1. No category

Jan 15th, 2013
University of Padua
Dept. of Industrial Engineering
E i
Environmental
t l Systems
S t
A l i Lab
Analysis
L b (LASA)
Odour impact :
how to measure it?
comparison between p
an atmospheric dispersion model (
an atmospheric dispersion model (CALPUFF
CALPUFF) ) and a sensorial technique (
and a sensorial technique (Field Inspection
Field Inspection) ) Dr. Eng. Alice Mantovani
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
sampling odors
chemical analysis
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
odor monitoring + modelling
sensorial analysis
Outline : 1 MATERIALS & METHODS
1.
how to measure the odour impact
2. A CASE STUDY evaluation of the odour impact of an
p
anaerobic digestion plant
g
p
with 2 techniques:
•
odour dispersion modelling (CALPUFF)
•
odour monitoring (Field Inspection)
3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
target = validation of model with field measures
g
o o o
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Wh t’ d ?
What’s odor?
human response to the olfactory
perception
ti off chemicals
h i l Æ
physiological + psychological
p
process
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Wh t’ d ?
What’s odor?
Smell is the sense of memory !
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
What’s odor?
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (fats, carbohydrates, aldehydes phenols )
aldehydes, phenols, …)
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOROUS EMISSIONS from PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOROUS EMISSIONS from PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES citizens complaint
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOROUS EMISSIONS from PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES citizens complaint
NEED TO MEASURE
THE ODOUR IMPACT
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOROUS EMISSIONS from PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES citizens complaint
NEED TO MEASURE THE ODOUR IMPACT Æ
¾ ANALYSIS OF THE EMISSIONS (at the source)
GC/MS + dynamic dilution olfactometry
¾ ANALYSIS AT THE RECEPTOR
•
•
sensorial
i l techniques:
t h i
Fi ld Inspection
Field
I
ti / electronic
/ l t i nose
atmospheric dispersion models
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Odour emissions:
how to measure?
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Jan 8°, 2013
ODOR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
chemical analysis
sensorial analysis
GC-MS
e-NOSE
OLFACTOMETRY
FID
GC + O
FIELD INSPECTION
analysis combination
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
GC/MS: BIOFILTER EMISSION
LIMONENE
[citrus peel]
DIMETHYLSULFIDE DIMETHYLDISULFIDE
[rotten vegetables] [cooked cabbage]
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
TERPENES
[pine resin]
FEATURES OF ODOURS
• OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
- Subjectivity
- Threshold odor perception
- Concentration of odorous compounds [mg/m3]
- Odor Unit [[OUE//Nm3]
• RELATION AMONG SUBSTANCES IN A MIXTURE
- Additive
- Sinergy
- Masking
- Neutralization
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
OLFACTOMETRY: DEFINITIONS
ODOUR CONCENTRATION
It is measured in OUE/m3, European olfactometric units
per cubic meter
1 OUE/m3
It is equivalent to olfactive perception produced by 1
EROM ii.e.
EROM,
e by 40 ppb of n
n-butanol
butanol
EROM (European Reference Odour Mass)
1 EROM = 123 µg n-butanol evaporated in 1 cubic meter of
standard air (293°K, 101.3kPa), equivalent to 40 ppb v/v
ODOUR THRESHOLD (OT)
Odour perception threshold for 50% of panelists
EUROPEAN NORM EN 13725
THE PANEL
Selection, recruiting and training of panelists: individual
sensitivity
iti it tto n-butanol
b t
l mustt be
b iin the
th range 20 - 80 ppb
b
OLFACTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT
Each sample is presented to eight panelists for 3 times:
Result is calculated by geometrical mean of 24 values
DATA EXCLUSION
If panelists make too many errors, or their values are too
far from the mean, values are discarded.
AIR SAMPLING
NALOPHAN
BAGS
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
vacuum pump
(lung effect)
AIR SAMPLING
COMPOSTING PLANT: BIOFILTER EMISSIONS
HOOD
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AIR SAMPLING
COMPOSTING PLANT: SCRUBBER EMISSIONS
PIPELINE
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AIR SAMPLING
DIFFUSE EMISSIONS from COMPOST HEAP
FLUX
CHAMBER
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
AIR SAMPLING
DIFFUSE EMISSIONS from WASTE HEAP
FLUX
CHAMBER
AIRFLOW FROM
CYLINDER
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
VACUUM
PUMP
OLFACTOMETRIC LAB
AIR CONDITIONER
ACTIVE CHARCOAL
FILTERS
OLFACTOMETER
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
OLFACTOMETER ECOMA mod. TO7
4 PLACES FOR PANELISTS
OLFACTOMETER ECOMA mod. TO7
DILUTION MANUAL ADJUSTMENT
FLUX METERS
OLFACTOMETER ECOMA mod. TO7
PANELIST’S
PANELIST
S PLACE
PANEL AT WORK!
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL THRESHOLD
WITH AN OLFACTOMETER
PROGRESSIVE GAS SAMPLE DILUTIONS
A gas sample, e.g. n-butanol at a concentration of 3.000 ppb,
is presented to panelists at decreasing dilutions in step of 2:
the sample is diluted with pure air 640 times, 320 times, 160
times, 80 times, and so on.
If a panelist perceives an odour at the 160 times dilution, but
not at 320 times, his odour threshold will be in the middle, so
threshold dilution is calculated as g
geometrical mean of the two
½
values, (160 x 320) , or 160 x (2)½ = 226
Individual odour threshold of panelist is calculated dividing
starting n-butanol concentration by threshold dilution,
dilution then:
3000 ppb / 226 = 13.3 ppb
13.3 pp
ppb is the individual threshold for the p
panelist.
INDIVIDUAL ODOUR THRESHOLDS FOR
n-BUTANOL
BUTANOL (63 PANELISTS)
effettiva soglia di percezione individuale al n-BuOH
14
from 20 to 40 ppb
12
numero di panelisti
10
from 40 to 80 ppb
8
6
4
2
0
da 2,5 a 5
da 5 a 10
da 10 a 20
da 20 a 40
n-butanolo (ppb v/v)
da 40 a 80
da 80 a 160
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
MEASUREMENT OF ODOR SAMPLE CONCENTRATION
WITH AN OLFACTOMETER
DILUTION OF THEODOROUS SAMPLE
the panel leader introduces to the panelists decreasing dilutions of
the odorous sample, in steps of 2: the sample is diluted (640 times,
320 times, 160 times, 80 times, etc.) with filtered air.
If a panelist perceives the smell of the sample at the dilution ratio of
160, but not at the 320, his odor perception threshold is the
geometric
i mean off the
h two values,
l
iie (160 x 320) ½
½, ie
i 160 x (2) ½.
½
The odor concentration of the sample is the geometric mean
of odor perception threshold of all the replies of all the
panelists, expressed in OU/m3
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOUR THRESHOLDS AS REPORTED IN
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
LITERATURE: LOWEST AND
HIGHEST VALUES
COMPOUND
LOWEST OT
HIGHEST OT
RANGE
Butyric
aldehyde
4,2 ppb
8300 ppb
2.000
limonene
1,0 ppb
200 ppb
200
dimethyl
sulfide
0 9 ppb
0,9
18 4 ppb
18,4
20
dimethyl
y
disulfide
0,024 pp
ppb
82,6 pp
ppb
3.500
Odour impact:
how to measure?
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Jan 8°, 2013
MATERIALS & METHODS
A CASE STUDY : application of
FIELD INSPECTION
CALPUFF MODEL
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
EVALUATION of
EVALUATION O off the ODOUR NUISANCE
h O O
S C
in many European countries, the legislation evaluates the
odour frequency worse than the odour intensity or quality Æ
criteria for assessing the impacted area = frequency of exceedance of a threshold
g
p
q
y
‰ UNITED KINGDOM:
"IPPC‐H4 ‐ Draft. Horizontal guidance for Odour “ (2002) odour threshold: depending on the hedonic tone (1.5 UO/m3)
f q
y 9 th p
percentile of the hourly average concentration
y
g
odour frequency: 98
‰ GERMANY:
“Guidelines on Odour in Ambient Air “ (GOAA, 1998)
odour threshold = 1 OU/m3
odour frequency: depending on the destination of use of the territory
f q
y
p
g
y
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
MATERIALS & METHODS
A CASE STUDY : application of
FIELD INSPECTION
CALPUFF MODEL
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
EVALUATION of
EVALUATION off the ODOUR NUISANCE
h ODOUR NUISANCE
The Italian legislation and the European legislation do not regulate the assessment of the odour impact
‰ ITALIAN ITALIAN legislation
legislation :
• not
o anyy national
o legislation
g
o about
o o
odour
o emissions
o and odour
and o
odour
o impact
p
• only regional laws Æ Lombardy Region:
o “Guidelines for composting plants”,
o “Guidelines for characterization and control of odorous sources”
‰ EUROPEAN EUROPEAN legislation
legislation
g
((EN 13725 : 2003)
37 5
3)
• techniques for measuring measuring odour
odour emissions : dynamic olfactometry
emissions • techniques for measuring odour
q
g
impact: none
p
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
MATERIALS & METHODS
A CASE STUDY : application of
FIELD INSPECTION
CALPUFF MODEL
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
EVALUATION of
EVALUATION off the ODOUR IMPACT
th ODOUR IMPACT
the ODOUR IMPACT
How to estimate frequency
frequency of odours:
odours:
SENSORIAL TECHNIQUES
a)
measured by trained people during a FIELD INSPECTION
Æ reference
f
law: VDI 3940 (Germany, 2006) 394 (
y,
)
b)
measured with an instrument: ELECTRONIC NOSE
Æ reference law: none
MODELS
O
S
c) prediction by a MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Æ reference
f
law: VDI 3945: gaussian‐puff
3945 g
p models
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
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ELECTRONIC NOSE
10 MOS
SENSORS
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE
SENSORS
• METAL OXYGEN
• ELECTROCHEMICAL
•Q
QUARTZ MICROBALANCE
• PID (FOTOIONIZATION)
AVERAGE SENSIBILITY
1 ppm
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE
ODOUR FINGERPRINT
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE CALIBRATION
SAMPLING
The electronic nose is trained to identify
y odours: it is calibrated
with odorous samples, collected at the emission sources
During the calibration, the e-nose should be trained to recognize
• different samples (from various sources)
• different concentrations of odour subtances (the sample is mixed
y
with odorless air in fixed ratios of dilutions Æ dynamic
olfactometry)
• background odours and other odours (such as traffic)
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE
ODOUR INTENSITY
ODOUR FINGERPRINT
ODOUR IDENTIFICATION
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ELECTRONIC NOSE CALIBRATION
CHEMOMETRICS
The "ODOR FINGERPRINTS" are p
points in a multi-dimensional
space (each sensor of the e-nose is a dimension)
The spatial proximity of points is index of similarity
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces the complexity
of representation : from a multi-dimensional space to a two or
three dimensional space (F1, F2, F3)
The Analysis of the Discriminant (DA) is used to assign each
odour measure to the most likely source
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
E-NOSE: 2D ODOUR MAP (set 2003)
Observations (axes F1 and F2: 85 %)
4
D11
3
--- axis F2 (
(12 %) -->
>
comp
2
C13
1
TM1
SOST1
T1bis
T5 ALT
P7
T3
P7
T3
T5
P7
SE
SE
SEALT
P2N PM1
0
-1
B9
zero
VC1
-2
-3
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-- axis
i F1 (74 %) -->
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
E-NOSE: 3D ODOUR MAP (set 2003)
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8
10
E-NOSE CONTINUOUS MONITORING
Intensità risposta sensori del 13 set 2005
BERGANTINO (RO)
120 OU/m3
90 OU/m3
ODOUR INTENSITY (EVERY 5 MINUTES)
60 OU/m3
30 OU/m3
15 h 00
18 h 00
21 h 00
0 h 00
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
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E-NOSE CONTINUOUS MONITORING
'
BERGANTINO
(RO) 13 set 2005
AVICOLO
A DATA POINT EVERY 5 MINUTES
BIOFILTRO
DISCARICA
FONDO
ODOUR FINGERPRINT
15 h 00
18 h 00
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOUR IDENTIFICATION
21 h 00
0 h 00
A case A case study
study::
odour impact evaluation of an ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
anaerobic digestion plant in Bassano del Grappa (VI)
( )
d
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vs
FIELD INSPECTION CALPUFF
same GRID
Field Inspection grid = 1 x 1.8 km2, 33 cells with side ~ 200 m
same TIME RANGE
6 months =16 / 7/ 2009 to 15 /1/2010
same ODOUR SOURCES
BIOFILTER
BIOFILTER
YARD WASTE
YARD WASTE
BIOGAS
BIOGAS: cannot be modeled
same CRITERIA for assessing the odour impact odour frequency
odour threshold
odour frequency isofrequency lines
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
monitoring procedure
procedure: d : ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION • statistical method for evaluating the odorous impact
• regulated by the German VDI No. 3940 (2006)
• based on visits within an area of interest around the sources
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION odour assessment is made in some points of interest: the evaluators sniff the air every 10 seconds over a period of 10 minutes, evaluating any odour
registration form
i t ti f
Odour Field Inspector
biofilter, biofilter
biofilter, none, yard waste…
60 MEASURES in 10 minutes
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
1 step CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF ODOURS in the plant area PLANT LAYOUT:
1
g
1 waste inlet 90 t/day organic waste 1.
20 t/day “yard” waste
2
3
4
5
2. mechanical treat.
6
3. anaerobic digestion
4. composting plant
5. scrubber + + biofilter
biofilter
6 landfill
6.
l dfill
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF ODOURS most significant sources of odours in the plant area:
BIOFILTER
treats the exhausted air from the composting process
HEAP of “YARD WASTE”
diffuse emissions from yard waste (grass, leaves…) stored outdoor
d
BIOGAS
fugitive emissions from anaerobic digestors or from the energy recovery unit
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
2 step ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: setting
setting the grid
a grid of squares with
sides of about 200 m was
built on the territory around
plant,, based on the
the p
frequency of complaints by
the residents (cartigliano)
the g
grid is made of 33 cells
and 48 intersection
points and is mainly
d
developed
l
d at the
h south
h off
the town, following the
main wind direction
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
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3 step ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: selecting the inspectors
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION
: selecting the inspectors
effettiva soglia di percezione individuale al n-BuOH
• selected for their standard odour sensitivity l
f h
to the European reference (n‐butanol)
12
10
num
mero di panelisti
• recruited between citizens
20 tto 80 ppb
b
14
16 Odour Field Inspectors 8
6
4
2
0
da 2,5 a 5
da 5 a 10
da 10 a 20
da 20 a 40
n-butanolo (ppb v/v)
da 40 a 80
da 80 a 160
we trained evaluators to identify the typical plant odours
•
BIOFILTER odour
•
YARD WASTE odour
•
BIOGAS odour
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4 step ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: setting
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: setting the the campaign
campaign
12 different paths, each one crossing 4 non-adjacent cell vertices
EVERY DAY TWO ASSESSORS MADE DIFFERENT PATHS AT
DIFFERENT DAY TIMES (EXCEPT FOR NIGHT TIME, FROM 1 A.M.
TO 7 A.M.)
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ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: setting
setting
tti the th
the campaign
campaign
i
• monitoring period: at least 6 months (16 july 2009 ‐
g
(
15 january 2010))
• every point must be visited at least 26 times, by different panellists, at y ((except for night‐time)
p
g
)
different hours and days 26 visits for each point of interest
*
48 points of interest
*
60 measures for each visit
26 * 48 *60 = 74800 measures
data statistically meaningful !! good estimation of reality!!
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5 step MEASUREMENT
POINT 1
ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: cell odour frequency calculation
CELL
MEASUREMENT
POINT 2
F%
MEASUREMENT
POINT 3
MEASUREMENT
POINT 4
for each cell of the grid,
odour frequency is
calculated as the ratio
positive odour
between p
recognition in the four
measurement points and
th total
the
t t l number
b off
measurements
ODOUR FREQUENCY IS CALCULATED FOR EACH
ODOUR TYPE AND FOR EACH CELL OF THE GRID
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
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ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: ODOUR FIELD INSPECTION: cell odour frequency calculation
odor frequency
d f
in the grid‐cells
interpolation
isofrequency lines
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LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
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ISOFREQUENCY CURVES: BIOFILTER
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ISOFREQUENCY CURVES: GREEN WASTE
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ISOFREQUENCY CURVES: BIOGAS
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ISOFREQUENCY CURVES: TOTAL PLANT ODOUR
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SEASONAL COMPARISON: TOTAL PLANT ODOUR
SUMMER
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WINTER
SEASONAL COMPARISON: GREEN WASTE
SUMMER
WINTER
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modelling procedure: procedure: CALPUFF
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modelling procedure: CALPUFF
meteorological d t
data
geophysical data
g
p y
STEP 1) meteorological model CALMET
emissions data
STEP ) dispersion
STEP 2) di
i model
d l CALPUFF
STEP 3) post‐processing Æ isofrequency maps
exposure
assessment
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1 step modelling
d lli procedure d diagnostic meteorological model
CALCULATION GRID computational domain: 5 x 5 km2
grid resolution : 100 m
2 vertical levels: 20, 100 m
20 100 m
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modelling
d lli procedure d STEP 1) diagnostic meteorological model
landuse
terrain elevation
DEM (from USGS)
Corine Land Cover DB
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modelling
d lli procedure d STEP 1) diagnostic meteorological model
1 ground‐level station
in the plant area
2 sounding stations
• Milano airport
• Udine airport
wind speed & direction, T°, pressure, Rh a a ou e g
at various heights
input for the meteorological model
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1 metar station
Venice airport cloud cover & cloud height
2 step CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF ODOURS SAMPLING the odour sources
bi filt ÆHOOD
biofilter ÆHOOD
h
heap of waste ÆFLUX CHAMBER f
Æ
biogasÆNONE!!
(areal source, (areal sources with free convection flow))
(fugitive emission)
emitting with forced flux
g
)
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF ODOURS ANALYSING THE SAMPLES
OLFACTOMETRY evaluate odor intensity (OUE/Nm3)
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOURCES OF ODOURS ANALYSING THE SAMPLES
biofilter
heaps of green waste
biogas Æ??
300 OU/Nm3 (*)
10000 Nm3
38000 OU/m3
(fugitive emission)
surface= 60 m2
8300 UO/s
5120 UO/s
(*) “Guidelines for composting of the Lombardy region” LIMIT VALUE
effluent from biofilter
300 UO/Nm3
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Sistemi Ambientali
vs
FIELD INSPECTION CALPUFF
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vs
FIELD INSPECTION CALPUFF
Criteria for assessing the odour impact:
odour impact occurs when the frequency of odour episodes exceeds the frequency threshold =
10% (municipal areas)
15% (industrial areas)
GOAA (Guidelines on Odours in Ambient Air, 1998)
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FIELD INSPECTION
CALPUFF
U
odour frequency
• > 15% > 15% (orange area) = very frequent episodes of odours
• [10% [10% ÷
÷15 %] (yellow are) = less frequent episodes of odours
15 %] • < 10 % < 10 % (green area) = odour frequency is not annoying
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ACTIVE SOURCES
O
ACTIVE SOURCES
‐biofilter
‐ biofilter
‐waste heap
‐ waste heap
‐ biogas
‐ biogas: not modelled FIELD INSPECTION
CALPUFF
U
‐ the extension of the odour impact is almost the same (diameter ~ 500 m )
‐ the odor plume spread more towards the SW p
p
(prevailing wind: from NE)
(p
g
)
‐ far from the plant: the model overestimates the impact Æ
MASKING EFFECTS
‐ near the plant: the model underestimates the impact Æ FUGITIVE SOURCE
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
CONCLUSIVE REMARKS
• the Field Inspection give a realistic evaluation of the odour impact • the results of the techniques are similar o
q
• the model application was succesful: th d l the model assesses the impacted area with a good precision th i
t d ith d i i (especially near the sources)
• the model requires a shorter time and involves less people, compared with Field Inspection. Moreover, the model can be run in a predicitive way
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
COMPARISON among MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
CHEMICAL: ‐ infos about the compounds of the mixture
‐ accurate, repeatable, reproducibile (within certain limits)
(
)
‐ doesn’t offer any concrete informations about odour intensity (there’s not any direct relation between odour intensity/ quality and the concentration of odorous compounds! )
OLFACTOMETRY: ‐ measures the intensity of perception
‐ quick sampling and analisys
‐ accurate, repeatable, reproducibile (within certain limits)
(
)
‐ statistical info Æ bigger uncertainty
FIELD INSPECTION: ‐ realistic evaluation of the odour impact
‐ recognize also complexes mixtures
‐ requires long time, high costs
E‐NOSE: ‐ continuous monitoring (frequent sampling for a long time)
i
i i (f
li f
l
i )
‐ stores a lot of data Æ creates a hystory database
‐ alllows to measure intensity 6 frequency
‐ recognize also complexes mixtures
‐ need for a training phase
‐ good potentiality but few experimentations data
‐ require a complex data elaboration
‐ low sensors stability l bili Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Luca Dr. Luca Palmeri
Palmeri
University of Padua‐
i
i
f d
Environmental System Analysis Lab (LASA)
Main activities: modeling of environmental systems
Dr. Maurizio Dr. Maurizio Benzo
Benzo
Osmotech SrL
Main activities: odour monitoring
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Partnership between Osmotech & University of Padua
1/2 (since 2006):
• “former IP” (Sp): remediation of soil contaminated by HC Æ survey of the olfactory nuisance with electronic nose & predicting model (atmospheric scenarios)
• Trevignano (Tv), Concorezzo (Mi): yearly and monthly monitoring of emissions from a composting plant and implementation of the f
i i
f
ti
l t di l
t ti
f th
model CALPUFF
acque veronesi
veronesi” (VR): assessment of the emission sources in the (VR): assessment of the emission sources in the
• “acque
water treatment plant, continuous monitoring
• development of e‐nose (UniPd): cooperation with the DIE dept. for the development of an electronic nose
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali
Partnership between Osmotech & University of Padua
2/2 (since 2009):
• symposium (Bs), 2009: presentation of a poster about the verification / calibration / validation of the results obtained by crossing the CALPUFF model and the electronic nose measures
• “ETRA S.p.A.” (Vi), 2009: assessment of the emission sources in the anaerobic digestion plant, continuous monitoring (field inspections)
bi di ti
l t
ti
it i (fi ld i
ti )
• “Chieri Landfill” (To), 2010: assessment of the emission sources in the landfill, continuous monitoring (field inspections)
the landfill, continuous monitoring (field inspections)
Università di Padova
LASA – Laboratorio di Analisi dei
Sistemi Ambientali