at
those
are
ones
are
This
"
ensuring plump, solid bulbs.
ready to harvest early in August.
the
tliat
is
for
for
planting
use.
in
old-fashioned
an
Silver-skinned.
OiNIUN.
suitable
are
adapted
the
and
Queen
EOVI'TI-^N
base, which
at
as
for
The
tlie apex
we
shall
of what
term
would,
secnuila
spring-.
kind, formerly
cottage gardens. It produces
the
borne
ok
sowing,
rollingbefore
two
the
kinds
basal
in the
of
bulb,
ordinary
SALADS.
78
be
and
borne
These
flowering stem.
clusters.
They
tlie
way,
in
brownish-red
in
colour, and
of the
are
size of
excellent
are
bulbs
stem
small
are
hazel
a
nut,
The
pickling.
for
be used like ordinary onions.
Unfortunately
may
the latter have to be used quickly, as they do not keep sound
basal
bulbs
till
bulbs will retain their freshness
verj- long, but the stem
the followingspring. Basal bulbs should be planted in groups
of three
the bulbs
18in. apart, the distance
between
being
Sin.
Plant
stake
between
the
each
bulbs
stem
apart in
rows
basal
Potato,
the
be
bulbs, and
planted
form
place
secure
them
to this.
inch
an
and
will
only
These
the
Undergri'ound,
Onion.
The
soil.
yields small
bulbs
bulbs
be
require to
9in. apart in
in
-
Or
im.
duce
profollowing
Another
"
3ft.
a
deep
if replanted the
in February,
surface
half
stems
asunder, in March.
onion, which
the
the
first year, but
will yield stem
bulbs.
or
fashioned
beneath
three
may
Sin.
bulbs
they
year
When
in March.
old-
clusters
just
planted just under
15in.
rows
asunder.
the soil from
nearlyfullygrown remove
that the sun
around
them
so
ripen them thoroughly.
may
They are ready to harvest and picklein July.
the
When
bulbs
are
Onion,
Welsh
or
Ciboule
speciesof onion formerly much
hardy, of perennialduration,
after the
solid
of chives.
manner
of
stems
onion
in
grown
shoots
of young
be
It is
consumed
In the
before
not
few
will yield a
spare comer
for spring salading. Seeds
Fly, for example,
need
A
a
annually in September
shoots for spring use.
"
non-bulbous, having simply
coppery-red colour.
a
case
no
pests
practically
we
in Wales.
It is quite
grown
in clusters or tufts
and grows
sown
Pests.
A
(Allium fistulosuni)."
to
much
does
of onions
trouble
can
lay its
discuss this pest.
as
be
eggs
of
this
plentifulsupply
a
also
of it may
delisupply of cate
for salads
grown
about,
mischief
not
furnish
to
tufts
the
crop
done.
before
is
there
are
generally
The
May,
Onion
and
so
79
PURSLANE.
Diseases.
Mildew,
Smut, etc,,
again, the Onion
afiect
salading
only, and do not therefore
Here,
"
in
appear
summer
CHAPTER
XVII.
PURSLANE.
The
Purslane
of India
in
the Tropics, from
and
1582.
It
lettice
hot
time
is not
in
of
good
Culture.
Golden-leaved,
Sow
sunny
the
about
.
of
and
eaten
the
and
on
used
in
the
delight, it
thereof."
use
a
very
is much
for
only
the
all
from
stomaches
grown,
broadcast
seeds
shoots.
young
as
a
There
Green-leaved,
of
are
light
about
soil
and
equal
in
a
is another
naturalised
in
the
salads
In
France
the
shoots
kind,
called
Winter
cooked
are
and
vegetable.
perfoliata),which
for
are
Large-leaved,
the
faint
if
native
position in April, May, June, July, and August. When
thin
them
out
to
seedlings are large enough to handle
off the
Gin. apart.
When
cut
required for use
tops
the
this
varieties
in
"It
says:
afterwards,
prodigall
too
Three
"
merit.
but
yeare;
bee
to
1629,
a
first introduced
was
cultivated
cool, hot, and
sallets, to
the
it
been
in
Parkinson,
and
annual,
an
whence
have
to
appears
times.
ancient
as
(Portulaca oleracea)is
originally
itself
open
in
weed
as
a
air
in
summer,
hailed
in
from
Surrey.
early spring,
and
cook
Purslane
and
and
eat
(Claytonia
Cuba,
The
French
gather
them
but
like
the
has
sow
leaves
spinach.
""
SALADS,
CHAPTER
XVIII.
RADISHES.
The
Radish
is supposed
(Raphanus sativus)
of Asia.
Anywa}',
in
in
Egypt
esteemed
The
it
Pharaoh's
Bulleiu,an
eitie
and
it
The
author
also
were
that
time.
highly,one
Romans
rootes
it is recorded
ancient
Greeks, too,
whole
book
author
noysome
mentions
Gerarde
than
four
nourishyngeto
sorts
it.
to
in its cultivation.
writingin 1562, remarked
there
be no
small
store
growing about
of London;
they be more
plentifuU than
more
native
a
largelygrown
was
devotinga
adepts
be
to
growing
as
'
Of
:
the
famous
profytable,
manne's
in
radish
nature."
in
gardens
the
sixteenth
century.
Parkinson, in 1629, says:
as
a
the
flimulum
before
them
eate
poore
early sowen
come
; others
for the end of summer
Our
Gardincrs
would
be
This
shows
even
in those
An
that
our
most
to
Culture
ancient
but
In
cold
from
mit
per-
to
serve
of reede
upright,and is as
those things that
forward
earlier."
the
early radishes
of
our
own
growers
on
hotbeds, and
alone
order
or
to
in later with
come
private garden", too,
our
gardeners
these
in mixed
obtain
imported
are
form
a
salads.
roots
good radish really is, instead of
offered
not
often than
hollow
specimens more
the chief point to keep
the local greengrocers,
a
are
accepted.
tyed
more
fences
set
season
late
sowen
the
that
market
salading,either
Outdoors.^ln
of what
and
great
bring them
to
get early crops
delicious
if the
sooner
mat
a
Some
salt.
;
were
fullyalive
growers
to the importance of securing early crops.
France,
ample supply.
the
defend
to
bee
to
days
quantity
immense
contrive
at
seemeth
used
usually
serve
appetitethereunto
an
and
Aprill,or
London
defended, and
from
3-early
an
in
bread
doe
later ; and
some
are
; but the earlier are
about
which
togetlier,
good as a wall
giving
meate,
with
eaten
are
"Radishes
teristic
characthe
hot
for
sale
in view
RADISHES.
to
ensure
perfectlysweet and
are
always favourable
Radish
LoNc;
All old
and
good variety
uninterrupted growth
place
until
Therefore
the
the
from
81
juicy radishes
which
will
Wood's
"
for
forcing
the
is that
ensure
a
the
quick
and
Frame.
or
growing
moment
outdoors
germination
large enough for table.
importance of a well-prepared
roots
ditions
con-
takes
are
seed-bed
"--2
SALADS.
slioulJ be
possible,choose a piewi
of well-dug and
heaviiy-iiuuiured
ground, raked quite free
from
all rubbish, and
in as friable a condition
as
possible,
able
avoidingthat of a heavj-,pasty nature, which is least suitof all for the growth of radishes.
Previous
sowing
to
AVhenever
all.
ajjparentto
the
seed
thoroughly blacken
with
good soot, which should
this
previous to using. Rake
the
leave
to
bed
have
well
level
as
as
stored
been
into
the
billiard
a
the
soil
some
time
soil,and
vour
endea-
table.
"
time
The
of
depends
but, provided
making
to
in the
the first
to make
sowing early in February. Sow
in scattering
the seeds, or many
using discretion
will be
be far
a
first
sowing
rally
open air natugreat extent on the soil and situation ;
spot is available, it will be quite safe
warm
a
the
present; while
should
spots
parts of the bed there will
be allowed
to remain, and, as
greatest evils, the importance
seedlingsthan can
of the
overcrowding is one
of this apparently trifling
detail
readers.
intelligent
Very little
but
blank
in other
more
needed,
broadcast,
frost
severe
will
present itself
covering will
soil for
set
in
all
to
it will b"
as
be
well to
protectioneither by placing a lightlayer of
of fish-netting
it, or several thicknesses
hay or straw over
Should
a
period of dry weather
prevail after germination
takes
the bed with tepid water, returningthe
place water
covering of mats or straw for a few nights.
afford
the
The
soon
bed
increasinglight and
felt,and
be
plants; and
ready in a few
have
in
weeks,
marked
a
in
ordinary
weeks
after
the
Successional
influence
preference to
seasons
the
and
young
to seed and
tender, instead
become
worthless,
otherwise
in
sown
after
roots
May,
a
will grow
ensure
good
tops appear
be made
the
roots
growth
of
should
be
above
every
will
heat
sun's
two
ground.
or
three
at
longer
larger ones
all the roots
being used while
of allowing half the crop to run
or
This
the
will
one
intervals.
even
effect upon
sowings should
small
of the
two
a
not
uncommon
occurrence
well-managed gardens. If radishes are
moist, shady spot should be chosen, or
tough, wiry, and unpalatable.
84
SALADS.
Ihin
wherever
out
tlie
crowded
soon
as
rough leaf, and continue
until ready
tepid water
will degenerate.
roots
with
tlie
Varieties.
the
as
to
bed
pulling,or
for
showing
well supplied
the quality of
plants are
keep the
botli in
diversified,
and
form, than the general public are aware
of, and
who
come
appreciate a constant
supply are advised to bethan
in the different
two
one
or
acquainted with more
colour
those
Radishes
"
far
are
more
of its quick bulbGenerally speaking, on account
the Turnip-rootedvarieties are
forming properties,
preferred
for frame
or
early outdoor sowing. These may be had in a
have
the Oliveof colours.
In addition
to these, we
"s-ariety
shaped varieties, of which Carter's Forcing and Early Rose
sections.
are
a
a
The
fine.
very
firm
same
few
a
grand long variety,under the name
French
good companion to the long-since-popular
which
Knickerbocker,
or
Winter
the
sow
of
later to
in
and
autumn
Turnip-rooted
wall
a
with
in
the
at
end
of
Sin.
and
is
For
on
a
when
in drills Gin.
August
Gin. apart, and late in November
in sand in a cool shed
store them
It will thus
the
year
Ctiinese
Pests.
small
be
round,
Scarlet
"
if
are
The
insect
of
in the
little trouble
it is
desired.
so
good
Turnip
in
radishes
young
If this pest should
early
that
seen
lift the
for
use
possible to
The
sorts
Flea
apart.
of
Beetle
Black
winter
make
morning
sown
later
out
unused
protect
be
to
Thin
to
and
roots
winter.
during the
radishes
have
Spanish
radishes
and
to
all
the
and
then
leaves
its appearance,
dust
with lime or soot, and
afterwards.
in
sets
have
seedlings
vate.
culti-
(Phyllotreta
nemorum),
agile habits, now
summer,
riddlingthe
very
purpose
the base
at
the
out
weather
radishes
radishes
grow
former
border
Thin
severe
Winter
the
south
October.
Breakfast,
long.
possible to
Avinter.
kinds
apart, and
temporary frames.
July
It
"
Bin.
over
grows
Radishes.
iiutdoors
a
introduced
ago
years
makes
of Icicle,which
attacks
with
the
there
holes.
seedlings
will
be
85
RAMPION,
Diseases.
"
but
need
be
A
mildew
it does
as
taken
not
age,
occasionallyattacks radish foliseriouslyaffect the crop no notice
of it.
CHAPTER
RAMPION.
THE
The
(Campanula rapunculus) is
Eampion
country
than
a
of
and
Europe. Formerly it was grown
It is a biennial,
present day.
the
at
XIX.
native
of
more
and
has
this
largely
long,
whitish, radish-like roots of a pleasant nutty flavour, which,
the leaves, make
with
a
pleasing addition to a winter salad.
The
used
for sallets,
roots
are
Says Parkinson, in 1629 :
with
little vinegar, oyle,
a
being boyled, and then eaten
"
and
pepper,
salt."
Culture.
of
sowing
of July or beginning
the seed as soon
as
the roots
onwards
November
From
were
of August.
ready
the
In
until April.
plants were
to use
frosty weather
with
roots
more
straw
covered
litter,the
being deemed
lifted as
if left in the ground and
tender
required.
the seed to be sown
recommend
authorities
Modem
early
"
Older
gardeners made
ripe, about the end
roots
and
store
in sand
in
a
shallow
in
or
May or June, broadcast
be thinned
The
seedlings must
apart, and be kept well watered
are
ready for use in October.
in
out
in
In
cool
and
Diseases.
"
None.
practice
drills 9in.
apart.
early to Sin. or
The
dry weather.
The
roots
4in.
roots
lift the
weather
severe
place.
raw.
Pests
a
are
eaten
"'i
SALADS.
('IIAl'TI';il
XX.
SHALLOT.
THE
is
Scallion
(Allium asculuiiiciiiii)
l-:scliiillot,
or
Sliiilint,
in 154,"^. Tlie
first introduced
niiti\c of I'alestiue,and
was
TiiK
."I
(^ircL'ks in
"
lloh- Land,
the
fi'om
tnions,
times
ancient
as
and
KrssiAN
A
i.-tywitli
v:ij
Pliin^ tells
them,
lie termed
(IK
I ir.L^i-r biilh-
th;nt
for
Jioijians
ha\e
been
then
began
making
sti'ong
to
sauces,
111' couise,
lience
grown
are
and
of
in
wei'e
Larch
tor
I he
their
obtained
us
the
that
his dav
IJiidwn
tijc
supplies of
this bull)
Ascalonion
laro-elv used
liv
iSuallots.
Sli;illot
fommon
ami
in-own
mostly
exl'ibitiiin.
makinL;-sauce.
Shallots
do
not
apjiear
to
People
largely until the last centnrv.
lecognise their value for picklingpni'poses,
very
and
niucli
for
oci-asiunally
stronger
use
in salads.
n.'ivoui' 1han
only apjirecialcdin salads
pr(jnounced tla\'oui's.
by
(lie
tla.se
Thev
are,
oidon,
who
and
prefer
SHALLOTS.
Culture."
ttniietl
"
soil any
The
may
time
bulbs
87
cloves, as
these
generally
planted by being pressed lialf-wayinto the
from
January until March; in fact, in some
"
oi-
aie
be
country districts the
who
villagers,
are
servative
notljingif not conmatter
of retainingold customs,
still stick
the time-honoured
practice of planting on tlie shortest
pullingon the longestday. But, while this method
may
in the
to
and
have
suited
the
to
fonner
twentieth
generations, it certainlydoes
late
centui-j'
; for, owing to our
Cojimon
The
A
popular variety, largely
grown
to
9in.
drills 1ft.
apart in the
being
several
aljle.
Plant
more.
13in.
or
for
and
piekliii*i-
making.
sance
Like
improved
the
bulbs
all the
apart; place each
according to
rows,
forms
about
onion
of
soot
old
the
two-thirds
tribe, these
growth
the
until
folly.
bulb
from
6in.
variety,there
type
now
of their
obtain-
depth,
not
sional
appreciatean occatime growth is proceeding,
water
bring their reward
during tlie
and a few good soakings of manure
by increased size and weight of crop.
dvistingof
summers.
Siiallot.
finished
the
seldom
it is very
plants have
be
before this would
and to pull them
Aug-U!5t,
Draw
apply
not
SALADS.
.S.S
ing
Directlygrowth is completed, as shown by the tops turnand withering,lift each clump with a small handbrown
in a
store
fork, and, after thoroughly baking in tho sun,
dry
shed
or
room.
Shallots
also
may
soil in March.
thinning the
and
keep
hoe.
and
plants
the
Give
bed
Varieties.
with
well; and
bulbs
of
in the
is
complete
The
"
from
conical
two
oval
or
the
Jersey,or
larger size than
sown
weeds
a
apart,
by constantlyusing the
good artificial manure,
usual
way.
usually grown
sorts
1ft.
this distance,
half
in the
store
pared
well-pre-
on
drills about
about
to
rows
applicationsof
growth
seed
from
in shallow
Sow
free
several
when
raised
be
are
the
mon,
Com-
bulbs, which
reddish
usuallystore
Russian, with round, yellowish-red
the preceding kind.
CHAPTER
XXI.
SORREL.
The
Common
Sorrel
sometimes
acid
used
flavour
its leaves.
of
kind, the French
and
former
wild
herb
under
meet
sandwiched
people
most
Sorrel
cultivation the leaves
with
between
to
the
those
thin
mi.ved
who
another
also
Common
the
field,the fact should
addition
welcome
who
(Rumex
varieties, at
spinach. Two
of the
garden
perennial,is
appreciatethe
grow
b
ut
scutatus), this
\ille,the latter being considered
Although by
native
French
cultivation, viz., the
in
are
The
Sorrel
like
eaten
a
as
(Rumex aoetosa),a
saladingby those
least, of
and
better
is boiled
of the
the
the Belletwo.
is looked
not
only as a
upon
be lost sightof that-
of this
plant
salad-bowl, and
appreciatea
slices of bread
and
few
often
we
not
tender
form
a
quently
infreleaves
butter, while
at
SORREL,
tables
some
spinach.
it
save
as
led
are
be
it is very
addition
an
of well-worked
form
1ft.
from
when
the
the
and
bed.
apart, and
each
every
leaves
to
Seeds
"
pretence
any
the
herb
be
as
consider
we
regard it as a
that, excepting
find
to
rare
when
to
admitted
Culture.
to
ready acceptance
Therefore,
qualitieswe
it must
finds
89
substitute
its
several
useful
most
Draw
when
out
large gardens,
very
made
of cultivatingit
garden.
sown
very
shallow
drills,not
the
alternate
plant
surplus ones
good
plant; yet
during April, and
highly-cultivated
ground should be
may
for
in
seedlings appear
plant, leaving these until they
of the
a
be
may
will be
thin
touch
piece
a
chosen
less than
out
"ach
to
Sin.
other,
By this time
large enough for various
removed.
uses.
Encourage those that are to form the peniianent bed to
make
ing
hoeing and frequent watergood growth by constant
As the plants
set in.
should a long spellof dry weather
in size they may
increase
out, until at the
again be thinned
end
of the summer
they stand at least 1ft. apart.
the ground between
the rows
montlis
During the winter
be kept stirred, and
frequently flooded with manure
may
the
of
At
return
water.
spring growth will be very
supply of extra large leaves will be
rapid, and an abundant
be kept constantly picked,
soon
forthcoming. These
may
the
At
seed
and
all the
as
they appear.
spikes removed
be destroyed, for if left until
the bed may
end of the season
leaves
are
the
produced will lack the
following year what
of the previous year.
the substance
size and
Pests
and
Diseases.
"
Practicallynone.
SALADS.
90
CHAPTER
XXII.
WATERCRESS.
The
is
(Nasturtiumofficinale)
Watercress
ditches, brooks, and
has
been
idea
cultivated
that
the
proverb,
"
increase
dull
Eat
the
it to
be
our
century that the
the
to
given
that
herb
We
while
do
not
cultivated
in
Eating
in 1808.
tivelyin
Since
Bacon
is
sold
are
it.
At
then
ancient
vised
ad-
with
it
so
as
to
naturalist,
minds.
in the
restores
sixteentli
the wonted
life."
record
1808.
of
Prior
Watercress
to
that
being
date
the
apparently gathered wild, as
present day in districts where
Bradbury is
gardener named
first to cultivate
Watercress
has
a
metropolis alone,
so
of
grown
time
large supplieswere
are
three
varieties of the
exten-
very
running
water
Can
of bunches
thousands
great is the
one
in beds
Watercress
been
good supply
springand summer
In the
in the
their
deranged
friendlyto
earlier
the
been
districts where
be obtained.
more
ladies.''
The
celebrated
young
"
that
Watercress
is an
also affirmed
young
find any
have
to
an
of old
country folk do at the
many
the Cress grows
naturally. A
reputed
with
It
life and
Eoman
of watercresses
England than
suppliesrequired were
small
the
had
Xenophon
country, remarked
cheeks
philosopherLord
Pliny,
people
to
own
"
children
the
Europe.
hence
wit."
more
their
and
stature;
Gerarde, in
bloom
learn
of
Greeks
put
stupid persons;
feed
to
ancient
would
watercress
and
Persians
country and
The
ages.
and
cress
their
advised
for
eating of
into
intelligence
of this
pools
native
a
demand
imported
here
for
from
Holland.
There
Green-leaved, the wild fomi, and
One
is the
and
prolific
easiest
Watercress.
the most
Brown-leaved, with small
is the
loaves, and a very hardy sort; and the third, which
for market,
is the Large Brown-leaved, a
one
usually grown
grower;
sort
with
another
short
is
the
stalks and
Small
large,succulent
leaves.
02
SALADS,
folk
where
abounds
watercress
is that
the
is
cress
only
in
R
in the
during those months
having the letter
word
Other
beds may
be planted early
forming the month.
in October; these will furnish good cress
during the spring
"
season
months.
should
As
as
be cleared
Culture
and
soon
in
deep, in
decayed manure
j^ake
the
and
awaj-,
ceased
the bed
Trenches."
1ft.
of
has
bed
a
surface
a
out
and
planted.
trench
a
part of the garden.
sunny
in the
bottom
level,then
and
Sin.
seeds
sow
the roots
useful
to be
re-made
Dig
"
2ft. wide
Place
of
soil
thinlyand
6in.
top.
on
them
rake
in, afterwards
giving a thorough watering. Place some
sticks over
the. trench, and
these with mats
until the
cover
quired
seedlingsappear, when remove
altogether. All that is reafterwardslings
seedto give the
is, during dry weather
Seeds
in April will
an
sown
ample supply of water.
fit to cut from June
onwards, and another sowing
yield cress
made
in August will continue
the
supply throughout the
winter.
When
the crop has been
gathered dig out the old
soil and
that
seen
of
a
.ind
then
It will thus
re-sow.
without
possible to grow watercress
The
stream.
only point to study is to give
to ensure
ample supply of water
juicy shoots.
In
diameter
and
of loam
and
in
watercress
a
fresh, and
it is
Culture
in
add
manure,
cold
Pans
4iu. to Gin.
deep,
old
rubbish.
mortar
shallow
a
frame.
As
them
3in.
transplant
Procure
"
When
box
soon
and
the
a
seed-pans
some
fill these with
be
aid
regular
1ft.
in
mixture
a
seeds of
Previously sow
of light soil in gentle heat or
the seedlings can
be handled
as
apart in above
pans,
and
roughly.
tho-
water
seedlingshave begun to grow, immerse
in a cold frame
the pans half their depth in a vessel of water
the shoots are
Sin. long cut
cool greenhouse. As soon
as
or
off their
crop
of
and
then
tops
near
the
shoots
soil for
use.
In
due
fresh
batch
weak
liquidmanure.
will
The
latter,however,
another
course
which
appear,
may
third crop may
after
be grown,
of seedlings. After the first crop
young
a
the
be
cut
also,
which
rear
a
give a
dose
of
should
never
be
FRENCH
given
when
the
it would
as
shoots
METHODS,
93
advanced
sufficiently
are
for
Instead
of
sowing seeds purchase a bunch
insert the points as cuttingsin' the
pans.
give an earlier crop than the seedlings.
of
watercress
and
Pests.
"
"When
pests
no
is
and
the
throw
the
free from
Where
in
Duckweed
to
little fresh
a
of such
water
them
cause
be
lime
These
of
streams
aquatic weeds,
about.
to
in
worry
fresh-water
stagnant,
shrimps are
water
parasites of various kinds
plants and
case
is grown
watercress
running water, kept
or
cutting,
spoiltheir flavour.
there
water
apt
to
attach
of
hay
proves
roots,
themselves
to
unhealthy. In
this will
occasionally;
rusty
or
FRENCH
the
advent
this
free
troublesome.
This
be
can
so
that
off
by
rake.
CHAPTER
Since
slowly
pests.
sometimes
a
tically
prac-
the
got rid of by floodingthe beds well above the cress,
the weed
floats on
the surface; then it can
be drawn
means
clear,
are
runs
eat
will
of
XXIII.
METHODS.
what
is called
"
"
French
gardening a
deal
of
attention
has
been
drawn
the
to
good
question of
rearing early crops of vegetablesand saladingson hotbeds.
An almost
similar idea was,
however, practisedby gardeners
for many
in large establishments
years prior to the present
where
The
salads
boom."
idea, no doubt, is a good one
have to be reared in quantity,and so, for the benefit of those
will devote
feel disposedto try the experiment,
who may
we
a
specialchapter to the subject.
"
The
intensive
Primary
culture
Features
is to
form
of the
Continental
hotbeds, about
18in.
system
of
deep,
of
!)4
SALADS,
-selected
xpce-ially
prejjared soil
and
on
to
and
prepared
top,
then
these
cover
to
place
manure,
seeds
sow
with
frames
Gin.
plant
or
of
out
cloches.
or
good
lings,
seed-
Two
or
together,as radishes and
usually sown
radishes are
fit for
carrots, for example. The
Seedling lettuce then take their place, and are
use
next, being followed
by a crop of cauliflowers.
vegetablesare
more
Shorthorn
first.
use
ready
The
for
next
then
mature
the
are
occupiedby cucumbers,
frame
that
to
crop
for the
there
remainder
is
beds-"
same
radishes,
cucumbeis.
will
We
Manure.
For
"
which
of the
continued
a
carrots, and
season.
of crops
how
unsuitable.
and
This
and
September,
No
of the
turning over
Beds.
The
"
neatly stacked
is
manure
in
is
or
a
manure
essential.
peat-moss is quite
heap
between
Ma}-
till December.
required.
suitable time
most
horse
straw
collected
be
must
manure
accomplished.
fresh
containing plenty of urine-saturated
Manure
containingshavings, sawdust,
the
cauliflowers, and
this is
present purpose
our
seen
on
grown
is
the
occupy
It will thus be
lettuce, carrots,
show
place
permanently
succession
now
their
to
start
the
beds
in this
the gardeners start
country is early in January. In France
and
December
are
earlier,but, seeing that November
very
little promake
cold and
sunless mouths, the crops would
the hotbed
In January, then, proceed to make
as
gress.
follows
:
Gin. of soil, and- if good place it in a
upper
itself;if not, -then take the soil out to the depth
the
Remove
heap by
of
a
Gin.
foot
be
also be
bed
may
Next
and
first
to
removed,
removed
be
width
the
and
as
taken
Gft.,12ft., or
of 5ft. Gin.
suggested, a
right away.
18ft., as
Even
if the
upper
further
Gin.
should
The
length of
the
desired.
the stack, and
to
from
get the manure
Mix
the two
one
part of fresh manure.
part of this add one
remain
for a week, turning the
thoroughly, and let them
material
3et
warm.
proceed
over
to
every
At
two
the end
days
to
of the week
cause
it to
place the
become
manure
sweet
in the
,
SALADS.
96
bed, spreading out
each
layer is
add
added
Frames
are
the
breaking up every
and
down
firmlj-,
it
of the
surface
bed
and
Cloches
used
made
of
a
with
usuallyclamped
from
cost
wide, and
or
The
"
iron
28s.
13ft.
40s.
to
each.
14in., 16in., 18in., and
the
thing is to
Beds.
cost
Having
made
"
This
the soil.
should
the
evenly
and
corners
are
These
The
4ft.
are
cloches
are
followingdiameters
about
Is. 6d.
the
beds, the
:
each.
next
good friable garden
soil,mixed, if possible,with a fair quantity of well-rotted
and burnt refuse.
It is well to put through
leaf-soil,
manure,
a
fine
first
add
above
sashes
square.
20in., and
to
warping.
The
the
continue
The
long.
prevent them
to
As
by Frencli
high at back,
9in.
are
glazed with glass 52in.
in
bell-shaped,and made
Soiling;
frames
l^in. wood,
lump.
is Gin.
Finally,tread the
steady, lastingwarmth.
front, 4ft. wide, and
frames
bed
level.
ordinary ground
firmly to ensure
dome
tread
until
manure
growers
tin. in
evenly and
the
season
with
manure
to
use
French
it, and
stones,
remove
mix
growers
continue
to
so
of the
some
the
use
the
After
etc.
old
hotbed
compost
same
yearh' addition of old
again. The constant
greatly improves the richness of the compost, and
makes
it practically
a
golden soil so far as richness
and
over
manure
over
"
"
tlius
Add
goes.
have
you
before
screen
be
4in.
laid
the
of this soil to
Gin.
to
foundation
the
ensuring a
for
then
bed, and
succession
of
crops.
sowing early in January
and
Shorthorn
of radishes
carrots, sowing the seeds thinly.
ary.
late in FebruThe
radishes
will be ready to gather and use
lettuce in October
Now, assuming that you had sown
warm
border, and you had transplantedthe seedlings
on
a
Crops.
The
at
the
rate
would
be
same
time
under
each
of
"
24
ready
to
early
sash.
Make
your
under
first
cloches
in
the
same
lift and
in
The
transplant into the
January. Plant
twenty
lettuce thus
plantedwill
border, these
frames
fine
be
at
the
lettuces
sufficiently
FRENCH
matured
to
therefore
are
for
cut
METHODS
earh'
use
disposed of.
in March.
As
soon
Two
the
as
finished plant four
seedling cauliflowers
The
this purpose
cauliflowers
protected
for
under
cloches
requiredfor the
and
use,
under
and
be
a
In
the
May
onwards
under
iri
border
warm
is the
each
sash.
October, and
outdoors
carrots
until
ready
are
cucumber
one
cauliflowers
there
crops
is
crop
lettuce
sown
April the
taken
by
is then
In
and
the
of
crop
plant
ready
are
for
to
cucumbers
cut,
to
season.
also be
may
and when
the
transplantedat
November
use
place
sash.
in June
finish up
Endive
frames.
their
each
on
are
of the
under
sown
cloches
seedlingshave
the
rate
of
transplant these
to
formed
dozen
a
cold
outdoors
their third
each
to
in
frames
to
cloche.
tember,
Sepleaf
In
in for
come
in
February.
Celerj',again, maj'
be
had
fit for
in
July by sowing
on
a
early in January, transplanting
the seedlingsa few inches apart later, and
finallyplanting
them
foot apart on
hotbed
with turnips
a
a
previouslysown
and
radishes in January, and cleared
of these crops early
in March.
When
the plants are
foot high tie a piece of
a
the
seeds
mild
raffia around
dry
tree
the
leaves
made
be
in
of crops
radishes
hotbed
leaf-stalks,and
to blanch
al hotbeds
Succession
use
fillthe spaces
with
between
them.
made
February, March,
as
directed
for the frames
April,and
and
tlie
may
kind
same
In
cloches.
this
thereon
under
grown
and carrots
would
need
no
protection,but
the
case
come
on
naturally. The lettuce,however, would iieed to be protected
lettuce in the centre
It is usual to plant a cos
by cloches.
it. One cauliflower
and three or four cabbage lettuce around
cloche.
would
to each
also be grown
Ridge cucumbers, too,
may
started
be
Details.
General
hotbeds
afford
action
cause
under
cloches
"
in
May.
It will be
necessary
in the
case
of
January, February, March, and April,to
protectionto the frames, especiallyat night. The
of frost or cold air on the glassat night will naturally
formed
loss of
in
heat, and
hence
reduce
the
temperature
of the
98
SALADS.
beds
and
retard
made
mats
use
made
ready
of rye
easih'
off
keeps
Then
Such
straw.
careful
The
rolled
the
on
attention
French
growera
to be obtained
are
widths
of 2ft. from
price is Is.
at night,
usual
dealers
6d.
each.
and
their
of cold.
of
must,
will
frames
mats
frames
deal
good
a
The
crops.
lengthsof 6ft. and
garden sundries. The
are
thickness
of the
in
in French
These
growth
requireto
paid
be
course,
opened
be
to
more
or
tilation.
ven-
less
of sunshine
warm
on
according to the amount
days, and
closed again immediately the sun
to shine.
Cloches,
ceases
air on
too, will need to be tilted slightlyto admit
bright
days and closed again later in the day. No definite rules
to be given
be laid down
of ventilation
amount
can
; the
and
be governed by the daily state
of the weather
must
other
local conditions.
will
Watenng
The
the
used
water
bed
and
It will be
days
K\mny
certainlyneed
should
the
in
seeds
French
the
few
a
kinds
frames
saladingsmentioned
of
Messrs.
require
days.
equally well
are
on
cloches, will
under
of the
of culture.
system
tepid, otherwise
cold, but
shade
or
preceding chapter
attention.
constant
bright,
but directlythe
first sown,
are
the shading.
Newly-planted
close for
Most
"
and
chilled.
to
frames
keeping
Varieties.
in the
also
discontinue
whether
sliadingand
will be
necessary
when
the
seedlingsappear
crops,
be
never
crops
close
for
adapted
Sutton
the
ever,
Sons, how-
and
mend
paid specialattention to the subject,recomLettuce
the followingvarieties : Cos
Dwarf
Frame,
'\Vhite ; Cabbage Lettuce
Paris
Paris
Market, and
Early
and
Earliest of All ; Radish
Frame,
Paris, Golden
Forcing
and
Red
French
Breakfast,
Market; and
Early White-tipped,
Cucumber
Improved Telegraph.
who
have
"
"
"
"
intensive
Outdoor
growers
and
"
Thus
certainlymake
in the
the
indeed, do
so,
they often
Chervil
Cropping^-
sow
same
such
most
manj"-
crops
plot.
The
as
of the
of
our
Corn
The
"
land
at
French
their
posal
dis-
English gardeners.
Salad, Radishes, and
radishes, of
course,
are
soon
100
SALADS.
gar
lemon
with
take
we
juice,or
troublesome
even
a
consequences.
thinly sliced,seasoned,
and
disagree; so if we use
shall
salad
dressing, we
prevent
Cucumber
is very cooling when
it that
makes
and
it
placed
slices of
between
bread
butter.
"
French
A
the
Salad.
follows
and
Take
:
separately,and
and
salad
(Mons.
large lettuces, remove
tips of the remainder.
rinse in cold
well
accordingto
maj,
Soyer),be
water;
prepared
the
outer
Pull
each
two
off the
cut
delicious
chef
French
celebrated
A
"
then
leaves,
leaf
it
cut
as
off
ways,
length-
into several portions. Next
add
crossways,
endive
in the same
treated
some
or
some
watercress,
way,
blanched
nmstard-and-cress, or
chicory. Over this sprinkle
again
three
teaspoonful of salt, half-a-teaspoonfulof pepper,
spoonfuls of oil,and two teaspoonfulsof vinegar. Add
a
teaspoonful each of chopped chervil and tarragon. A
tea-
a
chives
salad
few
With
be added
if desired.
a
may
j'oung onions
spoon and fork mix the salad in the bowl till thoroughly
or
mixed.
off with
Finish
beetroot, and
of the
sliced
some
couple of
flowers placed
nasturtium
a
radishes, and
cucumber,
sliced boiled
top
on
One
eggs.
will add to
the
more
or
ness
attractive-
salad.
Salad.
Lobster
A
also
Prepare
"
mixed
a
salading in
the
the meat
the
then open the lobster, remove
from
way,
them
tail and claws, out this into small portions,and arrange
the soft part from
the belly of
the salad.
Next
remove
on
usual
the
lobster, add
four
pepper,
a
teaspoonful of salt, half
vinegar, and
of
the
over
pour
into
it
to
Boil
salad.
four
a
of oil.
slices,and
salad.
Good
A
Coolings
cupful each
each
the
whole
bowl.
of
radish
of
French
over
cucumber,
salad
a
bed
and
Salad
"
tomato,
onion.
added
Chop
and
With
dressing described
of watercress
or
one
of
together and
of eggs hard, cut them
the
sliced cucumber
on
couple
with some
arrange
Nasturtium
flowers may
be
Mix
an
as
up
an
ornament.
fine half
apple, and
a
tliis mix
placed
tea-
ful
teaspoon-
thoroughly
above, then
lettuce
a
pour
the
in the salad
SOME
An
Autumn
SALAD
Salad
a
"
RECIPES.
few
leaves
101
and
heart
of
lettuce,
few
sprigs of cauliflower,one onion, a little parsley,and
head of celery. Mix all lightlyin a salad bowl.
a
Just
before serving a sauce
should be poured over
made
the
from
of
a
lemon, two tablespoonfuls
juice
of vinegar, two
tabka
spoonfuls of olive oil,and
should be placed around
A
Delicious
little salt.
a
as
Salad
Then
sliced tomatoes
garnish.
a
with
cheese
cream
is. made
by
with
little cream,
mashing a cream
a
adding half a
of
chopped walnuts, forming into balls,and arranging
cup
cheese
on
bed
a
with
a
of well-cleaned
French
juice,a
oil,
and
one
a
that
Potato
a
salad
dressing,or
little
makes
salt, and
simple
be
can
Salad
bowl
watercress
mayonnaise.
a
red
Serve
a
of egg, lemon
little pure
olive
and
health-giving
dressing for salads,
partaken of by children.
cold
boiled
persons).
two
"
potatoes, and
add
Slice
a
and-
chopped onions and a few chopped capers.
break
to
not
carefullytogether,taking care
delicate slices of potatoes.
and
pepper,
vinegar and
and
place into
Now
a
take
a
into
spoonful
dessert-
of
well
this
Yolk
with
pepper,
for
(sufficient
four
lettuces.
or
Mix
the
little salt, mustard,
tablespoon, filling
up
with
malt
mixing thoroughy. Pour contents of spoon over
Let it stand
for half an
salad, and stir carefullyas above.
Hour to enable dressingto thoroughly incorporate with the
potatoes, and before serving add one
tablespoonfulof best
salad oil, lightlylifting
the salad from
the bowl
to enable
the oil to penetrate.
with a little chopped parsley.
Garnish
Tomato
Salad
for
(sufficient
persons). Take
three good-sizedripe and
firm tomatoes,
slice,and place in
bowl.
Into a separate bowl
of
a
place a dessert-spoonful
chopped onions and a few cornichons chopped very fine. Mix
well.
Into a tablespoon put a teaspoonfulof mustard, a little
French
with
salt and
and
fill up
vinegar, stirring
pepper,
well until the mustard
is quite dissolved; then add a tablespoonful of salad oil,and mix all well together. Pour mixtwo
"
l'"2
SALADS.
tuie
and
tomatoes,
over
Lrentlyliftingthe
to
stir the
as, not
only are
not
the
cut
Take
fuls of cream,
little castor
a
well
of two
the
Put
little made
add
nice
slices,
ham
or
to the chicken.
lettuces
cos
"
tuces
let-
separate them
and
rub
into this bowl
some
roast
or
slice of
leaves, but
mustard,
used.
into
a
nice
separate bowl
consistencyof
nicely,then pour
hard-boiled
eggs
dish
The
parsley.
making.
A
three
or
cut
take
slight
the
boiled
cut
pieces,and
the
lettuce
with
Now
bowl.
be
a
salad
bead
a
of
tablespoon-
two
and
pepper
salt,
and
the yoke of one
hard-boiled
sugar,
egg.
together,and thin with a little oil -and French
vinegar to
and
a
of
and
meat
bowl,
tomato
salad, with
should
part
taken
break, but the appearance
beetroot
a
be
in the
dressingabout
satisfactory.This
all
into small
hearts
should
note
liable to
for
preferred; do not
take
a
carefully. Now
garlicklightlyround it.
Mix
the
all the
salad
a
both,
or
add
at
"
remove
in
thoroughly penetrate by
little less mustard
Salad
place
Xext
is not
a
Chicken
tongue,
and
the tomatoes
that
chicken, and
it to
Particular
also be used
dressingcan
and
salad.
tomatoes
of tlie salad
alteration
allow
Salad.
Simple
Arrange the
dressing over.
cream.
the
"
be
Salads
served
a
made
be
can
Garnish
chopped
immediately after
sliced,beetroot, and
should
chicken
little
from
almost
of is the
greenstuff.The simplest recipe that we know
following: Take half a lettuce and a few spring onions, wash
the lettuce
them
in a clean cloth ; break
w^ell and dry them
in a
carefully,and slice the onions finely,and place them
dish.
Boil an egg hard, cut it in slices,and place the slices
small
on
a
quantity of
top of the greenstuff. Then
pour
the whole, and add a little pepper
salad oil and vinegar over
he used in
and salt.
Almost
any other edible vegetable can
A few slices of beetroot
place of, or with, those mentioned.
are
a great improvement.
any
A
Good
recipe.
Mixed
Take
a
Salad.
lettuce, not
"
over
Here
is
a
more
large, ten
complicated
spring onions,
an
them, and
take
sieve.
Add
a
and
pepper,
hard,
eggs
cold
the
cut
greenstuff. Mix
spoonful of salad
and
and
the
oil, and
pass
veiy
them
fine,and
through a
vinegar,salt,and
of
together.
whole
mix
paste with
a
cayenne
Boil four
with the
them
large table-
a
teaspoonfulof anchovy
sauce,
whole.
blanched
some
into
a
onions
dry
into small
watercress
slices,and
into
yokes
Salad.
Spring;
A
whites
the
over
pour
lettuce and
each
tablespoonful
thoroughly mix the
and
wash
parslej-;
parsley, mint, and
boiled potatoes and
the
two
of
ounce
an
(nottear)the
cut
Mince
pieces.
then
mint, and
of
ouiire
1C3
RECIPES.
SALAD
SOME
Add
"
dandelion
a
or
nice
lettuce
young
the
chicoryto
two
or
Add
bowl.
quickly into
smallish pieces,all the tough parts being rejected.Next cut
up two or three radishes, and if they happen to be largepare
the rind, and only cut into the bowl the best
them
to remove
three
also
Two
parts of them.
and
be
of
oil,and
a
proceed to
we
good size, add
to
In
thin
follow
should
boiled
egg
then
of
this
pour
tablespoon
mustard,
over
or
cup
small
a
very
red pepper,
of
quantity
vinegar as already used
novices
be
is to
kept
onions,
small, young
down
but, of
use
in
slices of beetroot
cut
up
and
one
the
over
hard-
bowl,
the lettuce
the
mixing. Supposing
and a half or two
one
tablespoonfuls
the vegetables,
and stir them about.
mix
smallish
a
teaspoonful of dry
pinch of salt, an exceedinglysmall
and
not
of oil.
The
of salt and
the
su":"h an
to
half
about
quantity,and
course,
across
these, being
excess
an
cut
much
as
tarragon
first mistake
These
vinegar.
oil should
extent
of
be
that
used
all
should
ally,
liber-
it will separate
vegetables;but, on the other hand, they should
much
have
as
as
they can absorb without showing it.
Having added the mixture of vinegar and condiments, proceed
it.
A few cuts
to chop and
mix, but do not mince
from
across
and
the
across
and
one
or
two
with
stirrings
spoon will
will be a cious
delia
and there
togetherperfectly,
salad, sufficient probably for three persons;
the size of the
will depend much
of course,
upon
other vegetables.
blend
the
whole
but
that,
lettuce and
1C4
SALADS.
A
Good
from
the
boiled
Salad
Dressing"The
followingis a change
di'essings
previouslygiven. Take one hard-
salad
teaspoonful of castor sugar, four teaspoonfuls
of milk or cream,
two
tablespoonfuls of lemon
juice,quarterof
mustard
and
salt.
Take
the
teaspoonful
dry
yolk of the
one
egg,
hard-boiled
egg, put it into a basin, add sugar,
mix all smoothly together. Add
the
salt, and
stir
well, and
dressing over
boiled
sliced
of the
egg
Our
then
add
the
cream
lemon
juice slowly.
seasonable
salad
(lettuce,
cress,
any
tomatoes, beans, potatoes),then chop
and
Own
scatter
the
over
Favourite
and
mustard,
milk,
or
Pour
this
tomatoes,
tlie wliite
top.
Dressing:
We
"
mix
our
own
dressingdirectly the salad is prepared. According to
quantity of salad we use a dessert or a tablespoon to measure
tlie ingredientsfor the dressing. Thus
off
we
measure
of
spoonful
the
over
a
oil and
salad.
two
this also
pour
spoonfuls of oil, and
more
This
and
done,
and
pour
this
a
the
over
take
we
Tarragon vinegar, add
one
little pepper
and
to it, mix,
pour
take a second
spoonful of oil, add
a
then
We
little salt, mix,
add
add
the
then
little amstard
The
salad.
the
mix
spoonful
a
whole.
the
over
We
next
salad
roughly.
tho-
of
ordinary or
to it, mixing it well,
vinegar will gravitate
no
mixing. Provided
the salad
and
need
gradually among
the salading be j-oung,
an
crisp, and fresh, this will make
ideal dressing,pleasant to the palate, and not too acid.
Some
like
a
sprinkle
a
of
matter
claret
or
fine
the
over
sugar
Wlien
with
eaten
taste.
will
sherry, or
piquanc}' of
the
gravy,
salad.
Salad
French
A
of
three
and
pepper
tablespoonfulsof salad
Tueans
a
a
table
fork.
Add
added
is formed.
if desired.
A
very
meat
a
purely
dash
enhance
of
the
Mix
thoroughly a quarof salt with
half-a-teaspoonful
Do
oil.
this on
a
plate by
gradually, a drop at a time,
tablespoonfulof vinegar, and
emulsion
be
of
warm
tliis is
"
still further
Dressing:
ter-teaspoonfulof
salad
"
"well mix
small
until
quantity of
a
cream-like
caj'enne
may
u
"
o
bo
I D
u
0)
3
Iu
Zi
ni
^2;
o
I
ftj o
S
e
,1
O
02
02
43
108
INDEX.
FAQE
Cncumber
French
"
Fruit
Eot
Disease,The
Gherkin,
The
"3
...
History of the
Japanese, The
Leaf
50
Disease,
The
Saladings
93
Saladings, Varieties
of
...
Cropping
50
98
98
Lettuce
The
62
52
Culture
of
Cultare
Frames
Early
64
66
of
Summer
of
Winter
45
Greenhouses
67,
68
36
.
.
.
Diseases
Hotbeds
and
Pests
69
French
Mode
of
History
of
62
Mildew
ot
riO
45
...
of
Growing
of
50
...
Cucumbers,
in
93
54
..,
The
Ridge,
Methods
Intensive
Blotch
Mildew,
36
...
Gardening
Japanese
Growing
96
53
...
Outdoors
51
in
Pots
43
of
Eidge
Root
Aphis Infesting
for Early Use...
Varieties
69
...
in
52
Winter
Feeding
49
Manures
42
Mode
of
for
of
Pests
Spider Infesting
Thrips Infesting
for
Varieties
of
Winter
GO
Use
68
Young
Salads
tor
Culture
Mu-stard,
...
of
68
70
Indoor
40
Nasturtiums,
49
for
of,
Salads
72
ture
Cul-
53
Onion, Ciboule, The
History
Potato
Blanching
Culture
..
Ridge
Tree
Leaves
57
of the
78
of the
73
Underground...
Egyptian, The
78
or
or
77
...
58
the
Culture
for
Use
97
48
Dacdelion,
Summer
48
Red
of
for
42
Growing
Greenfly, Infesting
French
66
44
Ths
Welsh,
78
Onions
73
..,
Varieties
58
of the
Culture
under
60
Blanching
Erdive,
Diseases
Outdoors
74
Glass
76
and
Pests
of
79
...
in
59
of
Culture
French
Mode
History
of
of
Attacking
Storing in Winter
Pests
Varieties
Pickling
76
60
Frames
of
Growing
97
Culture
Purslane,
58
History
61
Winter
of
79
79
of
79
60
59
Radish,
History
of
the
80
...
INDEX.
109
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Beet,
Long-rooted
Turnip-rooted
...
.
Mustard
Prize
Celery,
Sticks
of
in
Grown
a
Pan...
70
17
...
Tree
Onion
Grown
Cress
in
a
Pan
or
Egyptian,
The
77
71
...
Culturj
Cucumber
Spring...
Onions,
Bunch
of
.Radish,
Turnip-rooted
75
under
Fronjtispiece.
Glass
...
83
...
Climbing
Japanese
5.5
Wood's
81
Frame
...
The
Kidge,
53
Salading,.
Telegraph,
A
Prize
Collection
37
The
27
of
French
Garden
Essex
at
Shallot,
Mayland,
95
Russian,
Common,
The
The
S7
86
HI
ADVERTISEMENTS.
SALADING
DELICIOUS
ALL
THE
MAY
BE
SOME
OF
ROUND
YEAR
OBTAINED
THE
GROWING
BY
SUBJECTS
FOLLOWING
Beet
Sutton's
Blood
Cucumber
Sutton's
Everyday.
Celery
Sutton's
Superb
Sutton's
Extra
(Scarole)
Sutton's
Winter
(Cos)
Sutton's
White
Sutton's
Winter
Sutton's
Commodore
Sutton's
Golden
Sutton's
Standwell.
Sutton's
French
Sutton's
Red
Christinas
:
Red.
Pink.
Salad
(Chicory)
Endive
"
Lettuce
"
""
(Cabbage)
"
Radish
Tomato
Seeds
of
Corn
other
salad
COMPLETE
SUTTON
The
Heart.
White.
Nutt.
Ball.
Breakfast.
Sutton's
Sutton's
Al.
plants
PRICE
Lettuce-leaved.
Whitetipped.
Winter
Beauty.
Witloof, Mustard
Salad,
Curled.
Green
can
also
LIST
ON
"
and
he
Cress, Onion,
supplied.
APPLICATION.
SONS,
READING.
Royal Seed Establishment,
and
112
ADVERTLSEMENTS.
PRACTICAL
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Preparing
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