1. technology and computing
2. consumer electronics
3. camera and photo equipment
4. cameras and camcorders
5. camera batteries

NEW
REVISED
How
to
AND
EDITIDN.
ENLARGED
Make
and Use
THE
StorageBattery,
EMBRACING
ITS
History,Theory, Maintenance
The
By
Installationof Plants*
p.
B.
WARWICK.
ILLUSTRATED.
LYNN,
BUBIER
MASS
PUBLISHING
1903.
:
CO.
and
BY
COPYRIGHTED
BUBIER
COMPANY,
PUBLISHING
1896.
BY
COPYRIGHTED
BUBIER
COMPANY.
PUBLISHING
1903.
TN
N
Preface
the
publish
a
revisions
and
new
will increase
this
book
publishers deem
it
of
revised
new
have
and
been
matter
the
value
has
of
THE
Lynn,
Mass.,
Edition.
Second
first edition
The
Such
to
1903.
being
expedient
enlarged
made
as
been
added,
the
hausted,
ex-
to
edition.
was
book.
PUBLISHERS.
sary,
neces-
which
CONTENTS.
Chapter
I.
.
PAGE
The
Discovery
of the
Secondary Cell,
Chapter
Chemistry
of Lead
II.
Lead
"
Couples,
Chapter
Basic
Patents,
-
Make
to
a
-
-
-
Practical
ModernTypes
of
-
Storage Batteries,
.68
VII.
and
Maintain
Storage Battery Plant,
Chapter
Latest
Index,
Storage Batteries,
---
39
Other
and
-----
Chapter
Install,Work
35
VI.
Storage Batteries,
to
15
-
V.
Zinc, Copper, Alkaline
How
-.-
Storage Battery,
Chapter
Lead,
11
-
IV.
Chapter
Some
-
III.
Chapter
How
5
-
-
a
-
-
-
87
VIII.
-
-
-
-
-
I34
H^
CHAPTER
DISCOVERY
THE
OF
idea
The
little later
A
in
when
1,
or
saline
of
currents.
constructed
cloth,
Gauth-
jjlatinum
that
his
ary
second-
of
copper
discs
of
as
new,
electrolysis
consisted
by
separated
80
CELL.
is not
secondary
Ritter
which
pile,
1
fact
used
developed
solutions
to
the
when
wire
silver
SECONDARY
storage
back
traced
demonstrated
erot
THE
electrical
of
be
it may
L
moistened
sal
with
moniac
am-
solution.
In
Sir
1842,
classical
his
De
also
commercially
Faraday,
Niaudet
LaRue,
in
field,
the
in
the
appreciate
others
and
Plants,
Gaston
for
constructed
Michael
early operators
remained
had
Grove
battery.
gas
Wheatstone,
were
William
it
but
i860,
to
he
invention
discovered.
Camille
public
with
Faure,
his
mented,
belongs
what
that
Gaston
the
honor
will
be
placed
1880,
cell
although
to
commercially
age.
lead
red
safety
in
and
it
of
in
useful
and
near
invention
:be
said
had
es^peri-
Camille
commercially
the
the
may
others
Plants
before
future,
of
the
Faure
ing
discoverthe
most
electrical
6
HOW
One
of
TO
the
MAKE
USE
AND
important
most
to which
uses
the storage cell can
be put is an auxiliaryto
the dynamo
for incandescent
lighting,
giving
brilliant light,
always
ajreliable,
and
tap
on
all the
time.
extinguished as is
lamps taking their current
never
because
of
The
50 per
over
the
direct
accident
anything therewith.
increased
often
steady, even,
The
lamps are
can
be added
to
any
a
because
system
out
now
namo,
dywith
connected
absolutelysteady current
given
the storage cell auxiliary.
It
from
life of the
cent,
with
case
lamp
of
is
the
through
in use,
running the dynamo
during the day, to
charge the batteryand at night using one as
A
auxiliaryto the other.
running
dynamo
five hours at night can
by running in the
daytime, ten hours, (charging a battery of
sufficient capacity,)
be made
to
give three
times
its lightning capacity,without
loading
overor
over-speeding.
A
direct
lighting system taking current
from
the dynamo
is like a gjas light system
without
the gas holders
subjectto extremes
of fluctuation,making
unsteady and
very
poor light.
The storage battery also fillsan important
for long distance
place as a dividend earner
for
incandescent lightingand
lighting in
places where there is no incandescent
system.
For example:
A
owns
an
arc
plant
person
and does street lighting. There
would
not
"
"
THE
be
sufficient
BATTERY.
STORAGE
7
for
lights to pay
the putting in of an incandescent
plant. He
places a small storage battery of, say lOO
hours'
capacity in a central station,
ampere
and
charges his batteries either in the day^
circuit as
his
time or at night on the same
batteries being in series
arcs
are
ruuning on
with the lamps.
As the average
time
for
running for arc
work
is ten hours
per night with the standard
from
revenue
"
candle
2000
lo
or
power
system,
ampere
hours, having
ampere
in best condition
ready for the day's
this wiir
equal
batteries
lOO
work.
large field for storage batteries
in telegraph work, railwaysignaling,
burglar,
tages
police and fire alarm systems, and the advanof storage ov^er
primary batteries can
be seen
by the following simple calculation,
There
which
is
a
If A
B
=
C
=
for himself:
make
can
anyone
"
.
the
voltage oi primary.
the average
working current.
=
the
annual
of
cost
maintenance
per
CQSt
kilo-
cell.
T^^^^
r^^
hour
watt
of hours
No.
of
electric
primary battery..
cost
per
kilo-watt
the
company,
current
local
year
=
energy
by
with
the
compared
hour
of
electric
storage
per
per
furnished
This
(allowing lo
in the
per
the
current
light
cent,
and
for
the
batteries,)
nished
fur-
power
loss of
result
8
HOW
will show
that in most
TO
MAKE
AND
20
primary cells
by
that obtained
as
is
from
the
in many
cases
from
obtained
current
comparative cost of
the primary battery is
even
much
greater
this.
There
other
are
the cost
of maintenance.
storage battery
^
about
sides
be-
advantages, however,
In the first place the
and
trical
elec-
of
that
storage batteries and
than
the cost
cases
furnished
energy
to 25 times as great
USE
is
primary
less
they
"
cost
the
of
only
occupy
force
space, the electro-motive
constant
resistance is practically
of the
internal
no
corroding connections
no
creeping of salts and practically
tion,
evaporaand in fact all the attention required is
that the
simply to see
charging switch is
thrown
for the proper
length of time.
""
you
have
no
Western
"
Telegraph
the
the Gold Stock Telegraph Companies
American
Bell
Telephone and other like
now
companies, have
adopted the storage
batteryalmost entirelyin their largerstations
in place of gravity or like batteries.
For example:
Union
pany
Com^The Western
in their large office at Atlanta, Ga.,
have displaced 8000
gravity with 700 storage
The
Union
and
Postal
"
"
"
cells.
The
very
City
neat
their
Hall
at
Philadelphia has
also
a
installation of storage cells to operate
policetelegraph system.
STORAGE
THE
Mr.
Lemon,
BATTERY.
of the
manager
Telegraph Company,
operation of his plant,in
March
of
16, 1894,
tal
Pos-
Baltimore
referring to the
the Telegraph Age
**
says:
between
comparison
9
"
There
and
storage
is
no
primary
cells."
Another
use,
thought
typing and in
One
^
is the
one
that
been
dom
sel-
fact
electroelectro-plating,
all electrolyticwork.
greatest desiderata
maintenance
electro-motive
or
has
of, is
the
of
and
of
a
plating
in electroconstant
force
which
can
potential
be
the
speed
of
the
easily effected by keeping
and the resistance
dynamo
the
of
circuit absolutely
uniform.
This
at
first sight appears
but
as
the
line and
an
easy
matter,
namo
speed of the dynot be kept uniform, owing
can
to the
inefficiencyof steam
as
engine governors,
variation
of speed is exaggerated in
every
matter
a
Such
of fact, the
variations
changes
shaft.
counter
in the
of
speed
electro-motive
are
followed
by
of
the
force
current.
As
the nature
an
fected
deposit is afelectrolytic
the surover
face
density of current
it follows than an
to be deposited upon,
that will insure a steady current
will
agency
insure
of the
a good deposit also, and
as
one
functions
of storage batteries is to keep both
well
voltage and current
constant, they are
adapted for electrolyticwork.
by
the
of
10
HOW
In
using
TO
a
MAKE
AND
storage battery
USE
in connection
with
and electrotyping operaelectro-plating
tions,
the
battery is arranged in multiple or
parallelwith the depositing tank.
the
All
the
time deposition is in progress
battery is receiving current, approxiniktely
equal to that passing into electrolytic tank,
the battery becomes
by this means
charged
and
is enabled, in
to
power,
of
12
The
the
furilish current
or
14
event
for the
of
failure
next
of
val
inter-
hours.
importance of this to firms located in
is furnished
ing
only durbuildings where power
the ID working hours
of the day is selfevident.
THE
CHEMISTRY
STORAGE
BATTERY.
CHAFFER
11.
OF
LEAD"
II
COUPLES.
LEAD
procedure of
forming a lead-lead
couple is at first sight extremely simple.
take two
coiled plates of lead
We
ted
separaThe
from
one
another
and
immersed
in diluted
is sent
through from
sulphuricacid, a current
lead plate to the other, the final result is
one
with a coating of
covered
becomes
that one
lead
hydrogen is given off
peroxide while
against the other.
the
that sulphuric acid
On
view
merely
to
serves
the
decrease
resistance
and
itate
facil-
so
of the
water, the
electrolysis
ready
be given that the two
ments
eleexplanation would
of water
are
simply separated at the
poles.
the
But
it
of
facts
with
in accordance
more
the
that
the
phuric
sulelectrolysisto suppose
acid, H3 So^, is itself the electrolyte
that
and
seems
the
oxygen
results
from
a
ary
second-
chemi-reaction.
As
a
matter
peroxide is
even
protoxide
no
"
Bunsen
fact, if
formed
but
water
only
be
the
current
a
though
used, the addition
employed
hydrated
from
of
a
25
single
sulphuric acid is sufficient to start
formation
of puce-colored peroxide.
drop
the
cells be
of
of
12
HOW
The
a
TO
which
reaction
Plants
divided
MAKE
takes
place
in
ing
charg-
for convenience
battery may
into two
USE
AND
be
stages.
and
2S03-f-2H20=2
But
it may
formed
in the
thus:
current
that the
be
the
on
H2SO4.
lead
sulphate
first instance
continuation
of
and
the
is always
posed
decom-
charging
"
SO.H, I Pb,=Pb^, ^SO^Pb^
Pb.|
l" c^W
2
afterwards
ISO,
Pb"-2
^ISO4H2 ^Pb^Pb,.i
Pb
and
2S08-f2H2S04.
It
most
seems
may
density
or
tions
likely that both of these reactake
place according to varying
other
The
coating
difficultyin the
the
metallic
circumstances
of
current.
peroxide interposesa great
way
lead.
of the
of
further
oxidization
of
THE
For
this
periods
STORAGE
obviate
minimum
and
converting
and
this
lead
spongy
and
pletely
com-
energy,
platesmechanically
lead, (oxide of lead),
into spongy
peroxide
respectively, by the
red
or
to
his
coated
with
time
of
3
successive
charging
this waste
Faure
1
needed
and
repose
his elements.
of
Camille
Plants
reason
form
To
BATTERY.
current.
Now
first
the
thing
platesare immersed
is a purely chemical
The
minimum
the
to
in
action.
suffers
decomposition
cording
ac-
formula.
PbgO^-f 2H2S O4
2H2O.
both
happens when the
dilute sulphuric acid
that
PBO2
=
2PBSO4
+
+
sulphate and the lead
insoluble, this change takes
peroxide are
time to penetrate, as the action is mainly at
But
as
the
lead
the surface.
In
a
lead
of energy
on
to
be
the amount
This
stored
of
of
is
that
the
amount
dependent
mainly
peroxide present.
to be
appears
amount
too
cell it is evident
loss
obtained
when
with
the
the
est
smallis not
current
strong.
From
the
experiments
Prof. Tribe, Camille
Faure
of
Dr.
and
Gladstone,
others, it is
shown
conclusively that the best results
obtained
density of about
by a current
milliamperes per square
the originalsurface
on
centimeter
of the
were
6J
lated
calcu-
plates.
HOW
14
MAKE
TO
USE
AND
During a discharge the sulphuric acid
lead
was. discharged by the sulphate of
the
attacks
more
cqming oxidized, once
according to the equation*
PbO+HaSO^z^PBSO^+HaO.
The
Dujardin and
active
Warwick
material
that
beide
ox-
of approcess
plying
in depositing
consists
oxidizing in an alkaline nitrate bath and
is hastened
tion,
by forcing air through the soluwhich
is composed
of
lo
water,
parts;
sulphuric acid, 2 parts; alkaline nitrate of
soda, potash or ammonia"
i part.
and
'
The
author,
the
employ
of
Company
remarkable
the
of
that
cells
solid
an
P.
alloy
Theise ":ells have
W.
a
active
of cadmium
long
very
and
red
Hie
and
extremely rough usage,
writer's
possession having been
times,
5000
discharge per
5000 days or nearly 14
CaAiille
Dujardin and
of
Paris
have
cell that
cent.
obtained
gave
an
this
years
M.
of
will
in
one
short
at
the
rate
equal
actual
this
the
cuited
cir-
work,
Baillehache
results from
electric
gether
to-
tape.
would
diem
one
held
material
stand
over
in
Storage Battery
city, produced several very
the
in this way,
ing
plates be-
of
masses
by
Cleveland, Ohio, while
of
in
type of
efficiencyof 95
per
THE
CHAPTER
-
BASIC
V
I^
BATTERY.
STORAGE
HL
.
PATENTS.-
.
Faure, Jan. 3, 1882, applying active
Camille
material.
J. S.Sillon, June 13, 1882, an
.secondary battery having
holes
active
J. W.
C.
F.
receptacles
or
F.
one
f^ceive
"o.r
or
niore
and
hold
material.
Swan,
April ,4, 1882,
plates.
Brush,
July 4,
1882,
mechanically applied
C.
to
electrode
Brush,
to
method
of
paring
pre-
material
active
conducting
July, 1882, applying
ports.
sup-
active
material.
C. F. Brush,
August 8, 1882, process
secondary battery elements.
N.
DeKabath,
electrode
C. F.
and
August
22,
1882,
ing
of mak"
Compound
separator.
Brush, Sept. 5, 1882,
secondary
tery
bat-
element.
J.
C.
A.
Maloney,- C. H. Koyl, Oct. 17, 1882,
plate,storage battery.
porous
F. Brush, Oct. 17, 1882, secondary
tery
batelement.
Alfred
Haid, Feb.
element.
6, 1883, secondary battery
16
TO
HOW
MAKE
AND
USE
J. A. Maloney, Feb. 6, 1883,
secondary battery.
T. A.
Edison, March
secondary
construction
of
electrodes
of
6, 1883,
batteries.
C. F. Brush, March
tery
1882, secondary bat-
13,
element.
N.'S.
Keith, March
13,
1883, secondary
tery
bat-
electrode
for
construction.
T. A.
Edison, March
13,
1883,
secondary battery.
C. F. Brush,
April 24, 1883,
jng secondary battery.
Elements,
1883,
E. T., and
construction
305*835* S^pt 30,
E. E.
of
method
of form-
Starr, April 24,
secondary
1884, J. R.
batteries.
Morgan,
cumulator.
ac-
struction
3,061,105, Oct. 14, 1894, W. Lachlan, conof secondary batteries.
June 10, 1884, A. G Davis.
300,052,
July I, 1884, D. C. Fitsgerald.
301,351,
294,464, March
4, 1884, A. Haid.
307,461, Nov. 4, 1884, A. S. Hinckley.
and
J. C. Ce29i*575" Jan. 8, E. J. Molern
brian.
April 22, W. A. Shaw.
Jan. i5j C. A. Smyth.
292,14?,
May 27, W. Stanley.
299,177,
secondary
June 24, G. L. Winch,
300,933,
battery.
18, E. T. Starr, secondary
295,456, March
battery and constructing plates.
297*457,
1
8
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
August 25, J. S. Sellon.
321,759, July 7, J. S. Sellon.
323,890, August 4, E. T. and E.
325,120.
E.
Starr.
1886
347,754,
to
P.
342,594,
August 17, H. Woodward,
assignor
B. Warwick, battery plate.
May 25, C. D. P. Gibson, storage
cattery.
352,708,
Nov..
16, O.' A. Moses,
tery.
storage Bat-
348,625, Sept. 7, S. Farbaky " S. Schenck,
storage battery.
341,600, May II, T. Pitkin.
341,860, May II, C. Sorley. storage battery.
353,511, Nov. 30, C. Sorley, storage battery.
tery.
374,258, Aug. 10, E. T. Starr, storiage bat*
.
Dec.
14^ V.
battery.
342,385, May
25, W.
347,252,
Sass and
H,
others, storage
Remihgton, storage
battery.
F. Brush, (2)
2, C
337,298 and 9, March
storage battery.
345,124, July 6, A. DeVerloy, E.. Commelin,
G. Bailehhche, storage battery.
,
,
r
ig87
,
359,900,
March
22,
E.
T.
Starr, charging
secondary batteries.
367,627, Feb. 15, G. B. Prescott,
seccnday batteries.
cut
out
for
THE
STORAGE
367,630, Aug.
BATTERY.
W.
2,
1
9
electric
Hochhausen,
distribution
by secondary battery.
E. T. Starr, mechanism
259,901, March
22,
for charging secondary battery.
359,248, March, S. Farbaky and S. Schenck,
positive plate for secondary batteries.
I. Ludlow,
362.639, May 10, W.
working
and forming secondary battery.
370,134,
Sept. 20,
359,072,
March
C.
O.
8, W.
battery.
372,468, Nov. I,
W.
Flick.
second-,
Griscom,
ary
^
359,934,
22, W.
March
359*877, March
battery.
371,358, Oct.
battery,
Hering, secondary
C.
II, A.
10,
secondary
tery.
bat-
ary
A. V. Meserole, second-
22,
Reckenzaum,
368,668, Aug. 23, A..
ary battery.
362.640, May
battery.
Main,
tery.
bat-
W.
E.
secondary
Peyrusspn,
I. Ludlow,
second-*
secondary
359,976, March
22, A. V. Meserole,
plates for secondary battery.
ing
prepar-
1888
and J. H.Pum389,186, Sept. ii,C. Askew
pelley,secondary battery.
388,335, Aug.
battery.
21,
J. Beattie, Jr., ^^condary
20
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
380,989, April 10, H. Carpenter, secondary
battery.
380,554, April 3, N. de Bernardos, secondary
battery.
394"47i"
? Dec.
11,
L.
Duncan,
secondary
5
battery.
382,420, May 8, ) L.
Epstein, secondary
383,216, May 22, i
battery.
383,560, May 29, C. A.
Faure, secondary
battery.
3631S62, May 29, C. A. Faure, secondary
battery.
389,882, Sept. 25, C. A. Faure, secondary
battery.
385^5 58, July 3" F- King, secondary battery.
384,941, May I, A. V. Meserole, secondary
battery.
394,474,
Nov.
27, L.
Paget, secondary
tery.
bat-
393"576, Nov.
27, L.
Paget, secondary
tery.
bat-
Nov.
27, L.
Paget, secondary
tery.
bat-
393"57S"
393"S77"
385,200, June 26, A.
Reckenzaun,
secondary
battery.
383,150, May
22,
S. Russell, secondary battery.'
377,642, Feb.
tery.
7, J. S. Sellon,secondary bat-
383,193, May
battery.
22,
J. S.
Sellon, secondary
THE
STORAGE
BATTERY.
21
386,898, July 31, J. S. Sellon, secondary battery.
378,629, Feb.
battery.
392,244,
Nov.
385,390, July
M.
28,
6, H.
3,
Stecher,
Walter,
S.
L.
secondary
tery.
secondary bat-
Trippe, secondary
battery.
1889
[
I
408,367, Aug. 6, N. B. Aldrich, secondary
battery.
408,287, Aug. 6, T. D. Bottome, secondary
battery.
409,448, Aug. 20, C. S. Bradley, secondary
bnttery.
T. Harand
404,168, May 28, H. Cameron
ris, secondary battery.
Oct.
Carpenter, secondary
15, H.
412,727,
battery.
and
J. K.
416,573, Dec. 3, D. S. Covert
Pumpelley, secondary battery.
402,006, Apr. 23, C. Desmasures,
secondary
battery.
406,822, July 9, H. Dey, secondary battery.
Oct. 22, R. Eckeymeyer,
secondary
413,339,
battery.
498,002, July 30, H. V. Earnest, secondary
battery.
409,178, Aug. 20, C. A. Faure, secondary
battery.
Griscom,
secondary
400,842, April 2, W.
battery.
22
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
W.
Apr. 23
Griscom, secondary
battery.
406,439, July 4, W. Griscom, secondary battery.
401,744,
416,605, Dec. 3,
battery.
June II,
4i5"2i3,
battery.
399"S35.
March
T.
J. Haslam,
H.
T.
12,
secondary
Hicks,
secondary
J. G. Huber,
secondary
battery.
400,404,
March
26, R.
battery.
May 21,
403,593^
battery.
415,327,
Nov.
29,
Diss, secondary
397,650, Feb.
battery.
400,227,
March
12,
M.
A.
P.
Hunter,
Jamieson,
Kennedy
ary
second-
secondary
C.
and
current.
W.
Kingsland, secondary
tery.
26, I. Kitsee, secondary bat-
406,916, July 16, I. Kitsee, secondary
399,052,
Mar.
5. E.
battery.
April 23, W.
401,953,
battery.
4i7"oSS"
Dec.
J.
10,
C.
R.
Knowles,
tery.
bat-
secondary
P.
Kookogey,
H.
Togan,
ary
second-
secondary
battery.
396.213, Jan.
15,
O.
Tugo,
secondary
tery.
bat-
396.214, Jan.
15,
O.
Tugo,
secondary
tery.
bat-
THE
STORAGE
412,639, Oct. 8,
401.389, April
F.
M.
9, W.
April 9,
401.390,
BATTERY.
23
Lyte, secondary
Main,
W.
Main,
408,666, Aug. 6, J. F.
secondary
secondary
McLaughlin,
tery.
bat-
tery.
bat-
tery.
bat-
ary
second-
battery.
414,438,
Nov.
5, H.
415*33
Nov.
19, C.
1
398,075,
"
Feb.
19,
Osburn.
secondary
tery.
bat-
Payen, secondary
tery.
bat-
J. Pederson,
secondary
battery.
May
403,957*
tery.
28, J. B. Price, secondary bat-
416,299, Dec.
3,
J. K.
Pumpelley, secondary
Battery.
396.367, Jan. 15,1.
battery.
396.368, Jan. 15,1.
battery.
396.369, Jan. 51,1.
battery.
414,953,
Nov.
12,
L.
L.
L.
W.
Roberts,
secondary
Roberts, secondary
Roberts,
secondary
Roberts,
secondary
battery.
396.769, Jan. 29, J. S. Sellon, secondarybattery.
396.770, Jan. 29, J. S. Sellon, secondary
battery.
396,958, Jan. 29, J. S. Sellon, secondarybattery.
HOW
24
TO
MAKE
AND
April 16, J.
battery.
401,466,
Feb.
397,443,
USE
S. Sellon,
5, W.
A.
26, W.
F.
secondary
Shaw,
secondary
Smith,
secondary
battery.
415,981, Nov.
battery
1
1,047,
.
Dec.
17,
J. W.
Swan,
re-issue
battery.
406,969, July 16, C. H. Thompsen,
battery.
398,194, Feb.
19, I. A.
Timoiins,
ary
second-
ary
second-
secondary
battery.
ary
Gestel, second405,751, June 25, J. T. Van
battery.
ary
410,680, Sept. 10, J. T. Van Gestel, secondbattery.
418,483, Dec. 31, A. S. Woolf, secondary
battery.
W.
and
R.
415,600, Nov. 19, J. A. Wotton
Polk, secondar
battery.
and
P. G.
408,986, Aug. 13, H. G. Morris
plates or grids.
Salom, apparatus for filling
1890
434,376, Aug
battery.
422.504,
March
12, G.
W.
4, S. C.
Cochran, secondary
C. Currie,
secondary
battery.
422.505,
March
4, S. C. C.
battery.
418,700, Jan. 7, H.
July I, T.
431,447,
C. Dey,
S.
Currie, secondary
secondary battery.
tery.
Dixon, secondary bat-
26
HOW
MAKE
TO
AND
USE
ary
425,818, April 15, J. F. McLaughlin, secondbattery.
419,892, Jan, 21, J. F. Mehren, secondary
battery.
427,789, May 12, F. F. Nevins, secondary
battery.
April 15, G. Phillipart,secondary
425,902,
battery.
April 15, G. Phillipart,secondary
425,957,
battery.
Dec.
Pumpelly, secondary
442.390,
9, J. K.
battery.
Dec.
Pumpelly, secondary
442.391,
9, J. K.
battery.
438,827, Oct. 21, E. N. Reynier, secondary
battery.
tery.
Aug. 12, P. Schoop, secondary bat434,093,
424,152,
March
25, H.
Ward
well, secondary
battery.
Wardwell,
443,556, Dec.
30, H.
battery.
Aug. 12, H. Woodward
434,224,
Warwick,
secondary battery.
Oct. 28, J. F. Mehren,
439'30i,
battery.
secondary
and
P.
B.
secondary
1891
451,445,
May
5, T.
H.
Aldrich, secondary
battery.
445,442,
Jan. 27,
C. F.
Bush,
secondary
tery.
bat-
THE
445,
542,
STORAGE
Feb.
3,
H.
BATTERY.
T.
2^
Cheswright,
ary
second-
battery.
447,279,
Feb.
24, S. C. C. Currie,
secondary
battery.
June 9, S. C. C. Currie, secondary
4S3"99S"
battery.
ary
4^2,693, Nov. 10, N. H. Edgarton, secondbattery.
ondary
secMay 12, May
451,921,
12, J. Emmer,
battery.
tery.
453*695, June 9, W. Griscom, secondary bat446,527, Feb. 17, A. M. F. Laurent
Timmins, secondary battery.
and
I. A.
O.
Tugo,
secondary
tery.
bat-
458.425, Aug. 25,0.
Tugo,
secondary
tery.
bat-
458.424, Aug. 25,
462,449,
Nov.
3,
battery.
456,843, July 28,
J.
H.
H.
Palmer,
secondary
Pieper, secondary
tery.
bat-
464,665, Dec. 8, L. L. Roberts, secondary
battery.
tery.
454,187, June 16, J. S. Sellon, secondary bat-
Sept. 15, W. L. Silvey, secondary
battery.
C. Theand
454,091, June 16, D. Tommasi
ryc, secondary battery.
and
J. B. Entz,
461,858, Oct. 27, M. Waddell
secondary battery.
459"S3S"
28
HOW
451.540,
451.541,
TO
MAKE
AND
May 5, George
battery.
May 5. George
battery.
A.
A.
USE
Washburn,
ondary
sec-
Washburn,
ondary
sec-
1892
480,883, Aug. 16,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
480,885, Aug. 16,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
488,233, Dec. 20, G. A. Washburn,
storage
battery.
479,753, July 26, A. E. Colgate, secondary
battery.
473.146, April 19, H. E. Dey, secondary
battery.
April 19, H. E. Dey, secondary
473.147,
battery.
486,094, Nov. 15, R. Eichemeyer, secondary
battery.
ips,
467,573, Jan. 26, J. B. Entz and W. A. Philsecondary battery.
C. E. Long,
478,230, July 5, J. H. Gerrand
secondary battery.
ary
481,560, Aug. 30, W. W. Griscom, secondbattery.
477,182, June 14, H. H. Lloyd, secondary
battery.
tery.
Main,
secondary bat485,013, Oct. 25, W.
^
470,701,
Mar.
15,
G.
F. Parker
Craps, secondary battery.
and
C.
E.
THE
STORAGE
BATTERY.
29
11,338, April 26, I. L. Roberts, re-issue,secondary
battery.
477,914,
June 28, W.
Silvey, secondary
tery.
bat-
484,120,
Oct.
Silvey, secondary
tery.
bat-
47i"S90"
Mar.
II, W.
29, C.
F.
Winkler, secondary
battery.
471,592,
Mar.
29, C.
F.
Winkler,
secondary
battery.
88,726, Dec. 27, N. Vladmiroff, secondary
battery.
476;843, June 7, E. C. Paramore, secondary
battery.
469,129, Feb. 16, C. P. Elieson, secondary
battery.
482.043 " Sept. 6, P. Kenedy and C. J. Diss,
482.044 I storage battery.
482,979, Sept. 20, E. R. Knowles,
storage
battery.
tery.
483.562, Oct. 4, E. R. Knowles, storage bat-
483.563,
Oct.
4, E.
R.
Knowles,
tery.
storage bat-
1893
507,139,
Oct.
24,
C.
W,
Kennedy,
storage
battery.
storage
496,126, April 25, F. A. LaRoche,
battery.
tery.
504,455, Sept. 5, C. J. Reed, storage bat-
HOW
30
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
509.266,
Nov.
509.267,
Nov.
21,
509.268,
Nov.
21,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
509.269,
Nov.
21,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
509.270,
Nov.
21,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
509.271,
Nov.
21,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
509.272,
Nov.
21,
E.
P. Usher,
storage
tery.
bat-
489,115, Jan.
2 1
E.
P. Usher,
,
3,
E.
P.
C.
R.
storage
Usher, storage
Arnold,
tery.
bat-
tery.
bat-
secondary
battery.
493,817, March
battery.
491,878, Feb. 14,
L.
21,
H.
N.
Bristol, secondary
Edgarton, secondary
tery.
501,723,
July 18,
500,394, June
27,
F.
King, secondary battery.
F.
King
and
E.
Clark,
secondary battery.
505,467, Sept. 25,
Jan.
battery.
490,254,
17,
I. Kitsee,
H.
502,824, Aug. 8,
L.
8, June
499,8-]
battery.
F.
20,
H.
Lloyd,
Morse,
O.
secondary
secondary
secondary
Norton,
tery.
bat-
tery.
bat-
secondary
THE
STORAGE
BATIERY.
3
49S"^38, April i8, L. B. Rowley,
battery.
L.
500,622, July 4, W.
Silvey,
battery.
L.
Silvey,
504,370, Sept. 5, W.
battery.
507,463, Oct. 24, C. A. Smythe,
battery.
500,978, July 4, C. Therye and A.
secondary battery.
Note.
from
"
the
The
Records
foregoing
of
the
Patents
U.
can
Washington, D. C, and
as
being absolutelycorrect.
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Oblasser,
are
S. Patent
be
I
copied
Office,
relied upon
HOW
32
TO
'AND
MAKE
CHAPTER
MAKE
TO
HOW
USE
IV.
PRACTICAL
A
STORAGE
BATTERY.
presenting this chapter
In
the intention
is not
theoretical
scientific and
comment
the
on
different types
of
method
cheap
writer
or
give
to
demerits
storage cells in
it
readers
our
descriptionof,
merits
time, but
present
the
of
to
or
a
to
of
the
at
the
use
give a practicaland
making and operating a
sufficient size to
light a
to
of
battery of
dwelling house, store or factory in connection
with a small
dynamo, such as the lo-light
in
Bubier's
Watson
described
dynamo,
in turn
be
Pofular Electrician, which
may
driven by either a small steam,
or
gas
line
gasomotor.
engine, or wind or water
storage
We
will
at
period
running,
a
so
his
wishes
and
as
to
or
command
to
a
to
a
supply
20
supply
dynamo and
lightsof 16 c.
the dynamo
50- volt
light it to
p. for
is not
his
plant
h. p.
30
incandescense,
ready
al-
power
i
lights from
perfectlypractical.
16 c. p. lamp
takes
some
is
has
amateur
when
5 hours
else desires to augment
which
dynamo
As
of
that the
assume
and
i
pere
amour
HOW
34
MAKE
TO
USE
AND
solderingiron or blow pipe the latter preferred
first insertinga small
piece of strip
off a
at B, Figure i ; now
cut
lead, as shown
quantity of stripsof tape lead 6 inches long,
be run
must
through the gears
part of which
or
crimping iron or corrugated like Figure 2.
Now
lay one of the frames, Figure i on the
"
"
,
table
on
slant
a
slab
of
stone
iron, and
or
corrugated lead
pack it full of plain and
strips,alternately,as tightlyas possible,until
the frame
is like Figure 3.
Now
take your
soldering iron or blow pipe
and
solder or burn the ends of the strips,as
if you
S S, Figure 3, to the frame;
solder,
to
the poorest solder possible,4 of lead
use
tin, and
of
I
solder, like
eat
out
so
rosin
|
and
much
for
a
flux
"
do
not
use
fine
do the tin will
if you
has
quicker. If the amateur
^,for
burn
pipe and is able to use it,he can
is the best
fuse the edges together,which
or
and, if possibleto do it,always burn or
way,
the ones
fuse the positiveplates,as these are
a
blow
that
deteriorate
as
;
a
of
matter
negativeswill last 20 years.
The
made,
platesbeing now
get the active
to
There
First
of
the
was
by
a
are
fact, the
it is necessary
material.
three
methods
of
doing
this.
by applying it mechanically in the form
and this is termed
paste, paint or cement,
Faure
the
an
after
process,
inventor
of the
electrical
method
Camille
who
secondly,
forming active
method
of
Faure,
;
THE
material
BATTERY.
STORAGE
35
called
by electricity,
the
consists
corroding process, which
charging and discharging a current
positive plates are
which
takes a long
The
third
It consists
method
material
lead.
of
into
As
oxidized
in
or
simply
until
the
corroded,
time.
is the
depositing
the
or
Plante
spaces
Warwick
process.
plating
or
between
is
this process
by the P. W.
the
active
ribbons
patented, owned
and
worked
Storage Battery
Company, of Cleveland, O., who, however,
will supply battteries, platesand
material, by
specialagreement, to the readers of this book
at lowest
prices and as this method
requires
of
"
"
36
HOW
TO
Plante
the
charging,
Faure
AND
USE
practicalexperience and'^^plant
considerable
and
MAKE
will
we
takes
process
method
describe
here
only the
simplest for
the
being
as
hours
150
a
amateurs.
Take
lead
sufficient
the
for
"
and
plate
"
batter
in
i
"
work
knife
12
"
mix
the
to
lead
of
to
oz.
consistence
red
"
When
parts, and
10
the
you
with
filled
have
the
three
the
and
old. table
an
firmly into
mass
the
thick
of
paste with dilute sulphuric acid
or
water
dry oxide
positive plates
plates.
positive
maining
plateswith this mixture, paste the four reof litharge or
plateswith a mixture
yellow lead, acid and in the same
way.
Now
take a piece of cellulose fibre ^^ inch
thick
and
this, take
obtain
cannot
cardboard
common
soda
if you
or
"
soak
silicate of
it in
table
the
lay on
first a negative with the lug L, Figure 3, on
the left hand, then
bestos
a
layer of cardboard, ascloth or cellulose fibre,-^^inch thick,
then a positiveplate red
with the lug to
the right hand, then
more
separating mateanother
tial, then
negative yellow plate
and
until
have
so
on
seven
plates,four
you
negatives and three positives,with the lugs
tie
alternately. Now
going different ways,
and
let it
dry
and
"
"
"
"
"
the elements
with
long strip of
or
burn
lead
a
stout
like
cord
Figure
and
4 and
positivesand
a
solder
with the
all the
negatives ;do the same
battery is ready
your
take
to
charge.
THE
Procure
a
Now
a
STORAGE
BATTERY.
37
water-tightbox, large enough
line it with
to hold the plates,and
pitch or
asphaltum^ or, better yet, asphalteck, or P.
" B. compound, so as to make
it acid tight,
and when
hard place your
elements
or
plates
therein, being very careful that positiveand
negative platesare not short circuited.
in
crock
acid
or
part acid, four
to
the
pour
When
with
the
water
parts of
into
solution
the
sulphuric one
being careful
"
"
water,
the
is
and
water
little
solution
Now
positivewire
negative wire
of
cell up
and
covered
the
positiveplates with
the negative plateswith
and
the
of
for
10
cell constructed
volts and
will hold
Therefore, 25
i
run
50 hours, 4
48
hours
lOO
when
lamp
lamps
for
light
for 25
the
a
give 2.2
hours,
hours,
50
your
in
connected
100
the
hours.
ampere
26 will
to
pass
and your
will
in this way
and
S2-volt lamp
will
or
and
machine
amperes
cell is finished.
A
mixed.
plates are well
soda
of
baking or carbonate
is plenty.
2 ozs.
; about
connect
current
vice
not
cold, fillyour
it until the
a
trolyte
elec-
some
steadilyuntil
stirringvery
versa,
add
and
acid
mix
tub
or
2
or
or
series
lamps for
20
lamps
for 5 hours.
The
cost
20c.
a
making
each, the
of
little in different
these
cost
platesis approximately
of
material
localities.
ing
vary-
38
HOW
Lead
tape
red lead
wholesale
any
MAKE
AND
USE
be secured
can
lb. from
7c. per
house.
The
TO
most
any
also
6c.
at
electrical
and
lithargeyou
druggist,who will
can
to
supply
get from
furnish
your
sulphuricacid.
If you
want
to
use
your
storage
cell
for
portable work, you can obtain a dry or semito replace the acid and
water
dry electrolyte,
the
P. W.
from
Storage Battery Company,
of Cleveland, Ohio, who
of
tne
are
owners
patents
that substance.
on
Watson
The
wound
else
or
then
one
should
,be shunt
dynamo
is
under
compounded, and
of
the
machines
suitable
most
for
this class of work.
plant in actual
operation in Cleveland, Ohio, consistingof a
^'Warwick"
dynamo, 25 storage cells and
switches.
automatic
gasoline engine with
The
of plant was
cost
:
The
I
I
writer
has
a
small
h. p. gas engines, castings,
h. p. dynamo, castings,
.
25 storage cells in glassjars,
Labor
on
dynamos
$25
.
.
.
00
5 SO
70
$ io,engine$15,25
00
00
$125 50
plantsupplies30 lightsevery night ;
and at the
20
lightsproduce 10.00
per week
of running is ^ oi ic. per lamp hour, or
cost
This
2c.
per
h. p. hour.
THE
BATTERY.
STORAGE
CHAPTER
SOME
MODERN
V.
STORAGE
OF
TYPES
39
BATTERIES
Plants
Elements
Chesswright Improved
made
as
by Messrs. Bitts " Co., of Carcaslead,
France, out of chemically pure
sone,
see
Fig. 6.
Each
element
is
that its in-
constructed
so
terior is
.
tical
quite hollow and is divided into verchannels
by thin lead partitionsrunning
throughout the whole length of the plates.
By passing the lead sheets through suitable
gated
shaped rollers each surface is closely corruinto a series of raised dovetailed
shaped
rims.
By treating the platesin this
increase
as
large as
M.
somewhat
As
is said
a
piece
DeKabath
of
of active service
in the amount
which
of
extensive
shown
lead
be
to
shown
in cut
chamber
at least
lead
devised
plate is
a
way
a
of
in
is obtained
times
four
sions.
dimen-
same
cell which
has had
A
in France.
use
large
tion
por-
Figure 8.
it consists
of
thin
perforated
tightlywith a
a
packed
each
strips,
of lead
large number
stripbeing corrugated to increase
alternate
the
active
40
HOW
surface
these
and
TO
allow
put into
of about
a
MAKE
the
cell
84 pounds
AND
free
USE
circulation;
base, having
or
the
to
complete
a
12
of
weight
cell.
r
6.
FIGURE
Epstein's Battery,
Epstein's Improved
Element
is a deeply
Plants
grooved plate,
of forming
being
(Figure9,) the process
what
is known
the rotting process,
as
plished
accomby boilingthe lead plate in a weak
solution of nirtic acid and afterwards
pulling
the current
under
them
for charging for
a
These
hours.
few
platesare said to possess
"
HOW
42
earthen-ware
TO
or
between
MAKE
other
AND
suitable
a
form
tube
of
8.
this
of suitable
chips
terial
insulatingma-
them.
FIGURE
Another
USE
plate is made
material
with
by
lead
ing
fillings,
fil-
turnings.
or
f\
FIGURE
M.
M.
Simmins
consistingof
lead
wire
with
a
a
trunnions
The
9.
and
Reynier formed
strongly compressed
strong metal
cast
rigidmetallic
around
frame
a
mass
and
plate
of
porting
sup-
it.
envelope effectually
resists
all distorting influence
caused
by the
THE
STORAGE
and
current
is but
weakening action
E.
P.
S.
43
BATTERY.
slightlyaffected
of the
by
the
oxidization.
Patents
taken
comprise patents
Sellon, King, Volckmar,-
Philby Messrs.
lippart,Parker, Swan and others for various
forms
of
tion
grids, frames or plates,in connecwith Faure's originaldiscovery.
out
FIGURE
made
Accumulators
have
years,
many
lO.
under
the
now
been
both
in this country
above
tents
pa-
extensively used
and
for
abroad.
experience gained from a very large
form
of
of experiments the present
number
adopted.
grid, Figure lo, was
The
grid is cast in a steel chill or mold,
form
tends
dove-tail, which
giving a double
material.
to key firmly the pelletsof active
After
of
recently improved form
by this Company, has
plate, first introduced
thin perforated film of metal
a
running
very
A
still
Note."
England
Power
E.
more
P.
S. batteries
solely by
the
are
Foreign
Storage Co., Limited.
now
and
manufactured
Colonial
in
cal
Electri-
each
MAKE
AND
USE
its outer
midway between
lead
edges, the negative plates are
pure
also the positives.
are
When
and cleaned
the plates are
cast
up
across
as
TO
HOW
44
aperture
filled in with
made
paste
a
of
minimum
and
dilute
sulphuric acid.
The
paste is pressed
the
superfluous material
in with
a
trowel
and
scraped off level
with the outer
of the grid.
surface
When
or
dry, the plates are partly formed
hardened
by being subjected to the electric
in
while
bath
of sulphuric acid.
current
a
and
able
They are then removed
placed in a suitand
their lugs are
fastened
frame
gether.
toThus
treated, they
purchasers
The
cases
Dujardin
Formation.
rendered
in all
"
and
The
active
ready
doing the
are
Warwick
Dujardin
by
sale, the
for
actual
ing.
form-
System of
elements
are
combined
depositing
and oxidizing action
sis
performed by electrolyin an
alkaline bath
nitrates composed
of
of lO
kilogrammes of water, 2 kilogrammes
alkaline
of
of sulphuric acid, i kilogramme
nitrate
other
potash or
(of soda, ammonia,
suitable alkali).
of an electric current, nitrate
By the passage
and
of lead is formed
by the acid of the bath
this is converted
sulphate of
of lead.
in
lead and
a
a
continuous
afterwards
manner
into
into/
peroxide
THE
In
STORAGE
hours
some
the
coated
stalline
versing
discharging or rethe positive plates become
adherent
layer of chry-
current,
with
thick
45
without
peroxide
millimeter
BATTERY.
an
lead, which
of
and
be
may
of great electrical
a
city.
capa-
Kb*$Ocid.
FIGURE
To
the
increase
salts of
volumes
balh
or
and
Not
regulate the
lead, it is well
of air into
formation
introduce
to
of
large
the
is acliquid,which
complished
either
by forcing air into the
by raising or lowering the plates,or
by other convenient
is thereby doubled.
Jaquet*s double
which
II.
some
possesses
satisfied with
the active
material
and
means,
grid
is
novel
the
a
the
form
reaction
of
grid
features.
method
of
keying
by making the elements
in
in
46
HOW
TO
AND
MAKE
USE
halves, then
forming them together either by
out
soldering or riveting,they have worked
tailed
dovea
plan for casting a complete double
in one
element
piece.
Figure
form
shows
1 1
white
peculiar shape
liable
less
Ernst
The
"
element
bend
to
than
flexible
This
hair
fiber, wool,
substance,
oxide
it ramifies
and
or
the
or
concussion
active
used
are
for
traction
or
a
that
so
up
and
contact
the
batteries
does
purposes
break
metallic
or
yieldingsurface
by any jolting
when
occurring
dislodge
to
material
in close
is retained
presents
core
that
manner
a
plate, giving jjerfect electrical
conductivity.
to
the interior
the wall of the holder
elastic
of
similar
other
or
through
lead
spongy
with
The
ordinary
is made
core
in such
material
active
contact
thus
and
circulatoryStorage Battery.
fundamental
principleinvolved in this
is an
absorbent
pansive
core
having an ex-
asbestos
the
buckle
of
their
from
rigid
more
or
made
Inter
action.
of the
far
are
and
metal
this
of
appearance
The
grids are
electrode.
of
inoxidizable
an
the
the
tend
not
soft
lead
or
oxide.
The
No
enters
the
battery elements
being placed one
lead
into
burning
the
elements
or
built up horizontally,
the other.
above
are
soldering
construction
being
held
of
of
kind
any
these
together
plates,
at
the
THE
STORAGE
requisite distance
rubber
BATTERY.
by
apart
washers
47
vulcanite
and
india
of
means
bolts
and
washers.
Knowles'
elements
active
of
consist
solid
of
blocks
material
firmly clamped between
inoxidizable
twa
of
perforated plates made
alloy.
'
These
conducting plates are held together
which
rivets
through the active
pass
by
material.
The
allow
perforations
fairlyfree
the
to
access
the
electrolytea
oxides
and
spongy
lead.
As
the slabs of
expand
or
Gtbson*s
in
form
a
these
buckle
or
warp
direction
elements
out
throughsaid
are
when
even
free to
are
charged
seriously over-
Battery is so constructed
simple and economical
way
of
withstanding a
capable
active
never
discharged.
over
of
amount
the
material
in any
contract
or
their mass,
to
active
material
rough
as
an
cumulator,
ac-
erable
considwithout
treatment
being jolted
to
out
or
tegrated
disin-
,
The
sheet
are
plates
A
lead.
forced
formed
are
or
large
stamped
of
parallel rows
extending
row
being
others.
To
the
across
half
add
a
of
ordinary
number
out
of
from
small
the
rolled
loops
sheet
self,
it-
these
projecting loops
alternate
plate,each
of the
loop in advance
strength to the plates,the
48
HOW
edges
of
a
TO
all sides
on
After
the
oxides
lead
of
oxide
is
in the
up
form
material
The
a
in the
ribbon
The
"
for the
The
active
in.
Storage
consists
until
itself,
of
on
lead
the
ends
the
of
plates
nitro-muritic
cient
suffi-
strip
passed around
tape firmly together.
frame
of
plate.
slot is mortised
the
loops, the
this cell
on
the
or
pressed in^
Morrison
or
folded
paste
a
and
of
plate for
of lead
size
clamps
of
effectuallykeyed
American
the
form
arrangement
is
Battery,
A
the elements
process,
uniform
level either
with
merely dampened
the
By
of
turned
were
stamping
filled in to
were
and
USE
rim.
,
a
AND
MAKE
of
are
then
acid
is
pickled in
a
and
solution
fui jtimul for about
four
hours, the pickle being nearly boiling.
They are then taken
and
then
dry in the sun
out
allowed
and
formed
by
the
to
Plantfe
process.
Battery Company has also
made
this plate by pasting, according to the
Faure
They have given very fine
process.
results, being remarkably {ree from
sulphatallowed
looked
after and
not
ing, and when
and
buckle
to
to
cutting through
except
evaporation of electrolyte,give good results.
The
American
HOW
50
FORD-
WASHBURN
TO
MAKE
AND
STORAGE
USE
BATTERY.
THE
The
Ford'
This
"
looselyin
battery
of
Store
is
the
5
Electro
a
cup,
envelope of
porous
porous
and
cup
I
tery,
Bat-
probably unique,
perforated
a
between'
space
BATTERY.
Washburn
it does
as
the
STORAGE
sisting
con-
enclosed
lead, the
lead
packed tightlywith litharge. This
negative element.
ing
be-
forms
The
positiveelement consists simply of a
sheet of perforated lead, folded on
itself with
thick casting in the center
for
a
connecting.
This
is slipped into a
porous
cup and the
is immersed
in electrolyte,
whole
contained
in a suitable jar.
But
can
able
owing to its great weight it is not suitfor portable work, but where
a battery
be
it will
on
seen
set
on
give
the
a
shelf and
much
curves
better
on
not
interfered
results, as
Figures
with,
will be
13, 14 and
15.
principalfault with this type of battery
is that the peroxide or positiveplate being on
the inside of the porous
it expands
cup, when
the paste graducracks the porous
and
ally
cup
filters through
it, leaks' through the
and
cracks
the
with
contact
finally makes
negative active material on the other side of
the porous
short circuit
cup, causing a dead
which
not
or
can
died
remereadily be discovered
Another
fault is the fact that the only
the electrolyte has to
the
of access
means
is
material
filtration,
by
positive active
through negative material and porous
cup.
The
52
HOW
TO
MAKE
Fc^ci-^nf-s^"^^-^
FIGURE
AND
USE
^i---*U.^-o
I2A.
M^,
THE
STORAGE
FIGURE
BATTERY.
I2B.
53
54
HOW
MAKE
TO
I
"{
FIGURE
t1ji]c"ill"m
15.
AND
Dtitb
USE
THE
Should
the
STORAGE
and
the
discharge or
rapidly when
show
The
the
below
electrolyteevaporate
elements
of
?5
BATTERY.
circulation
being
possible,
im-
strength of acid varies with the
charge and the E. M. F. falls
discharging. Figs. I2A and B
curves
Hess
free
top
of
a
1
5
or
20
Storage Battery,
ampere
This
"
charge.
dis-
storage
battery, which is manufactured
by the Hess
Storage Battery Company, is claimed to differ
other
fundamentally from
storage batteries
trode
elecof a double
through the employment
The
active
material
in
this
battery is not
a
single lead plate, exposed
pasted upon
directlyto the action of the electrolyte,but
in pairs,forming what
the lead platesare
is
termed
double
electrode
a
or
conducting
is interposed
body for the active material, which
between
the two
plates. These
plates
with
are
perforated and are entirely covered
an
insulatingmaterial, excepting those portions
of the inner faces of the plate indicated
by the lightlines.
The
perforations of the plates are filled
with a non-conducting material
of great porosity,
composed of quartz sand, the particles
held
of which
are
together by
asphalt.
These
plates are used in pairs two
being
electrode.
to form
one
They are
necessary
put together with the exposed lead surfaces
facing each other, and are so arranged that
"
*
56
HOW
TO
MAKE
USE
AND
the
exposed lines,both
of one
plate are not
corresponding lines on
tal,
horizon-
vertical and
directlyopposite the
the
other
plate,but
half a space
mensions
removed, thus reducing the diof the squares
formed
posed
by the exlines one-half and doubling the amount
of conducting surfaces.
By this arrangement
it is claimed
that no more
is required
metal
for a
double
electrode
is customarily
than
used
in the accumulator
type of pasted grid.
The
plates are provided with projectingribsj
which
form
the active
The
a
space
material.
electrodes
the
manner,
are
double
plates representing
separators
or
hard
are
of
rubber
two
for
introduction
tne
assembled
in the
electrode
with
element.
one
between
with
strips,
inches.
The
from
The
a
free
circulation
of
usual
its two
The
sulators
in-
electrodes
the
buttons
at
vals
inter-
object
of
using
separators of this peculiar construction
allow
of
the
is to
electrolyte
the plates.
all parts of the cell between
electrodes
held together, soft rubber
ar^e
washers
are
being used to allow for expansion.
After the assembling of the electrodes they
is constructed
of
placed in a cell,which
wood
and
lined
with
thin
sheet
lead.
The
electrolyte is then introduced, completely
immersing the electrodes, and then the plates
are
ready for receivingthe active material.
In the applicationof the active material an
The
is used.
appliance called a conveyor
58
two
ribbons
the
other,
other
lead
of
top of
being corrugated, the
wound
are
ribbon
one
on
one
plain.
When
desired
the
is
size
reached,
a
frame
alloy is clamped around and
jointburned. The plate is then formed by
Plants process,
pasted, or by the Dujarlead
of cadmium
the
the
FlGURE
din-Warwick
or
USE
AND
MAKE
TO
HOW
method
cells
discharge
from
then
in
when
the
The
electricallydepositing
capable
are
due
short
to
short
5,000
taken
of
one
these
apparently
test
tensile
6.
salts of lead.
plating from
These
1
was
as
of
withstanding
circuit, or
from
circuits
have
batteries, and
good
a
loading.
over-
been
it
condition
was
as
commenced.
strength
of
the
lead
ribbon
THE
STORAGE
BATTERY.
Figure
being
17.
of the
cent
99 per
short
circuits
within
impossibility,owing
to
the
ment,
original measure-
the
cells
fact
that
an
are
a
forated
per-
insulating separator
put
the plates,and the peculiarconstrue-'
is
pairs of
59
between
"
6o
HOW
TO
MAKE
Figure
AND
USE
i8.
P
i^di^^i^^^^^a^^i^^Al^A^Sli^l^^
Figure
19.
THE
STORAGE
6
BATTERY.
1
tion of the
must
The
cells
plate prevents buckling,as expansion
take place on
all sides equally.
Warwick
Storage Battery. These
"
a
are
modification
in
put
are
up
for station
traction
The
and
for
cell and
being
portable or
types,
other
the
P. W.
one
use.
cell
made
by taking a
frame
of chemically pure
is packed securely
lead.
This
strips of corrugated and plain
portable
or
oblong
square
de-silverized
with
distinct
two
use
the
of
alternate
is
-64th of an inch in thickness.
Jines
of the
Figure 17 shows the curved
P. W.
discharge of a 100
Storage
ampere
Battery.
formed
The
by
platesare separated when
sheets
of cellulose
two
fibre, impregnated
with
In the center
dialyzed silicious acid.
lead,
I
between
the
sheets
two
hard
is
thin sheet
a
rubber, celluloid
or
of forated
perable
suitother
material.
at
plate is shown
Figure 18, and consists of a simple stripof
lead, plain or corrugated alternately. The
The
idea of
plates suspended in a frame.
this is to allow a free expansion of the positives,
The
station
which
in
type
some
of
reaches
case
-^^of
their
that
they
originallength.
The
will not
and
When
features
of
these
buckle, there
long
life. The
is
plates are
no
paste
fall out,
also very high.
type or those of
efficiencyis
desired, cells of either
to
62
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
^^0^
1
IGURE
20.
THE
the
P. W.
STORAGE
Co.
This
traction
is
dry
trolyte.
elec-
convenience
great
a
portable
or
with
supplied
are
63
BATTERY.
The
purposes.
for
graph
phono-
Figure 19.
tion
TracFig. 20 shows the Dujardin-Warwick
wick
WarCell. Fig. 21 shows
a plant of the
Storage Cells in operation in Moscow,^
type is shown
in
Russia.
The
Chloride
Accumulator,
^Instead
"
of
cementing lead oxide
paste into or against
lead framing in order to obtain the necessary
a
active material, the latter is obtained
by
is
chloride
Lead
chemical
a strictly
process.
with a given proportion of zinc
taken, mixed
and
fused
is then
chloride, and this mixture
in
cast
When
small
thus
color
the
cast
and
in
squares
vitreous
moulds.
suitable
product
whitish
is of
character,
being
quite
brittle.
For
about
are
the
\
negative plates,these
inch
in groups
cast
and
square
of
blocks
thick, and
-^^ inch
four, these
are
groups
ing
be-
by portions having 3^2 ^^ i vcic\i
is
thickness.
For
positivesthe fused mass
ing
in separate lozenges, each
cast
lozenge havV
a beveled
shaped
periphery. These
cut
or
lozenges are then placed in a
squares
united
suitable
and
about
them
mould
and
antimony,
them
in
more
than
molten
a
mixture
of
lead
proportions,is cast
high pressure, thus fixing
firm lead framing of somewhat
the usual
density. (The
proper
under
securely in
a
64
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
66
TO
HOW
dition
break
of
of course,
AND
These
up.
mechanically and
together,but
related
are
the laws
to
and
MAKE
USE
crystalsare not,
bound
irregularly
to
another
one
molecular
of
cording
ac-
formation,
more
strongly
consequently,much
bound
had
been
if they
together than
mechanically combined.
this chrystalline structure
Furthermore,
are,
presents the maximum
the
obtainable
surface
infinite number
an
given mass,
crystallicchannels
for
inter-
of
passing all through the
material
and
the entire
plate being of the
same
thoroughly spongy
consistency, except
in those small
uous
proportions where the continlead
The
is encountered.
frammg
effect
this
of
porosity and
battery a maximum
extreme
is to
give the
capacity for given weight and size
item
of great importance when
surface
with
area
reference
from
volume
to
the
considered
of
traction.
without
occur
mechanical
violence
structure.
While
the
method
to
seems
function
grating
thought
of
thus
scribed
de-
accomplish its anti-disintebeen
perfectly, it has
by
shall be
introduce
to
of construction
.
best
that there
sheet
demands
cell,an
be
taken
heavy discharges also can
this battery,ov^ing tc the interstices between
the
crystals permitting changes of
Very
to
the
to
of
the
no
manufacturers,
doubt
between
acid-proof fabric
about
the
so
in order
the
plates a
that any
ter,
mat-
thin
small
THE
STORAGE
6^
BATTERY.
particleswhich might
fall awaycould
metallic
two
thus
with
contact
short
circuit the
for this purpose
be
might
is
this asbestos
make
adjacent plates and
cell. The
fabric chosen
asbestos
woven
the
that
thought
not
It
cloth.
of
introduction
ternal
certainly increase the inof the
resistance
cell,but the fact is
otherwise, the resistance of the cell being not
that
lead
of other
appreciable higher than
would
cells.
This
undoubtedly due to the fact that
the larger part of the resistance
lead
of most
cells is that caused
by poor contact, between
the lead framing and the paste placed in it.
In the chloride
is exceptionally
battery this contact
good, owing to the pastiles of
ing
chloride
by the frambeing so firmly bound
under
for
cast
to compensate
as
pressure
any
is
resistance
These
several
due
to
batteries
the
asbestos.
and
are,
have
been
for
operating successfully and in
in the city of Paris, as a
large numbers
very
of current
for lightingpurposes.
source
A
in operation in
large plant has been
dent
Cleveland, O., in the building of the Proviyears,
Life "
Trust
large one
very
of the
where
entire
has
Co.
for
been
Germantown
it is said
satisfaction.
a
year
installed
have
at
the
a
tion
sta-
pany,
Light Comgiven, thus far,
Electric
to
past, and
68
HOW
TO
MAKE
CHAPTER
LEAD,
ZINC,
VI.
ALKALINE
COPPER,
STORAGE
The
USE
AND
OTHER
AND
BATTERIES.
dealt
have
previous chapters
with
'
storage cells
This
other
not
deserve
of the
and
the
lead
peroxide.
of
treat
well
so
of the
known,
methods
promising
of
some
consideration
some
novelty
them
and
will
chapter
forms
will
lead
of
of
but
the
which
account
on
constructing
results from
of
some
them.
The
lead-zinc
peroxide
in
This
high
lead
a
plate
solution
form
and
a
a
dilute
of
construction
of
electromotive
The
is
type
fully charged
zinc
mersed
plate imsulphuric acid.
gives a very
force.
chemical
during the charging
probably fairlyrepresented
reaction
operation are
by the equation.
PbO,+ZnSO^+2H,0=Pb03+Zn+
2H,S0*
According
reactions
which
may
of
to
a
be
equivalent
negative element
equation.
one
Emile
Reynier,
discharge have
stated
of
thus:
At
the
chemical
two
the
phases,
outset,
sulphate is carried to
as
represented by
the
the
THE
69
BATTERY.
STORAGE
Pb02+Zn+2H2S04=PbS04+ZnS02+
2H20
the
phase another equivalent
of zinc is sulphated at the negative pole
an
equivalent of hydrogen reacts upon
positiveelements, during which operation
During
and
the
the active
second
material
lead acid, as
shown
itself into metallic
resolves
by
the
followingequation.
2PbS04+Zn+H20=ZnSO^-t-.2Pb-|-H2S04
motive
Immediately after a charge, the electrozinc
force developed by
a
peroxide
couple may react 2.7 volts.
During a discharge the internal resistance
of this form
very
At
wide
of
cell is found
to
vary
between
limits.
the commencement
it is about
the
same
peroxide couple, but as the
discharge proceeds the resistance is being
sion
continually augmented, owing to the converof the highly conducting acid electrolyte
has a
into sulphate of zinc solution, which
much
higher specificresistance.
as
that of
lead
a
Rcynter
Lead-Zinc
Cell.
Reynier leadzinc cell consists of an
or
ordinary Plants
Faure
peroxide plate in conjunction with thin
thick layer of elecwhich
sheets of lead on
a
trolyzed zinc has been deposited.
By the utilization of pure electrolyzedzinc,
many
of
eliminated.
the
difficulties of
"
local
action
were
70
HOW
A
the
TO
MAKE
USE
AND
battery of this descriptionintroduced
follows:
as
year
1884 was constructed
Each
cell contained
of the
Plants
active
made
with
elcc
smooth
of
rolyzed
from
an
and
peroxide plates
sive
presented an extenments
three
negative ele-
four
type which
surface
zinc
in
lead
sheet
which
acidulated
had
bath
covered
been
of
posited
de-
sulphate
of zinc.
Accidental,
between
contact
the electrodes
prevented
was
cured
by glass insulatingtubes, senegative plates by lead strips.
the
to
All the
elements
and
substantial
Two
were
brass rods,
connected
screw
provided
with
rate
sepa-
terminals.
terminating in
the
terminals
a
of
clamping
like polarity.
trough and all
other
of
parts of the cell,the employment
zinc and the elimination
of all impurities
pure
the electrolyte,
from
a cell was
produced
in which
the
loss from
leakage and local
action was
exceedingly small.
By
insulation
careful
of
the
followingparticularsof a cell of
construction
are
given by Mr. Reynier :
The
Total
of
area
sq. decimeters.
surface, 150
active
Total
this
positivesurface, 200
of active negative
area
sq. decimeters.
THE
Weight
STORAGE
**
"
**
**
Total
**
**
the
complete cell, 17.16
of
followingresults
force, 2.36 volts.
Mean
discharge, 0.02
internal
Rate
of
discharge,25
Rate
of
charge,
152
cell
of cell after
:
ohm.
amperes.
10
amperes.
200
formation,
hours
hours.
ampere
The
5 to
**
obtained
were
Electromotive
Capacity
"
0.46
connectors
weight
And
**
*"
'*
*'
/I
elements, 8.2 kilogrms.
positive'
negative
1.4
c'nt'n*gtrough
2.7
electrolyte
4.4
of
**
BATTERY.
total
of
amount
found
be
stored
energy
in this
kJlogrammeters,
of 7,600 kilogrammeters per
at the
rate
or
kilogram of complete cell; according to
should
store
Reynier a lead zinc accumulator
15,600 kilogrammeters per kilogramme of
was
cell.
But
as
have
rough
much
would
to
these
cells when
be
constructed
to
treatment,
shorter
130,000
and
the
more
used
elements
massive
to
cially
commer-
withstand
are
than
theory
indicate.
Reynier gives the followingas
and
practical weight of a
kilogrammeters of energy:
130,000
M.
made
the
culated
cal-
cell
of
HOW
72
TO
MAKE
USE
AND
17.130
5-475
gives the followingas representing
age
relative capacity of various
types of stor-
He
the
also
cells
:
Plant^'s
original1,500
kilogramme of plates.
kilogrammeters
Faure's
early form
3,000
kilogramme of plates.
per
Faure's
grid
kilogramme
per
form
of
4,400
kilogrammeters
attention
much
gave
and communicated
many
subject to the French
his numerous
Among
'*Les Piles Electriques et
this
were
and
kilogrammeters
Reynier
batteries
on
kilogrammeters
plates.
Reynier*s lead-zinc 7,600
per kilogramme of plates.
M.
"Traite
The
Dr.
de
latter
Oliver
the
storage
use
cells.
has
per
age
stor-
papers
Scientific
eties.
Soci-
literaryefforts
Accumulateur'*
L'Accumulaleur
been
to
translated
Voltaique."
into
English
land,
Lodge in 1884 patented in Engin znz
of sulphate of mercury
'
HOW
74
The
TO
MAKE
peroxide plate
USE
AND
cojistructed
was
M.
on
Bailly'smethod.
The
current
it and
causing
tends
Lalande
and
this form
secondary
of
the electrical
from
it
the
metallic
be
restored
condition
zinc
for
cell
has
by
been
passing
that
obtained
decomposition
of
salts,it may
copper
its
electric
an
a
as
inasmuch
approximately
to
years,
many
considered
be
the
and
taic
copper-zinc vol-
a
energy
the destructive
by
action.
"
cell may
when
the
up
Chaperon Battery.
storage
or
in
dip
stop local
to
partialreversibilityof
couple has been known
and
plate by
zinc
connecting wire to
plan helps to keep
and
amalgamation
The
the
its
This
mercury.
The
led from
was
original
current
through it.
Very little had
this cell
utilizing
primary generator
been
as
a
done
in
storage
it was,
in
a
the
of
way
cell,but
as
degree, a
mercial
com-
a
success.
contained
in a copper-zinc potash
energy
cell is very
large,far superior to that
stored
of the same
by a lead accumulator
The
dimensions.
As
in
60
an
electrolyte,potash
solutions
concentrated
per cent.
Solid potash
the extent
In
these
of
more
of
is found
than
to
\
be
may
30, 40
dissolve
of its
own
cells, the weight of oxide
employed
exceeds
employed
by
or
even
zinc
to
weight.
of
nearly
per
copone
STORAGE
THE
quarter the weight
BATTERY.
zinc
of
75
which
is
brought
action.
under
The
oxidized
deposited copper
quite
lo damp
readily by simple exposure
air, and
then be used again.
An
can
oxidizing flame
result very
rapidly.
produces ihe same
cell as an accuBy treating the exhausted
mulator
by passing a current
through it in
the opposite direction, the various
products
iheir original condition, the
restored
to
are
absorbs
copper
and the zinc is
Cell
in
Houston,
a
Houston
-
Elihu
Professors
"
paper
known
in
cells
lead
storage
because
evolution
of
Journal of
of
of
involved
be
E.
J.
lin
Frank-
storage cell
analogy to
Gravity Cell, and
of
electrical energy
and
of
extent
acted
on
not
nomical,
eco-
conducting
rendering it
loss of energy
due to the
during the operation of
gas
charging, lack
active
to
The
cumbersome.
current
of the
required
surface
and
inconvenient
was
Copper
and
Daniels
that the
claimed
Ztuc
form
a
resemblance
some
well
the
is revived
Thomson
in the
Institute, suggested
bearing
alkali
deposited.
Thomson
The
the
oxygen,
constancy
and
duration
of
in
charging, the limited capacity
the
for storage due
to
proportion of
material
being but a fraction of that
present.
In
their
duration
of
system
the
capacity
of
electrical
electrolyticaction
for
storage
was
storage, the
and
quent
conse-
independent
^6
HOW
of extent
of
ihe
of material
mass
TO
MAKE
They employed
zinc sulphate in a
which
of
with
was
insulated
an
top of the solution
hard
of
copper,
substance
with
zinc
being
The
that
in
or
is
is at any
and
corflinues
The
Celly
into
found
to
oxide
to
Zinc
of
source
oration,
evap-
need
active
an
all
of
prevent
material
now
condition
Michael
by
is to
become
saturated
from
copper,
the cell could
passage
of
electric
been
the
with
the
in
was
action
become
it had
when
Storage
Faraday,
it had
say,
disappeared
Alkaline
and
time, when
an
a
copper
upper.
to
new
polarize after
that
had
the
covered
no
a
possible.
devised
short
a
tive
posi-
sulphate has
posited
being dethe deposit of
zinc
from
restoration
Copper^
as
tact
con-
less
reconversion
a
copper
plate and
lower
time
fact, of any
unchanged by
solution
until
removed
a
of
tom
bot-
vessel, at the
charging becomes
cell may
be
and since
added,
for
solution
effected, metallic
on
upon.
placed a plate of copper
the
Near
conducting wire.
was
placed a second plate
sulphate
the
upon
zinc.
energy
copper
been
be
suitable
zulphate
cell after
electrical
acted
saturated
a
gravity cell and
zinc
the
be
carbon,
metallic
The
depended only
to
metal
or
zinc
and
and
surface
USE
AND
hausted,
ex-
potash
tion
solu-
and
the
zinc
surface
of
regenerated by
current
through it.
be
the
the
STORAGE
THE
As
the oxide
conditions
was
the
at
gave
time
same
rise to violent
extent
that
^^
these
formed
under
of copper
soluble in the potash solution,
deposited
was
copper
BATTERY.
the
on
as
local
ment
negative,ele-
the
the
action
regenerated cell
this
and
zinc
such
to
an
became
soon
exhausted.
MM.
hache
Dismasures,
Commelin
and
Baille-
in
overcoming most of the
difficulties incident to Faraday's cell and produced
a reversible
couple which promised well.
The
is composed
of pure
positiveelement
obtained
metallic
duction
by electrolyticrecopper
succeeded
of copper
oxide
in the form
of
a
thick
which
under
heavy presn^uddy substance
sure
appeared like a solid block of copper,
but only about
the specificgravity
two-thirds
and
is of a highly
of ordinary sheet
copper
ments
eleof the
nature,
possessing most
porous
of a good. depolarizer and at the same
of high electric conductivity, protime are
ducing
results,as
a couple giving fairlygood
less quickly by
the copper
being dissolved
is not
alkaline
solution
the
deposited so
rapidly on the zinc
is covered
If the copper
by parchmentgenerating
pkper or other like fibrous material, the rewith
is effected
difficulty,
process
of the dissolved
zinc
posited,
the whole
being dethe
oxygen,
charged
porous
absorbs
copper
cell which
can
producing a
and
discharged indefinitely.
the
be
jS
HOW
In
large
obtained
portable
principle,and
of
output
five
ounces
in
woulrf take
cent.,
per
and
Bt/rz
and
compact
this
on
lamp constructed
weighing three pounds, gave
of this weight
fifty-watthours
"
silver.
this
form
place, it
of
cell
local
action
five
only about
used
capacity was
after charging.
to
was
if the
Ztnc
PhillipsCopper
and
a
electro-motive
light
ampere
twenty-four hours
within
it, and
hand
were
While
for
the
as
way
made.
were
A
same
available
obtained
was
batteries
on
in
plate
this cell, a thin
the
in
USE
substituted
increase
force
AND
of
plate,was
copper
'
MAKE
modification
a
silver
of
TO
Elements
produced by Messrs. Entz " Phillipsat
consists
of a
York, and
Schnectady, New
network
core
enveloped by a woven
copper
were
fine copper
the whole
of very
copper,
of cotton
or
touch
oxide
of
ing
being protected by a sheetaround
it,which
hemp woven
imetaUic
prevent
filled with
wire
contact,
each
other.
should
ihe
ments
ele-
The
compound
plate forming the positive element
copper
and
rod
sheet
of wire, the
a
or
negative,
dilute sulphuric acid being the electrolyte.
To recharge, it is either heated
tric
elecor
an
is passed through it in the ordinary
current
way.
As
the copper
under
very
network
retains
all conditions,
the
the active
elements
heavy discharging without
terial
ma-
stand
with-
injury.
THE
Main
STORAGE
Lead-Zinc
cell the
zinc
the
the
on
The
thick
i. e., the
79
Cells.
in
a
the
difference
caused
this
in
defects
in the density
unequal action
frequentlycut
an
plates,which
In
horizontal
were
this support.
positive plate is composed
which
outer
are
plates between
number
of
whole
the
;
solution
zinc
from
away
Storage
plates are placed
of
remedy some
position to
Reynier's cell
of
BATTERY.
thin
very
sheets
of
lead
of
two
held
a
foil and
being firmly riveted together
closely perforated, making a very strong
integrate
rigid element, which is not liable to dis-
are
and
after
when
The
plate
is
negative
or
dish
a
in
and
formed
use.
thin
perforated copper
amalgam of zinc or
filled with
mercury.
The
elements
placed in the containing
above
the other
retaining
cell, one
alternately,
the proper
distance
apart by insulating
held firmly by a clamping
washers, the whole
are
cover.
by the River
battery is used
Electric Co., in Brooklyn, New
York,
it requiring 60
their street
cars,
This
hours
250
ampere
Prof. G.
to
F. Barker
the
each
in
"
for
Rail
ning
run-
cells of
car.
his
copper
zinc-lead
of sheets
negative element
and
of well amalgamated
zinc, held
copper
is
together by rivets. The positive element
built up
of sheets of lead
with
foil,covered
to keep the
powdered graphite,which serves
cell constructs
80
HOW
sheets
short
a
clamped
active
TO
MAKE
distance
together
apart where
and
surface, the
USE
AND
further
to
they
are
the
increase
plate is closely
clamped
perforated.
As
the
no
electromotive
sheets
amalgamated
little or
force
local action
no
of
is set
between
up
and
copper
zinc
occurs.
The
acid
used
in this cell is an
electrolyte
solution of sulphate of zinc.
When
thoroughly formed, this type of cell
is said to give a much
higher current
city
capapound of plate than either a Plante
per
or
a
when
Faure, and
shows
Battery,
communication
to
Berlin, consisted
plate of
rest, neither
element
signs of sulphating.
any
Kalischer's
a
at
well
the
sheet
of
iron
lead
and
of
lead
nitrate
of
in
Physical Society
only of a
amalgamated
solution
described
as
a
as
a
of
and
centrated
conan
electrolyte.
On
the
solution, no
immersion
action
of
the
iron
followed, but
plate in the
the charging
elecbeing applied, the solution was
covered
trolyzed and the iron plates became
with an adherent
deposit of peroxide of lead.
The
until the greater
charging was continued
current
part of the
lead
indicated
the
was
by
abstracted
the
rapid
from
evolution
the
lution,
so-
of gas
negative electrode.
If at the beginning of charging the current
is passed at too
high a rate, the dooositeJ
a
hydrated peroxide of lead assumes
seal/
at
82
HOW
MAKE
TO
to
which
of
hydrochloric
acid.
In thissohition
two
has been
AND
USE
five hundred
added
grammes
negative platesand one
immersed
and
are
positive are
ingly
correspondconnected
to the
negative and j)ositive
poles of the charging source.
The
passage
the
of
yellowish
reactions
the
of
current
When
the cell is said
When
the
suitable
electroline
an
The
zinc
an
cast
with
the
Bui
lay,
moved,
re-
immersed
circuit
outer
"
chemical
plates are
charged.
are
is
in
pleted,
com-
is
developed.
This
consists of
energetic current
Tallozu
and
be
to
conductors
and
the
the
completed,
are
tely
greenish, ultima-
liquid,turns
brown.
position
decom-
causes
lead
peroxide couple immersed
electrolyteof dilute sulphuric acid.
lead grid, filled with
litharge,moistened
a
solution
of lead ; when
of acetate
a
in
A
oughly
thor-
it is
lution
soplaced in a concentrated
of chloride
the
of lime, which
reacts
on
lead
salt, converting it into lead peroxide,
forming the positive element, which, when
in water
is ready for use.
thoroughly washed
From
a
junction
plate prepared in this way in conwith
as
a
negative element, such
zinc, and
placed in dilute sulphuric acid, an
dry,
electromotive
force
of
2
to
2.3 volts
tained.
is ob-
positiveplate is exhausted,
it may
be renewed
by again placing it in the
This
hydrochlorite solution.
operation may
be repeated again and again.
When
the
THE
STORAGE
83
BATTERY.
In the
be
regenerating bath there should
enrugh free lime to keep the liquiddistinctly
alkaline, which
turns
greenish, then yellow
and
When
all the
finallyyellowish brown.
chemical
reactions
are
complete d and the
solution
will
absorb
not
the
conducting
energy,
and
the cell is said to be
In
this
electrical
further
removed
plates are
charged.
is
change of electrodes
with
essential, the best results being obtained
plates of varying conductivity, such as metal
in conjunction with carbon.
A
battery
highly
block
tween
carbon
placed beporous
zinc plales gives excellent
results,
two
carbon
or
a
When
with
iron
or
copper
suitable conductors
are
be
may
used
used.
the
and
circuit is
rent
completed, an energetic curis developed and
the liquiddecomposes,
series of colors as
passing through the same
in charging but
in reverse
order, while it
gradually loses its electrical energy.
outer
An/t"JabiochJ^off's
described
was
the
French
termed
on
by him
Academy
by
three
metal
dissimilar
which
in
of
local
Sciences, and
action.
It
electrodes, first an
forms
the
"
This
communication
a
its elements
of
account
Accumulator.
to
is
being
consists
so
generated
re-
of
oxidizable
first electrode, then
a
metal
plate of slightlyoxidizable
capable of
being polarized,and lastlyanother electrode
consistingof tubes of very porous carbon.
84
HOW
The
TO
MAKE
constructed
follows
as
firstelement
The
sheet
lead
cell of
successful
most
this type
was
:
placed
was
of
thin
number
of
flat dish
a
was
in which
USE
AND
a
such
metal
fragments of an easilyoxidizable
as
sodiumamalgum, zinc or similar material,
on
top of the granulated metal, a layer of
cloth
sawdust.
or
If sodium
add
; if zinc
water
was
moistened
salt
and
placed
on
the
damp
electrodes
the
polarizedand
counter-motive
oxidizable
force
metal;
totallyarrested
To
the
utilize
electrode
or
was
circuit
open
of local currents
on
number
metal
oxidizable
its
tubes
mass..
are
a
commori
of
carbon
of
which
on
was
spongy
established
tq
used, the mas^
necessary
solution
a
elements
between
not
was
iron
electrode
the
are
it
or
with
the
When
there
used
was
the
and
it rests, which
is therefore
potentialrises
until
has
the
reached
local
reduced
to
exterior
that of
it^
the
is then
action
minimum.
a
current
the
lead
is
electrode,
joined to the carbon
the discharge then begins, the local currents
the
tend
to
restore
are
redeveloped and
charge to the electrode as fast as it is carried
off.
With
force
I.I
sodium-amalgam
of
2.2
volts
with
an
electro-motive
zinc, 1.6; with
iron
volts, is obtained.
This
months
battery
without
may
be
renewing
worked
the
for
many
active material,
STORAGE
THE
it
only being
time
from
drain
to
elements
then
and
of chloride
of calcium.
lightingpurposes
the liquidmust
be refor running motors,
newed
twenty or thirtyhours.
every
the employment
With
of this battery combination,
If the current
or
'
time, which
by steeping the
them
replace the liquid
is readily effected
in water, allowing
tion
immersing in a solu-
to
necessary
to
85
BATTERY.
is used
electrical
horse
one
the
power
expenditure
of
for small
to
energy
hour
may
only
few
Portable
BrisioVs
suitable
an
for
a
the
extent
of
be
obtained
at
cents.
Elements
Battery,
storage cells
are
constructed
by incorporating.oxides of lead with binding
fiber, animal
material, such as asbestos
hair,
similar fibrous material
horn shavings or some
which
is capable of giving the mass
sufficient
the aid
cohesion
to retain its shape without
of
a
metallic
salts
The
from
support.
to
one
of
three
fibrous material,
mechanical
lead, when
cent,
per
are
found
strength to
combined
with
by weight
to
have
resist all
influences, either
the
of
sufficient
ordinary
mechanical
integrating
disor
electrical.
material
binding
thoroughly incorporated
having
The
oxides
is moistened
and
with
made
the
been
metallic
into
a
stiff
to give it the desired
pressed in moulds
shape, and either a flattened lead wire or a
inserted
platinum striphaving lateral branches
mass,
86
in
soft
a
dry
the
the
usual
HOW
TO
mass
to
masses
are
MAKE
act
USE
AND
as
formed
conductor.
in
an
acid
When
bath
by
method.
making up cells suitable for hand lamps,
one
positiveand one negative only are used.
with
Distance
pieces of wood, saturated
the
are
placed between
paraffinwax
plates
of vulcanite
to keep them
apart, and covers
trolyte
are
placed over the cells to keep the elecfrom
or
leaking out,
splashing over
and
moved
having a vent plug inserted, which is reduring the operation of charging ; but
the valve is fixed the cells are
when
cally
practisealed and may
be held in any position
without the electrolyte
escaping.
In
THE
STORAGE
CHAPTER
HOW
TO
VII.
WORK
INSTALL,
STORAGE
87
BATTERY.
AND
BATTERY
MAINTAIN
A
PLANT.
possible after the arrival,the
be carefullyunpacked
cells should
the
and
the plates.
from
sawdust, etc., removed
The
ments
glassjarsfor the reception of the eleshould
be dipped in paraffinalong the
edge and then stood in small wooden
trays
with asphalt and
well coated
supported on
As
soon
as
insulatbrs.
The
benches
should
also be
on
coated
which
the
with
Acme
cells
or
stand
P. "
B.
the woodwork,
insulatingpaint to preserve
be
substantial.
and
they must
strong and
Place the platesin the jars,being careful to
the
short
avoid
circuits; cover
plates well
with cold electrolyteof the proper
strength.
The
strength of the electrolytevaries with
makes
of
different
plates but 20 per cent.
will be strong enough.
Baumme
Now
start
generator and having
your
up
the
found
tested out the lines and
positive
this to the positiveof your
tery,
batpole,connect
and the negative to the negative of the
charge with a steady current
battery, and
cells gas
until all the
freely, which
they
should
do
in about
twelve
hours.
88
HOW
The
USE
be
shunt-
either
under-compounded.
or
no
AND
should
generator
wound
In
MAKE
TO
case
use
series machine
a
or
an
over-
will probably
compounded
dynamo, as you
reverse
dynamo and spoilbattery.
The
is made
of sulphuric acid
electrolyte
and water, one
part acid to six parts water,
by measure.
Use a newl clean butter crock, of sufficient
capacity to hold the quality of electrolyte
wish
you
Put
make.
to
the
in the
water
jar and
pour
the
acid
into the water
slowly and stir with a wooden
handle.
When
spatula or piece of broom
cold, put the electrolyteinto the glass jars
them
with the plates,filling
up so as to cover
inch.
the platesat least one-half
The
to
always be covered
plates should
this depth, as, should
they get dry by being
ally
uncovered, they will be damaged and eventudestroyed.
The
batteries
in
them,
will
hold
current
battery
without
a
to
wear
should
for
while
in the
out
a
than
a
the
to
will do
state
empty
average
months
several
damage
or
battery
left without
good
a
for
current
loss of current
few
be
never
year
of
tery,
batmore
actual
use.
Always
off before
To
switch
battery on
stopping dynamo.
find
the
place
your
direction
back
the
to the
after
startingand
ing,
is flow-
current
dynamo
or
source
HOW
90
TO
MAKE
USE
AND
lead
alloy,used for the frames,
impuritiesin the sulpuric acid or
If
a
":ell be
without
allowed
charge,
to
its elements
or
chemical
water.
idle
remain
and
phate.
frequently sul-
A
is to charge at a somewhat
suggested cure
higher rate than the normal, and to
continue
the charging some
little time
after
the cells freely give off gas.
This process
phate
usually either reduces the sulinto the peroxide, or
it to fall
causes
the plate.
from
away
Mr. Barker-Starkey found
that by adding a
small quantity of carbonated
soda to the acid
the tendency
it not only reduces
electrolyte,,
of the elements
to sulphate,but
moves
rapidly rethis salt when
already formed.
This action is probably due
to the conversion
of the
sulphate, first into carbonated
lead and then into the peroxide, or it may
be
owing to the fact that sulphate of lead is
sparingly soluble in a solution of sulphate of
soda.
As
with
the
experiments made
ing
of ascertainingthe effect of adda view
tion,
sulphate of soda to storage battery soluresults
it is found
of
some
that
the
addition
of
sodium
sulphate to the ordinary acid electrolytehas
ing
beneficial effect iiponthe worka distinctly
of the
of
cell.
It has
been
these
soda
that
found
salts
a
upon
the
addition
large proportionof
the
STORAGE
THE
sodium
with
the
and
that
BATTERY.
9
1
sulphate is formed, in close contact
lead sulphate on
the peroxide plate,
this formation
reduction
of
the
favorable
was
latter
substance,
as
to
the
paste
sulphate
a
lead
and
equal parts of minium
is more
in solution
of sodium
readily reduced
sulphate than in dilute sulphuric acid.
A
trial of the acid soda
sisted
electrolyteconaccumulator
in taking six
cells,
new
as
made,
nearly as
possible, identical in
tions,
different solurespect, using in each
every
of
composed of various
percentages
sulphuric acid and water, and
sulphate of
of
sodium.
The
sulphate of soda and solution used
was
prepared by carefully adding strong
mercial
sulphuric acid to a saturated solution of comcarbonate
The
addition
carbonate
and
all the
The
of the
of
of the
acid
gas
effervescence
following table
various
mixture
soda.
acid
continued
was
ceased
given off,
stopped.
the composition
to
was
shows
tried
be
til
un-
:
TO
HOW
92
The
cells
six
MAKE
AND
then
USE
filled
respectively
with
these
solutions.
They were
carefully
charged and discharged continually for a
period of twelve months.
the elements
On the expirationof this term
The
cells that
were,
thoroughly examined
solutions
contained
i to
numbering from
5
f Dund
were
than, No.
tD
Solution
the best
show
the
No.
be
the
5
in
much
a
better
the
only contained
soda sulphate.
to
seems
condition
dilute
have
given by far
the plates were
In this cell
did not
in perfect condition, and
signs of sulphating.
slightest
example of beneficial results to
an
derived
the
results.
to
As
be
6, which
acid, without
found
were
from
the
be
followingmay
It is said that
of
use
at the
an
acid soda
solution,
of mention
worthy
Central
News
be
:
office in
of
Ludgate-Hill,London, England, a number
large lightingcells had been idle and dry for
The
about
found
two
to
plateswere
years.
be thickly incrusted
with
phate.
sulhard white
a
With
the ordinary electrolyte,
and
a
of from
10
to 15 amperes,
charging current
observed
after
two
no
was
improvement
charges of eight hours per day ; but after
of soda
adding half a pint of strong carbonate
solution
amount
to
of
platessoon
the
elements
each
going
improved, and
presented a
current
with
cell, and
in
in
as
a
the
same
before, the
few
beautiful
days
all
ance.
appear-
THE
When
STORAGE
removing
it is much
the
BATTBRY.
93
sulphate by
this method,
best way
take
to
out
the
de-
sulpbatingsolution, after the plateshave been
brought to a healthy condition, and replace
it by the ordinary dilude acid
electrolyte,
the negative plates are said to deotherwise
teriorate.
Insulating Cells.
cells
open
are
in
Wherever
"
unless
use
number
a
great precautions
the cells
taken, electrical leakage between
are
invariablyoccurs.
of
leakage is in a great
due to semi-conducting nature
of the
measure
thin layer of moisture
is so frequently
which
found
all parts, i"ot only of the glassto cover
containingcellsjbu: the unimmersed
parts of
This
the
elements, and
the
cells rest.
To
this
prevent
of
the
shelves
the
even
waste
cells should
of
which
on
the
energy,
side
out-
occasionallybe well
f'^'i
22
cleaned
vaseline
and
or
it will have
thoroughly
tallow
the
be
most
then
dried.
If
rubbed
over
beneficial
effect.
a
little
them,
HOW
94
The
TO
MAKE
well
varnished
or
Electrical
wax.
form
duced,
recently introshown, Fig. 22, seems
as
of the
most
shown
in the
parts and
cup
contains
sizes
and
To
is
The
some
conducted
the
this, a nearly
across
is obtained.
made
are
in
various
of
earthen-ware
glass are
found
to
results.
Destroying Acid
Rooms.
insulator
this
as
be obtained
may
Those
of
made
glass.
give the best
or
ductor.
non-con-
shape.
quantity of
small
a
insulators
new
ture
mois-
mushroom
a
non-evaporating oil, and
moisture
cannot
bridge
perfect insulatingmedium
These
electrical
the
diagram,
of
of the
essentials
intercepterand
lower
on
paraffin
duced
greatly rea glass or
insulator
oil
of
possess
in two
is
is mounted
constructed
As
with
insulator.
earthen-ware
The
cells,should
coated
leakage
cell
if each
USE
for the
shelves, or support
either be
to
AND
neutralize
of
in Accumulator
Vapour
acid
and
vapor
prevent the
in
mulation
accu-
battery'
rooms,
nothing can be better than a good system of
thorough and rapid ventilation ; failingthis
the
evil effect
by
the
ammonia,
the
fumes
the
of
of
which
inert and
liquid ammoiiia
carbonate
be
may
minimised
powerful alkali such as
will readily combine
with
to form
nia,
sluphate of ammoa
sulphuric acid
an
acid
harmless
salt.
If the
is
objectionable,the
of
ammonia
will do
use
of
lated
granu-
equally
THE
The
well.
STORAGE
ammonia
by placing dilute
that
so
BATTERY.
fumes
obtained.
In
the
best
are
obtained
in shallow
ammonia
extensive
an
95
evaporating
dishes,
is
surface
the
corroding
the
which
dew
is so frequentlydeposited on
ments
of storage battery elelugs and connectors
readilybe neutralized
by the application
may
of
same
way
solution
a
ammonia,
of
even
or
A good method
washing soda.
in battery-rooms
protecting metal-work
it over
smear
evenly with vaseline.
of
common
Units.
Electrical
dectrical
^The
"
The
resistance.
of
passage
column
of
Iqng
and
area,
at
one
millimeter
square
uniform
a
o
in
sectional
deg. C,
is
one
ohm.
B. A.
Commercial
of wire
made
with
massive
metals
most
copies
wound,
volt
force
electromotive
through
a
and
usually
supplied
The
terminals.
standards
German
in
the
platinnm,
silver, or platinoid.
are
motive
practical unit of electrodifference
of
potential. It
is the
or
as
that
electricial pressure
is
(E. M. F.), which
force
maintain
to
spool
are
employed
commonly
defined
be
a
low-resistance
platinoiridium alloy,
The
ohm
the
of
on
of these
manufacture
ipay
of
temperature
a
by
the
to
104.82 centimeters
mercury,
pure
unit of
resistance
offered
current
a
is the
ohm
is to
resistance
a
current
of
one
of
ohm.
one
or
quired
re-
ampere
g6
HOW
A
MAKE
TO
electromotive
an
developed
Plants
at the
poles of
obtained, but the
be
cell is the
standard
couple
zinc
with
a
deg.
C.
The
ampere
the
rate
that
is,that
wire
of
a
ends
two
of
range
of
as
flow of
an
of
One
resistance
of which
ampere
grammes
and will
of
of
a
one
in
one
of copper,
decompose
0.3357
of
and
mercury
The
E. M. F.
to
1.435
deg
o
volts
to
32
electric
current
"
flowing in
the
between
the
ohm,
is called
4,074
form
ing
determin-
difference
hour
to
unity in
current
volt is maintained,
one
1.471
temperature
amount
of
Clark.
is taken
one
cells are
convenient
from
proximately
ap-
pressure
cell of the
storage
sulphate
cell varies
this
of
a
most
of Latimer
of
force
Daniell
Standard
type.
gives
electrical
the
one-half
about
cell
Daniell
newly made-up
volt, or
USE
AND
-
potentialof
of
one
ampere.
will
deposit 1.174
of silver,
grammes
grammes
of acidulated
ordinary 16 candle-power
lOO-volt
Edison-Swan
lamp requires from
it.
0*6 to 0.8 amperjE to fullyincandesce
A
Coulomb
is the
name
given to that
which
is developed in a
of electricity
amount
period of one second at a rate of flow of one
3,600 coulombs
represent a current
ampere;
water.
An
"
of
one
ampere
hpur.
quantity unit, the coulomb, is very
useful for expressing the amount
of electrical
which
secondary cell is
a primary or
energy
used in the
capable of yielding. It is much
This
98
HOW
ties be
TO
given,
be
alway"
equation.
MAKE
the
third
by
found
Thus, if C stands
then
AND
USE
unknown
and
simple algebraical
a
for current,
E
"
"
electromotive
R
**
**
resistance,
Ohm's
law
may
be
may
stated
force,
thus
:
E
R
E=CR
and
E
R=
C
the
Measuring
Voltaic
Cells.
"
Internal
The
Resistance
internal
of
resistance
of
a
the
total active
surface
depends upon
of the opposing plates, the nature
of the
area
and
electrolyte and its condition
ture,
temperathe plates.
and the distance
between
methods
There
of determining
are
many
cell
internal
the
cells
be
as
dimensions,
resistance
nearly
as
capacity
of
batteries.
possible
and
of
If
the
the
same
charge,
be placed in opposition
cells may
then two
(poles of like polarityjoined together) and
be
measured
their joint resistance
by
may
the ordinary Wheatstone
If
bridge method.
cells be
the
exactly similar, then one-half
the
resistance
indicated
of each
cell.
state
of
will represent the
sistance
re-
THE
A
STORAGE
reliable and
far more
ascertainingthe
the
BATTERY.
internal
accurate
of
means
resistance
differential method
followingformula
99
cells is
of
expressed by the
as
:
D"
D'
R
r=
D
where
is the
r
the
are
high
R
resistance
values
value
resistance, used
When
used, and
of
uniform
value
To
the
given
ter
small
the
obtain
the
and
known
Good
ohms
cuit,
cir-
open
resistance
be
may
resistance, R, should
the
with
results
the
obtain
to
on
flections.
de-
reading D',
by R, then Iby the
shunt
of
the
of
have
we
are
another
comparison
resistance
5,000
a
tangents
cell is
internal
The
in
coils.
the
but
angle
r
cell is shunted
ascertained.
be
the
determine
then
and
formula
small
a
whose
or
deflection, D, when
when
on
shunt.
a
strictly
proportional to
a
obtained
D'
making tests by this method, a highbe
potential galvanometer should
scale readingsare
whose
either
one
resistance
of
as
and
galvanometer,
sensitive
the
expresses
deflections
of
resistance
required, D
galvanomer
be
may
obtained
galvonometer
shunt
is, say,
and
the
and
Eficiency of Storage
not
more
if
than
5
ohms.
Capacity
The
total
current,
storage cell is the
or
electrical
capacity, of
or
energy
maximum
energy
Cells.
amount
which
it is
of
a
rent
cur-
capable
loo
t6
HOW
use
and
make
of
to
storing,without reference
occur
by it being allowed
may
idle, nor
it take
does
into
the
account
discharge.
working current,
The
is that amount
which
rate
or
this, the
soon
obtained
be
can
to
ceases
vary
between
absolute
of
cells
may
or
current
by
put into it
energy
out
discharge,withof charge or
rate
allowed
to elapse
total
a
its
to
time
the
to
or
operations.
working current, or
The
cell
storage
value
when
^storage
work.
the
between
the
useful
do
as
efficiency,
energy
cell is the ratio between
either
discharge, or
a
any
ing
estimat-
limits.
current,
accumulator
reference
of
wide
very
that obtained
and
at
discharge.
discharge is always stopped
cell
that amount
cell
When
working capacity
an
the
from
The
The
or
of
the
as
capacity,
energy
electrical energy,
or
of current,
specified rate
of
remain
to
of its
manner
of
loss that
any
of
the
the
is
current
or
efficiency,
energy
between
ratio
the
charging operation and
the cell is discharged
in
expended
energy
that
at
any
obtained
specified
rate.
In
a
lead
quantity of
storage
active
immediately
charge, then
as
the
98 per
rate
after
a
cent,
of
m'aterial
if the
and
cell, if the
be
accurately proportioned
be
commenced
discharge
the
termination
efficiencyof
current
may
and
surface
be
discharge
of
as
the
much
obtained, providing
is low
and
well
regu-
THE
lated.
STORAGE
BATTERY.
lOI
In
practice it is found that
of discharge are
not
economical,
current
efficienc/always decreases
current
cent., and
the
As
force
2
of
a
2.5
and
clearly an
the
electromotive
an
as
overcome
force
as
the
as
the
charge
dismal
nor-
exceeds
efficiencyseldom
90 per
about
85 per cent.
averages
normal
discharging electromotive
lead secondary cell never
exceeds
volts and
2.4 to
and
rates
that the
increases, it is found
rate
low
volts
is
both
its
its
internal
force
of
from
required at its poles
opposing electromotive
resistance,
initial loss of
20
cent,
per
there
to
is
between
required to
charge it and
that
during its discharge. As
given out
normal,
shown, the
discharging potential
exceeds
two
never
volts,and. as this pressure
is continually being reduced
the rate
of
as
discharge increases, it follows that an energy
be
cent,
can
never
efficiency of 80
per
energy
realized.
of 75
and
As
a
of 60
mean
a
efficiencyof
energy
cells.
TABLE
FOR
of
matter
One
decimetre
One
centimetre
=0.39
One
millimetre
=0.039
One
yard
One
foot
39.37
=
0.9144
0.3048
usual
MEASURES.
feet.
=3.28
inches.
3.937
=
is the
OF
inches
metre
=
maximum
a
storage
lead-sulphuric-acid
One
=
cent,
per
CONVERSION
THE
fact,
inches.
inches.
metre.
metre.
"
HOW
I02
TO
MAKE
USE
AND
One
inch
One
kilogramme=2.2 pounds.
pound
45 3.6 grammes.
One
2,54 centimetres
=
=
0.254
metres.
deci-
=
One
gramme
0.099
=
ounce
15.432
=
grains.
One
milligramme
0.154 grain.
One
0.0648 grammes.
grain
One
nearly 51
hundredweight
=
=
grammes.
kilo-
=
thousand
One
English
kilogrammes
=
nearly
one
ton.
the
One
=
gramme
of pure
centimetre
litre =
One
one
weight
of
one
deg.
C.
water
at 4
cubic
decimetre.
cubic
pint 0.761 litres.
approximately 4.5
gallon contains
One
=
One
litres.
One
kilogrammetre
7.233 foot-pounds.
One
0.138 kilogrammetre.
foot-pound
inch of distilled water
cubic
One
weighs
252.5 grains.
cubic
One
foot
of distilled water
weighs
ounces
or
62.5 lbs.
1,000
cubic
feet
Sixteen
of water
weigh about
pounds.
1,000
The
density of distilled water, when at a
temperature of 60 deg. F. is usually taken as
unity for comparisons with liquids heavier
=
=
than
water.
The
acid
density
at
of
pure
temperature
concentrated
of
o
sulphur
deg. C, is 1.854.
THE
The
density
temperature
o.
Taking
deg. C,
BATTERY.
STORAGE
of
nitric acid
pure
is 0.559.
the
density of
and
at
barometric
a
Scales,
"
differences
of
They
of
density of
1.1056.
oxygen
thermometers
the
for
ment
measure-
temperature
calibrated
are
air at
the
Centigrade, and
the
Fahrenheit,
of
same
pressure
The
extensively employed
most
the
at
atmospheric
T6 centimetres, as unity, then
dry hydrogen is 0.0693, 2i^d of
7 kertnomeiric
IO3
are
the
follows
as
the
mur.
Reau:
Freezing point. Boiling point.
Fahrenheit
.112
deg.
32 deg.
o deg
100
Centigrade
deg.
80 deg.
Reaumur
o deg
Calling the three scales F, C, and R, these
readily be transposed by the simple promay
portion
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
....
method
F:C:R:
thus:
"
:i8o:ioo:8o=9:5
(1)
(2)
(3)
:4;
hence
|R.
C-|R,=fF.
R=|F,=-|C.
F=|C,=
Lead
and
the
lead
lis
storage cells
Impurities, As the quality
of
employed in the manufacture
is of some
importance,especially
if the
material
of
the
active
substance
desirable
of
obtain
to
propertiesand
metal.
of
the
A
"
few
various
is derived
the
some
general
words
native
directlyfrom
it is very
metal
itself,
knowledge of the
characteristics
here
lead
as
ores
to
the
from
of
this
nature
whence
HOW
I04
obtain
we
MAKE
TO
lead
our
the
supply, and
therefore
extraction, may
of
USE
AND
method
be
no.
of
out
place.
The
chemical
symbol for lead is Pb and its
atomic weight when
compared with hydrogen
is 207.
In this country
our
supply of the
metal is chieflyobtained
its most
dant
abunfrom
ores
as
usually known
galena.
This
is a
sulphide of lead, having the
formula
PbS.
Usually considerable
ties
quantisilver are
of sulphide of
present in
of the
galena, and in many
specimens the
sulphidesof bismuth and antimony are found.
Both
in the
Spain
carbonate
a
white
as
lead
(PbO.SOg)
is
usual
of
a
ore,
abundant
in
Australia,
into this country.
of abstractingthe lead
method
is effected
with
metal
metal
unite, and
Some
obtained
the
with
a
combination
to
a
high
sulphide of the
the
sulphide
and
oxygen
metal is liberated.
the
varieties
from
a
is raised
oxygen
in contact
temperature
by taking advantage
that when
circumstance
same
in
(PbCOg), known
is frequentlyobtained
in
The
sulphate of lead
is very
galena
of the
and
largelyimported
The
from
America
of
lead
of
condition.
its native
and
States
United
of
lead, particularlythose
Spanish
hardlead, their hardness
ores,
are
known
as
being chieflydue to
of antimony.
the presence
Impuritiesof this
character
are
usually eliminated
by a process
is purposely spread over
of calcination,which
I06
the
HOW
whole
TO
MAKE
this metal
of
USE
AND
left behind
being
in
that
portion which still remains
liquid.
By repeated melting,stirring,allowing
cool
and
lead
of
is removed,
silver
other
whole
the
skimming,
until at last
a
bulk
lead, together with
and
the
of
rich
very
to
alloy
and
copper
metallic
impurities,is left.
Simple Test for Copper and Silver in
If a small
Lead,
quantity of lead be placed
in a
clean
bone-ash
cupel, and heated in a
muffle
until
bone-ash,
in
form
a
of
the
present
In
Should
globule.
will
metallic
be
copper
show
cooling. If the
impurities,only
after
will be
of the
pores
been
have
may
be found
in the
will
bone-ash
is oxidized
lead
the
that
'the metal
small
the
of
within
silver
any
present
from
whole
absorbed
and
stain
the
a
green
be
lead
yellow
a
free
stain
left.
the
of
manufacture
acids
and
corrosive
a metal
operations where
quired,
capable of resisting the action of acids is releaden
vessels
are
largely employed.
concentrated
Neither
sulphuric,hydrochloric,
other
solutions, and
hydrofluoric
nitric,or
lead
best
at
normal
to
addition
density
a
of
of
since
nitrate
water
of
of
is found
lead, which
of greater
upon
of the
is nitric acid,
about
The
water.
amount
nitric acid
this metal
act
One
temperatures.
for
solvents
will
acid
1,200
addition
to
be
by the
of
this
necessary,
is insoluble
strength,would
duced
re-
in
be liable
STORAGE
THE
attach
to
and
itself to
this
by
BATTERY.
the
surface
protect
means
107
of
the
metal,
further
it from
action.
into
finely-dividedlead be thrown
immediately takes fire,combining
of the atmosphere to form
oxygen
If very
the air, it
with
the
of
oxide
This
lead.
curious
of
property
in a meusure
account
finely-dividedlead may
for the beating effect which
is usually produced
lead
when
a
fully charged spongy
the
accumulator
from
plate is withdrawn
electrolyteand freely exp Dsed to the air.
Oxide
of
form
to
Sub-oxide
Lead.
Lead
five distinct
lead,
of
or
with
combines
oxides
gen
oxy-
viz.:
"
plumbous
oxide,
Pb20
Oxide
of
lead
lithargeor
plumbic oxide,
PbO
Red
oxide
of
lead, minium,
or
oxide,
Diplumbic oxide,
Puce, peroxide, or
triplumbic
PbaO
PbgOg
monoplumbic
dioxide,
PbOa
Sub-Oxide
or
Plumbous
Oxide.
"
oxide
Sub-
plumbous oxide is a black powder,
usually formed
by heating lead oxalate to a
somewhat
It is readily
high temperature.
in dilute acid, and
heated
decomposed when
or
is converted
in
air.
This
monoxide
into the
lead
salt
storage battery work.
is but
when
burned
little used
in
I08
HOW
Oxide
Oxide,
"
TO
MAKE
of Leady
is
ochre, and
sometimes
USE
AND
Litharge^
found
Plumbic
or
native
as
lead
be
ing
made
artificially
by heatthe carbonate
or
onglate. It is usually
prepared on a larger scale by heating the
lead in air. When
the metal is only moderately
forms
heated, the oxide
a
3'ellow powder
which
is known
as
massicot, but at a higher
the oxide
melts, and on cooling,
temperature
it forms
is
which
brownish, scaly, mass,
a
called
flake
litharge. The scaly pieces are
afterwards
between
under
stones
ground
water, forming buff or levegated litharge.
The
often has a redlithargeof copfimerce
idsh
the
of
to
yellow color, due
presence
of the red oxide
of lead ; and
some
frequently
from
to three
of finely-divided
one
per cent,
may
'
metallic
heated
dark
to
is found
mixed
with
it.
When
dull
brown
redness, litharge assumes
a
color, and becomes
yellow again
bright red heat it fuses
attacks
and
clay cruicibles, forming
silicate of lead.
powerful
Litharge is a most
basic
base, and has a strong tendency to form
solution
of alkalies, as potash or
salts.
Hot
on
soda, readily dissolve
it,and
cooling, it
in
form
of beautiful
crystalizes out
pink
crystals.
Red
ide.
Lead, Minimn
,or
Iriflumbic OxRed
lead, minium, or triplumbic oxide,
is also
native, but it is
occasionally found
scale, by
usually prepared on a commercial
on
"
lead
cooling.
readily
"
At
a
STORAGE
THE
heating litharge
Fahr.,
which
at
and
BATTERY.
in
air
about
to
600
deg.
it absorbs
temperature
becomes
IO9
converted
into
gen
oxy-
minium.
The
lithargeor massicot used for this purpose
is prepared
by being heated in a reverberinsufficient
to a temperature
batory furnace
oxide
which
is formed.
to fuse the
During
this process
the first and last portions are
jected,
reiron and other
metals
they contain
as
mediate
interthan lead.
The
more
easily oxidizable
product is ground to a very fine
then
to
powder, and
suspended in water
the finer,
particles from
separate the coarser
which, when
dried,
placed
in
desired
color
which
iron
trays
is obtained.
Minium
(the name
originallyapplied to cinnabar,
with
red
extensively adulterated
of
largely used in the manufacture
was
was
lead),is
glass,so
from
on
reverberatory furnace, until the
a
**minium"
heated
are
that it is necessary
to
the oxides
of iron, copper,
have
it free
etc., which
unpleasant tint to the glass.
On
heating red lead, it temporarily darkens,
almost
red heat
it
at
black, and
becoming
would
give
loses
oxygen,
an
is
and
converted
the
into
protoxide.
When
is treated
minium
acid, nitrate
of
lead
with
(PbO.NgS)
dilute
nitric
is obtained
peroxide of lead (Pbg) is left
of a brown
in the form
powder, showing that
minium
is probably a
salt composed
compound
in solution
of
and
the
oxide
and
peroxide
of lead.
HOW
no
Minium
obtained
air until
AND
heating litharge in
in
increase
its weight
composition 2PbO.
Pbg,
the
Pbg^, which
to
appears
Commercial
minium
or
USE
by
further
no
observed, has
is
MAKE
TO
has
frequentlya
to
3 PbO.
Pbg,
is
potash, PbO
composition corresponding
but
it be
if
dissolved
to
a
2PbO,Pb2
out, and
liberates
with
treated
heat, becoming
red
remains.
um
Mini-
when
raised
its oxygen
of
some
um.
mini-
present pure
PbO,
hence
the
necessityfor keeping it below a temperature
of 600
The
deg. F. during its manufacture.
tetroxide
is thoroughly soluble
of lead
in
of
glacial acetic acid, forming a mixture
This
solution
acetates.
acts
an
as
oxidizing
phurous
agent, decolorizingindigo, and changing sulacid into sulphuric acid.
Dtflumbic Oxide^ or Lead
Sesquioxide^
is obtained
by mixing a solution of tetroxide
oxide
dilute
of
lead
dissolved
ammonia.
It
is
in acetic
acid, with
orange-red powder,
which
is decomposed
on
heating,and is
It readily dissolves
reduced
by oxalic acid.
in hydrochloric acid, but the solution
quickly
the chlorine, and
is
lead chloride
eliminates
So far this salt has
obtained.
tered
scarcely eninto the
cells,except
Co.,
whose
an
of electric
construction
by
the
Electric
cells
have
storage
Storage Battery
been
previously
described.
Peroxide
btc
Dioxide,
of Lead^
is the
true
Puce
Oxide
active
or
material
Plumin all
THE
STORAGE
lead
storage cells.
forms
of
found
native
BATTERY.
Ill
This
lead
salt is
mineral
plattnerite. It is
a
heavy lead ore, forming black, lustrous,
six-sided
be prepared from
prisms. It may
the
red
oxide
by boiling it in fine powder,
with
suspended
and
gas,
then
it.
heating
This
It
is
reduced
to
lower
a
to.
exposure
when
of chlorine
stream
a
parts of
carbonate
thoroughly washing
by
or
salt
and
ing
dry-
oxide
on
bright sunlight.
other
to
oxygen
heated
redness
to
readily imparts
substances;
when
with
in water
five
with
treating the
by
or
diluted
acid
nitric
water,
the
as
it
thrown
becomes
into
and
sulphuric dioxide,
fire when
takes
triturated
with
sulphur
hence
this oxide
is a common
ingredient in
lucifer
match
When
in
used
composition.
parts
primary or secondary batteries it readily imits oxygen
to nascent
ing
hydrogen, form"
thus
and
water,
it acts
as
powerful
a
robbed
of its oxygen,
depolariser. When
readily becomes
reoxydised, if subjected
the
the
action
of
nascent
electrolyticdecomposition
Plmnhic
HgO,
are
definite
two
be
obtained
such
as
the
nitrate
alkalies, such
these
by
heated
air, and
to
about
and
3 PbO
hydrates, and
precipating solutions
acetate
absorb
become
by
white
ammonia.
as
compounds
the
or
to
of water.
Hydrates,~?hYi\0^
may
from
liberated
oxygen
it
of
When
carbon
lead
with
moist,
dioxide
ing
anhydrous on be150 deg. centigrade.
112
HOW
TO
Prevention
sails
both
by
the
of
in the
USE
Poisoning,
manufacture
always liable to
inhaling the dust
the
with
for this have
preventives
the
of the
washing
hands
lead
or
and
poisoning,
by contact
hands.
Various
been
simple
most
men
Work-
of
lead
are
materials
of these
AND
of Lead
employed
lead
MAKE
employed,
be
to
seems
a
and
ful
care-
in
It is
petroleum.
said
that three
washings a day are sufficient
to
all serious
prevent
danger of poisoning.
The
benzole
in the
to
petroleum appears
the
scour
dust, and
the
up
skin
the
pores
absorbtion
and
the
remove
fatty substance
the
of
of the
skin
deleterious
in
and
loose
the
lead
oil fills
prevents
the
salts.
The
employment of petroleum has given
such
good results that it has been
proposed
to
this material
use
as
a
guard against
the salts
poisoning in other industries where
of copper
or
are
employed.
mercury
In
to
the
made
a
communication
Academic
to
the
des
made
Sciences,
excellent
effect
by
M.
Melsens
reference
produced
was
by
of lead
or
potassium in all cases
mercurial
that
stated
this
poisoning. He
the
metal
substance, by rendering soluble
in the system, invariably caused
accumulated
all the symptoms
of the malady to disappear,
and
this salt acts as
a
preventive.
moreover,
A small daily dose of iodide
of potassium is
said
to
workmen
effectuallyensure
against
iodide
of
HOW
114
the
After
dried
TO
and
MAKE
necessary
is distilled
the oil of vitriol
USE
AND
this salt is
exposure
in earthenware
retorts,
condensed
being
in suitable
receivers.
Jthe
application of heat to the
persulphate of iron, the acid separates
On
the
from
base, and
the
dry
would
with
salts
itself
oughly
thor-
were
sulphuric acid
is always sufficbut there
ient
in the persulphate*
to effect
thus
the anhydrous acid
anhydrous
distil over,
moisture
left
combination
if the
basic
"
oil
sulphuricacid is the result. Nordhausen
of vitriolis fairlyrepresented by the formula
After
the
H2O.SO3. or, shortly, HgSOg.
is completed a residue consisting
distilling
process
of peroxide of iron (FegOg) is found
in the
This'material,
retorts.
known
as
col-
cotha, when
much
The
ground into a fine powder, is
used for polishingglassand metals.
sulphate of iron employed in the
Nordhausen
manufacture
of
chieflyfrom
iron
found
to
be
variety known
pyrites.
The
Nordhausen
is obtained
acid
pyrites (FeSg).
most
as
suitable
white
acid
or
is much
is
a
The
eral
min-
particular
efHuorescent
heavier
than
English, its specificgravity being about
the
It is easily distinguished from
1.9.
made
article by its fuming on
home
being
white
fumes
are
exposed to the air. These
the
of anhydrous
due
to
sulphuric
escape
the
acid
vapor.
BATTERY.
STORAGE
THE
II5
sulphur
of Vitriol, When
in air, sulphur dioxide
is the chief
but when
sulphuric acid acts upon
English
is burned
Oil
product ;
hydrated nitric
sulphuric acid,
"
in
formed
is
in the
acid
of water,
presence
^
conjunction with
according
nitric
the
to
ide,
ox-
following
equation :
S02+N203+H20=H20S02+2NO
Nitric
oxide,
when
oxygen
of
the
with
with
it
to
If, however,
NO2.
with
sulphur
dioxide
into
transformed
brought into contact
the atmosphere, combines
nitric peroxide,
form
nitric
peroxide meets
and
it is again
water,
nitric oxide, with
sulphuric acid,
of
equation
as
the formation
shown
by
that
nitric
the
:
N02+S02+H20=NO+H20S03
this it would
From
be
may
employed
the air and
from
dioxide
that
an
appear
;
then
to
to
absorb
convey
oxygen
it to the sulphur
therefore, theory would
unlimited
qauntity
of
In
if
commercial
manufacture
of
acid, sulphur is slowly burned
plate,which
Air
means
of
is admitted
a
suitable
on
the base
reallyforms
into
door,
the
which
cate
indi-
sulphorous
supplied with air and water,
converted
into sulphuric acid
by
quantity of nitric oxide.
acid,
ide
ox-
would
a
given
sulphuric
an
of the
chamber
so
be
iron
nace.
fur-
by
regulates
Il6
HOW
the amount
of
TO
MAKE
air
that
USE
AND
when
the
is
sulphur
burning and proignited it may
ducing
go on
considerable
with
sulphur dioxide
regularity. Upon this iron-base plate is also
of
placed a receptablecontaining a mixture
and
nitrate
of sodium
sulphuricacid, which
The
sulphur dioxide
generates nitric acid.
nitric acid vapour
and
are
conveyed into a
has
sometimes
large mixing-chamber, which
thousands
feet.
of cubic
a
capacity of many
Into this chamber
of steam
a number
jetsare
In the reactions
continuallybeing driven.
the nitric acid is quickly
which
now
occur,
once
reduced
to
oxide, and
nitrous
succession
a
changes take place, the result
dilute sulphuric acid collects on
mixing-chamber,from whence
into largeleaden
evaporating
the
off
The
dilute acid
it comes
as
has
mixing-chamber
evaporation in a
series
This
acid,"
"brown
color
to
employed
are
as
is
of
for
the leaden
By
pans
reaches
density
technically known
which
the
pans.
its
Platinum
it.
of
it is drawn
1,500.
shallow
lead
it contains
impurities
organic
brown
acid
floor
density of
until
it is concentrated
1700.
a
from
that
being
the
of
a
as
number
of
imparts a dark
or
glass retorts
further
concentration
of this acid.
On
two
showing
following
densities
acid
and
pages
of various
water
at
is
table
given
solutions
15 deg. C,
of
or
phuric
sul-
59 F.
THE
Prof
cr
tics
of Snlfhuric Actd
properties
acid
from
are
I
BATTERY.
STORAGE
of
odor, oily appearance,
The
acteristic
char-
concentrated
marked.
very
"
and
I9
phuric
sul-
Its freedom
great weight,
liquids. The pure
concentrated
commercial
acid has
a
density
which
usually reaches
1,842, and its boiling
The
absolutely
point is about 640 deg., F.
acid is perfectlycolourless, but usually
pure
that used in laboratories
has a peculiar
even
distinguishit
from
greyish colour,
other
due
ganic
slight traces of ormatter.
Sulphuric acid is exceedingly
hydroscopic, and when
exposed to the air it
in bulk, owing to absorprapidly increases
tion
of atmospheric moisture.
Some
nature
those
made
very
to
masterful
investigatiouson
the
and
of
theory of solutions, especially
sulpuric acid and water, have been
by Professor
S. U.
Pickering.
Metals
at
SpecificGravity of Various
lejnperature of 60 dcg, F. (Fowne).
ized by
Digiti:
a
I20
HOW
This
of
pure
table
TO
MAKE
is based
water
at
60
USE
AND
on
the
specificgravity
deg. F.,
which
is taken
unity. As will be seen, the difference in
the specificgravity of the various metals are
exceedingly wide and pass from potassium
and sodium, which
are
lighterthan water, to
is nearly twenty-one
times
platinum, which
heavier than an equal bulk of that fluid.
The
ductivity,
followingtable shows the relative conwhich
is reciprocalof resisance, at
as
normal
temperature
the construction
of
some
of accumulators:
metals
"
used
in
122
HOW
by
the active
TO
USE
AND
MAKE
material, and
phate
sul-
form
to
goes
reduciable
plates. During the
and
subsequent charging, the
is reconverted
sulphate formed
into
either
oxide
acid
is reinstated
lead
of
**
in
"
formation
therefore
or
different
densities
thing
a
about
1,
density
solution, the
Different
makers
may
such
With
vary
from
a
the
and
density
specify
The
solution.
of
startingelectrolyteis
80.
1
lead,
spongy
in the
rising.
for
both
usual
density
a
of
the
solution
to
1,200
1,150
cell changes from
or
the
1,250, when
condition
of no
charge to full
even
advocate
acid
solutions
a
charge. Some
having densities as
high as
1,400 to 1,500, but with solutions
acid as
these, although
containing as much
creased,
the conductivity of the liquid is greatlyinthe tendency of the active materials
and
become
metallic supports
to
injuriously
sulphated is greatly increased.
The acidHydrometers or Acidomelers,^
ometers
employed to test storage cells are
of glass or vulcanite, or some
usually made
which
material
is unaffected
by the corrosive
When
action
the density
of
the solution.
requires to be read off with great accuracy,
"
Beaumes
are
used.
or
Twaddell's
In
using
standard
Twaddell
liquids heavier than water,
readings on these instruments
read
off on
density,the number
be
to
multiplied by five and
for
instruments
hydrometers
the
to
reduce
to
degrees
the
the
scale
of
has
product
STORAGE
THE
affixed
the
to
as
or
with
thin, hollow
a
calibrated
1,100
to
water
at
stem.
The
taking
deg. F., as
Hick's
Glass-Bead
and
mercury,
is made
the
is
instrument
or
usual
1,250,
60
shot
scale
paper
the
within
23
decimal
The
stem.
fine lead
with
weighted
1
point.
dicator
form
of density inused, is either a plain cylinnow
drical
flattened
bulb
tube, terminating
unity, after
ordinary commercial
The
a
BATTERY.
sealed
and
is from
range
density
of
pure
1,000.
Hydrometer.
A
"
new
hydrometer, very useful for testing
the density of the solution in cells,has been
This instrument
by Mr.
J. Hicks.
brought out
the
oldis a
of
development
fashioned
used
by
glass-bead arrangement
the
for determining
strength of
gaugers
of glass
spirits. In gauging spiritsa number
less weight in combeads, having more
or
parison
with their volume,
taken, and by
are
form
of
trial
actual
find
are
classified
specificgravity
the
beads
test, these
until two
are
are
found,
and
of
tried
of
one
marked.
the
one
To
liquidunder
after
which
another
just sinks
density is
just floats. The
ascertained
of the numbers
by taking the mean
these two
beads.
on
Occasionally,it
while
the
that
found
to
then
has
bead.
by
Mr.
other
one
either
of
the
sink
beads
or
shows
float.
The
no
is
dency
ten-
liquid
this
on
exactly the density marked
The
devised
hydrometer
improved
Hicks
of a perforated flat
consists
HOW
124
glasstube,
such
of
the
edge
or
fit.
The
AND
USE
tween
easilyslipbeplatesand the glass
size
to
as
the
of
containing cell.
three
MAKE
TO
Within
tube
the
either
are
flattened
small
specificgravity
and
beads, of different colors
placed one
above
the
other, the
lightest uppermost.
These
floats are
ing
colored
capable of freely risand
fallingin the tube, which they nearly
desired
four
beads
the
In
density.
float,which
be
may
the
is colored
specificgravity
balanced
to
bead
the
four
the
1,150;
violet one,
then
blue at
at 1,170;
a
and a red at 1,200.
The
densities are
next,
1,190,
a
marked
the
on
Holden's
M.
LeGay
of each
back
Hydrometer.
of
top
will float when
green,
reaches
any
plainly
float.
Some
"
years
Levallois-Perret, in order
ago,
tain
to ob-
greater sensibilityin density indicators,
employed a small weighted cylindricalglass
bulb
having a long thin stem, which moved
down
in front
of a graduated fixed
or
up
scale.
A
hydrometer
been
C.
working
introduced
Holden,
The
a
sensitive
very
in
on
this
instruments
light glass float,with
which
fixed
scale.
The
inches
between
of
form
this
principle has
country by Captain
R. A.
new
stem,
useful
and
float
is free
is
to
essentiallyof
glass
long narrow
consist
a
in
move
cylindrical,and
long; this terminates
and
eight inches
in
nine
of
front
about
a
a
eight
thin
inches
rod,
in
STORAGE
THE
length. Owing
betw:en
the
bulb
made
and
of
a
the
these
instruments
open
very
scale
marked
not
pointed
are
scale may
or
lower
the
of
to
the
fixed
glass float,
The
scale.
of the
india
rubber
arrangement.
The
an
be
of
and
freely up
moves
sities
den-
connector
is V
adjusting,the point must
the surface
to justtouch
float
The
the
of
scale
inches
1,200.
lug or
a
ence
differ-
alteration
an
vulcanite
a
by means
clamping
some
end
on
A
seven
with
upon
fixed to
be
battery elements
band,
off
of
be
may
range.
reading
readily be obtained
density of from 1,150
are
but
amount
stem,
have
to
in
may
the
ence
large relative differof displacement of
the
to
125
BATTERY.
shaped, and, in
brought down
the
The
liquid.
in
down
front
of
The
taken
readings are
the top of the pointer.
from
struments,
Owing to the great sensibilityof these inthe temperature
solution
of the
should
scale.
be
taken
into account,
measurements
are
thermometer
a
purpose
the solution, and then
read
off
accuracy.
can
to
The
be
made
corrections.
a
*'
Master"
true
this
required
For
should
placed
be
reference
required
any
scale
affixed
arrangement
ate
accur-
to
to
may
to
have
it,which,
used
as
by adjustment,
the
a
cell, if the requisitedata
current
may
degree of
a
sliding
give offhand
When
in
table
a
corrections, the densities
of temperature
be
by
if very
capacity, and
sary
neces-
check
in
sity,
of den-
internal
126
HOW
resistance
be
calibrated
MAKE
known,
in
be
may
TO
used
scale
be
may
hours, and
ampere
check, either in the charging
a
discharging operation.
or
These
instruments
of the
be
can
glass or vulcanite ; they
easily visible, and
sides
USE
the
then
of
terms
as
AND
extremely
are
do
ate,
accur-
stick
not
in
either
made
the
to
cell.
teresting
inmost
a
high- sensibility,
be made
with this
experiment may
If one
form
of hydrometer.
of the most
sitive
senbe placed in a cell
of these instruments
which
is being
from
a
large current
very
of the pointer
taken, the gradual subsidence
small
such
For
readily be observed.
may
visible, it is
changes of density to become
that
the
hydrometer
employed
necessary
should
be of the highest sensibility.
Owing
its
to
Parker's
years
of
of
ago
Charge
Mr.
Thomas
hydrometer
density on
to
state
of
cell.
which
a
show
charge
Indicator.
or
fixed
Parker
"
Some
devised
indicated
scale, and
a
six
form
degrees
was
of
ployed
em-
by simple inspection the
tor
discharge of an accumula-
In construction
the
instrument
was
simple, consisting merely of a long and
thin cylindricalglass bulb, suspended in the
of a thin platinum wire,
electrolyteby means
attached
whose
end was
the extremity of
to
lever was
lever.
This
a delicately balanced
made
traveled
to
actuate
a
pointer, which
suitable
over
a
graduated circular scale,
very
THE
of
1
27
sity
of den-
degrees
hours.
ampere
The
BATTERY.
either
off in terms
pointed
or
STORAGE
Volk
Accumulator
Indicator.
Mr.
"
just introducing a neat little
instrument
condition
of a
for indicatingthe
cell by
simple inspection. The
apparatus
of
consists of a light glass cylindricalbulb
sufficient length to reach
nearly from the top
of the electrolyte. By this arto the bottom
rangement
tion
the average
densisty of the soluis obtained.
The
bulb is submerged at
Volk
Magnus
all times,
does
is
so
with
interfere
not
in the
difference
any
the
level of it
readings
the
of
instrument.
The
glass bulb
the
from
spring arm,
A
wire.
arm
end
by
frictionless
a
of
means
a
of the
and
divided
be
may
densisty, or
for the
may
indication
work
from
be
of
the
number
cell at
of
afford
to
an
of
any
reading scale may
gives degrees of density,
may
to
from
1,250.
be
made
1,150
of any
to
1,200
ing
movover
a
grees
de-
into
The
scale
approximate
hours
given period.
be
and
used,
also
The
reasonable
or
is
hours,
ampere
ampere
indication.
current
the
travels
cell.
off in terms
used
the
a
jointed
platinum
arbitrarydivisions
any
of
on
either
double
say,
fine
very
pointer is
instrument,
usually pointed
taken
of
fixed
of
which
lyte
in the electro-
suspended
suitable
scale, which
suitable
is
from
A
which
the
responding
cor-
ments
instrurange,
1,170
to
128
HOW
To
TO
MAKE
AND
prevent the acid spray
USE
from
fumes
or
affectingthe metal work of the instrument, it
is wholly covered
by a tightly fittingcase,
only a small hole being left to give free play
The
scale readings
to the suspension wire.
be taken by means
small
of a
mirror,
may
placed at any desired angle if the instrument
is used
The
where
the
Grove
and
Messrs.
"
Grove
useful
for
cells.
fixed.
similar
vessel
up
to
fluid
arrangement
rod
on
which
both
consists
a
level is
containing
the
mean
a
bulbs
density of
permanently
of
this
are
solution
the
anced
bal-
a
rod
pended.
sus-
in
a
made
accumulator
placed within the
curring
storage cell. Any alteration of density ocin the secondary cell due to either
charge, discharge or absorption of the acid
by the active material, is quickly indicated
in the fixed
of the air bubble
by the movement
level.
of this device
a
By the employment
sensitive
is obtained,
density balance
very
and
all errors
due
to
one
quite free from
changes of temperature in the atmosphere, a
electrolyte,and
the other
storage
is immersed
standard
the
of
of
extremities
of the
a
extremely
in
used
density-indicating bulbs
One
devised
determinations
The
From
have
is said to be
the
of
sitions.
po-
Balance.
Density
Garbe
which
accurate
density
mean
in inaccessible
are
Garbe
and
of balance
form
cells
is
HOW
130
serves
of the
the
into
USE
AND
also
counterpoise weight, which
of adjusting the sensibility
means
as
a
instrument, and for bringing the pointer
screwed
to
MAKE
TO
true
The
zero.
method
is found
calibration
of
parts, and,
equal
handred
one
divided
is
scale
to
this
as
give
sions
divi-
proportional density,the instrument
direct
tions
reading, and no additional correcof
is
calculations
or
which
mark,
it is
arranged
that
when
cell has
the
the
realityis
in
The
needed.
are
covered
received
zero
point, is so
by the pointer
its full compliment
relative position
lOO
charge, and, if the
intervals
stated
at
of the pointer be noted
during the discharging operation, the true
of amvalue
of the scale readings in terms
pere-hours
be accurately obtained.
may
with an
By a series of trials made
meter
ampereof
circuit, Roux
in
of
state
of
of
charge
its total
of
pointer
electric
be
c
a
this type
the
indicate
that
accurately
cell to
within
3
capacity. By
studs
contact
at
any
thereby
an
a
the
on
cent,
suitable
to
aural
whenever
btained
per
scale,
complete
determined
point
made
be
can
circuit
points and
may
of
current
arrangement
the
would
instrument
found
or
the
visual
an
or
alarm
cell reaches
stipulatedcondition.
In a
Spray Arresters
storage cell, if the
active materials
are
accurately proportioned,
and
the exposed
surfaces
so
arranged that
any
"
all the
necessary
chemical
reactions
may
oc
"
THE
without
cur
energy
be
driven
withdrawn
put in and
gases
until all
at
kind
of any
no
off
I3I
electrical
if the
hindrance, and
then
rate,
BATTERY.
STORAGE
a
proper
be
should
possible chemical
the
sorbed
completed and the cell has abits full charge. In practice,however,
these conditions
sequently
are
rarely realized, and, conthat gas is given off at
it is found
all times, not
cell is being
the
only when
it is at
charged or discharged,but also when
changes
are
As
rest.
the
bubbles
minute
of
erated
lib-
are
gas
plates they rapidly ascend,
and on
reaching the surface of the liquidthey
released
the compressing effect of
from
are
by
the dense
solution and
rapidlyexpand, therecausing miniature explosions. The result
of this bursting of globules of gas is,that
in the air
part of the electrolyteis thrown
the
from
and
or
forms
spray.
troublesome
a
Not
only
continually tend
of fluid in the
cell.
Unless
to
it also
the
has
atmosphere quickly
most
a
tallic
me-
of the
neighborhood
be
room
tion
ac-
tity
quan-
and
all connections
the
vapor
spraying
diminish
accumulator
an
ventilated, the
this
does
cell, but
injuriouseffect upon
within
fittings
corrosive
and
wiell
becomes
that it
impregnated with this acid vapor
leterious
produces an
exceedingly irritatingand deeffect upon
the lungs. To prevent
so
its escape,
acid spray,
been
or
to
many
suggested.
minimise
the
effects
of
spray-arrestingdevices
this
have
HOW
132
To
with
arrest
their
TO
curved
spray,
sides
concave
These
used.
the top of the
and as the
cover,
on
collects
the
in the
middle
USE
AND
MAKE
glassplatesplaced
downwards
are
times
some-
bent
glass plates are put
cell, and act as a partial
acid
of beads
form
and
condenses
vapor
it
down
runs
to
the
glass,and then ultimately
drops in the vessel again. Another
plan is
the liquid,which
to place a layer of oil upon
all spraying tendencies, but
not only checks
prevents the loss of the liquiddue to surface
the
to
evaporation. One
great drawback
employment of this device resides in the fact
that the oil interferes considerably with
the
A
of density testing apparatus.
use
plan
which
is free from
the above
objection is to
face
spread a layer of granulated cork on the surmaterial
does not
of the
liquid. The
sink
of
below
the
spraying, and
surface,
is not
it hinders
affected
by
the
surface
acid
lution.
so-
preventing loss of
fluid arising from
is to completely
cause,
any
the surface
of the electrolytewith
cover
paraffine wax
similar acid-proof insulating
or
some
material.
The
covering in operation is
in
be managed
extremely simple, and may
the
lyte
following way : The ordinary electrois poured into the cell until it reaches
to
An
within
excellent
about
glass jar.
is melted
an
The
in
plan
a
for
inch
from
insulatingwax
ladle
and
then
the
top
of
the
compound
carefully run
or
THE
the
onto
the
STORAGE
surface
cold
solution
made
in any
Part
of
means
air
of
and
the
top
sealed
in
this
cover
are
spray
is
wax,
little escapes
make
the
into
the
be
solution
density
as
tests
may
of
the
fashion
leave
to
small
is
and
as
the
air.
a
inserted
below,
little
the
of
so
made.
wax
cells
exit
aperture
a
by
some
liquid. When
the
only
small
a
be
a
diameter
bottom
orifice in such
may
and
sets
withdrawn
now
the
through
the
through
is
so
between
space
ing
reach-
hard
in
33
position.
solution
syphon
and
inch
one
1
liquid. On
immediately
cold
suitable
the
a
it
When
about
of
aperture
the
of
solidifies.
soon
BATTERY.
for
made
but
conseqence
It is advisable
position that
a
to
drometer
hyto
in-
through
it and
that
necessary
the
MAKE
TO
HOW
134
CHAPTER
FOLLOWING
OF
BE
WILL
SOME
OF
VIII.
FOUND
DESCRIPTIONS
LATEST
STORAGE
MODERN
THE
THE
USE
AND
AND
MOST
BATTERIES.
STORAGE
REUTERDAHL
BATTERY.
The
of
Reuterdahl
which
claims
is shown
of the
battery, the construction
herewith, is, according to
the
h'ghtestbattery
that has yet been
produced. The grids are
made
combines
of a special lead alloy which
stand
ability to withlightness with rigidity and
The
action.
electrolytic
grids are so
within
shaped as to form a perfect trusswork
the plates,which
counteracts
tendency
any
In making
buckle.
to
the
negative plates
lead
is deposited together with
a
spongy
the
makers,
THE
STORAGE
REUTERDAHL
chemical
BATTERY.
I3S
PLATE.
substance, thus
forming an
is compressed
electrolyticalloy. This
by
and
afterward
the foreign
hydraulic pressure
substance
is dissolved
out,
leaving only
lead in an
condition
extremely porous
spony
and
in good electrical contact
with
the grid.
The
positive plate is similarly formed, the
with
a
grid being first electricallycoated
layer of lead peroxide. The separator used
in this cell is a perforated sheet of hard rubber
having horizontal leaves or shelves on
secret
136
TO
HOW
MAKE
AND
USE
glass wool
(an insulatingsubstance
unaffected
by electrolyticaction) is wound.
which
This
allows
and
a
at
pad which
free
the
same
retains
REUTERDHAL
circulation
time
the
of
the
provides a
active
material
trolyte
elec-
ible
flexin
CELL.
it from
place and
prevents
shedding and
the cell.
short-circulating
A 3-hour discharge curve
of one
of these
cells shows
a
remarkably high voltage,which
138
TO
HOW
MAKE
construction
that
adopted
proved to
been
having
experience
each, which
for
USE
AND
has
be the best.
negativeplateconsists
The
of
antimonious
an
lead
of
grid made
a
which
sheet, around
of sufficient
frame
the necessary
weight to secure
stiffness and strength has been
castThe
body of the sheet is filled with perfora.
intervals.
tions, evenly spaced at small
a
These
made
are
by
through, leaving
back
series
of
hooks.
from
made
are
other,
both
its way
clawlike
are
forming a
perforations
the
half
from
after the
that
so
of
side and
one
sides
operation is
thickly studded
are
move
re-
sheet,
the
Half
not
which
hole,
each
toward
tears
small
numerous
projectionsaround
does
instead
material, but
any
curved
tool which
a
the
pleted
com-
with
little hooks.
these
sides
Both
of
this
grid
then
are
pasted
litharge. The
paste is held to the
grid by the little hooks and is also riveted
giving all portions
through the perforations,
with
of the
mass
and
a
tenacious
upon
hold
other.
each
the
upon
There
port,
sup-
are
no
pellets to shrink and drop out, no
pasted against a flat surface
large masses
isolated
to scale
but
off, and
exposed, leaving the
and
the plates active
of discharge per
rate
distribution
of
the
mass
little of
whole
of the
giving
unit
of
the
of
support
faces
of
maximum
a
area.
active
The
material
THE
STORAGE
BATTERY.
1
39
nearly ideal. Being applied in a thin
layer,all parts of it are close to the currentcarrying support and in a positionto give
maximum
The
capacity per unit of mass.
thickness
of the finished
plate is 3-16-inch.
The
grid of the positive plate is of the
'*cage" type, consistingof thin vertical ribs,
the edges cf which
flush with the faces
are
which
connected
of the plate,and
are
by
small bars having a triangularcross-section,
the base of the trianglebeing at the face of
the plate. These
connecting bars on one
face are
staggered with those on the other.
This
grid is pasted with red lead and
is
formed
the
in the usual
is in the
active material
from
are
the
The
the
thin
top
of
the
in the
embedded
faces
the
to
flat ribs
pencilsand
constitute
form
are
other
of
stiffness with
place, while
is made
In
for
service
eroded
embedded
at
its
the
from
plate.
minimum
a
holds
active
and
material
the surfaces.
material,
sign
de-
of
of
material
it firmly
provision
time
same
expansion
in the
the
cross-bars
the
The
maximum
a
continuity of
the
sides
sides, which
two
the
strength and
weight. The
with
of the
two
on
tending
ex-
triangularcross-bars
grid gives
in
continuous
the bottom
the
combined
of
rectangular cross-section,
pencils, of
of
of
plate being 7-32-inch. The
finished
plate.
thickness
the
way,
contraction.
gradually
bars being
is
The
contact
is main-
HOW
140
tained
until
is
so
to
give
of the
small
as
to
faces of
of active
The
by
longer be sufficient
capacity. The separation
the plate into relatively
by the ribs
rapid removal
the
*"
Chloride
"
wash
separators used
and
similar
material
no
sections
material
USE
AND
amount
proper
the
wood
the
reduced
the
MAKE
TO
to
and
of
of the
in these
those
-Manchester
perforated hard rubber
againsteach face of the
bars
the
electrolyte.
cells
are
in
used
batteries.
prevents
active
A
of
the
plain
sheet is also placed
positiveplates.
THE
BATTREY.
STORAGE
141
INDEX.
Destroying
Rooms,
Accnmmnlator
Acid
94
Vapor in
Acid, Sulphuric
113-119
113-114
Nordhausen
Acidometers
122-126
Arresters, Spray
130-133
American
or
Storage Cell
Morrison
48-49
96
Ampere
B
Basic Patents
15-31
Battery,How to make a Practical Storage
Plante
Chesswight's Improved
32-38
"
Storage
39-40
DeKabath
39, 40, 42
40, 41, 42
41, 42, 43
Epsteins
Woodwards
Simmins
"
Spongy
Reynier
42-43
E. P. S.
43-44
Dujardin " Warwick
Ernst Intercirculatory
44-46
Gibsons
47-48
The
American
The
Ford
The
Hess
"
or
Morrison
Washburn
46-47
48-49
50-55
55-57
TheP.W
57-61
The
61-63
Warwick
The Chloride
63, 65,67
INDEX.
142
"
TheBailly
Hedges Lead
i'
"
Lalande
"
The
"
Zinc
"
The
74-75
"
75-76
"
76-78
"
78
fhillips
Copper
"
Entz
Main
73
"
line
Alka-
and
Zinc
Zinc
"
73
"
Zinc
Houston
Thomson
The
"
Chaperon
Copper
The Copper
"
Storage 69-73
Zinc
Battery, The Reynier Lead
'*
Zinc
Lead
"
The
Kalischer's
"
The
Marx
"
Liquid
"
The
Tatlow
'*
The
Jablochkkoff
Anti
Birstors Portable
"
"
"
81-82
"
82-83
"-
83-85
"
85-86
"
5-6
"
93-94
"
39-67
"
98-99
Faure
Batteries,Insulating
"
types of
modern
some
"
the
Measuring
internal
sistance
re-
of
"
Efficiencyof
and
Capacity
79,81
80, 81
^
99-101
storage
Balance, The Grove
and
Darbe
sity
Den"
128-129
c
5-10
Cell,The discovery of the Secondary
"
"
Chesswight Improved
"
"
DeKabath
"
"
Epsteins
"
"
"
"
"
""
"
"
"
"
""
"
"
"
Plante
Storage 39-40
39,40,42
"
"
40-42
"
5-6
"
41-43
"
42-43
**
43-44
"
44-46
"
46-47
"
47-48
Faure
Spongy
Woodwards
Simmins
pi
p
and
Reynier
o
...
Warwick
Dujardin"
Ernst
Gibsons
Intercirculatory
INDEX.
Cell,The
American
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Lalande
"
"
Thomson
"
"
Copper, Zinc
"
"
Entz
Washburn
and
Ford
Storage 48-49
Morrsion
or
"
143
Hess
P. W
"
50-55
"
55-57
"
57-61
Warwick*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
61-63
"
Chloride
"
63-65-67
Reynier Lead
Bailly
Hedges Lead
"
69-73
"
73
"
73
"
74-75
"
Zinc
Zinc
Chaperon
Zinc
Houston
Cop75-76
per
and
Alkaline...
and
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
78
"
79-80
"
30-81
"
81-82
Tatlow
"
82-83
Jablochkoff's Anti
"
83-85
Portable
"
85-86
"
94
Main
Zinc
Lead
Kalischer's
Marx
Liquid
Bristol's
Cells,Insulating
Measuring The
"
of
"
76-78
PhillipsCopper
Zinc
"
"
Internal
Resist98-99
Storage
of
Capacity and Efficiency
age
Stor-
'.
99-101
Chemistry of Lead
Chloride Storage Cell
Copper, Zinc and Alkaline
11-14
63,65,67
Storage
76-78
Cell
Coulomb
96
D
Discovery of the Secondary Cell
tor
Destroying Acid Vapor in Accumula-
5-10
94-95
Room
The
Density Balance,
Grove
and
,
Garbe
128-129
INDEX.
144
DeKabath,
Dujardin
"
Storage Cell
Warwick, Storage Cell...
39-40-42
44-46
Electrical Units
95-98
Electrolyte,The
Entz and Phillips
Copper
121-122
Zinc
Storage
78
Cell
Storage Cell
Epsteins
"
E. P. S
43-44
"
Intercirculatory
Ernst
40-42
"
46-47
..
Batteries
Exide
F
Storage Cell
Faure
5-6
G
Gibsons,Storage Cell
and Garbe Density Balance...
Grove
47-48
128-129
H
Hedges Lead
Zinc
Storage
"
Hess
How
to
Make
Battery
Hydrometer,
Hydrometer,
Hydrometers
a
Cell
73
"
Practical
55-57
Storage
82-38
.*
Hick's Glass Bead
123-124
.
124-126
Holden's
122-126
I
.
Indicator,Parker's
"
126-127
Charge
The
Volk
The
Roux
Accumulator...
Density
127-128
and
129-130
Charge
93-94
InsulatingCells
J
Jablockkoff's Anti
Auccumulator
83-85
146
INDEX.
P
15-31
Patents, Basic
Plant, How
to
Maintain
of Lead
Prevention
P. W.
a
and
Install, Work
Storage Battery
112-113
Poisoning...
57-61
Storoge Battery
112-113
of Lead
Poisoning,Prevention
87-133
R
Storage Cell
Charge Indicator
Storage Battery
Reynier Lead Zinc
Roux
Density and
Reuterdahl
69-73
129-130
s
103
Scales,Thermometric
Spray
130-133
Arresters
Storage Battery, How
to
Make
a
32-38
Practical
Storage Batteries,Some Modern
Sulphating and its Removal
SulphuricAcid
"
"
and
Simmins
Types of
39-67
89-93
113-119
Nordhausen
113-114
Propertiesof
Reynier Storage Cell,..
119
42-43
T
Table
of
Composition
of Soda
trolytes
Elec91
of Measures
Table for the Conversion
percentage of Composition of
101-102
"
Ordinary Hard
Table
of
Densities
of
Lead
of
105
Various
Sulphuric
Acid
tions
Soluand
Water
Table
Gravity of Various
Specific
Metals, Temp. 60 deg. F
Table
of Relative
Conductivity of
117-118
of
Metals
1 19-120
120
INDEX.
Test,Simple for Copper
and
147
Silver in
Lead
106-107
Thermometric
Thomson
Scales..
Houston
103
age
Zinc, Copper Stor-
Cell
75-76
;
u
Units, Electrical
95-98
V
Vitriol,English Oil of
115-116
Volt
95
w
Watt
Woodwards
Warwick's
97
Spongy Storage Battery
Storage Battery
41-43
61-63
BUSIER
PUBLISHING
"LIST
Latest
Best
and
FOR
CX^MPANVS
OF"
Electrical
HTUDBBITII
AIID
TREVERT'8
How
Dynamos
WORKS.
New, 190a
of Electricity,
Book
Electric
Batteries at Home.
New, 1903
Electric
Motors, and all about them,
Hand
$1.00
.
.
Make
and
and
to
AMATBI7RS.
Electricity.
Experimental
Everybody's
Books
.
.
.
Electric
and
Its Recent
Applications. New
Electricity
1903
A Practical Treatise
Electro
on
Plating,
....
How
and
to Make
Use Induction
Coils,
for Electric
Practical
Gas
Directions
Lighting and Bell
for Amateurs,
.
.
Something
about
X Rays
Electricityfor Students,
B
of Wireless
C
for
Telegraphy,
cloth.
E.
T.
8.50
.
.50
1.00
190a
.
hurst.
by
M
New,
E.
JM)
C.
D.
Park-
for
teurs.
Ama-
1.00
oh
Modern
Bubier, ad
E. T.
of Magnetism
and Thorburn
Make
J.
Lamp.
iVoa
Book
and
Use
Photography,
.50
Reid,
.
.
.
.
H.
Geo.
Telephone.
a
row
Mor-
T.
Electricity. John
and
.1.00
.
New,
Cary,
1.00
190a
Their
Transformers;
Theory,
Simplified. Caryl D.
What
is
How
1.00
Bubier, 2d
A;Practical Hand
to
1903
Edited
Electricity.
the
Incandescent
Practical
Treatise
on
Randall
Motor
Construction
for Amateurs.
Electric
How
M
1.00
...
New,
A
Aiithmetic
.50
"
ting
Fit-
AUTHORS.
About
Answers
8.00
.50
.
.
New,
everybody, Cloth,
MISCELLANEOUS
and
Questions
.
.
for Amateurs,
Electrical Measurements
How
to Build
Dynamo.Electric
Machinery.
A
.50
1.50
2.00
Field Magnet
'Winding,
Railwsnr
Engineering
Armature
The
UW
.t6
.
Elihu
One.Horse
Electricity?
Make
to
a
and
Construction
tion
Applica1.S5
JiO
Haskins
Thomson
Motor
Power
Dynamo.
or
50
A.E.Watson,
A Hand
How
to
Book
Build
of
an
Wiring Tables.
Alternating
How
Cloth.
A. E. Watson
to Build
Power
a 1-4 Horse
How
to
E.
A.
Watson,
Dynamo
Current
.75
.
.
Motor.
or
50
Motor
or
Motor
or
Dynamo.
Cloth.
Dynamo.
Cloth.
.50
A.E.Watson
How
Build
A.
E.
to
Build
a
New,
to
Railway.
Railway
on
Electro
1903
Make
on
Use
.
.50
.
.
.
H.
Whipple
H. B. Prindle
To-Day.
C. E.
D. E. Connor,
Magnetism.
Light. Prof. Elihu Thomson,
the Storage Battery. P. B. Warwick.
3 50
8.00
1.00
25
of
.
.50
.20
.
.
1.50
and
P.
Money
A. E. Watson,
Information
(Leather,
Fred
Run
a
Gas
Engine,
1901
O.
BOJC
by P. O.
Order
,
IiYNM,
or
.75
....
CO.,
PUBLISHING
BUBIER
Send
of Useful
Book
A.H.Watson.
A Popular Lecture
How
and
to Make
How
50
Fifty-Light Dynamo.
a
Handy
Electric
The
Electric
A Treatise
Power
Watson,
Electricians*
The
1-2 Horse
MASS.
Registered
Letter
at our
Risk.