1. food and drink

WE
HOW
LIVE
OR,
HUMAN
THE
BODY,
AND
CARE
OF
TAKE
ELEMENTARY
AN
HOW
IT.
COURSE
IN
AND
HYGIENE.
PHYSIOLOGY,
TO
ANATOMY,
BY
JOHONNOT
JAMES
AND
REVISED
OF
OF
D.
PRINCIPLES
THE
SOCIETY
NEW
PRACTICE
AND
THE
OF
NEW
VOKK
YORK
STATE
M.D.,
OF
OF
NEW
MEDICAL
FROM
D,
APPLETON
AND
":"
"
OF
CHICAGO
COMPANY.
PRESS
THE
ASSOCIATION.
CINCINNATI
THE
IN
OF
YORK,
BOOK
AMERICAN
MEDICINE
EX-PRESIDENT
STATE
":"
BY
DIDAMA,
UNIVERSITY;
SYRACUSE
MEDICINE,
APPROVED
AND
HENRY
WIOFESSOR
Ph.D.
BOUTON,
EUGENE
OF
COMPANY.
THE
MEDICAL
THE
COLLEGE
JimocAa'ioa
iiBH,''
Copyright,
Bv
D.
APPLETON
1884,
AND
1885.
COMPANY.
WHY
For
long
a
there
that
HOW.
AND
time
is
a
the
has
conviction
radical
in
defect
an
been
ing
grow-
elementary
admits
technical
study which
grammar,
makes
of
but excludes
more
physiology, and which
the classifications
of expression than of the thought
has
The
to be expressed.
long been
urgent need
felt of giving more
attention
to subjects pertaining
that
be a guide to thrift,health,
to life,those
may
and
happiness.
of
course
LegislativeAction.
convictions
These
law-makers
the
The
States.
a
part
of
recent
the
New
of
course
evidences
point
of view
of
the
have
to
York
enactments
are
schools
every
of
seem
been
and
this
several
making
instruction
in
conviction
measures
shared
by
other
physiology
the
public
;
and
wise
appear
from
and
beneficent.
If
wisely
carried
out, this
law
be
productive
of great good.
of pupils will be
fThe attention
directed
which
to the laws
their own
being.
govern
The
truths
set forth will find lodgment in the brain,
in time
and
they will find expression in daily practice.
As
look
for improvements
a
result, we
may
in
food,
in
dress,
in
must
ventilation, in habits,
M750313
in
hours
recreation, and
of work
and
tains to
living.
Plan
manifest
The
*'
"
why
of
HOW.
AND
IVHV
6
of
book.
per-
the Book.
of the
importance
the
everythingthat
in
The
"
how
""
subject is
remains
to
the
be
considered.
elementary, not a scientific treatise
students.
for advanced
Beginning with obvious
is inductive, each
new
relations,its method
topic
growing out of the one that precedes it. It aims to
sonable
present the laws of life in such a practicaland reathat they will become
a guide to living.
way
is conof each topic,function
In the treatment
sidered
is
book
The
before
of life and
that, for purposes
Then, in answer
to
satisfythe need,
a
used
organs
and
relations
true
The
have
and
"
forbidden
the query
as
to
what
is
a
to
of all the
set
minute
use,
agencies of
by the term
and
analyses. All
High-School Physiology."
these
to
of the
erly
prop-
shows
the
life.
''elementary"
details, abstruse
ultimate
need.
is done
descriptionis given
methods
employed. This
structure
limitations
there
growth,
full
the
subordinates
first step is to show
The
structure.
are
discussions,
left for
the
HygiejiicLazvs.
An
of
A
law
part
to
function
made
in
to
such
tions
present the relaa
way
that
the
follows
a
as
applicable to the case
of course,
and
scarcelyneeds to be stated,
derived in this way
compels assent and com-
hygienic
matter
has been
endeavor
law
IVHV
obedience
mands
is
;
while
HOW,
mind
Incentives
At
is
the
appended,
which
the
not
text
questionswall
the
directions.
matters
of
out
allow
ample
which
a
time
come
lost
be
may
in
will
the
list of
a
rather
close
on
questions
subjects
to
answers
of
observation
the
inference, one
mere
at
Study.
The
When
book
formula.
mere
pupil'spowers
careful
to
the
from
a
text, but
suggests.
various
given
to
as
chapter
the
on
test
will incite
and
of each
close
7
learned
one
in the
remain
likelyto
AND
inference,
and
study
questions
at
of each
recitation, so
in
not
are
should
time
a
these
be
to
as
mquiry and study. The good
from
of these topics
a judicioususe
for a specific
answer
rigiddemand
for
by a
specifiedtime.
Alcohol
The
provision in
and
narcotics
and
the
Narcotics.
laws
new
to
seems
be
in
regard
another
cohol
al-
to
and
wise
It assumes
that bad
habits are
timely measure.
diminish
the
largely due to ignorance. It would
tion
It submits
the soluevils by removing the cause.
It esof a great social problem to science.
pouses
no
demands
theories, but
It calls upon
the
that shall conquer
teacher
to
furnish
prejudice,and
againsttemptation.
In this work,
to
found
life,are
in
the
alcohol
and
the
arm
exact
truth.
the
weapons
the
enced
inexperi-
tions
narcotics,in their rela-
Wherever
duly treated.
body, their effects upon
they
organ
are
and
8
lV//y
"
function
whole,
HOW.
fullydescribed.
are
are
AND
of them
be
to
seen
would
These
effects,on
perniciousthat
so
to
seem
be
an
safeguard againstevil example, which
incitingto evil habits.
The
of over-statement
error
carefullyavoided.
a
mistake
an
The
cause.
is made
ascertain
and
Assertion
without
facts
sufficient.
establish
the
and
continually
ens
weak-
reason
A
been
serious
suspicionis aroused
to
a
case,
rather
that
than
to
truth.
Practical
This
are
the
state
sufficient
has, however,
when
effort is made
is
edge
knowl-
a
almost
the
all kindred
Application.
works
will be of little use
if
What
is said is valuable
thought stops with the text.
only as it wakes up mind," and leads to further
of hygienic laws in daily
study,and to the observance
practices. The teacher who allows his pupils to sit
in draughts,and pays no heed
the
to ventilation and
and who
is careless in regard
of light,
arrangement
to his own
diet, dress, and hours, of sleep,will teach
physiology to little purpose.
The
pupilsshould be made to see, to study,and to
ciples
Prinexperiment. The word should lead to work.
should
direct practices. The
understanding
of conditions
to
must
precede conscious obedience
""
law, but obedience
is the
desired
end.
Full
mental
conception of the subjectin its relations will,in time,
healthful bodies,
yieldfruit in the direction of more
richer by the
more
vigorous minds, and lives made
accomplishment of good deeds.
WHAT
WHERE.
AND
J.
CHAPTER
PAGE
The
Body
and
Why
easily
its
"
Outward
take
to
well
of
Pairs
of the
Study
Legs
The
"
LimBs
Something
Body.
and
Why
that
of
:
flows
live.
Kinds
The
The
of
Find
Foods
"
Digestion
The
Juice
"
Body
:
of
the
Uses
of
the
Out.
Mixed
of
We
"
Food
of
the
is
How
Teeth"
:
eat
^Value
"
Foods.
Saliva
How
out
of
Swallow
we
Hygiene
we
How
Saliva
How
wasted
to
Tobacco
"
thing
Some-
Mastication.
Out.
Goes
Stomach
Changes
"
Kinds
:
"
CHAPTER
How
look
Parts
"
wearing
Care
How
Saliva
Esophagus.
to
Eat
Teeth"
clean.
should
21
always
we
Special
"
Teeth
Amount
"
Body
What
how
It
of
The
:
Mastication"
the
keep
"
may
Different
Eat
Eat
we
we
Comes
what
know
n.
CHAPTER
Eating,
Joints
Find
to
ing
injur-
the
Animals
other
of
Bodies
we
of
and
avoid
to
Why
"
Parts
About
The
"
Body
to
needed
Study
"
Things
Some
:
Natural
"
the
within
healthy.
The
Bodies
our
Body
the
Organs
"
in
Parts
require
keep
Arms
Body
Others
of
and
The
Study
Parts
care
13
should
we
seen
Parts
On
:
in
HI.
the
35
Structure
Stomach
"
"
Muscular
Chyme
Action
"
The
"
Gastric
Absorbents
"
WHAT
10
AND
WHERE.
PACK
Drink
Alcohol
"
Alcohol
in
Habit.
The
Juices
"
Intestines
The
"
Liver
"
and
Ventricles
46
Lungs
The
Plan
Bronchial
"
Tubes
Lungs
"
of
"
An
"
Produces
The
Stupor
"
Find
to
CHAPTER
How
Blood
the
Waste
Veins
"
Does
of
Action
in the
become
not
Oxygen
a
Find
to
of the
Walls
the
Body
Motion
necessary
Structure"
Connective
Hollow
Muscles
Muscles
How
"
"
"
of
.58
.
Capillaries The
"
Heart
Hygiene
the Effect
Enlarges
"
of
Action
in the Blood
Hinders
"
"
nute
Mi-
Circulation.
Out.
Able
is
.
Alcohol
"
Blood
of the
VI.
CHAPTER
How
Lungs
in the Arteries
Action
"
Divisions of the Arteries.
Something
in the
Hygiene
..
The
"
in the Veins
Part
Injures the
"
Arteries
Heart
Action
Capillaries"
in the
"
"
"
Out.
Body
the
The
Repair
in
Lungs
in the
Air.
"
Forces
"
Alcohol
"
:
V.
Nurtures
and
Lungs
in the
Blood
Pure
Heart-
Trachea
varies
Tobacco
"
of
Need
Something
Respiration.
of the
Burden
Unnecessary
The
Action
"
Return
Breathing
the
The
"
Chest
"
"
of
Action.
Pulmonary
"
"
Results
Out.
IV.
the
How
Larynx The Pleura
Breathing Inspiration Expiration
The
Find
to
Position"
Its
of the
Structure
"
Purified
gets
Heart:
Auricles
"
"
Something
Digestion.
The
creatic
Pan-
"
Blood
THE
Office of the
"
"
CHAPTER
How
The
"
Intestinal
"
Office of the Bile
"
"
The
OF
Structure
:
Pancreas
Bile
Power
Absorbing
"
Chyle
Liver
Absorption The Portal System The
Thoracic
Duct
giene
Summary of Changes. Hy-
in the
"
The
The
"
Lacteals
Stomach
Duodenum
Juice
Alcohol
the
to
Life.
Tissue
the
Flexors
66
Move
to
"
Parts of Muscles
Muscles
and
Muscles
The
act
Extensors
:
"
General
Tendons
Voluntary and
"
"
How
"
voluntary
In-
the Muscles
WHERE.
AND
WHAT
\i
PAGE
"
not
for
TO
Find
need
Muscles
The
gain Strength
Hygiene
Strength.
Rest
Out.
VH.
CHAPTER
How
Body
THE
of
Trunk
the
of the Head
Cavities of the
the
move
Shocks
CHAPTER
How
Body
the
General
Skin
the
How
soft
kept
the Skin
Why
of
How
"
.
ene
Hygi-
the
Skin
What
Hair:
casts
and
should
Hygiene
it is
out
the
Grayness
be
of
clothed
of the
to
Skin
Matter
Skin
absorbs
keep
Hair.
the
"
"
Skin
the
keep
:
the
How
"
Waste
to
the
How
"
Skin.
the
How
How
"
The
of the Skin
Layers
"
.91
.
.
Bodily Covering.
"
Body
clothed.
.
How
regulates Heat
should
be kept clean
"
the
the
of the Skin
healthy Thinning
Why
the Muscles
VIII.
"
The
clean.
Bony
"
Out.
Find
.
Structure
is
Skin
of
Covered
is
Usefulness
The
Legs
distributed.
to
of the
Bones
"
How
:
are
Something
Repair
of the
Bones
"
Materials
"
Skull
the
yy
,
Uses of the
Bones
Movements
How
"
Bones.
the
OF
Bones
Arms
Bodily
Body.
of
Sutures
.
:
and
Growth
"
"
of the
Bones
"
made
are
Bones
of the
Structure
"
.
.
The
Bodily Frame.
a
Bones
Bones
"
Stand
to
of Bones
the
which
Bones
of
Forms
"
Able
is
Need
The
Bones
Something
Muscles.
the
of
Health,
for
Exercise
"
Hair
Clothing;
should
Body
Something
be
Find
to
Out.
CHAPTER
How
Bodily
Motion
Bodily Organs
System
The
;
Brain
System
Action
"
How
"
The
Use
must
Directed
Nerves
"
are
Spinal Cord
of
"
in
act
the
Nerves
Sympathetic Action
"
of the Nerves
Nerves
the
is
IX.
Rest
of the
Staggering Effect
"
"
107
distributed
The
Nerves
on
Nerve-Matter
"
Habit
"
"
Ganglions
Direct
"
"
the
Nervous
The
Harmony.
Sympathetic
Nerve-Action
Training
How
Alcohol
"
"
The
Reflex
"
and
Mind
"
Exercise
affects the
Lower
Na-
AND
WHAT
12
WHERE.
PAGB
Control
in
tiire
How
"
Hygiene
affect^
Tobacco
of
Nerves.
the
the
Nerves
ance.
Inherit-
"
Something
Find
to
Out.
X.
CHAPTER
How
Mind
THE
Ideas
gets
Expresses
and
Them
122
.
Sensations
Taste
Guide
Light
the
"
:
of
Sense.
Light
Action
"
Speech
Care
of
of
The
the
of
of
the
Flavors
"
Foods.
Eye
Care
"
of
to
The
"
of
Find
of
What
Stimulants
Where
Unnecessary
Mean
Analysis
Topical
Bones
:
Words
the
of
the
to
Find
the
not
"
The
Seeing:
of
Muscles
of
Organs
The
Voice
Organs
:
Production
Its
Structure"
Eye.
fect
Per-
Smell
of
Sense
a
"
of
Speech
Special
XI.
Narcotics
and
I.
the
Taste
of
Out.
CHAPTER
Stimulants
Its
Sense
Sense
Sound
Expression"
Hygiene
The
"
The
Ear.
The
"
Need
Something
Senses.
Hearing:
Light
Voice.
Special
Sentinel
a
of
Care
Need
Eye
OF
Sense
"
"
as
of
Choice
the
Ear
The
"
in
The
Odors.
Need
Taste
The
:
The
"
137
"
Injurious.
2.
Narcotics.
141
156
166
Body
Things
169
LIVE.
WE
HOW
I.
CHAPTER
When
made
are
of
up
and
name
look
we
one
common
of
have
studied
If
it is the
the
body
parts
attached
the
arms
portion
But,
;
of it
if
are
some
of the
head.
portant
im-
that
able
the
of
the
body
to
the
upper
the
one
that
erect,
outer
pictures
below
and
of the
name
We
the
make
next
the
us
likewise, be
largest part
inside
we
many
them
a
most
unless
are
about
standing
of
uses
could
we
would,
the
when
body
and
We
ask
should
that
Perhaps
are
has
the
but,
;
they
parts
know
there
interesting things
the
of
names
the
these
uses
care,
that
see
We
and
with
we
of
uses.
names
them
one
any
answer
of
Each
more
these
bodies,
our
parts.
Bodies.
our
we
know.
not
part
at
or
and
do
Study
should
IV/iy we
PARTS.
ITS
AND
BODY
THE
those
highest
would
we
could
also
parts
of
tell the
the
head.
of them.
the
tell that
to
is the
head
is the
trunk
portion
attached
neck
;
part
; that
that
the
of
the
trunk
to
the
lower
legs.
should
head, neck,
or
ask
trunk,
about
us
we
would
what
be
is
un-
WE
HOW
14
able to
from
answer
tell either the
LIVE.
observation, and
names
the
or
of the
uses
inside organs
has a work
of life ; and the peculiarwork
support
its curious
and
does
of
way
it
doing
not
Yet
parts.
of these
each
could
we
in the
do
to
which
each
of
matters
are
great interest.
When
tell the
can
we
careful
the
which
of conduct
If
we
see
bhnded
by
teeth
a
and
;
once
weak
and
so
know
and
we
not
shall
we
danger ; yet, by
neglect or abuse our
that they will be as
same
are
organs
injuredthey are
nearly useless.
only
be
able
to
do
our
are
to
work
ingly
know-
never
visible accident.
a
their
afterward, in
By knowing
injuringthem,
should
we
names
them
how
keep
cate
deli-
soft and
parts of the
the
shall know
thus
Looks
we
always tell
parts of the body
change our course
therefore,that
make
will
what
when
be
not
they need, we may avoid
escape pain and disease.
should
Then
But
care
It is necessary,
great deal about
also
so
may
internal
when
cases,
many
what
a
those
accident,
some
of the
Most
can
shall
we
avoid
surelydestroyed as by
and
we
ourselves to the
expose
of knowledge, we
may
or
e3^es in such a way
want
and
future.
fingers,
our
aches and diseases.
many
person'stooth broken off,or his eye
to
as
we
see,
burn
we
pain ;
the
study of
the
not
can
we
it in
headache,
or
By
cause.
or
of the
cause
avoid
to
earache
have
stingsus,
bee
a
know
We
body.
and
stronger
uses,
but
weaker.
or
health,
our
preserve
in the best conourselves
dition
to
in the
important.
world.
We
like
to
see
good-
THE
AND
BODY
should
We
looking people.
ITS
PARTS.
15
desire to look
well, so
pleaseothers. One of the
of good looks is health.
most
important elements
loses that clearness
of complexion,
A sicklyperson
that elasticity
that sparkle of the eye, and
of step
all admire.
which
and vigor of motion
we
also enjoy life much
By keeping in health we
better.
We
suffer less from
bodily pain ; we see
and succeed
better in what
we
thingsmore
clearly,
that
will
appearance
our
undertake
; we
take
can
of ourselves, and
care
avoid
to
are
any
becoming a burden
more
ready to perform
itself.
Besides, we
friends; and
our
duty
that
take
gloomy views of life,and make
we
are
generallydisagreeable
; and, while
others happier also.
ourselves, we make
not
About
The
and
Arms.
the neck.
in
as
the
the ends
The
extend
hands, which
to
in
hands
happier
form
arms
the
trunk
pair,
a
justbelow
oppositedirections, and
continue
The
arms.
that the
see
sidewise
They
ourselves
of the Body,
Parts
We
fastened
are
end
"
we
may
present
We
do
cheerful.
more
are
thus
in the
terminate
direction
same
in
of the
and
fingers,
fingersare protectedby
The
Legs.
legs are joined to
nails.
"
the
lower
part of the trunk and extend downward, ending in
feet,which are at rightangles to the legs. At one
extremity the foot has a heel, and at the other it
terminates
in toes,
by
The
when
are
which, like the fingers,
tected
pro-
nails.
Limbs
taken
Joints. The
called
together are
and
"
arms
limbs.
and
All
legs
the
IV
WE
LIVE.
to
the
body
HO
i6
limbs
attached
are
they can
is called
If
we
examine
chicken, which
joint.
leg of
a
a
we
mutton,
have
may
we
each
a
round
head
another
bones
form
Such
at
bone
at
a
the
joint
hip.
the
greater
We
freedom
that
see
a
attached
door
and
the
legs at
backward
called
The
and
The
hinge.
the
those
ankles
which
are
and
move
admit
made
the
ment
arrange-
only
arms
of
up
about
a
tions,
direc-
elbows,
forward
these
each other.
and
jointsare
jointsat the
great varietyof
of several
in
of attachment
the
at
jamb
two
kind
only a
hence
the
hinge-joints.
double
or
compound
the
at
the
to
arms
knees, have
movement,
and
bones
a
not
are
this
is attached
a
is called
sockets
The
as
to
of movement.
that it can
swing in
way
and forward.
This
backward
such
the
and
arms
allows
much
have
and
shoulders
the
deep
hips, and
of
joint.
jointwe
shoulders
the
so
-Ball-and-socket
These
is called
what
hips,where
the legs are
the
body.
Fig
fitting
having
ball-and-socket
the
bone
a
cup-likecavity.
a
a
table at dinner,
in
into
tachment
at-
leg of
the
find
with
that
way
point of
or
the
on
a
The
direction.
in every
move
in such
wrists
ments,
move-
small, rounded
The
knuckles
ITS
AND
BODY
THE
The
parts of the
lower
17
of the elbows
like those
toe-joints,
knees, are hinge-joints.
the
and
PARTS.
and
the
arms
legs have also a turning or
twisting motion, so that we can
hands
turn
our
completely over
and
and
feet in and
our
is
motion
by
arm
brought
This
out.
in the
about
of two
arrangement
an
extend
through
the
bones
which
lower
part of the limb, and which
about
turn
of the
Parts
the
Besides
"
of
another.
one
Body in Pairs.
pairsof
have
legs,we
two
arms
and
ears,
two
yig.
that
the
in structure.
ahke
sides
two
This
Hinge -joint
"
of
the elbow.
If we
twp cheeks.
eyes, and
examine
shall see that the
we
closely,
nostrils,and
2.
nose
mouth
of the
arrangement
has
of the
two
are
nal
exter-
it double ; so
parts of the body in pairs makes
from
that,if it were
divided by a line running down
the middle of the forehead, it would
be in halves,each
with
the
The
other
in
parts turned
same
Bodies
of other
animals, we
shall
oppositedirections.
Animals.
the
"
If
we
examine
generalplan
of structure
and oppositesides alike.
parts in pairs,
The
parts of other animals correspond to parts of
bodies in many
our
own
ber,
respects, agreeing in numand general use, but differing
what
someposition,
in form.
Thus
the cat and the dog have four
limbs
each : but
their arms
are
fore-legs
; their
see
same
"
hands, paws
;
and
their nails,claws;
l8
HOW
The
each
horse
but,
;
hoof,
arms
by
it
and
in
the
the
and
cow
thin, delicate
a
the
fly;
can
them
have
of toes, the
bat's four
four
horse
one.
The
limbs
are
limbs
terminate
limbs
has
a
gle
sin-
chicken's
connected
skin, forming wings with
four
webbed
also
double
a
the
;
LIVE.
cow
place
the
wings
are
WE
in
which
feet,two
of
for
swimming ; the fish's four limbs
fins ; and nearly all the vertebrates
are
are
provided
with
the same
number
of limbs, showing a general
plan in creation, or, as Agassiz expresses
it, "a
thought of God."
Uses
us
the
of the
brain.
mind
The
brain
for the
we
have
To
food,
legs to
parts
mind
the
go
are
;
and
mind
good
the
the
portant.
im-
most
direct
head,
of
one
and
of
use
is protected
thinks, a
be
must
trunk
blood,
;
to
arms
and
tiny part of
repaired. The
this
is
have
reach
of it.
thus
and
see
terials
ma-
this purpose
large, so
;
the
Hence
For
food
out
We
blood.
for the
necessary
must
we
in search
that
it
process.
and
take
that
to
get
it,and
all the
expressly for the service of the
that
action
alone
can
by their proper
be kept in good condition.
would
One
made
think, then,
take
is in
everything
have
we
mind, is
thinking makes
mind
and
a
make
In each
"
the
from
repair come
of making blood.
a way
contain
may
the
out
wears
have
the
or
brain
time
must
in
Body.
skull.
the
by
Every
we
of the
part that thinks,
The
the
Parts
that
care
the
of the
mind,
body.
if it is
sensible, would
^OW
20
while
food
their
chicken
a
and
their
?
eating
duck's
the
birds
do
In
20.
taking
what
of
care
Note.
the
At
found
several
value
a
can
way
the
in
differ
the
from
that
of
place
mouth
teacher
sub-topics
to
and
and
of
each
reviews.
outline
other,
and
each
as
general
statements
showing
as
commencing
book,
the
for
analysis
pupil,
mistakes
in
?
end
These
avoid
best
we
body
latter
topical
chapters.
to
foot
have
"
be
hold
to
?
nose
will
fore-paws
?
What
19.
LIVE.
use
does
How
18.
of
animals
What
17.
WE
affording
subject
may
relations
the
a
on
scientific
treated
made
be
of
156,
page
the
basis
in
of
great
topics
for
the
and
nations
exami-
II.
CHAPTER
AND
EATING,
W/ij^
Every
that
think,
we
which
If
this
waste
and
out,
the
is called
Before
mixed
be
first
The
then,
that
able
to
with
each
It
this
be
We
have
other
meat,
articles
is
eat,
tables,
must
up
;
must
parts
useful
parts
worthless.
are
We
eating.
that
every
and
that
eat,
of
part
we
may
work.
Eat.
we
for
breakfast
bread,
potatoes,
of
to
food
it
broken
the
which
strengthened,
daily
our
and
process
live.
may
may
our
pair
re-
nurture
body,
different
;
those
What
Upon
soon
of
of
be
must
other;
from
in
step
do
parts
process
the
dissolved
be
bodies
our
the
elements
nurture
changes.
must
we
the
composed.
are
The
of
cells
minute
body
dies.
can
separated
be
must
be
it
the
repair,
and
food
many
of
parts
the
thought
every
food.
the
undergo
of
body
nurture,
in
found
are
of
without
on
and
make,
some
parts
goes
Eat,
we
we
destroys
various
the
wear
that
motion
IT.
OF
COMES
WHAT
eat
or
fish, fruit,
;
and
water,
dinner,
and
we
many
milk^
and
HOW
22
LIVE.
WE
take this food
We
must
liquidsto drink.*
the demands
and drink
at regular times, to satisfy
of appetiteand the needs of the system.
different elements,
As the body is composed of many
other
the food
take
we
after
as
in
no
which
take
we
lacks
than
which
is the
all the
not
all of them
same
elements
*
The
common
and
is made
of wheat
obliged to
furnishingthe
are
of all
valuable
stickypart, of flour. It
which
the body needs, but
elements
in sufficient quantity.f Nearly the
gluten,or
here
find out
; the
in the
found
are
pupil should
use,
But,
sufficient
and
of the most
One
"
are
lack.
the others
of Food.
needs
in others.
all kinds
contains
"
contains
;
element,
justas certainly.
which
the body
elements
food
the foods
tain
con-
starve
needed
some
articles of food
some
Kinds
must
food, we
no
elements, we
quantitiesof needed
take a varietyof foods
kind
one
elements
take
we
starve
we
one
If
that
of the
More
found
food
time
a
drink
elements.
these
if
and
the
enumerate
all he
wheat
about
can
in
grows
our
albumen,
or
different kinds
each.
For
white,
of food
:
bread
grain is
taken
example
fields ; the
in
ground ; and the meal or flour is made into bread. This
of the subjectserves
both farming and manutreatment
to introduce
facturing
and to show
needs.
their relation to our
operations,
This grain does
article of food.
Again, take rice,another common
in our
lowland
but is the product of a warm,
not grow
fields,
region.
to the mill and
The
relations
of
that branch
othei
of
the
of growth serves
to show
place and manner
food to geography, and to give a new
and vital interest to
and many
of study. In like manner,
tea, coffee,
sugar, salt,
of
description
articles may
f Wheat, the
gluten. Fine
bread
of
it,we
be made
most
to
serve
a
valuable
of
our
white
lose
flour retains the
its
the
flour contains
best
similar purpose
grains,contains
largeamount
little gluten,and, when
part of the grain. The
gluten,and makes
a
excellent bread.
we
make
"
new-process
"
of ^gz^\
in
of lean
meat;
the
principalpart
constitutes
fibrinewhich
foods
These
blood.
23
curds, of which
caseine, or
in the
; and
of the
clot
the
in
IT
OF
is the
myosin,which
the
is made
cheese
COMES
WHAT
AND
EATING,
known
are
as
proteids,or albuminoids.
forms
that
starch
a
vegetable products.
other
contain
so
as
The
foods
all
includes
foods
class of
third
The
found
proportionsare
differing
These
in the vegetablegums.
amyloidsy'
and
sugar
known
as
food.
as
in
elements
same
less valuable
is therefore
gluten,and
ever,
not, howelements
needed
of the
many
grains and
does
Starch
is the
food
of great value as
large part of the
substance
Another
in
are
stances,
oily sub-
vegetable,and are known
elements
as
fats. They are composed of the same
that
starch and sugar, but they so differ in form
as
before
they can
they need a different treatment
nourish the body.f
form
Minerals
be ranked
may
and
animal
both
fourth class of substances
the
foods.
as
potash,iron, salt, and
*
forms
Starch
little besides
They
starch
and
These
water.
all the
largepart of
a
Peas
water.
include
lime, soda,
all found
are
grains. Potatoes
and
beans
are
Tapioca, sago, arrowroot, and rice are nearlyall
made
turnips,and other garden vegetablesare principally
and
f
of
All
of
power
the
and
sugars
of
of food
each
body.
the
the
But,
starches
extreme
given
helps to
producing heat,
regions of
of diet.
than
starch.
up
of
but
half
Beets,
starch,
water.
the kinds
nurture, but
being
contain
more
starch.
sugar,
that
above
furnish
while
the
not
the heat
proteidsare
are
also
but
the fats have
north, oil
needed.
is
only furnish
one
The
necessary
best
the
for the well-
for nurture, the
amyloids
still greater.
of the most
elements
have
great
In the frozen
necessary
articles
ffOlV
24
in the
body, and
WE
in the different
be contained
must
articles of food.
LIVE.
These
substances, with
the exception
of
salt,are found in sufficient quantitiesin meat,
in fruit,and in vegetables.
Special Foods.
flour
and
needed
Of
"
oatmeal
the
vegetable foods, Avheat-
contain
elements, and
the
of
greatest number
the
perfect
foods.
Corn-meal
is rich in starch and fats,but has
littlegluten. Peas and beans
have a largeportion
of vegetablecaseine,a substance
that resembles
ten,
gluand
they are ranked very high as foods. As
they are not easilydigested,however, they should
be taken only in small quantitiesby those who
have
weak
this
is the best of all the
elements, with
same
fats. Veal, lamb, and
which
the
Eggs
and
oysters
and
are
and
hot
wholesome
that
water
be
can
up of starch and
f
Meats
hot
or
sugar
at
so
first,
preserve the inside
In
making
slowlyto
made.
of foods.
in
a
The
a
then
hot oven,
Fish
and
Clams, crabs,
large amount
a
wheat-grain,makes
of the
of this
ing
flour,by simply mix-
pouring the
are
among
thin batter
the best
or
crust
of
made
of water.
They should
roasted.
may
into
forms
garden vegetablesgenerallyare
broiled
that
digest.
to
be
formed
on
be
the
exposed
outside
to
juices.
soups,
the
made
Rolls
milk, and
and
best when
are
fire
turkey have
exceptionof the
f
easilydigested.
bread.
and baking
roll-pan,
bread
very
less
are
the flour with
a
the best
among
Next
less of the elements
have
pork
of meat.
and
the
Graham-flour, containing the whole
sweet
to
to
body needs, and are harder
milk are
nearlyperfectfoods.
lobsters
*
kinds
Chicken
mutton.
comes
nearly the
a
nearest
stomachs.*
Beef
to
come
the meat
should
so
boiling-point,
as
be put in cold water, and
to extract
the
juices.
brought
Fruits
mostly made
are
they also contain
needed
by the system
but
IT.
OF
25*
up of starch and sugar,
of the mineral
matter
more
is found
than
of fruits is also
acid
The
foods.
COMES
WHAT
AND
EATING,
in most
aid
an
to
other
tion.
diges-
valued, however, for their
chiefly
agreeableflavors,which gently excite the digestive
when
taken in moderate
quantities
they
; and
organs
Fruits
are
wholesome.^
very
Mixed
that
no
are
Foods.
substance
one
that
of foods
mixture
a
all the needed
the
foods
in such
the
a
elements
is necessary
way
which
others
the
bread, rich in gluten,lacks starch
is added
meat,
Mastication."
When
should
Fish
*
condition
milk
produces
and
fat,and
or
Thus
butter
with
eaten
with
a
we
Eat.
first step toward
reducing
in which
it can
the
nourish
unpleasanteffect
an
upon
the
stomach, it
little lime-water.
oysters should
be
unless
fresh.
perfectly
Strawberries,raspberries,
blackberries,currants, cherries,peaches,
apples,melons,
each
The
a
be mixed
secure
butter.
or
gravy,
to
lack.
potatoes, mostly starch, are
;
How
food
to
Experience has taught us
is general of mixing
custom
that one
will supply the
elements.
lesson,and
same
needed
us
study so far has shown
fore
is a perfectfood, and there-
Our
"
and
in its season,
and
The
save
us
not
oranges
will,many
from
a
course
are
eaten
all
excellent,and
times, make
the
their moderate
doctor's
visit
use,
sary,
unneces-
of medicine.
puipy substance of unripe fruits is often hard and tough,and
the juice strong and sour.
When
fruits,in this condition,are eaten,
irritation and
they can not be digested,and both pulp and juicecause
often inflammation
of the digestive
Fruits are
made
some
wholeorgans.
by ripeningand by cooking.
HOPV
26
LIVE.
WE
The
rectly
dichewing, or mastication.
organs
the teeth,the tongue,
used
in chewing are
The
teeth
The
and the cheeks.
grind the food.
the
tongue and the cheeks keep the food between
be ground.
teeth so that it may
is
body
Teeth.
The
"
If
examine
we
the
of
mouth
a
cat
dog, we discover four prominent teeth that are
long and pointed. The other teeth,both front and
These
back, are shorter and smaller.
sharp teeth
to be of
can
easilypiercesoft substances, and seem
justthe rightshape for tearingflesh.
find the
of a squirrelor rabbit we
In the mouth
prominent teeth, four in number, directlyin front.
These
teeth are
long ; but, instead of being pointed,
they have a sharp edge like a chisel,which fits them
for cuttinghard substances
or
gnawing.
or
a
If
we
of
look into the mouth
a
find the
horse, we
prominent teeth broad and flat,the exact shape for
grinding grain,or for breaking in pieces the soft
stalks of plants.
In
mouths
own
our
dog, the rabbit,and
nearlyalike in size. The
jaw in front are called
the
teeth, one
each
on
eight
and
teeth
the
next
twelve
side
to
back
the
horse
four
;
but
the
like those
of
they are
all
cuttingteeth
incisors ; the
of each
four
jaw, next
ca?iine teeth, or
called
incisors,are
the
find teeth
we
cuspids are
teeth, six
on
on
each
pointed
back
of
cuspids; the
the
each
bicuspids
;
jaw, are
molars.
The
of the
that
parts of the
jaw
are
appears
teeth
that lie inside the bones
the roots, and
outside
the gums
the
part of each
is the
crown.
tooth
Usu-
I/O IV
28
Care
the
of the Teeth.
tooth
WE
LIVE.
the enamel
When
"
decays,causing
pain
severe
breath.
should
the
teeth
special and
the
teeth,but
instead,and
enamel
teeth.
of
substances
the
crack
to
their
with
spoil their
has
prevent
boys try
nuts
hard
pleasant
un-
care.
Some
crack
an
To
receive
constant
so
and
troubles,
these
hard
is broken
Biting
kind
any
effect.
same
A
Fig.
4.
enamel
Ay
;
of
Section
"
;
B,
a
nerve
be
ity
cav-
C, C, roots.
into it
and
sudden
The
teeth
In like
cracked
be
may
ice-cream
How
to
keep
of the
the
of gas
and
enamel
Teeth
hot
from
tea.
the teeth and
gets lodged between
remain
there, a kind
permitted to
which
destroys the
tooth to decay.
enamel
to
food
When
of temperature
the
manner
water.
by abruptly changing
foods, as from
cold to hot
of hot
stream
a
irregularchange
the break.
causes
cold may
pitcherwhen
easilycracked
by pouring
tooth
Clean.
is formed
the
causes
"
is
After
whole
each
the teeth should be
lodged between
by a tooth-pickof wood or quill.
carefullyremoved
of a pin or a penknife is apt to injurethe
The
use
On risingin the morning, after
teeth or the gums.
each meal, and before going to bed at night,the teeth
meal, the
should
*
The
be
food
cleaned
tooth-brush
the teeth,but not
so
with
should
stiff as
water
be stiff
to
and
enough
injurethe
gums.
to
a
remove
tooth-brush.*
all food from
AND
EATING,
COMES
WHAT
OF
IT.
29
be used with profit.
littlefine salt may sometimes
will help to
Powdered
orris-root,used sparingly,
A
breath
the
keep
A
substance, known
hard
collects
sweet.
inside
the
on
of the
When
teeth, next
the gums,
will destroyboth teeth
and, if permitted to remain,
and
tartar, sometimes
as
it
begins to collect,this tartar
be readilyremoved
by scrapingthe teeth with
broad end of a quilltooth-pick.
gums.
may
the
How
the food
After
Swallow.
we
chewed
has been
enough,
it is to
Before
swallowing,saliva is mixed
with it,moistening it,and
so
making it slippery,
that it will go down
easily.The saliva is furnished
by the salivaryglands of the mouth, and is obtained
be swallowed.
from
the
How
blood.
Saliva
saliva
out
pour
in various
The
time, but
excited
are
not
to
tion
ac-
of the
jaws
will
produce
enough to
flow
a
en
moistchewing, this flow is
food, and in talkingit is usually suflicient to
The
of the mouth,
who
sight,smell, or
hungry
on
salivaryglands do
In
knows
one
every
the dentist.
be
The
ways.
keep the mouth moist.
Touching any part
of anything in it,will
may
"
all the
movement
of saliva.
the
Flows.
will
seen
while
also
*'
make
has
been
taste
the
by watching
her
supper
the
cause
of
a
the presence
or
saliva to
the hands
under
of food
mouth
cow
flow, as
when
we
water."
when
turnips is
of
are
This
she is looking
in
course
of
HOW
30
preparation.The
of
Articles
LIVE.
saliva is
flow out
to
as
WE
of the
in such
produced
quantities
mouth.
of her
corners
pungent taste, like mustard, pepper,
the
mouth
horse-radish, and
tobacco, make
a
hot, causing a free flow of saliva.
Amount
of Saliva.
to
moisten
we
find
food.
our
in the
without
who
can
will
have
To
enough
no
the
to
eat
the
slowly and
thinner
and
Bread
and
food
the
from
will
and
it
which
when
we
are
"
not
therefore
"
The
saliva,however,
very
cause
vegetable
of the amount
If
the
needed
mouth
keep
eating,a
materials
jaws
our
flow
useless
of material
gum
is
is made
comes
we
produced, which is waste
weakening to the body. Chewing
Tobacco.
when
meats.
excess
of
jaws
saliva is
are
food
food
our
the
than
is Wasted.
Saliva
in motion
habits
time
a
and
has less of the
poorer,
for the repairsof the body.
necessary
How
out.
pour
blood
chew
of
movement
moistening
The
their
any
chewing
more
waste.
to
is
takes
amount
bolt
look forward
All flow of saliva in
for
get this
there
kind.
saliva to
need
then
comfort, and when
they
strengthfor work, or play,or ment
enjoy-
that
fine,so
and
and
hastily,
eat
with
eat
not
of any
We
need
foods
swallow,
chewing, may
they
justenough saliva
do not get enough,
we
stomach.
Those
need
When
it difficult to
trouble
time.
We
"
of
and
all like
and
hurtful.
most
is the
fruitful
use
of
cause
tobacco.
of
waste
The
in
gent
pun-
qualitiesof this narcotic produce an excessive
the excitingcause
is constantly
flow, and, when
kept
AND
EATING,
wasted
Up, the amount
exhaustive.
Again, by
by
this waste
saliva itself becomes
perform
its
effect of
other
be mentioned
the
do
like
not
serious
becomes
the
materials
and
of the blood
gradually diminish.
weak, inactive,and
in
the
needed
unable
stomach
;
elsewhere
and,
are
tinually
con-
the
of tobacco
use
needs
gives an unpleasantodor
habit
a disagreeable
causes
often
that
to
31
It
here.
breath, and
spitting
; so
IT.
off.
drained
One
OF
often
specialwork
materials
besides, other
,
COMES
saliva is furnished
which
The
to
WHAT
to
to
of
clean,sensitive,and refined persons
those who
have
use
tobacco
come
them.
near
Esophagus.
The
through
which
the
The
"
food
esophagus is
passes
from
the
the
tube
mouth
to
chewed
sufficiently
and
moistened, it is pressed backward
by the
tongue, and falls into the pharynx^ a portion of
the esophlies immediately above
the throat which
agus.
the stomach.
On
When
the food
is
its way to the pharynx it passes
of the windpipe,but is kept from
over
the
trance
en-
into
falling
when
shuts down
which
a valve
epiglottis,
the epiglottis
the food
comes
along. Sometimes
close quickly enough, and a particleof
does not
food, getting into the windpipe, chokes us, and
out.
ing
to cough until it is thrown
causes
us
By eatslowly we avoid this danger.
the esophagus,and when
extend around
Muscles
the food enters
from the pharynx they contract, the
first,and then the next in order, thus
one
upper
it
by
the
^OIV
32
LIVE,
WE
into the stomach.
food
graduallyforcingthe
of eatingis now
process
is ready to proceed.
that of
done, and
Hygiene of
The
digestion
Mastication.
foregoingstudy of the subjectwe derive the followinglaws in regard to mastication :
the body.
I. Take
food that will best nourish
II. Eat slowly,to give the time necessary for the
From
the
of all the
action
proper
III. Chew
to
moisten
IV.
until
enough
saliva is obtained
it.
Do
V.
food
of mastication.
organs
injurethe
not
Avoid
teeth
exposing the
by bitinghard
teeth
to sudden
stances.
sub-
changes
of temperature.
VI.
VII.
time
Swallow
VIII.
sparing in
Do
and
X.
weakens
not
other
Avoid
too
keep
the
great
the
the
use
body,
disagreeable.
on
our
2.
What
farms
What
3. What
other
flow of saliva.
in motion
not
and
makes
to
by chewing
needed
of tobacco,
Something
1.
a
jaws
substances
the
give the epiglottis
choking.
of highly seasoned
use
to
as
thus avoid
that induce
IX.
gum
Be
clean.
slowly,so
act, and
to
foods
the teeth
Keep
it wastes
as
the
Find
grains besides
food.
as
saliva,
using it
person
Out.
wheat
are
raised
?
garden vegetablesdo we
part of the corn-plantdo
raise to eat ?
we
eat ? of the
AND
EATING,
WHAT
? of the
potato-plant
? of cabbage ?
What
4.
COMES
OF
in
makes
dough
33
? of asparagus
beet ? of the onion
substance
IT.
it stick together
?
5. How
is wheat-bread
made
Hght?
6.
difficult to make
corn-bread
Why is it more
light? In making corn-bread, what is the effect of
mixing the white of eggs with the corn-meal ?
in winter than in
eaten
more
7. Why is fat meat
summer?
8. How
is the oil necessary
regions?
the frozen
is
Why
9.
Graham-flour
11.
12.
13.
or
than
hot water
14. In what
when
used
15. Of
16.
the
from
at
what
made
from
flour ?
first?
should
oysters and fish be
Why
What
are
benefit is the acid of fruits?
fruits unwholesome?
green
fruits be made
wholesome?
may
green
kind of food should
be mixed
with
What
19. In
with
cooking,what
Why ?
Mention
20.
fine white
condition
proteids?
?
food
in
for food ?
17. How
18.
wholesome
more
obtained
Why is beef as a food better than pork?
Why are oysters better than clams?
Why is it better to roast beef than to boil it?
In boiHng meats, should
they be put into
10.
cold
for food
other
the
amyloids?
is usuallymixed
with
foods
that
are
roni
maca-
usuallyeaten
together.
2 1
.
need ?
What
are
milk-teeth,and what
care
do
they
HOW
34
22.
decay,
23.
When
the
what
should
mustard
24.
is
25.
leaving
When
26.
do
is
What
What
the
the
use
evils
signs
of
in
sparing
the
use
of
?
know
they
not
best
of
show
?
be
we
people
why
off
do
we
horse-radish
and
hurtful,
teeth
permanent
should
Why
LIVE.
WE
way
tobacco
follow
that
the
leave
it
to
avoid
of
use
tobacco
off?
the
trouble
of
?
from
eating
too
rapidly
?
LIVE.
WE
HOW
36
food
opening, or cardiac the
esophagus ; and through
in a
pylorus,the food, when
per
outer,
glossy surface
blood,
no
it rubs
of the
againstany
trunk, or
or
and
other
The
coats.
Its
smooth.
by the serum
againstthe
is moistened
that, when
so
of three
up
is strong
coat
serous,
or
opening,
condition,passes
proper
is made
stomach
The
lower
the
intestines.
into the
out
the
in Irom
comes
from
the
walls of the
there
organs,
is
friction.
middle
The
around
extend
shortest
is made
coat
stomach
the
muscles
These
ways.
giving motion
up of muscles, which
in both the longestand
the
to
and
contract
stomach, and
pand,
ex-
churning
its contents.
The
inner,
little ridges or
This
known
coat
mucous,
is soft,and
folds, giving a great
from
secretes
coat
the
as
or
the
gastricjuice,which
lies in
of
amount
blood
flows
a
face.
sur-
fluid,
in
large
churning
is full. The
quantitieswhen the stomach
with
brings the gastricjuice into contact
process
the contents
of the
the food, and thoroughly mixes
stomach.
Food
food, is
Changes.
one
into
these
of the
agencies for changing
grape-sugar
substances
to
saliva, mixed
The
"
"
enter
a
with
the
the
loids
amy-
process
necessary
the blood.
to
fit
gastricjuicedissolves the proteids,such as
albumen
of eggs, the gluten of grain, and the
The
the
fibrine of meat,
phragm.
forms
This
and
membrane
makes
is attached
the floor of the chest and
fitto enter
them
to
the blood.
the walls of the
the roof of the abdomeri.
trunk, and
HOW
A
DIGESTION
GOES
ON.
11
small
portionof the food is taken up from the
stomach
called absorbents,and carried
by capillaries,
at once
But
to the
portalvein.
by far the greater
into a slimy,fluid mass,
called
part is converted
testine
chyme, and passes through the pylorus into the inDrink.
taken
At
"
If too
diluted
of the
heat
any
in the
mass
gastricjuiceis
not
properly
and
mucous
muscular
coats
absorbents, the animal
be kept up.
By drinking ice-water,or
cold drinks, with our
meals, the heat is
must
very
not
at
alcohol
effect is to
work
the
of
digestiongoes
on
all,until the heat is restored.
Stomach.
in the
Alcohol
taken
are
excite
the
"
When
into the
stimulants
stomach,
coat, and
mucous
the
taining
con-
first
increase
tinued
gastricjuice. If the drink is conday to day, the gastricflow increases,
of the
from
and
is excessive.
and
weak, and
In
consequence,
is unable
to
perform
it becomes
its proper
thin
work
digestion.
But
water.
of
can
be
of the
stomach, and
slowly,or
of
it
that
of the
action
the
flow
is taken, the
much
diminished, and
the
the
should
its work.
perform
For
to moisten
weakened
and
drink
enough
the solid food
with
stomach.
so
meal
each
alcohol
has
It takes
moisture
a
great
out
power
of the
of
absorbing
mucous
coat
By continuallydrinking it, the
stomach
becomes
hardened, and is unable to supply
gastricjuiceenough for digestion. If the drinking
is then kept up, more
less active inflammation
or
always sets in,often causing long illness,or death.
the
stomach.
1^0
38
Alcohol
drink
peculiareffect. Its action on
often leaves a sickly,
sinkingsensation,
be relieved
only by alcohol ; and so
can
induces
which
no
drink, until the habit is formed
one
can
the
While
LIVE.
has another
the stomach
which
WE
IV
without
escape
alcohol
from
great suffering.
is
busy with its work in the
stomach, the absorbents
are
tryingto get rid of it.
They take it up unchanged, and pass it on into the
the mischief
blood-vessels,ready to repeat elsewhere
it has begun in the stomach.
Intestinal
Structure.
The
"
intestines
coil,through which
the stomach.
in diameter
the
is twice
as
food
five
large,and
the whole
of about
feet.
twenty-five
from
secretes
canal
below
tine
large intesfeet in length. This
the stomach
a length
the stomach, the intestines have
muscular,
serous,
and
the
The
mucous.
blood
and
The
portionof
digestion.
a
muscular
mostly of rings,and
nearest
the
the starch
pours
coat
of
which
the
three
mix
has before
after
the
into
convert
oesophagus. This action
and
contents
downward,
expels
finally
portionfrom the body.
like those of the
with
intestines
one
coat
in small
out
these, beginning with
stomach, contract,
coats,
mucous
quantitiesthe intestinal juices. These
chyme coming from the stomach, and
sugar
inch
one
twenty feet long. The
gives to
Like
lying in a
after leaving
tubes
are
passes
small intestine is about
The
and
Digestion.
caped
es-
consists
the
the
one
other,
forces the
the
waste
HOW
DIGESTION
GOES
/
Fig. 6.
The
"
of
organs
^, liver ; r,
esophagus
", parts of
largeintestine ;
The
called the
the
d,
Duodenum.
intestine,about
from
;
pancreas
The
"
twelve
still further
leadingout
; e^ stomach
; /,
spleen ; g^
pylorus;
t\j\ k, w,
intestine.
upper
small
part of the
on
receives
its passage
pancreaticjuice and
the food
prepare
of the
in length,is
finger-breadths
The
chyme enters this canal
stomach, and
as
duodenum,
//,/, small
duodenum.
fluids known
a,
39
j
k
digestion:
ON.
bile^and
for the nurture
two
these
of the
body.
The
back
Pancreas.
of the
"
The
pancreas is
an
organ
stomach, irregularin shape and
lying
about
HOW
40
six inches
the
long."^ It
blood, and
mix
with
the
and
LIVE.
WE
pancreatic
juicefrom
secretes
pours
it out
chyme.
The
neutralizes
into the duodenum
to
pancreaticjuice is
kaline
al-
acids.
It also acts
digested
un-
upon
amyloids,proteids,and fats.
When
the chyme enters
the duodenum,
the oily
portion lies on the surface. The pancreaticjuice
unites with it and
divides it into minute
particles
and mixes
it through the whole
of chyme, as
mass
the oilyparticlesof cream
and mixed
divided
are
A
in milk.
part of the oil is converted
into
stance
sub-
a
resembling soap.
The
the
Liver.
The
"
right side
bile from
the
the
under
and
carried
In
the
large organ
a
lower
ribs.
the food
to
a
It secretes
taken
the veins
liver-cells
lying on
denum.
into the duo-
it out
pours
portion of
and
liver.
the
blood
The
absorbents
liver is
by the
through
up
passes
substance
sugary
glycogen is secreted, and conveyed by the
hepaticveins into the general circulation.
The
office that bile has to perform is not fully
called
understood.
blood
it is waste
That
by the fact that,
takes place,the body
resorptionof the bile
becomes
yellow with jaundice.
reducing
fats
the
acid
of
the
intestines
*
;
that
the
a
renders
In animals
and is considered
whose
a
it
chyme
suppliesalkali
;
and
the passage
flesh
we
derstood
un-
pancreaticjuicein
which
of waste
eat, the pancreas
for the table.
great delicacy
to
neutralize
it stimulates
that
secretion
mucous
pretty well
It is
that the bile assists the
and
the
get rid of, is shown
must
when
them
which
matter
in
lubricates
matter
easy.
is called sweet-bread,
DIGESTION
HOW
Alcohol
in
Liver.
the
ON,
41
alcohol
The
"
its next
makes
the stomach
from
GOES
expelled
in the
appearance
it is carried through the portal vein.
liver,whither
from day to day, it also changes
Here, if continued
that
the tissue,so
done
is then
much
From
of
work
the
the
liver is
suspended altogether. If
or
fectly
imper-
the drink
often sets in, causing
kept up, inflammation
sufferingand frequently ending in death.
the liver the alcohol
unchanged into
passes
the veins.
Absorption.
the
and
juice,
converted
in
bile
into
passage,
and
with
is covered
and
into
these
veins
directly. These
vein, which
terminates
effected
the
by
of
its
taken
are
carried
are
stomach
In
and
tines
intes-
the
of minute
to
veins,
the
food
is carried
all empty
into
the
portion
a
blood
net-work
a
chyle,and
intestines.
lacteals and
of the
coat
mucous
pancreatic
the chyme is
called
a
up by the absorbents
the veins.
the
duodenum,
the
milky substance
its way
through the
the portions fit to make
continues
The
of
action
the
By
"
in the liver. After
portal
change
a
material
liver,through the hepaticveins,this
is poured into the large vein ascending
from
lower
the
The
extremities.
Lacteals.
absorbent
tubes
"
All
along the
known
as
intestines
lacteals.'^
These
in little groups
form
and
larger tubes.
last all terminate
in a single tube, about
*
It is estimated
in each
square
intestines
inch
they number
that these
of
lacteals
surface,and
from
three
to
number
that
about
in the
five millions.
little
are
entire
unite
These
the
seven
at
size
thousand
length of
the
HOW
42
of
which
goose-quill,
a
column, and
"
The
lacteals
duct
The
lies in front
is known
i-
Fig. 7,
and
; c, groups
connections
of lacteals ;
It is carried
vein which
lies under
is known
and
to
as
the mouth
The
by
by
a,
portal
a
vein ;
thoracic
3, g,
intestine ; /",lacteals.
chyle is absorbed
the thoracic
by
the
duct.
tube, it is poured into
cle,
the left collar-bone, or clavithat
the
Changes.
subclavian
through the
"
the teeth, and
Food
pancreaticjuice,and
change effected
It
vein.
now
from
currents
is masticated
is mixed
are
aiHyiei^s
digested by
saliva,the
and
of
:
d^ e^
the
finds its way to the heart
the upper
extremities.
Summary
spinal
f
their
Ascending through
a
of the
the thoracic duct.
as
greater part of
lacteals.
LIVE.
WE
with
saliva.
the action
the intestinal
in the liver.
in
of the
juices,
HOW
44
V.
At
stomach
meal-times, and until digestionin the
and
is nearly finished,water
other liquids
be taken
should
changes
sparingly.
the
Avoid
VI.
which
of tobacco,
use
be made
should
Avoid
VII.
LIVE.
WE
the
it prevents the
as
the
by
of alcoholic
use
saliva.
drink, because
should
changes which
gastricjuiceand by the liver.
it prevents
the
VIII.
that
Avoid
have
a
be made
the
tendency to
unripe fruits,
like
all substances,
in the
disturbances
create
by
intestines.
Find
Something to
What
1.
would
of the stomach
What
2.
should
to
cease
of
drink
to
''
than
6. What
rough
coat
serous
?
muscular
coat
?
wash
gastricjuiceupon
starch?
is full of food, should
mouth
"
it down
is it better
Why
meal
a
become
be the effect if the
act
the
effect if the
the
effect has the
4. When
5.
should
would
3. What
take
be
Out.
?
drink
take
to
we
toward
the end
at the
is the
beginning?
effect of taking ice-cream
after
a
meal?
7. How
do
fruit sometimes
vinegar and sour
improve digestion?
8. Why
biscuits containinga large quantity
are
of soda
hurtful ?
9. Under
to
take
need
seems
a
a
rest
to
be
lacteals and
what
little soda
after
a
done,
hard
more
absorbents.
circumstances
into the stomach
task,and
is
It is not
us
to
fair to
proper
?
discouraged,if,when
are
given
it be
may
do.
So
keep
them
it is with
our
the
work
little
constantlyat work.
HOW
DIGESTION
Should
10.
GOES
take
we
food
ON,
45
''between
meals"?
Why?
Should
11.
before
just
eat
we
going
bed?
to
Why?
What
12.
tired
is the
of
eating
engage
in
violent
best
condition
when
we
are
?
Should
13.
after
a
meal
14.
What
half-hour
we
is the
before
with
16.
and
weak
tobacco
In
drinks
what
How
breaking
20.
drink
for
the
and
sons
per-
between
a
diet ?
the
effects
evil
which
?
stomach
habit
is the
way
for invalids
difference
avoid
we
in
be
to
?
winter
in the
of
taking alcohoUc
?
formed
19.
just
?
foods
general
the
can
causes
18.
best
and
How
17.
meals
stomachs
is
What
after
the
are
summer
proper
exercise
?
15. What
can
off such
a
habit
suffering
the
avoid
we
do
What
is the
by
?
people begin
Why
caused
the
of
use
strong
?
21.
meal
harm
as
22.
23.
to
overload
Mention
What
effect
the
some
is better
healthy digestion?
of
eating
stomach
?
remedy
for
than
medicine
the
much
so
evil
to
of
at
a
eating.
over-
preserve
a
CHAPTER
HOW
The
BLOOD
THE
GETS
blood
made
newly
IV.
PURIFIED
brought by
the
lacteals
it mingles
poured into veins, where
with the currents
returning to the heart. This
the body no
blood
materials
which
is laden with
the body it
longer needs, and before it can nurture
be purified. For
it must
this purpose,
must
come
in contact
it may
with
air,to which
give off the
and
is
absorbents
waste
receive
contains, and
it
matter
its way
the
to
heart.
and
between
fist,and
with
It
has
is
very
been
healthyhuman
92.425
tons
one
air,the
This
organ
found
heart
foot
is
blood
first enters
placed
the
toward
like
chest
a
It
pear.
It is made
front.
fiber,so
the
lungs, and
as
large as
It is about
the
muscular
in
two
somewhat
shaped
great
venous
behind
left side.
points downward
entirelyof strong
*
it may
Heart.
the
partly
the
slightlyon
the
which
oxygen.
The
On
from
that
it
can
up
tract
con-
It is surrounded
force.*
by.
that, during twenty -four hours, the average
does
amount
an
high, or
of
of
raising one
work
ton
equivalentto raising
over
92 feet
high.
A
HOW
a
THE
C,
;
other
heart
and
feet
can
or
1,000
to
its own
raising
of the
an
only raise
hour ; while
Heart.
"
his
own
the work
"
double
a
dium.
pericar-
done
by
the
feet
structure.
feet in nine
weight 9,000
an
heart
hour.
is
hours,
equivalent
The
most
of the
locomotive
Bavaria"
by man, the
Trieste Railway, can only raise itselfthrough 2,700 feet in
made
*'
hour ; that is,its energy is less than one
heart. (" The
and its Function.")
Heart
an
the
heart, like many
The
weight (ten ounces)13,860
powerful engine ever
and
called
47
tricle
largeblood-vessels : A, rightventricle ; B, left venleft
auricle
Z",
; E, aorta ; F, pulmonary artery.
parts of the body, has
good climber
Vienna
PURIFIED,
rightauricle ;
Plan
The
GETS
satin-like membrane,
smooth,
Fig. 8." The
BLOOD
fifth of that of the human
^OIV
48
an
left sides
right and
Its
unbroken
sides
entirelyseparated b}?
are
In structure,
each
nearly alike, but
separate work
do.
to
blood
the
The
from
side
; and
the
from
the veins
lungs
its
has
and
two
own
called
and
the
nary
pulmo-
receives
it out
sends
ceives
re-
it to the
sends
left side, which
the
the
right side, which
is soitietimes
purified,
be
heart
blood
LIVE.
of muscle.
wall
are
lungs to
WE
to
the
nurture
the system, is called the systemicheart.
side of the heart has two
Each
cavities,the
smaller
The
cavities
upper
the
blood
into the auricles
gently,the
of the heart
not
intended
were
to
sustain
muscular
thick and
and
the lower
the
strong
heavy
a
part
if
as
the
in
quence,
conse-
ventricles
the
auricles
opening downward,
above, but which
and
which
ventricles
admit
blood
valves
are
freelyfrom
prevent its return.
close and
leadingfrom the right ventricle
lungs is called \\yq pulmonary artery.
blood-vessel
Action.
Pulmonary
from
the
lower,* unite
heart.
the
force
*
The
that from
the
are
strong.
Between
one
they
forced
be
must
blood-vessels,and,
of
veins
strain.
blood
walls
below.
of the upper
walls
the
driven, through the
the
larger
flows from
thick
so
ventricles
the
From
or
are
the
called auricles,
and
are
As
ventricles.
ones
and
being above,
one
The
"
currents
from
The
to
the
the veins,
extremities
and
the
from
one
upper
and
empty into the right auricle of
The
blood
largevein
walls
of the
through
from
above
below, the inferiorvena
the
auricle
valve
is called the
ca-va.
contract, and
into the
vena
superior
cava
right
; and
HOW
THE
The
ventricle.
then
BLOOD
GETS
powerful muscular
contract, the valve
is driven
through
lungs,where
it
comes
the
rightand
Fig.
9. "The
lun^
:
Ay
left
the
lung
;
heart ;
with
blood
to
the
the air.
divisions,occupying the
upper
chest,showing
B,
the
tricle
ven-
Lungs.
left sides of the
cavityof
walls of the
pulmonary artery
in two
lujigsare
49
shuts, and
in contact
The
The
PURIFIED.
the
part of the chest.
positionsof
Z", pulmonary
the heart
artery
;
and
the
E^ trachea,or
windpipe.
The
right side
has three
distinct parts called lobes^
the left has two.
Structure
of the
Lungs.
"
The
lungs
are
made
HOW
so
of soft,elastic
up
minute
Fig.
io,
cells.
bronchi
LIVE,
arranged
cells
the
are
human
; "?,bronchied
:
^,
singlepipe.
called
larynx ; *,
into which
these
above
tubes,or
small
trachea
; c,
d^
bronchi
;
unitingin
and
and
a
great,
the
pipe
is the
open
the trachea
Lying
next
opens
nasal
directlyinto
passages
of
; y, clusters of air"ells.
into largerones,
open
All these
small
passages,
bronchial
form
with
connected
lungs
tubes
in the
which
passages,
are
tissue
These
Air-passagesin
"
WE
and
the
the
windpipe, or trachea.
is the larynx,^which
throat, and through the
mouth
into the air.
The
of the right
out
pulmonary artery comes
ventricle of the heart as a singletube ; but it finally
divides into five branches, one
extending to each of
the five lobes of the lungs.
Entering the lungs, these blood-vessels divide
into
*
which
minute
The
passages,
larynx makes
is called
"
Adam's
which
lump in
apple."
a
the
extend
neck
which
to
we
every
can
part
feeL and
HOW
52
chest.
WE
act, of
This
LIVE.
air in, is called
breathing the
inspiration.
the ribs and
When
the
passive condition, as the
longer exists,the pressure
elastic
tissue
their
diaphragm return to
tendency to a vacuum
of the air ceases,
no
and
the
This
forcing the air out.
of breathing out
is called expiration,
and
act
the
whole
act of breathingis called respiration.
Action
At every inspiration
in the Lungs.
the
*
the mouth
air passes through the nose
into the
or
contracts,
"
bronchials
and
The
of these
walls
finds its way
blood-vessels,are
into every
thin
so
of the air enters
Results
of
air and
that
the
Breathing.
lungs
gasf and
it is unfit to be breathed
The
with
*
air
on
The
which
nasal
outer
its way
the
to
lungs
also
has
the
is
air, which
The
of
smell, and
The
these
produced by burning
that contains
much
thus
nose
reasons
acid
the oxygen
divisions of
out
wood
and
It
necessary
to
livingthingsthus continuallywork
always
in other
one
The
foul
ways.
up
at
breathe
animal
is,however,
for
pass.
sentinel
a
worn-out
animals.
to
it detects
becomes
coal,and
re-
that the
is allowed
should
we
laden
and
vegetable life. Vegetation takes
of
pours
foul that
lungs
whenever
of it is unfit to breathe.
principalsupporters
and
carbonic-
fine hairs,so
dust
no
through the nose instead of through the mouth.
f Carbonic-acid gas is one of the productsof
It is also
comes
matter,
suppliedwith
and
filtered,
the air is unfit to breathe.
gate of the lungs. For
the
into
off waste
are
sense
the
and
air-cells,
blood-vessels.
comes
passages
of
matter
again.
impurities,gives
nose
odors
the
blood,
The
"
impure
the
readily
gas
laden with
pure, goes out
other
impurities. It is so
into the
acid
from
cells,separatingthem
the
pass through. In this way
the blood
finds its way
into the
oxygen
littleair-cell.
tissue.
Air
of the
one
carbonic
two
another.
great
NO
ceives
from
THE
IV
BLOOD
GETS
Its color
life-giving
oxygen.
dark, dull red
a
filled with
Return
strength and
body.
Blood.
of the
53
is
changed
bright scarlet,and
a
the
the
nurture
to
PURIFIED.
health
The
"
it is
to
necessary
blood, thus purified
and
strengthened,flows from the small passages
of the pulmonary artery into similar small passages
of the pulmonary veins. These small vessels open into
largerones, and finally
they all unite,forming four
tubes, two upon the rightside and two upon
principal
the
left,and
the heart.
the
pour
The
blood
be sent
to
out
in the
Alcohol
the
in the
nourish
blood,
As
of
is
purifiedand ready
parts of the body.
to
it does
any
in the
peculiarand
breath
of habitual
to
which
tered
en-
its appearance
a
needed
part of the
element,
get rid of it,and
shown
an
the effect is
disagreeableodor
of the
drinkers.
have
lungs
of its waste
blood
alcohol
become
not
it with
made
the
The
"
the liver makes
effort is here
But
now
Lungs.
furnish
or
into the left auricle
all the
veins from
lungs.
blood
enough
to
do
to
relieve the
get rid of the alcohol
cessive
exwork, and this work, when
matter.
requiresadditional
To
After
continuous, wearies and weakens.
long effort in trying to expel alcohol,the lungs
and
a
such
diseases
they readilycontract
eases
as
pneumonia and consumption, and these dismuch
more
are
rapid and violent when they
take
hold
become
so
feeble
that
of weakened
If the amount
tissue.
large,the lungs can
of it,and a portionenters
mingles with the currents
of alcohol
not
get rid of the whole
the
pulmonary veins
and
is
HO
54
that
circulate
the alcohol
efforts
IV
through
WE
LIVE.
the
body.
is in the blood
made
but
not
Here,
a
as
before
part of it,and
it appears.
expel it wherever
Tobacco
in the Lungs.
In smoking, the fumes
of tobacco
into the lungs.
are
frequently drawn
the case
This is especially
in smoking cigarettes.
The
effect of the tobacco upon
the lung-tissue
is to
retard its action,so that all the changes effected by
breathingare more
slowly performed. In this way
the blood goes on in its course
without
ciently
being suffiand is therefore unable
to properly
purified,
nourish the body. The
first result is a feelingof
comes
languor and repose, and this,if repeated,often betorpor and stupidity.
Tobacco
affects children
most
fore
unfavorably betion
they have attained their full growth. The acfor growth and
of the organs
bodily
necessary
is retarded, the body becomes
feeble,and
activity
are
to
"
is often stunted.
the
body, and
study.
The
Need
The
many
mind
times
of Pure
is rendered
as
it loses all power
Air.
We
weak
as
of effective
have
already seen
that the air once
breathed
is no longer pure.
It is
justas unfit for breathing again as muddy water is
for drinking or decayed food for eating. But air
other
is rendered
From
impure in many
ways.
and from decaying animal
and vegestagnant water
table
substances, gases
for
blood
"
arise which
make
the air
fit
un-
foul air is breathed, the
breathing.Whenever
is not fully
and the body is not proppurified,
erly
nourished.
from
Some
breathingair
of the most
fatal diseases
laden
foulness.
with
sult
re-
BLOOD
THE
HOH^
GETS
PURIFIED.
55
Hygiene of Respiration.
of the rules that
some
necessityof life,
obvious :
should guide us in regard to air become
detects
the nose
I. When
an
unpleasant odor,
avoid breathing it,if
should
the air is foul,and we
possible.
air is a
As
should
II. We
by
our
breath,
own
III. We
IV.
or
should
it is well
unless
We
breathe
not
not
that
by
air that
is made
of other
persons.
stay long in
foul
crowded
a
room,
ventilated.
ought
not
to
sleepin small,ill-ventilated
bedrooms.
V.
air in
Impurity of
only when
coming
should
care
occupied
VI.
be
rooms
We
a
in from
taken
every
ought
to
detected
be
room
can
fresh
air ; hence
extra
ventilate
thoroughly
day.
keep away from
to
the
all
vicinity
of stagnant water.
VII.
or
We
should
vegetablematter
VIII.
We
from
gas
IX.
We
X.
near
avoid
give extra
foulness
article of dress
The
weight
the shoulders, or
band
XII.
about
We
houses.
our
alcohol,tobacco, and other
to
should
be
of the clothes
so
the
be
prevent the expansion of the
to
a
remain
animal
avoid
carefully
breathing the
sinks,and cess-pools.
should
No
XL
as
to
permit decaying
should
sewers,
articles that
as
never
breath.
chest
should
distributed
as
not
tight
tion.
respira-
so
worn
in
from
hang
to
be felt
the ribs.
should
never
sit or
stand
in such
a
way
as
to
the
cramp
LIVE.
IVE
HOW
56
prevent full and
chest,and
free
res-
piration.
Some
1.
What
2.
Why
the outside
on
besides
the heart?
to
incloses
the
?
surface of this
the smooth
mem-
prevents friction ?
What
4.
what
of
kind
is its use
is the
5. What
pleura is subject?
6. How
we
next
pericardium,which
is the
3. What
and
Out.
Fmd
parts of the body lie
heart, smooth
brane
to
tiling
may
get from
7. When
driven out?
8. About
forms
membrane
the
pleura,
?
of the disease
name
the
lungs of
a
sheep
to
or
which
the
calf,which
a
butcher, be filled with air ?
these
is the air
lungs are full,how
a
how
force is
much
required to
inflate
lungs ?
difficult to breathe on the top
is it more
9. Why
?
of a high mountain
than at the bottom
somewhat
10.
Why is it best to have a house
?
back from a villagestreet
healthful to travel after a
11.
Why is it more
our
''
"
rain than
before ?
What
12.
organ
the
serves
ing
lungsby givingwarn-
of the presence
of foul substances
do when
should
we
we
13. What
smell
?
get
a
strong
of carrion ?
pan of live coals
into the bedroom
which
?
we
occupy
shall we
do when
detect the preswe
15. What
ence
14.
Why
should
of carbonic-acid
we
take
not
gas
in
our
a
rooms
?
THE
HOW
16. In what
of
BLOOD
GETS
does
way
PURIFIED.
57
foul air affect the
pupils
school ?
a
17. How
18.
should
What
kind
19. What
the cellar of
of sink
should
parings,and
the
What
is to be done
21.
Why
should
22.
When
who
can
way
effect of alcohol
on
the
tainted
violent
In
house, why should
affect children
we
avoid
swamp
27.
worse
the
than
weakening
lungs ?
place
we
taking
?
school-house
building a
?
exercise, what
is the best way to avoid
25. What
effect of tobacco
in the lungs ?
26.
meat
ill?
are
resting after
In what
is harmful?
avoid
particularly
we
kept?
apple and potato
vegetables?
with
precautionshould we take
23. Why does tobacco
it does grown
people ?
24.
be
with
part of
waste
of persons
kitchen
a
be done
20.
the breath
in
house
a
it at
the
or
a
stupefying
a
dwelling-
distance
from
a
?
Why
the
out-door
the
inmates
person coming into a room
air detect impure air in a room,
will
a
from
while
impurity ?
28. In building halls,churches, and
places of
needs specialattention ?
publicresort, what matter
ing
while attendthe people at church
or
29. When
lecture become
a
sleepy,what is probably the
matter
30.
are
unconscious
of the
?
As
does
the
not
cost
of
exceed
has the district for not
room
ventilatinga singleschool-
twenty dollars,what
providing means
excuse
tion?
of ventila-
CHAPTER
THE
HOW
or
raise
is
body
each
time
Every
"
take
we
step
a
portions of the muscles that move
some
part of the
By every motion
up.
action
of the
stomach,
destroyed. Each
an
used
are
Repair.
BODY.
THE
NURTURES
BLOOD
and
Waste
V.
arm,
of
heave
the
tissue
consumes
;
breath, each
of the
beat
and, indeed, it may
heart,
said
be
that
part of the body is all the time wearing out.
also is always going
But, during life,nurture
every
little eyes
Sharp
on.
are
keeping
part of the
in
body, and nimble
repairingand restoring.
than
removed,
side
one
of
hurrying
the
From
The
death
agent that
way
in which
the
action
The
heart
Arteries.
are
the
chief
its
is dead
these
blood
is
on
vacant
changes
about
of
one
ticle
par-
On
is
sexton
the
other,
space
with
are
is the
about
sets
cause
;
busy
place.
invisible
brings them
The
of the
the
every
fingersare
takes
which
over
sooner
is
to
The
circulation.
No
the
filling
living.
is
birth
by
the
tiny cell
builder
which
little
another
matter
away
unseen
matter
on.
each
watch
going
blood.
its work
circulation
is
is
heart.
"
called
The
channels
arteries.
leading out
They are made
from
of
a
HOW
6o
tricle contract,
IVE
LIVE.
into every
far and
so
opening from the auricle
the blood
is driven
through the arteries
part of the body.* To drive the blood
of
so
rapidlyrequires a great amount
force,and
therefore
shuts, and
of the
heart
the
are
The
thick
in the
blood
each
heart-beat.
rush,
but
of the
walls
Arteries.
placed deep
of harm.
the
very
in the
Action
valve
and
strong.
The
"
arteries
flesh,to
is forced
Their
be
are
ally
usu-
of the
out
way
them
into
by jetsat
yield to the
blood
along
elastic walls
again,helping
contract
left ventricle
the
its
the minute
vessels are
course.f In this way
and
the beating or pulsationwhich
filled,
began at
the
heart
is carried
every part of the
and life.
Action
in
the
*
The
The
number
is
men.
only to
force the blood
chest
down,
With
to the
the
heart
f
At
at
the
come
is
body
the
to
all
The
wrist, and
the
in
extremis
the
enters
in
a
laries.
capil-
is about
minute
seventy.
the
from
this
per
some
surface,we
the
to
chest.
to
women
has
which
the
not
lift it from
When
we
and
necessityof lifting,
of blood
amount
at
feet
heart
has
parts of the body, but
heart
its
lie
tion
ac-
is
moves
minute.
parts of the body where
other
can
the artery to
feel the
a
beat
by which the physicianfinds
the beating of the pulse.
means
the
the
standing position,
a
from
is relieved
pulseis the yieldingof
surest
motion
of tissue,
particles
with
of heart-beats
eighteen pounds
near
blood
unites
head, and
is diminished.
estimated
the
From
with
greater in children than in adults,and greater in
than in
the
quivering
and flows
is very minute
nutrition takes place. Oxygen
Here
number
average
is
that
extremities, so
"
blood
the
from
the
Capillaries.
rate.
even
to
the stream
In each
an
body
small arteries
ties of the
at
on
out
pulse.
Each
of the heart.
the
teries
ar-
beat
of the
One
of the
the condition of the
body
ffOlV
and
NURTURES
BLOOD
THE
THE
the heat and
them, causing both
burns
of the
6
the
1
tion
mo-
thus destroyed by
particles
The
body.
BODY.
carried
up and
away, and new
ticles
parfull of life and strengthare depositedin their
use
taken
are
place.
this way
tissue is repaired,vigor is
health is kept up, and life is continued.
In
Action
in
from
veins
the
Veins.
the
The
"
blood
it enters
as
is changed.
capillaries
the
stored,
re-
The
thick and turbid ; the
has become
limpid current
bright scarlet has deepened to a dark, dull red.
The
flows on
jets have ceased, and the current
of the
smoothly and evenly. All along the courses
veins, valves
open
the
freelyflow
blood
shut,
so
to
as
muscles
press
that
so
to
blood
the
upon
its return.
the
veins and
exercise
its course.*
along
flows, as
heart, so
have
we
In
but
;
they
action, the
hasten
flow
the
of every kind,
the veins
From
into the
seen,
allow
to
as
in that direction
prevent
work, play,and
blood
the
toward
;
help
the
right auricle
of the heart.
Alcohol
in the
Blood.
The
"
alcohol
which
lungs can not expel returns to the heart
the general circulation.
Although never
a
part of the blood, its power
It
and
the
enters
becoming
for mischief
continues.
causes
to shrink, probably by
blood-particles
*
who
Persons
troubled
with
circulation
what
not
are
heart
through
blood
presses
are
are
obliged
called
many
back
on
hours
stand
varicose
sufficient to
so
to
raise
without
the veins
until
much
veins.
the
of
; and
time
forces
The
blood
rest
the
from
in
they yield to
the
are
that
often
cause
feet to
consequence
the
ab-
pressure
the
the
and
become
useless,increasingthe
graduallyenlarge. The valves soon
pressure and the enlargement. The only remedy is a change to some
employment that will requireless standing.
HOW
62
sorbing moisture
take
the
LIVE.
WE
from
them,
that
so
they
of oxygen
not
can
in the
lungs.
As
takes place in
a
result,incomplete combustion
half-burned
the capillaries
cles
parti; the veins receive
which
the lungs can
not expel ; dead
matter
ters
enthe blood ; and the repair
the arteries,
vitiating
is interruptedor imperfectlyperformed.
of waste
The
continual use
of alcohol also often changes
up
tissue of the walls
the muscular
which
fattysubstance
it.
upon
In
he
he
often
has
not
can
walls burst,
The
constant
the arteries.
by the
drinking. The
shown
and
away,
the red
to
the
flushed
show
face of
a
these
the minute
in them
the
who
of those
rupts
inter-
This
soon
form
pass
;
but
drink
who
become
may
is
has been
will
regain their
vessels
and
body.
a
noses
ened
weak-
is also felt in
person
singledrink
will
redder
that
the
death.
accumulates
arteries
move
Sometimes
through
a
gets in
about,
person
enlargement of
an
into
strain put
the
of alcohol
effect of
faces and
excess
stand.
flow
heart
strength to
no
causes
usual
a
causing instant
vessels,so that blood
the
when
presence
It
of the
bear
not
can
consequence,
this condition
and
amount
proper
manently
per-
enlarged.
Hygiene of
I. We
should
the Circulation.
breathe
take
long,deep breaths,
properly purified.
II. We
that
part of it.
should
enters
not
the
pure
so
that
take
into
blood
but
air,and
the
our
does
frequently
blood
may
stomachs
not
be
anything
become
a
BLOOD
THE
NOU^
III. We
NURTURES
avoid
should
THE
the
of
use
regularaction of the
nutrition of the body.
heart
the
Should
V.
favor its recovery
may
We
VI.
that tend
brush
should
We
VII.
a
to
or
a
avoid
to
the
? in
give a
Find
Out.
circulation
the
was
of
}
does
the
heart
in
move
an
year ?
ties,
extremiflows to the upper
3. If half the blood
of one
the heart, one
foot above
an
average
hour
? in
and
the face.
blood
much
How
2.
of all substances
use
blood-vessels
by whom,
and
towel.
coarse
first discovered
the blood
hard
signsof weakness, we
tion.
by taking a recliningposi-
Something to
When,
of much
show
enlarge small
permanent redness
1.
prevents
greatlyassist circulation,and
heart, by daily rubbing the skin
the
brisklywith
and
also
may
relieve
heart
that
sufficient exercise.
by takingregularand
labor
so
relieve the
should
We
IV.
63
anything
heart
disturbs the
the full
BODY.
pound
day
a
many
4. How
and
an
is raised
of blood
? how
can
a
in
tell the difference between
we
tell whether
the
blood-vessel
it is
an
blood
is
artery
7. If a vein is wounded
the flow of blood be
may
a
ute
min-
a
vein
the surface ?
near
way does
? in the veins ?
5. Which
a
feet in
many
?
hour
an
artery that is
6. When
how
ies
flow in the arter-
ruptured,how
or
a
in
one
can
we
vein ?
of
stopped ?
our
limbs, how
be
the band
should
side of the wound
which
8. On
LIVE.
WE
ffOW
64
placed ?
In
9.
case
be
the band
placed ?
When
10.
How
should
can
and
occurs,
we
use
draw
we
where
should
blood
is flowing
?
Why
accident
an
freely,what
11.
artery is wounded,
an
as
band
the
band
a
?
tightenough
to
stop the flow of blood ?
If the wound
12.
what
done
is to be
13. In
done
15. How
does
from
small
blood
16. What
from
?
the
veins, what
to the
air ?
flow of the
besides
of the
blood
the
heart-beat
assist
?
recliningpositionrelieve
a
in
the
?
heart
its effect upon
18. In
a
farmer
19. How
does
of
work
that of
20.
him
flow of blood
is to be
veins ?
does
17. How
trunk,
or
next
place from exposure
this change affect the
forces
the circulation
wounds, what
flows
blood
in it takes
head, neck,
?
stopping the
14. When
change
the
on
of serious
case
after
is
to
a
work, and
with
compare
the
work
of
a
that
cook
of
does
the
man?
clergy-
a
compare
with
the heart ?
its effect upon
whose
business
confines
person
sewing-girlin
How
a
circulation,how
may
a
sittingposture
so
relieve
his heart
his health ?
preserve
should
clerks in stores
of extra
be permittedto
Why
sit a portionof the time ?
In regard to circulation,to what
22.
particular
railroads exposed ?
on
danger are conductors
21.
When
23.
to
BLOOD
THE
HOW
circulation
Why
for
health
the
If
25.
and
pale
a
than
what
from
a
What
the
do
we
sudden
chill
what
usually
the
of
some
the
his
regards
as
the
done
be
?
with
drives
should
better
school-room
trouble
remedy?
are
65
should
exhausted,
the
surface,
the
27.
is
is
When
26.
in
found
is
What
what
out-of-doors
exercise
person
cold,
BODY.
?
exercise
is
THE
school,
attending
promote
24.
NURTURES
lation?
circu-
blood
at
skin
away
?
once
common
of
causes
chills?
What
28.
are
bleeding
When
29.
be
they
of
some
at
the
faint,
and
of
ways
stopping
sistent
per-
?
nose
persons
placed,
the
what
in
what
should
position
remedies
should
be
plied
ap-
?
30.
on
the
drink"?
In
what
skin
way
which
can
come
we
the
avoid
from
the
blotches
red
use
of
'*
strong
VI.
CHAPTER
HOW
BODY
THE
Motion
Life.
to
necessary
ABLE
IS
TO
In
"
MOVE.
findingout
how
the
have
that motions
seen
body is nourished, we
the food which
are
required. To get and prepare
the body needs, we
make
must
movements
many
of the arms,
the legs,and
various
other
parts of the
the food, we
the jaws.
must
move
body. To chew
The
tract,
rings of the esophagus must
successively conin order
The
stomach
order
to
to
send
on
the
parts
which
The
to
pay
the
do
not
existence
any
the
motion
;
is carried
on
in various
what
to
the
motions
within
into the
arteries
must
never
cease.
directions, in order
is
it.
going on about
always in
body are
which
we
and, when
we
body,
we
know
no
longer
that
In
motion.
notice, there
us
can
rious
va-
by
movements
notice, but
in the
the
to
movements
many
which
are
necessary
on
stomach.
vigorous action, in
The
heart
chyme.
expanding, in order
The
system.
move
parts of
going
we
of
attention
Besides
into
contracting and
blood
through the
must
fact, the
a
up
its contents
breathing
head
food
the
keep
must
churn
keep
must
force
to
are
ways
al-
which
to
our
discover
it is dead.
in
feet
two
middle,
toward
smaller
and
the
ends
;
middle
in the
small
are
large
graduallygrow
have
of them
Most
length.
swell,in the
body, or
LIVE.
WE
HOW
68
a
but
a
few
and
large at
the
muscles
the ends.
Tendons.
of
Some
"
joineddirectlyto the bones upon
of them
come
bewhich they act ; but most
the
smaller and tougher toward
are
cords, called
bluish -white
tendons
The
the
in strong,
at last terminate
ends, and
directlyattached
are
have
They
bones.
no
to
of
power
tendons
the
Wherever
contraction.
tendons.
tendency to pull
their positions,
at the
from
as
away
bound
wrist and the ankle, they are
in place by stout
bands, called liga^
or
have
muscles
a
ments.
Muscles.
Hollow
muscles
and
cles
g^^g ^^
and
heart
arm,
showing also the
cling
"igament encirthe wrist.
q{ ^^e
been
i
The
"
the
fibers of the
n
or
which
connect
form
Such
are
ves-
the
muscular
have
i
coat
already
"^
Muscles
to contract
power
the exciting cause
muscular
i
middle
described.
have
and, when
i
the
stomach,
How
*
fluids.
the
tendons
of the lower
muscles
to
another, but
contain
of
Some
intended
not
part with
one
FiG.ii.-Themus-
are
"
Act."
All
the
become
shorter
is removed,
to
or
;
re-
of the lymphaticvessels,
blood-vessels,
alimentarycanal, of the ducts of the glands,and of the iris of
the eye, are so arranged as to form hollow muscles.
of the
THE
HOW
their
to
turn
BODY
ordinary
is under
of the
motions
without
contract
as
the
heart
any
and
muscles.
to
Such
limbs
to
certain
a
by
like
the
which
called
are
which
of their
are
which
action of the mind,
those
be
traction
con-
called
are
Those
produced.
extent
Many of the muscles
in a
causing motion
other causing motion
in the
those
stomach,
Some,
69
whose
of the will
conscious
the
MOVE.
Those
are
are
breathe, usually act
may
TO
forms.
control
the
voluntary muscles.
ABLE
IS
tary
involun-
enable
us
accord, but
own
influenced
by the will.
arranged in pairs,one
certain
direction, and
the
site
oppo-
direction.
muscles
The
that bend
to
a
move
any
called
are
part
flexors;
that
those
joint
extend
the parts againare
called extensors.
arm
the
The
12.
example,
For
when
Fig.
we
bend
left arm,
showing
the muscles
in
action.
the
at the
elbow, the large muscle
upper
part of the
arm
in the
contracts
;
front
and
of
when
the
on
again, the muscle
straightenthe arm
there
When
contracts.
opposite side of the arm
in
in a singlejoint,
or
is a great varietyof motions
requires a separate
any organ, each distinct movement
at the shoulder,
The
muscle.
swing of the arm
the roll of the eye, the twistingof the wrist and of
The
the ankle, are
examples of this arrangement.
we
HOW
70
motion
to
action
of
muscles
of
contraction
IVE
LIVE.
attached
limbs, the trunk,
the
hollow
the
and
muscles
gives
bones
to
the
head.
motions
the
gives
The
for
necessary
functions
the
ternal
of the inand
organs
for the circulation
of the blood.
the
How
cles
Mus-
gain Strength.
ready
al-
have
We
"
how
seen
the
blood
off
the
carries
worn-out
of
tissues
and
body,
in their
13.
-The
muscles
of
of the
legs,as
in the act
the
other
parts
provided
the
abundant
a
of
that
hardest
used
the food
by
the
in the
have
the
to
whenever
So,
work
and
make
the most
to
muscle
a
carries to it
great deal, the blood
of material
keep
it strong.
happens that those muscles which
become
largestand strongest.*
*
most
The
arm
of
a
blacksmith
its muscles
become,
person, but
also much
not
is used
only much
harder.
The
so
much
larger than
same
is true
and
so
those
is
unusual
an
It therefore
used
also
has
Nature
help and
most
the
as
parts of the body which
those
shall
thus
are
manner
same
But
body.
nourishment.
amount
The
waste.
walking.
muscles
nourished
leaves
place new
to repair
material
Fig.
the
are
that
vigorously
of
an
of those who
ordinary
practice
THE
HOW
Muscles
The
of the
Nature
muscles
must
have
we
used
done
When
and
it
a
needs
but
consequences,
injuryof
weakened
the
Nature
and
unwise
has
to
use
been
without
time
a
has
pronounced
strands.
Its
broken
for
continue
perhaps
may
with
rope
time.
to
proper
is
weakened
tion
mo-
length
Nature's
signal
to be repaired.
a
This
time
signal for rest, it is justas
is to use
a
bridge which
unsafe, or
use
from
the
given
as
cles
long as the musTo give
wearing out.
the repairs which
are
muscle
any
is thus
yi
So
"
cease
enough,
muscle
a
MOVE.
desires to make, the
tired.
time, it becomes
that it has
it
Rest.
which
and
needed
of
need
TO
ABLE
they are
opportunityfor
and
After
IS
in motion
are
time
BODY
ous
seri-
result in permanent
part, and possiblythe death
it may
of the offender.
Exercise
"
there
are
it is best
for
Health,
in the world
fitourselves
to
ourselves
to
for
not
useful
enough
to
perform
kind
or
directions
amount
of
the
of exercise
be
of fitting
will
strength.
healthy as
as
that
mind.
that
As
feats of
useless
duty of every person to
and to so train the body
possible,
the
"
thingsto do,
do them, instead
It is the
out
Strength."
it
can
carry
Therefore, any
keep the
whole
vigorous is desirable ; but any kind
of trainingthat is designed to develop
amount
or
ly
one
part of the body at the expense of the rest, solefor the purpose of display,
should be discouraged.
and our
The
of vitality
at our
amount
pacity
cadisposal,
for work, may
probably be increased by judi-
body
fresh and
fowing,or
effort.
who
engage
in any
business
requiringunusual
muscular
HOW
72
exercise
cious
If
increase.
mind
the
hand, long
so
much
be
so
not
have
and
LIVE.
the
be
of the
ity
vital-
our
On
the other
mind
exhausts
the
inclination of Nature
body
give the
to
part that is working hardest
is the
do,
not
can
eat
not
than
more
will be spent
vitality
not do the bodilyor mental
otherwise
be capable.
in
I. We
order
should
that the
II. We
body,
so
that
they
should
quicken
take
off
IV.
We
V.
flow
not
do
to
reason
for,if
of which
a
in
needed
same
;
we
do, so
we
we
can
would
we
Muscles.
wholesome
grow.
all the
become
food, in
muscles
strong and
all the muscles
in the
of blood
of the strain from
should
exercise
vital forces of the
the
body
healthy.
ly,
frequent-
veins, so
as
heart.
such
to
of the
an
used
are
extent
up
in
action.
Any
than
bounds
may
exercise
the
some
all the
muscular
may
exercise
should
III. We
to
muscles
try
digestionthat
plenty of
eat
the
work
Hygiene of the
then
are
need
we
much
not
immediately after
the vital powers
of digestion. For
the processes
help
most
has the most
or
should
we
work
mental
bodily or
hearty meal, as
should
why
reason
any
that
of
active.
to the
to
share
that
vital power
our
bodily labor,
case.
vigorousaction
limit to this
a
exhaustive
large a
so
be
to
seems
perform
otherwise
of
This
to
there
we
can
would
as
but
;
WE
kind
of exercise
may
useful,if it is allowed
of moderation.
become
to
more
jurious
in-
overstep the
After
VI.
need
rest
period
BODY
THE
HOW
of
rest
Fig,
after
IX.
*
We
to
exhaustive
the
14."
Improper
and
or
development
sitting,we
nearlyerect as
All
can
73
muscles
a
strain of
carefullyavoid
proper
long
long-
the
accustom
sit well
positiondistorts
back
the
all habits
of
positionsin sitting.
dress that will interfere with
and
In
body,as
the
activity,
daily toil,and
after
should
posture, movement,
VIII.
MOVE.
work.
VI I. We
free
TO
ABLE
period of
each
daily rest
"
continued
the
IS
action
should
we
movements
ourselves to
can
of all the
cles.
mus-
always keep the
conveni
without
specialin-
of the
body
should
be
erect
ful
sitting
by always being careits edge, as the latter
on
a
chair,and not upon
spine and produces round shoulders.
HOW
74
WE
LIVE.
in order
that they may
be
graceful as possible,
agreeableto others.
X. Calisthenics and gymnastics are well adapted
of the body, and
to
give grace to the movements
as
also
furnish
excellent
exercise
for young
They should, therefore,be generallyused
XI.
Fig.
With
15.
all their other
Proper
"
line ; 2, the
plenty of
active
play
to
in schools.
exercise, children
improper positionsin standing
and
persons.
:
i,
a
need
vertical
spinalcolumn.
keep
their
muscles
in
a
healthful condition.
XII.
All kinds
of athletic sports and
manly
ex-
NO
76
7. Does
of
the
muscle
a
IV
When
What
11.
gained by
"
or
14.
a
the
not
should
the command
before
When
a
on
?
level
?
hold
out
a
weight
for
in active
engage
other
tells
is the
lar
muscu-
kind
of
?
us
violent
when
to
if
consequence,
is the
best
going to
a
boy
bed
or
a
stooped shoulders and
21.
Why does going
sometimes
tire a boy more
exercise,what
stop ?
do
we
employment
obey
not
for
the
half-
?
girlis not reallyill,what
a shuffling
gaitindicate ?
half
a
than
mile
on
walking
an
errand
five miles
circus ?
If
is free to choose
person
should
principle
guide his choice ?
22.
rest
travel
to
arm
be taken
do
a
be
to
?
19. What
see
for muscular
more
not
we
running, or
18. What
to
advantages
justbefore eating?
a period of hard
study,what
peculiarsymptom
20.
the
time
horse
a
should
16. After
hour
school^ what
?
exercise
17. In
of
in
?
moderately hillyone
can
long time
15. Why
restless
are
is the best
a
Why
exercise
?
some
it tire
on
a
"
13. Will
road,
still for
going a-fishing ?
What
12.
children
keep
to
probable causes
are
the contraction
as
produce motion ?
obtained
by rowing
exercise
children
of the
some
are
well
of the limbs
Why
than by walking ?
is it wrong
9. Why
long period at a time
10.
LIVE.
expansion as
one
upon
is better
8.
WE
a
his work, what
VII.
CHAPTER
HOW
The
Need
and
be
of
BODY
IS
Bodily
a
TO
ABLE
Frame.
movement
able
to
and
a
erect,
or
of
mass
But
retain
parts
it would
any
needs
furnished
a
by
physicallyinferior
flesh
animal
other
every
able to stand
erect
body
its different
whole.
to
muscles,
not
permanent
tions,
proportions, its graceful moall be imposits dignified
sible
bearing would
be nothing more
a human
being would
and
than
a
were
Its beautiful
shape.
;
stand
as
body
like the
up
some
STAND.
If the
"
entirelyof soft materials
might be capable of motion in
made
it
THE
existence.
in
and
keep
strong and
the
of the
its proper
solid frame-work.
almost
be
it may
form, the
This
is
bones.
The
Uses
That
to
Bones.
"
Bones.
The
bones
have
three
tinct
dis-
body, and keep
in position. They prothe various parts and organs
tect
be exposed to
otherwise
which
would
organs
ment
injury. They afford a solid place for the attachbe
motion
of muscles
of which
by means
may
given to the various parts of the body.
uses.
They give shape
to
the
HOW
78
Forms
of
Bones.
bones
are
arranged
unite
to
a
manner
body, or
as
chief
whose
base
quirements
re-
they are
made
are
strong
offer most
to
as
designed.
Where
ance
resist-
several
bones
placed around
organ, they are
will defend it most
effectually.
protect any
it in such
Those
shape
the least material.
with
these
meet
different sizes and
many
in the various
best
ways
is to protect
of such
thick,and
to
for which
to
Those
order
have
the purposes
whose
chief use
suited
LIVE.
In
"
the
shapes,and
and
WE
is to furnish support
use
of attachment
to
the
for other
are
portions,
very thick and solid,and of such shape as will best
adapt them for staying in place. Those designed
to strengthen columns, or
to produce motion, are
than
long and straight. Others, which have more
of these functions to perform, are so ingeniousone
ly
that they combine
of
constructed
two
or
more
a
these features.
of the
Structure
The
suppliesthe
fat,and
other
bones
fine in texture
better
up
The
attachments
for the decrease
bones
are
are
which
the
spongy
for the
Through
repair,as
in the other
these
vessels
blood-
ment.
nourish-
with
bone
inside,and
spongy
The
character
tendons, and
bones
of
the
hard
are
extremities
the
increase
in size
of
i^^ch in
in hardness.
full of fine tubes
diameter.
chieflyof
the outside.f
on
size and
increased
The
furnish
f
long bones,
is composed
This
marrow.
and
makes
The
der
limbs, consist of a slenshaft of hard, compact
larged
material, and have enextremities
terial.^
composed of a soft,spongy main the
The
shaft is hollow
middle, and
contains
*
"
of the
the frame-work
form
and
Bones.
the
blood
portionsof
the
from
^-otj
passes
body.
to
to
jiroTnr
carry
on
^^
the
work
of
HOW
BODY
THE
ABLE
IS
TO
STAND.
tough, fibrous membrane,
where
with
joints,
they are covered
with
covered
the
a
fibrous
This
removed
the
Made.
are
When
that it
sufficient
a
acid it will
tle
brit-
so
in diluted
soaked
If it be
has
easilybroken.
be
can
it is
bone
it will be
time
length of
cartilage.
the Bones
a
for
burned
been
when
of which
"
at
dies.
bone
Materials
except
is called
membrane
periosteum, and
the
79
atic
muri-
entirelylose
of
stiffness,and, if
its
sufficient
be tied in a knot.
length,can
By these experiments it will be
that
seen
mineral
which
and
the
contain
bones
earthy substance,
or
certain amount
of the
Upper portion
rightfemur, sawn
in two
ing
lengthwise,show-
Fig.
stiffand hard,
them
makes
a
a
of animal
i6.
"
the difference of texture
which
binds
gelatine,
shaft
between
the
them togetherand gives them
a
and
the extremity.
The
slightdegree of elasticity.
about
earthy substance is mostly lime,and composes
thirds of the weight of the bone.*
In childhood
two
the bones
mal
are
more
largelycomposed of ani-
matter,
or
than
matter
less
are
*
The
in
a
likelyto
color of bone
in the
earlylife to red,in
beautiful white
The
in old
when
specific
gravityof
substance.
On
age.
their
have
to
deprivedof
fresh bone
a
the
bones
broken
dren
chil-
by
ing
pale-rosetint,inclinBones
white.
assume
yellowish
oilyfluids which pervade them.
livingperson
old age
this account,
is
a
is greater than
mal
that of any other ani-
HOW
8o
and
blows
WE
LIVE.
falls ; but, for the
they are
by remaining in
same
reason,
deformed
likelyto become
children
an
improper position. The legs of young
often bent out of shape by too much
of them
are
use
firm enough to support the
before their bones
are
weight of the body. In old persons the bones are
brittle as to break very easily,
and when
broken
so
they do not readilyunite again.
more
Growth
and
reach
do not
Repair of the
their full
great deal the
much
longer.
parts is carried
who
The
on
continual
of the
the age
the brain a
use
fractured
as
in the
and
growth
worn-out
rest
of the
the parts
are
is poured
substance
until the
ends
its
repair of
in the bones
bones
before
skull is said to continue
is broken
a bone
body."^ When
brought togetheragain,a watery
out
The
"
development
in persons
and
twenty-five,
of
Bones.
break
is closed
In due time, mineral
matter
by a gristlyformation.
is suppliedto stiffen the gelatinethus provided,and
form and
restored
the bone is finally
to its original
strength.
The
bone
Head.
which
of the
Bones
gives
shape to the head and protects the brain which lies
"
within
is the skull.
It is rounded
on
top somewhat
large end of an ^gg, and in front and on the
sides it has openings for the eyes, the nose, and the
The skull is composed of two
ears.
like
compact, armorbone
between
plates,with a layer of spongy
them.
The dome-like
top is the best possibleform
like the
*
food
If any
of
a
red
young
changed color
such
coloring-matter,
as
madder, be
animal, its effect will appear
of the bones.
within
a
mixed
day or
with
two
the
in the
THE
ffOlV
IS
BODY
ABLE
TO
STAND.
8
1
The
layerprevents
resisting
pressure.
spongy
the jarof a blow being felt by the brain. The upper
jaw and the bones of the nose and the cheeks belong
tor
skull,and
to the
the mouth
of the
Sutures
and
Skull.
much
The
"
the
of
lines of
of
tions
projec-
we
gers
fin-
nection
con-
hood
child-
In
sutures.
parts of
the
Fig.
skull
are
of
becomes
having
the
"
The
the
of the
the
as
and
more
skull
to
Bones
the
but
and
grow
skull.
whole
the brain
17.
to
Trunk.
more
prevent
The
"
bone, the shoulder-blade, and
and
the shoulder-blade
Strictly,
"
The
and
the Hand.
the
shoulder, which
of the lower
limb.
Its
is
The
homologous
Shoulder
The
a
to
allow
ing
affect-
jar from
of the
trunk
the ribs,the breast,
the collar-bone.^
the collar-bone
the trunk
with
complete.
bones
Upper Extremity consists
with
continuity
older
parts is
several
m
grows
person
the spmal column,
pelvis,
themselves.
the sutures.
skull,showing
not
firmlyunited,
the union
*
up
called
are
are
skull is made
together.
These
use
jaw.
two
our
hands
very
lower
side,
as
lock
the
of the
means
sions
depreseach
on
can
by
of
movements
parts joined by irregular,saw-like
several
very
effected
are
The
immovable.
are
form
of the Arm,
is established
the mnominate
is placed upon
or
the upper
a
The
class
by
the Forearm,
by
means
of
haunch-bone
part and side
of the chest,connecting the upper extremitywith the trunk : it consists
of two bones, the Clayicle and the Scapula,".
CGray'^ Anatomy.**)
''
HOW
82
situated at
pelvis,
abdomen, affords
solid
of
means
attachment
of
and
the
coccyx,
arranged in the form
up
the
a
basin.
^^""j
tending
ex-
back
small, flat bones
brcB,'^
placedone upon another
of rubber-like
each
The
two.
a
or
up of twentycalled verte-
four
pad
and
sacrum,
of the
It is made
backbone.
trunk
the
hip-bones,
two
middle
below
the
pelvis,and
the
to
for
the
of
for the
head, is the spinalcolumn,
the
to
of the trunk
foundation
a
the
Attached
LIVE.
the bottom
consists
It
legs.
WE
with
a
between
cartilage
spine is the main
of bone in the
connecting structure
body, givesshape
trunk, and
the
to
contains
channel
a
which
through
the
passes
cord,
spinal
tant
impor-
an
of
center
-distribu-
nerve
tion.f
The
the
and
relative
tions
of
the
posi-
spine
^^
and
Of
When
-^
^^^
^^-^^
may
we
The
belong
sacrum
to
and
be included
in the
look
spine from
at
Fio.
^
vertebroc,seven
live to the loin.
f
num-
the
inclosing
the
and
in
and
the femur.
*
ribs,twen-
ty-four
hip-joint
showing
the
The
pelvis,
the
the
The
neck, twelve
the coccyx
are
19.
spinal column.
to
the
consolidated
back,
tebrae,
ver-
spinalcolumn.
the
side,we
see
that
it
has
a
HOW
84
wrist,the one more
is the ulna; the one
WE
closelyjoined to
which
wrist
eight in
palm of the
five,and
contains
the
can
be
of
the
almost
of the
the
-Bones
knee
is the
"f^*te//a
The
their
ordinary
knee
positions.
it is the
and
there
bones
of the
bones
main
"
respond
legs corentirelyto
tween
be-
trunk
and
the
The
femur.
bonc
and
Legs.
That
ankle
the
fibula.
one
The
the
Fig.
22.
Bones
"
knee-joint,showing
between
the
pa-
of the left arm,
the
five in
are
hand
arms.
covers
fzdiay and
braces
ber.
num-
the
of the
bones
those
ulna
fingersand thumbs
readilycounted.
Bones
The
the
of
bones
are
The
of
The
humerus
the
around
moves
is the radius.
the
LIVE.
the
and
is the
in
which
ankle
toes, like those
of the
the radius
a
twisted
position.
contains
of the
body
the ulna
seven
foot.
can
fingers,
;
The
be
easilycounted.
Arch
of the
Foot.
The
"
bones
of the
foot
are
When
arranged in such a way as to form an arch.
the foot,as
the weight of the body is thrown
upon
the top of the arch is pressed
in walking and leaping,
downward, and the bones spread outward, making
the foot wider
than
In this way
the body
before.
shocks
which
would
is preserved from
otherwise
greatlyinjureit *
*
Tight shoes, and
in many
shoes
made
respects. They
of coarse,
heavy leather,are
ous
injuri-
prevent the spreading of the foot,and
HOW
Cavities
Bony
which
body
thus
are
of the
to
be
The
the
Body.
and
TO
The
"
STAND.
85
cavities of the
the bones
protectedby
the
chest, and
abdomen.
ABLE
IS
formed
are
seen
skull,the
the
BODY
THE
the
skull
tains
con-
brain, which
is
sensitive organ,
has
motion.
no
most
and
Hence
the
skull
is absolutely
unyielding-.The
not
only protects
chest
the
within, but
organs
varies in size to accommodate
the
piration.
lungs in resAccordingly,
it is not only strong, but
expansive. The
pelvis ^^^'
Bones
^3
the
of
organs
digestion,and for this purpose
basin.
It also sustains the whole
supports
formed
by
the
legs.
of the
relative
legs,in
theii
positions.
is
shaped like a
body on the pillars
It is,therefore,thick and
unyielding.
Bodily Movements.
the
How
of motion
in the
In the
change the
Muscles
act of
gait. The
permanent
body
hollow
is the
muscles
walking from
bones
the
move
become
deformity.
a
Bones.
contraction
the
The
"
result
of the
The
continued
overlapone
pressure
cles.
mus-
of contrac-
free,springingmotion,
distorted and
cause
to
a
natural
unstiff,
another,producing
upon
the flesh
produces corns, bunions, and ingrowing toe-nails. High heels throw
the weight too far forward, and heels placed under
of the
the hollow
foot not
formity.
only prevent the springof the arch, but quicklyproduce de-
WE
B-QIV
86
tion is to diminish
the
muscles
form.
Where
other.
each
by
capacityof
contraction
bones, the
toward
the
LIVE.
the
draws
The
the vessels which
muscles
the
lower
connected
jaw
called the
strong muscle
to the cheek-bone, and
a
is attached
connect
two
bones
is drawn
masseter.
upward
This
directly to
acts
G
Fig. 24.
A,
The
"
arrangement
the radius
;
B^
of bones
the elbow
;
and
muscles
C, biceps; E^
ulna
by
;
which
the
arm
F^ triceps
; G^
is bent
:
shoulder-
joint.
is bent by a
jaws together. The arm
called the biceps. This is attached
at
strong muscle
one
extremityto the shoulder-blade,and at the other
the elbow.*
The opposite
to the radius justbelow
the arm
is straightened,is
movement,
by which
caused
on
by a similar muscle, called the triceps,
the oppositeside of the arm.
This, however, is at-
bring
*
the
the
When
the shoulder
so
than
nearer
would
the wrist.
tendon
from
away
radius, and
have
but, as the tendon
the elbow, it
near
arm
;
biceps contracts,
were
thus
it
be
the
radius is drawn
of the
biceps is
the
required were
The
enlargement of
the arm, brings it more
givesit more
effect in
parallelto the radius.
attached
muscular
plainlyrequiresmore
tendon
the
upward toward
to the radius
effort to bend
the
of the
biceps attached
elbow-joint,
by raisingthe
nearly at rightangles to the
than it would
bending the arm
HOW
THE
to the
tached
the
outside
called
the
one
ulna.*
the other
leg across
the
to
be
a
bench.
muscle
or
STAND.
which
from
8;
throws
the
above
one
hip on
the inside,and
on
sartorius,because
is
it is
in
taking his peculiar
Wherever
a
tion
twisting mo-
uses
produced, there
movement
muscle
TO
the knee
tailor
rotary
by
ABLE
reaches
below
a
the
positionon
A
The
tailor's muscle,
which
is to
IS
BODY
is
a
of the
similar
arrangement.
eyeball is produced
passing through
a
pulley-like
loop.
How
Shocks
Distributed.
Every one knows
that when
needs to jump from a high place
a person
felt will be much
the shock
less if the body is allowed
to bend
freelythan if it is kept rigid. The
who
wishes
of a catcher
hand
to feel the sting of
the ball as little as possible
is allowed
ward
backto move
when
the ball is caught. It will be readily
the limbs were
held rigseen
that,if in these cases
idly
in a straightline,the firm ends of the bones
could not fail to strike heavilyagainst each other,
the buffers of two
do when
much
as
railway-cars
the jointsare
bent and
the cars
collide.
But when
the muscles
are
are
relaxed, the
"
main
force of
a
shock
and
the
expended in further bending the joints,
shock
felt by the limbs in the direction
of their
length is very slight.
In jumping, if we
strike upon
the toes, the shock
is first moderated
by the arch of the foot,which acts
like a spring. The force of the shock is further distribute
the hips,by
at the ankles, the knees, and
is
*
antagonisticarrangement, and this alternate action of the
in all the hinge-joints.
the same
muscles, are essentially
This
the three
which
LIVE.
WE
ffOlV
88
in the
curves
spine,and lastlyat
spine with the skull.
the
connects
lime
enough
drink
and
food
that
the
nourish
to
be made
not
should
the
sustain
to
contain
must
harden, they
bones
heavy weights,nor
subjected to
be
they
take
we
bones.*
II. In childhood, before
should
joint
Bones.
Hygiene of the
I. The
the
continuous
a
press-
ure.f
of pressIII. Exercise, givingthe proper amount
ure
the growth
and
to promote
strain,is necessary
and
of the bones.
nurture
IV.
The
the
called
should
be
not
pressed
com-
to
as
sustain the
to
upon
No
V.
foot
prevent the free spring of the arch
the foot is
spreading of the bones, when
so
and
of the
bones
tight bands
ribs to interfere
with
of the
weight
should
the
be
body.
the
about
worn
of the bones
movement
in
breathing.
VI.
We
should
sit and
the distortion
bending
VII.
*
old
of
habit
the
the
We
Farmers
pasture.
the whole
of the bones
bringing
head
bones
f
bones
high a
baby's legsare
In
bench
so
to
as
vent
pre-
from
comes
and
forward
become
have
that its feet
been
cattle often
tender
The
reason
used
and
do
are
not
the
thrive
in
easilybroken,
is that those
up, and
higher
arm
elements
remedy
an
and
of
is to supply
lime.
often
school,many
restingone
that
body suffers in health.
fertilizersthat contain
it walk.
which
shoulders
avoid
long noticed
Their
the soil that make
A
the
erect,
down.
should
have
stand
a
can
made
crooked
child
has
not
touch
by tryingtoo earlyto make
been deformed
on
so
by sitting
the floor.
THE
HOW
BODY
IS
ABLE
TO
STAND.
89
this
practicetends to produce a
of the spine.
permanent curvature
When
is injuredor a jointsprained,
VIII.
a bone
should keep perfectly
we
quietuntil the part is fully
than
the
other,
as
recovered.
Something to
What
1.
a
What
2.
bone
the appearance
are
after it has been
bone
the
are
compositionof
?
ingredientis derived
is this ingredientobtained
comparative effect of a sudden
making
is the
4. What
and
thoroughly burned
what
soups,
the bones, and how
from
Out.
and condition of a
appearance
soaked in diluted muriatic acid ?
after ithas been
3. In
Find
?
and of old persons
the bones
?
of young
upon
?
What
is the effect of pressure
bones
of the
are
broken, what are some
5. When
blow
conditions
6. In
necessary for their
what
plays is there
gettingbones broken ?
is the skull
7. Why
shape of a dome ?
8. What
jaw
can
animal
be thrown
between
11.
day
play,why are we
in the morning ?
12.
the
What
waist
?
of the
very
shorter
upon
spinalcolumn
of active
effect does
have
that its upper
of the rubber-like
use
the vertebrae
a
in the
top rounded
pelvisa large and
is the
After
of
strongly
?
bone
What
the
constructed
so
back
is the
9. Why
constructed
10.
is
at
repair?
particulardanger
than
exercise
when
we
cartilages
?
in work
first
or
arose
wearing a tightband around
the shape of the ribs ? upon
HOW
go
of the
the movement
the
WE
LIVE.
ribs ? upon
the movement
of
diaphragm?
breathing? upon the position
upon
of the organs
of the chest and abdomen
? upon
the circulation of the blood ?
Why
13.
Why
should
should
the
the
should
the upper
do
14. Why
heels
soles
be
leather
of shoes
broad
and
be
broad?
low?
Why
be soft and
?
pliable
tightclothingand tight
people wear
shoes ?
15. What
is there
reason
with
high heels, or
the
for
heel
making
in the
shoes
hollow
with
of the
foot?
16. In what
17. What
when
name
the bones
18.
have
at the
19. When
mutton
bone
interior appear
elbow, and
you
taken
his hands
back
which
arm,
at
which
is
bone
the wrist ?
in two,
saw
out
of
lengthwise,a beef or
the leg, how
does the
?
Why are the
frequentlydeformed
21.
Why does a
20.
corns
of the lower
In the bones
attached
produced ?
is applied to the lower
limbs
become
permanently bent ?
are
way
bones
and
jointsof
in
catching a
the toes
so
?
person
the moment
the ball touches
ball draw
them
?
Why do we strike on the ball of the foot
when
we
jump?
in walking or
jumping, is it best to
23. Why,
keep the jointsbent ?
few
a
we
unexpectedly step down
24. When
inches, what effect is produced ? Why ?
ward
awkdo so many
people have a stiff,
25. Why
gait?
22.
HOW
92
WE
The
General
Structure
LIVE,
Skin.
of the
Skin.
The
thickness
of the
skin varies
in
Where
it is much
exposed to wear, as on the soles
palms of the hands, it becomes
of the
feet
thick
very
the
or
and
different
"
is called
parts of the body.
callus!^
a
parts it
In other
is very thin and
At the
delicate.
the toes, where
and
unusual
of
ends
gers
fin-
the
quired,
protectionis reit grows
into shield-like platescalled nails.
On the scalp,where
specialprotectionof the brain
is needed, it puts forth a thick covering of hair.
of the
Layers
Skin.
The
"
skin
is divided
into
principallayers. The outer one is called the
cuticle,
or
scarf-skin,
epidermis. It is made up of little
two
cells flattened into scales.
be cut or pinched without
may
the cells near
the surface become
As
pain.
from
lack
from
ones
of
beneath
take
their
which
and
races
When
to
it in
hard
remedy
f It
warm
pressure,
called
corn.
as
skin
is at
the
color
:j:The
time
same
by tightshoes, it forms
Any
means
togetherwith
of
an
lower
ing-matter
color-
of different
inner
layer
jected
continuallysub-
hard,
excessively
softeningthe lump,
the removal
new
as
ing
soak-
of the cause, will often
the evil.
is these worn-out
or
or
cells,
scales,that separate from
also constitute
off in
comes
combed
a
water,
bathing. They
and
the
different individuals.
this thickened
horny lump
place.f The
the pigment, or
determines
or
giving
dry and
nourishment, they fall off and
part of the scarf-skin contains
*
blood-vessels
no
and
nerves,
hard
It has
small, white
the
dandruff -which, forms
particles,
especiallywhen
the skin in
on
the
the head
hair
is
brushed.
the amount
of coloring-matter
in the pigment-cells
is very
X When
it produces a blonde
slight,
complexion ; when greater,a brunette.
THE
HOW
BODY
COVERED.
IS
of the skin is called the true
skin,cutis
The
surface
part of this
Fig. 25.
Vertical
"
cells ; c,
of
section
sweat-glands ;
?, their
pigment
exposure
much
in these cells.
heat
to
time
and
in the open
that when
for
tan
time, the
lightand
the
spots, it causes
it causes
When
heat
the skin ; w,
and
depend
of
amount
freckles
increase
freckles
3, pigfment-
of the skin ;
^, hair-
hair-bulb
hair-papilla
; ",
;
oil-glands.
races
winter
;
of
lets
sweat-glands ; h, out-
the surface
on
light. Every one
in
air,especially
freckled,and
a
The
/,
composed
", scarf-skin
:
derma.
or
vera,
is
fat cells ; g^
openings
of
openings
colors of the different
The
skin,magnified
skin ; e^
projectingfrom
of hair ; p,
o, root
of the
papillae; "/,true
follicle ; /,hairs
the
nearer
93
comes
only ; when
and
is
coloring-matter
knows
summer,
again,or
mostly pass
the
the kind
upon
pigment.
away.
When
that
those
become
amount
increased
who
This
it affects the whole
and
in-doors
is because
this takes
by
spend
tanned
they remain
of
the
place in
exposed surface,
tan.
persons
of
a
lightcomplexion
go from
countries distant from
WE
^OW
94
called papillce.These
littleelevations
and
the
or
hair-follicles,
main
the
of the skin.
part of the
and
skin
true
the
the
How
of the
Skin
body
is
downward.
flesh is
fingerof
the
Some
of these
the
and
;
the
over
end
tubes
face
sur-
descend
glove with
a
papillae
tween
be-
persons.
All
"
the
layerof fat,
a
which
little tubes
are
skin,like
true
which
skin
true
Soft.
kept
arise the
Below
in different
varies in thickness
which
of them
some
vessels
blood-
contain
openings through
the surface
lies the
the
from
and
nerves,
hairs reach
LIVE.
into
the end
in little bags
These
resembling clusters of grapes.
called sebaceous glands!^ They
of bags are
groups
collect oil from
it out
the blood
and pour
through
the hair-follicles upon
the scarf-skin to keep its cells
from
faUing off too rapidly,and in this way the
skin and the hair are
kept soft and pliable.
somewhat
How
the
layerof
Skin
fat beneath
of tubes, which
called
the
hot
very
as
the blood
dark
the native
as
live for
a
Such
entirelywanting.
black
\
hand
The
are
called
A
three
of these
appear
thousand
inch.
There
are
where
least
numerous,
have
persons
come
tropics,
they be-
When
cooler
m
lighter. In
some
the
latitudes,their
persons
the
plexion
com-
pigment
pallidcomplexion
a
of
natives
and
is
pink
glands sometimes
disclose
on
the
the
on
openings of
also great numbers
as
harden
and
form
the
in the skin.
magnifying-glasswill
over
time
skin.
of the
albinos.
oilycontents
specks which
the
inhabitants.
long
In the
"
and
perspiration,
perspirationcon-
the
regions between
warm
graduallybecomes
*
surface
sweat-glands.^ The
countries
eyes, and
the
to
Matter.
skin lie the coiled ends
true
reach
the equator into the very
almost
Waste
out
the
filter off from
These
are
casts
on
back,
the
ridgeson
sweat-tubes
the
palm
in every
the soles of the feet ; and
there
are
about
four
of the
square
even
hundred
HO
sists
THE
IV
chieflyof
of
amount
aids in
IS
BODY
water,
of
Means
part of the
In
casting
also
certain
a
the
skin
impurities.
Waste.
out
A
"
of the
matter
waste
95
this way
free from
keeping the body
Other
contains
but
material.
waste
COVERED.
erable
consid-
body
passes
lie in the
off
through the kidneys. These organs
abdominal
cavity,one on each side,justbelow the
small of the back."
They absorb from the blood
be expelled at the lungs.
which
not
can
impurities
The
off through the kidneys
which
waste
passes
and
alike, and in their
through the skin is much
the kidneys
action they assist each
other.
When
*'
diseased,the skin does
are
skin
the
of
is out
order, as
kidneysbecome
How
and
vapor,
is
when
effects of
a
the
cold,
active.
more
by sprinklingthe floor.
used up in changing the
is not
so
the
and
"
fact that, in very
be lessened
can
heat
from
;
It is a familiar
regulates Heat.
warm
weather, the heat of a room
Skin
the
work
more
able
to
increase
This
is because
water
into
the
ture.
tempera-
perspirationwhich
the sweat-glands. Usually the
is thrown
out from
perspirationis poured out so gently that it is not
The
is true
same
of the
noticed, and is said to be insejtsibleJ^ But, in very
the body is heated
warm
weather, or when
by exerpresent to every square
that there
are
inch of surface.
twenty-eighthundred
inch
Indeed, it has been
on
sweat-glands,
the
calculated
average,
in
man
body, making a total in an average-sized
of about
is equivalentto twenty-eightmiles of
seven
million,which
the tubing,since each tube is a quarter of an
inch long. ("The
Skin
and its Troubles.")
every square
of the
"
*
The
twenty
insensible
ounces
in
of
perspiration
twenty-fourhours.
an
adult person
amounts
to about
WE
HOW
96
cise,it forms
visible
more,
in order
in the
body.
a
the
to
of moisture
amount
proper
The
skin
true
the
of the
roots
exhausted
blood
the cells and
between
hair,
skin ; and
to
which
lymph-vessels,
It also contains
contains
distribute
parts of the
the other
back
littlespaces
vapor, the
to drink
much
need
the
papillae,
the
to
carry
changed
we
"
rapidlythe
more
of blood-vessels,twhich
and
oil-glands,
which
a
Absorbs.
great number
nourishment
is
But
keep
to
Skin
the
How
and
heat.*
feel the
we
The
drops.
flows out,
perspiration
less
LIVE.
the heart.
commence
as
fibers of the
skin,
gradually form tiny tubes to carry away the
Whenever
substance
lymph into the blood.
any
it is caught up by the
soaks through the scarf-skin,
lymph-vesselsand the veins, and is hurried away to
various parts of the system. X
It is plain
Why the Skin should be kept Clean.
and
"
*
as
its
as
The
color.
this ruddiness
be
caused
from
known
X
by
The
It may
have
that
heated
ovens
the
blood
this rush
rushes
of blood
effect is known
is withheld
blood
givesto the
blood-vessels
the
cause
any
When
of the
skin
to
absorb
by
baths
been
kept
alive
been
for
similar
a
by luxurious
persons
whose
frequentlylose
substances
materials used.
as
in these
emotion, the
some
used
sometimes
cause
from
When
power
have
known
in
the
from
skin,
is
supposed
blushing. When
as
these
the
to
skin
vessels,its absence
to
is
pallor,or paleness.
as
persons
remain
fire-kingscan
of red blood
is increased.
cause
any
scarf-skin,and
"
"
that
the
600".
presence
ruddy
of
waste
this account
It is on
high
f
natural
the
that
a
one
who
purpose
work
that baths
On
the
compell
them
their health
are
and
of soup
persons.
Similar effects
kiss from
is illustrated
by
sometimes
is affected
by
other
to
continual
nourishment.
of wine
other
have
been
hand, it is well
handle
poisonous
with
contact
produced by
by disease.
fact that
the
so
the
a
slight
HO
of the skin.
the surface
upon
if this mass
of
must
only
not
in itself
of the
action
the
of
It is
the
glands,
much
impurity
plain,also,that
is allowed
impurity
be
97
from
perspiration
accumulation
in the
result
COVERED,
IS
BODY
of oil and
pouring out
must
THE
IV
remain, it
to
offensive,but
of the
organs
thrown
range
de-
must
skin.
The
out of the body is
impurity thus
of the
excitement
increased
by any unusual
Besides
these
caused by excessive emotion.
of
amount
much
nerves
dust
collections,the
skin in the
of
course
our
If these
removal.
dirt which
and
come
the
upon
quent
require fre-
ordinarywork
impuritiesare
speedily
not
removed, they derange the action of the skin,and,
through the skin, the comfort and capacityof the
whole
body."*
How
the
keep
Skin
Clean.
The
only means
of keeping the skin clean is frequent and thorough
ed
bathing of the entire body. This should be attendto every
day, if possible. If from any cause
this frequency is not possible,
the nearest
approach
be made.
Under
to it should
stances,
any ordinarycircumsuch a bath may be taken by every person at
*
horse
to
Other
is
animals
show
sound
never
less flesh than
beings
a
good
of
and
spirited,
or
clean
the
us
Yet
one.
being clean
:
badly groomed
a
dirtypig puts
a
it may
only thoroughlywashed
are
"
feared
be
at
birth
one
up
that
and
fourth
man
hu-
some
burial.
at
"
(Mapother.)
Many
When
even
evil action
an
it is
when
a
it is temporary,
not
change of
result of
be
It is
a
its
fair
converted
clothes.
The
a
neglectof cleanliness.
degraded state of mind ; and,
is
the disposition
effect upon
irritating
habitual,it brings about
often noticeable.
boy might
is the remote
a
questionwhether, in many
into a good one
by means
publicbaths
in many
important agenciesin suppressingwrong-doing.
cities
cases,
of
are
a
a
bath
bad
and
reallyvery
^OlV
98
least
week.
WE
LIVE.
Besides
bathingof the whole
need it should
be
body, those parts which especially
often as any impurityis discovered
washed
as
upon
For
them.
merely cleansingthe body, tepid or
once
is the most
water
warm
is
a
effective.
its effect,
and
relaxingin
But
should
such
a
be used
not
bath
very
cold
The
often.
this
morning-bath is very beneficial to
perfectlyhealthy persons, not only for its cleansing
effect. If a bathtub
power, but also for its stimulating
is used, a simple plunge will in most
be
cases
sufficient. The most
convenient
and profitable
ing-bath
mornwithin the reach of a majorityof persons is
the sponge
-bath.
This
requires only a basin of
or
wash-cloth, and a towel.
water, a sponge
Only
much
so
skin
If the
short
a
time
is necessary
as
soap
does
of the nature
of the
body
a
with
in proper
tion
condiThe
other
forms of
baths.
in their nature,
medicinal
either
bathing are
in
is not
person
cold
profitby
to
be used.
its warmth
recover
by vigorous rubbing
towel, the
coarse
not
should
or
take
par-
of luxuries.*
*
Sea-bathing is a very popular form of the natural bath, and it is
because
the sea is
preferableto bathing in river-water or spring-water,
seldom
cold
so
as
advantage over
are
the
all other
latter.
forms
the purest air
it is
possible; and
impossibleto separate
water.
The
water, and
he
can
water
sea-bather
thus obtains
bath, and
has
consideringthe
in
and
effects of
the effects of sea-air from
is also
benefit
buffetinghe gets from
skin ; and, lastly,
the salt
the
bath than
after
a
Reaction
river-bath.
"
(" Baths
great
spray
of the
is to be got in this way.
the
waves
act
in the water
more
and
motion
The
as
a
adds
readilyoccurs
Bathing.")
in
sea-bathing,
that of the
constantlyinhalingthe
whatever
stimulatingaction.
also another
that is that it is taken
swim, he enjoys all the benefit of exercise.
to the
to the
of
sea-bath
A
seasea-
If
of the
citant
powerfulex-
considerably
after
a
sea-
I/O
lOO
WE
IV
LIVE.
clean
by frequent washing, and by thorough but
not rude
brushing. Cutting the hair tends to promote
should
its growth. Great
be taken
to
care
keep the scalpfrom undue pressure from any cause,
and
which
prevents the
any covering of the head
free
of air is to be
access
and
Thinning
leads
of the
Grayness
of the
weakness
to
avoided.
Hair.
will
body
Whatever
"
hair.
injurethe
earlygrayness, or the loss of the hair,is
in a family. Sometimes
common
they result from a
cate
of the scalp; but usually they indilocal disease
of the body, or some
tasking
overa general weakness
Sometimes
of the
mind
fear, worry,
either
cause
may
emotions.
the
or
hard
anxiety,or
of these
Severe
mental
ness,
ill-
work,
Various
results.*
hair-
used
preparationsare sometimes
the growth or the color of the hair ; but
to restore
of them
contain poisonous substances, which
most
the skin by absorption,
liable to enter
and often
are
produce serious results.
dyes
and
similar
Clot Jling.
the
Why
needs
flesh
skin.
*
such
a
be
The
Clothed."
body
protected by clothing as much as the
other
and
need
the protectionof the
organs
counSavages, and people who live in warm
hair may
more
change
of air into the
is difficultto
may
white
occurred
of Marie
cases
and
become
this has
cases
The
known,
should
be
to
The
In most
Body
or
gray
in connection
Antoinette
and
carefullyauthenticated
It is supposed
occur.
pith of
imagine
the
in the
shaft ; but
how
course
with
intense
Sir Thomas
cases
to
be
of
leave
caused
its entrance
More
no
by
a
few
mental
are
doubt
hours.
tion.
emo-
widely
that
the entrance
there is effected
HOW
less
much
tries,wear
refined, and who
live in colder
shoes
go without
their feet so tough and
without
run
and
in savages
b}'the
made
has
also
as
somewhat
general
How
the
who
have
that
Those
skin
the
they
are
on
walk
can
stony surfaces;
effect is duced
proof the body. But
the
same
exposure
the general
only
of
clothing
protection
use
as
a
of heat and
cold, but
of adornment.
means
a
those
over
it necessary,
not
and
from extremes
hurt
from
thick
loi
climates.
to
come
pain, even
countries
civilized
in
COVERED.
clothing than
who
and
IS
BODY
THE
should
Body
should
be
Clothed.
The
"
clothes
be
carefullyadapted to the needs
of the body and the demands
of good taste.
Parts
speciallyexposed to injury,as the feet,need the
strong protectionof shoes ; and these need to be
heavy or lightaccording to the service which they
head
needs
such a
intended
to perform. The
are
in cold weather, and
covering as will keep it warm
wear
we
in
cool
It should
weather.
warm
will shield the eyes from
other woolen
goods, and
retain
be
heat
the
used
Light
hence
*
worn
colors
are
Very
nerves
that
matter
more
colds
are
caused
season
the
the
heat
in winter
by
and
; and
of the year,
body,
weather
and
cooler
and
or
silk
should
is
warm.
radiate
little;
in summer.*
clothing. Whenever
body, it is a signalfrom
insufficient
part of the
is needed
protection
in what
from
reflect much
warmer
many
Cotton, linen,and
when
of chilliness is felt in any
sense
no
be
as
light. Flannels,
furs,are best adapted to
body. Hence
they should
the heat
readilyconduct
such
excessive
weather.
cold
in
therefore
of the
also be
this warning should
at what
time of
be
a
the
heeded,
day, it is given.
WE
HOW
I02
the
LIVE.
Specialcare should be taken to keep all parts
body absolutelydry at all times. Whenever
Fig. 26."
Deformity
is necessary
of the
to
ribs,caused
walk
by wearing clothingtightat
in the
wet, the
of
it
the waist.
feet should
be
and
water-proofgarments
should
and an umbrella
they
always be used when
needed.
are
But, as overshoes and water-proofsnot
only keep the moisture out, but also prevent the
be
they should never
perspirationfrom escaping-,
in dry weather, or kept on in-doors.
If,from
worn
from excessive perspiration,
unavoidable
causes
as
being caught in a shower, or steppinginto the water
wet, it should
any portionof the clothingbecomes
be immediately removed, and
dry clothing should
protected by overshoes,
"
""
be put on.*
*
The
neglectof
these
simple precautionshas
caused
almost
num-
clothingshould
The
the two
most
serious
evils in modern
give
off waste,
some
waist,
dress.*
of which
some
pores,
of which
outside, it is very
the
from
and
the
the Skin.
is full of
skin
the
Since
of
freedom
tightas
the body.
so
worn
tight clothing at
Hygiene of
^
103
and
Very tight shoes,
are
be
never
entire
the
interfere with
to
COVERED.
IS
BODY
THE
IV
NO
absorb
important
matter
these
that
the enAs
the skin covers
tire
kept open.
body, it is also important that every part of
it should
be
kept soft and elastic,so as not to
the
delicate
uncomfortably upon
organs
press
be
pores
beneath.
sion,
foregoingdiscusin regard to the
the
following hygieniclaws
the
skin
from
facts,and
these
From
obvious
become
:
kept clean, so as to allow
to be readilycarried off.
matter
waste
that the blood
should
exercise freely,
II. We
so
circulate properly in the skin.
may
be frequentlyrubbed, to
III. The
skin should
help the circulation of the blood, to excite the secreI. The
berless
skin should
colds, catarrhs,and
consumption
often
The
a
great
is
evidence
an
amount
Care
serious
should
injuryto
be
taken
feet out
various
to
avoid
poisonouscoloring-matter.No
any
indication. of color upon
cause
as
and
ing
wear-
feet.
to
of
study ;
physiological
Shoes
with
high
natural position,frequently
is still needed.
of their
in these
freedom
more
of the benefits
of instruction
heels,by throwing the
cause
apparentlyslighta
apparent tendency of the times
articles of dress
but
so
wetting the
or
Pneumonia
serious diseases.
more
originatefrom
insufficient wraps
*
be
the eyes.
parts of the body, especially
any
article of
clothingwhich
clothingshould
the skin.
be
worn
which
contains
leaves
IVE
//O^
104
softens
of oil which
LIVE.
skin, and
the
keep
the
clogging the pores.
IV.
chills should
Draughts of air and sudden
avoided, as they drive the blood away from the
be
tion
to
from
scarf' skin
skin
the
cause
shrink, and
to
close
face,
sur-
the
up
pores.
V.
handling poisonous
In
should
careful
be
not
come
VI.
from
When,
That
VII.
kept clean,
VIII.
sometimes
hair
with
the
reaction
the
hair
and
brushed
we
in contact
with
have
little
a
cold
bath, because
follow.
not
may
but
vigorous, it should
often, and the dry, harsh
be
may
be
all needed
of oil and
be
clean
kept
then
it will
and
nourishment,
and
be
supply
will
the
render
"
hair-invigorators unnecessary.
be changed with
the temperature,
Clothing should
use
IX.
to
and
take
not
clipped off.
The
scalp should
gently rubbed ;
should
ends
we
cause,
any
should
we
vitality,
there is danger that
"
protect
skin
the
from
of heat
extremes
cold.
X.
Clothing
filled with
next
worn
matter,
waste
to
and
the
skin
should
be
changed. The same
clothing should
day and night.
XI.
The
clothing should not be worn
to
kind,
skin, lest it be absorbed.
the
be
let it
to
of any
matter
drive
the
blood
skin, to interfere
free
use
away
with
of the muscles.
from
the
breathing, or
soon
frequently
be
not
so
surface
to
is
worn
tight as
of
the
prevent
the
BODY
THE
HOW
Find
Something to
Why
1.
than
harder
other
Why is the
covering of
2.
thick
3. What
in the
skin of the
skin in
one
school-room
with
a
contained
off from
is thrown
?
from
breathing air
filled
plasterwalls and ceilingof a
with lime ?
frequentlywhitewashed
air of inhabited
8. How
furnished
matter
matter
waste
the
air better
is out-door
Why
7.
head
"
year
be
skin ?
of the waste
should
Why
toes
hair ?
harm
comes
5. What
?
with this waste
matter
6.
fingersand
perspiration?
much
How
the
upon
parts of the
105
Out.
nails
becomes
insensible
"
4.
the
the
are
COVERED.
IS
to
breathe
the
be
kept
the
skin
?
rooms
the air of inhabited
may
than
rooms
?
pure
peculiareffect upon
is called
goose-flesh?
When
goose-fleshappears, or the
what should be done
suddenlypallid,
9. What
which
ID.
11.
the
"
"
"
"
How
circulates
12.
causes
does
freelythrough
What
circulation
13. To
with
skin
the
appear
what
persons
who
are
are
relieved
are
in the
danger
?
the
blood
it ?
internal organs
of the blood
when
comes
skin be-
by
the free
skin ?
nurses
exposed by
ing
be-
ill?
particulardanger should be guarded
againstin surgicaloperations?
usually
15. Why, in taking a bath, is tepidwater
14.
What
safer than
cold
water
?
WE
ffOlV
I06
In what
1 6.
is
way
LIVE.
excessive
an
of soap
use
in
a
bath
a
injurious?
is a boy, when
dirty,more
17. Why
mean
thing,than when he is clean ?
all children
18. Are
Why is the
hoods
close-fitting
(19.
for
kind
What
20.
for
an
untidy appearanc
and
best
?
summer
What
21.
blame
they be reproached for it ?
practiceof wearing fur caps
injurious?
of head-coverings are
the
Should
?
to
liable to do
peculiarhead-coverings are
worn
by
people in very hot climates ?
22.
clothingwhen asleep
Why do we need more
in the day-time?
when
about
at night,than
we
are
take off rubber
should
overcoats
we
23. Why
and
overshoes
immediately on coming into the
house
?
When
24.
we
is woolen
why
25. When
avoid
we
may
26.
in the
27.
In
case
of the skin
be at
the
29. Of
mixed
what
with
than
cold
and
heat,
?
cotton
wet
or
cold, how
?
a
blister ?
skin is burned,
excluded
once
great
people in the Arctic regionsdress
fur-bearinganimals ?
of a slightburn or a scald,what
part
rises into
When
28.
to
become
chilblains
of
skins
feet
our
do
Why
exposed
clothingbetter
are
use
why
should
the air
?
are
water, and
linseed-oil,
plastersof flour
plastersof clay,in
case
of
has
been
burn ?
30. What
cut
or
burned
indicates
?
that
the
true
skin
a
HOW
io8
net-work
close
so
skin
pierce the
Like
the
without
finest needle
in
coming
blood-vessels,the
the
going out
returning to
fibers unite
so
of
nerves
not
can
with
contact
are
double, one
center, and
nervous
Unlike
the
veins and
nerves
are
not
it.
kinds
the two
the
from
set
the other
the
arteries,
distinct,but
closelythat they everywhere
their
appear
singlethread.
a
Nerve-Matter.
"
of matter,
kinds
the
and
that
LIVE.
of them.
some
as
IV E
the
The
white
white
nerves
and
made
are
gray.
Under
up of two
the microscope
threads
minute
as
appears
white
cells. The
is
matter
matter
tiny
much
greater in quantitythan the gray, but the two
found
of the body.
are
togetherin all the nerves
The
Brain.
The
principalnerve-center, correas
gray
"
FiG.
27.
"
The
brain
of
/, upper
end
the
inclosed
cerebrum
of the
in its
;
membranes,
d, the cerebellum
spinalcord
; ^,
and
the skull
; e, medulla
A, t\A, central parts.
:
a,
6, c,
volutions
con-
oblongata
;
spending
It
MOTION
BODILY
HOW
full}^
protectedfrom
and
Fig. 28.
the
of
surface
Upper
"
its double
eighthsof
seven
cerebrum, showing
and
brain
the
convolutions
The
white
matter,
of
mass
and
The
they are
with
much
a
age.
more
studious
The
of
convolutions
no
two
the civilized
numerous
and
than
races
lower
composed
has
a
thin
and
of
ering
cov-
is made
ridges,or convolutions,giv=
In the
of surface.*
brains
than
depth of
exactlyalike.
are
the brain
in savages.
thoughtfulperson
greater the number
is
surface
they deepen
scarcelyvisible,but
In
brain
surface of the cerebrum
The
irregularrounded
ing to it a largeamount
*
the
entire
the
but
of
up
the
cerebellum.
interior
of gray.
of
structure.
the whole, is called the cerebrum; the back
the
portion,
front
The
the skull.
injuryby
part of the brain, about
upper
109
circulation,is the brain.
cavityof the head, and is care-
whole
occupies the
DIRECTED.
in the
the heart
to
IS
and
convolutions
They
in
become
one
are
also
who
more
are
more
does
In
cere-
infancy
marked
deeper and
extensive
in
little thinking.
the convolutions,the greater is
HOW
no
bellum
WE
LIVE.
the
ridgesare paralleland
deep indentation extending from
Fig. 29.
"
The
cerebrum,
the
distribution
vides the brain
the
cerebelhim,
of the
into parts, so
which
and
of brain-surface,
covers
It
"are
to
spinal cord, and
back
the
di-
general
that in
the brain
reality
pairsof the external
greater the
It is therefore
amount
supposed
that
of gray matter
the
gray
ter
mat-
study and thought, and with any active business
control.
depends upon thinkingand derriands intelligent
brains there
of the most
that in some
is estimated
perfecthuman
increases
which
the surface.
the
front
A
nerves.
is double, corresponding to the
the amount
less rounded.
with
nearlyeighthundred
square
inches
of surface.
MOTION
BODILY
HOW
portionsof
body. From
twelve
pairsof
the
the
the skull
DIRECTED,
IS
extend
nerves
different parts of the head and face.
From
the brain
The
Spinal Cord.
the
"
cord, the great
downward
cord, which lies next
below
it,is called the
pairsof
limbs.
These
Ganglions.
The
the
of
out
an
These
at
the other
parts
their
matter
on
row
lies in
direct
trunk
and
the
sent
out
spinalnerves.
of the
is in two
the back
from
a
nerves
coming
umn,
of the spinalcolopening in front.
singlenerve, and
parts, one
side
similar
form
a
pointof meeting is a little bunch of nervous
called a ganglion. These
ganglions form a
each side of the spinal cord ; but, as each
the course
of a single nerve,
they have no
with
communication
lies
each
on
They
down.
are
form
extent, and
From
force.
of
extends
and
oblongata. Thirty-one
the spinalcord and
tend
ex-
parts of the
unite and
soon
Sympathetic
the
from
Each
"
spinal cord
opening on
and
medulla
called
are
cerebellum
the
to
different
the
to
from
issue
nerves
spinal
spinalcolumn to the lower
An
enlarged part of this
the
trunk.
the
to
of nerve-distribution, extends
center
through
extremity of
in
with-
mass
nervous
cranial
m
System.
"
each
other.
Another
of
row
ganglions
deeper
spinal column
connected
throughout their whole
of nervous
an
important center
side
of the
this center,
to the
extend
nerves
heart,
Small threads
the other vital organs.
to unite these
matter
serve
ganglionsto
lungs,and
nervous
the
Use
nerve
that issue from
nerves
of
issues
the
Nerves.
from
the
"
the
spinalcord.
As
we
have
spinal cord
in
seen,
two
each
parts ;
HOW
112
LIVE.
WE
and, though these parts unite and form
thread, each part has a distinct function.
issues from
which
carries
cord
the muscles
to
called the
a
along
mind
motor
so
to direct
as
naked
live coal.
message
A
is
motion, and is
immediatelysent
the
brain, telling
the
motor
in contact
comes
is
burning.
back alongthe
telegraphs
order
toe
to
nerve
sensory
that the toe
an
from
nerve.
the
muscle
tion
sec-
part of the spinal
impressionsderived
example, the
For
with
back
The
is called the sensory nerve;
the one
that
the front part carries orders from the
issues from
brain
the brain
to
and
objects,
the
single
a
The
mind
at
once
to the proper
nerve
to draw
the toe away from its dangerous
muscle
obeys,and the toe is
position.The
saved.
Nerve-Action.
Direct
to
a
brain,and
we
are
of the
be
must
over
*
a
a
pupilis
both
engaged in learningand
no
attention
nerve-action
is benefited.
to
the
is almost
has
intent
understand
action is direct,and
have
a
clear purpose,
of the vital organs,
Movements
"
the mind
possible
painsto
or
It must
clear command.^
Action.
which
When
performed. This is called direct
To
perform this direct action, the
in regard to
informed, or intelligent,
issue
Reflex
gives a
starts from the
message
conscious both of the order given
in hand.
the matter
and must
mind
act
nerve-action.
mind
the
muscle, the
command
and
When
"
on
the
it,the
control,are
no
studyof
mind
the brain and
the
reciting
thought,the
automatic,and
I
constantly
and
subject,
a
takes
controls every step,the
the mind
words
mind
of
is
grow.
When
all
nerve-
he is
text-book,with little
onlyhalf conscious,the
a
neither the brain
nor
the mind
HOW
going
MOTION
BODILY
and
on,
there
are
which
organs
DIRECTED.
IS
automatic,
are
of the
movements
many
113
ternal
ex-
unconscious.
or
not in the brain,
origin,
in the
but in the other nervous
centers, principally
This unconscious
ganglions and the spinal cord.
is called reflexaction.
movement
Such
Reflex
action
has
that the
of the vital organs, so
the action
without
on
direct
no
of the heart, the liver,or
the action
Were
vital organs.
of the will,the mind
then
control
of life go
mind
has
processes
will.
The
of the
their
have
movements
life would
vital action
Reflex
over
any other
under
the
sometimes
might
cease.
control
of the
control
forget,and
action
has
also
general
is at rest and
body when the brain
the mind
is asleep."^
While
the lower nervous
Sympathetic Action.
control general vital action, the second syscenters
tem
of ganglionshas a peculiarfunction.
This ganglionic
of the
care
"
system,
*
a
breath
our
resumed
in
for
a
brief
spite of
the
control
time, but
the will.
sends
center,
nervous
Breathing is partlyunder
pend
be
as
A
soon
of the
will.
the motion
case
is
on
of
record
nerves
We
can
breathingwill
of
a
by an effort of his will control the beating of the heart.
too often,"and
once
experiment of stopping his heart
could
the
sus"
"
man
He
it
who
tried
never
began again.
The
away
care
body during sleepis shown
lightson the nose, but does not
of the
flythat
Coughing is caused
a
muscles
in the
lungs.
by
spasms
When
a
when
waken
of reflex action
bit
of food
the hand
brushes
the mind.
operating upon
the
gets into the trachea,the
Diseases
of the lungs produce the same
cough-spasm throws it out.
feelingsas the presence of foreignsubstances,and hence lung-diseases
are
accompanied by coughing. Sneezing is a similar spasm produced
The
by foreignsubstances or disease in the nose.
hiccoughis a nervous
spasm
of the
\ex.
from
or
diaphragm, caused by exhaustion,as from excessive laijgh'
the effect of alcohoL
i/0^
114
vital organs,
all the
to
placedin
direct
LIVE.
and
these
communication
This
another.
one
WE
and
with
sympathy
connection
nervous
thus
are
organs
is called the
the
stomach
is out
of
sympathetic system. When
order, the sympathetic nerve
gives notice, and the
heart
lungs sympathize and
and
in action.
in
Disturbance
one
become
deranged
is felt in all the
organ
others.*
and
Habit
directs
accustomed
to
with
ease.
of such
direction
little or
too
much, and
In
sympathy
the stomach
this
with
is
that death
Habits
The
labors
hard
to
doctor
comes,
laughs at
the next
do
the
lower
with
produces heart-burn,"a
formed
the most
repetition
rapidity
A
person
are
the
is
feeble
and
diseased,and
fears,givesa little
trouble of the
overcome.
old
is
man
stomach,and
of
palpitation
difficult to
lasting. The
eats
day.
"
throughsympatheticaction,causes
once
fears.
that the heart
comes
untidy. The fine scholar can not in
inelegantexpressionsof his childhood.
the
is
get rid of the oppressiveload.
he
Good
the
to
performed
needless
to many
are
the brutal
case,
precisionand
youth
of the
come
be-
is the
over
are
peated
re-
the act
this unconscious
patientis well
the
of tobacco
use
this in turn,
was
brain,
and
effort,the beat of the heart becomes
The
near.
mustard, and
given
the actions
the terrible fear
irregular. Then
f
is
sympathy gives rise
This
this
When
given to
is habit.\
name
action
The
the
consciousness.
no
The
the movement,
acts
centers, and
nervous
*
which
the actions are
first steps. When
of times, the muscles
sufficient number
performed
an
action
every
the
a
of
In
"
thought,the mind, through
from
comes
Training.
the heart.
Habits
formed
in
slovenlybecause as a boy
his oration entirely
get rid
The
cruel
boy
becomes
man.
habits
are
equallydurable.
The
kindly acts
the
or
girlripen into kindness in the man
a fixed habit,it makes
thingswell becomes
woman.
of the
When
life rich in
boy
or
effort to
well-doing.
WE
HOW
Il6
Rest
Like
requires dailyactivityin careful
useful work.*
directingsome
mind
result,the
in
study,or
LIVE.
Nerves.
of the
The
"
tired
muscles, they become
the
also need
nerves
rest.
exercise.
with
Nightlysleepfurnishes the necessary rest for proper
are
If,during the day, the nerves
dailyexercise.
unduly exercised or strained, they become
weary,
their vigor. If the strain
and sleepdoes not restore
creases
inweariness
is continued, sleep is broken, the
and
the
the
helplessburden
a
person
breaks
system
nervous
ing
leav-
down,
others.
to
Ex-.
study,or excessive work of any kind, which
requiresbrain-labor, often results in congestionor
softeningof the brain, or in paralysis.
cessive
affects
Alcohol
How
narcotics
other
and
nerves,
have
the
tendency
a
their
diminish
so
itself in
effect first shows
Nerves.
of the blood
passage
arteries. The half-torpid
nerves
control
the
rush
gorged.
are
to
through
of the
blood,
This
gives to
and
the
the
the
of the
skin
*
The
happy
to
do
nerves
mood
their v\^ork
the
even
are
gorged
well, and
nervous
the action
and
meanness,
a
similar
blood, causing great
by
emotion.
By
a
joyous
and
increased,the vital organs are stimulated
glow of health pervades the whole body.
a
action.
death, is the result.
of selfishness
dehcate
is
that the heart
nerves
with
greatlyaffected
action
nervous
Grief diminishes
or
is
sels
ves-
peculiar
a
is very
in the
observable
The
brain is affected in
face.
and
manner,
small
minute
redness, which
skin
trol
con-
sufficiently
not
can
the
This
act.
which
nerves
the
and
paralyze
to
power
the
Alcohol
"
Sudden
ceases
Ill
for
bad
a
news
time
to
sometimes
so
lyzes
para-
beat, and faintness,
temper, envy, sulkiness,and all kinds
diminish
nerve-force,and tend to derange
of the vital organs.
'how
bodily
motion
is
directed.
117
activityand tumult, but not the orderly
which
produces good thinking and leads to
doing.
If the
is continued
alcohol
drinking is formed,
becomes
the
useful
habit
the
of
nerves
and
is weakened
heart
The
the
of
derangement
marked.
more
until
action
feeble in its action ; the nerves
lose control
grows
of the muscles
and the limbs stagger ; and there
is
generalderangement
Avhich
the nerves
ought
action are paralyzed.
a
Effect
of
the
on
Mind.
and
intelligence
mind
The
action.
cerebellum
is the
cerebrum
moral
of
seat
Through
controls bodily
nature.
directs and
the
because
produce harmony
to
of the
the cerebrum
The
"
of all the organs,
is the seat
of
the
nervous
immediately affects the body,
and
of unconscious
the regular order
it controls
much
action, like walking. Alcohol
more
quickly
than
the cerebellum.
In
paralyzesthe cerebrum
influence
that
more
when
consequence,
drink
both
quantities,
nature
dead
are
the
for
a
has
been
taken
in
and
the moral
intelligence
time, and the appetitesand
passionshave
full sway.
In this way
a man
into a brute, dangerous to his
converted
his
neighbors,and
often
How
use
ends
use
but
without
diminishes
a
so
which
in the body, but not
of it.
as
"
The
that
general
bitual
Its ha-
of alcohol,
into the tem
sysIt is
element.
enters
needed
When
ness
drunken-
action.
nervous
furnishingany
family,to
death.
Nerves.
destructive
substance
is often
Continued
and
affects the
is not
still it is
himself.
in delirium
Tobacco
of tobacco
to
ive
excess-
used
to excess,
it
HOW
Il8
has
LIVE.
WE
particularly
paralyzingeffect
a
which
control
its action
such
often
degree as
insensibility.
and
to
Inheritance.
and
thus
inherit
the
by
the first smoke
are
quite often
and
itself,
the
foul with
the
nerves
from
whisky
their
ents
par-
and
of innocent
Usually
bacco,
to-
persons
first
the
agreeabl
be very disinherited
appetite
found
an
to
of the child
breath
sweet
spasms
cause
of alcohol
use
miserable.
made
but
shows
to
lives of thousands
the
and
drink
Children
weakened
nerves
are
a
"
the
of the heart, weakening
muscles
the
upon
and
tobacco
which
comes
becan
kept out of his way.
Beginning with this
unnatural
appetite,habits are speedilyformed which
be
not
his life a burden
make
to
himself
Hygiene of
As
the
the
body, both
conscious
affect its nourishment,
care
all
all the
and
to
keep them
healthy,and
courses
likelyto injurethem.
that
observe
must
the brain
and
the
all the
nerves
of
movements
take
the
thus
greatest
to
especially
to
I. We
others.
unconscious, and
need
we
to
the Nerves.
control
nerves
and
laws
may
avoid
of
be
so
digestion,
suppliedwith
blood.
pure
II. We
nerves
must
will be
breathing foul air, or
paralyzed by the impuritiesof
avoid
the
the
blood.
keep it in health,the brain should every
form
day be brought into vigorous action by some
of study or thinking.
IV. Active
or
daily exercise, by either work
III. To
HO
play,is
the
need
and
of
action
need
of
a
the
brain
VII.
When
much
up.
be
should
the
VIII.
useful purpose,
we
force
nerves
ing should
as
motor
need
we
we
done
and
that
is
nerves
can
rest, because
spare
has
been
daily toil,
until the
restored.
is
the
when
closest think,
the
study and
hardest
be
the
healthful action.
to
tired
are
the
that
be excited
may
The
that
sufficient exercise.
Sleep, the natural rest from
regular,and should continue
used
serve,
ob-
great varietyof work, having the
a
nervous
vigor of
study, in order
to
receive
may
We
stimulus
the
a
nerves
sensory
as
healthful
the
secure
119
through the body.
great variety of objects to
handle,
to
and
DIRECTED.
distributed
We
VI.
to
necessary
nerves
V.
IS
MOTION
BODILY
IV
nerves
usuallyduring
are
orous,
vig-
most
first half of
the
day.
We
IX.
when
need
we
should
are
try
never
sleepy.
In
think
to
first
the
or
study
place,we
than
sleep more
knowledge ; and, in the
place,we gain very little knowledge when
then
ond
sec-
the
mind
is weary.
X. We
should
mental
as
XI.
that
and
work, because
to break
we
When
can
down
the
not
continued
avoid
the
nerves
it may
whole
become
sleep,we
become
must
excessive
so
exhausting
system.
nervous
have
and
so
exhausted
up all labor
recovered
their
give
have
thinkinguntil the nerves
lost strength.
examination
XII.
is much
for an
Cramming
more
longer period of
exhausting than a much
regularstudy, and should be avoided.
I/O
I20
XIII.
We
IV
LIVE.
things which
will form
good habits,so that we may easilyand
certainlyperform good deeds throughout life.
We
should
take
XIV.
specialpains to avoid
bad
tends
to form
habits,
doing anything which
and sometimes
because
it will be always difficult,
such
habits when
to correct
they have
impossible,
try
to
Something to
1.
In
2.
In
learn
5.
breath
case
is it
Why
a
7. After
eaten
at
9.
ment
experi-
subjectthat
?
to
hold
the
much, what
stomach, may
too
the
learned
to
what
walk,
toms,
sympwe
pect?
ex-
nervous
walking ?
trouble
would
if the
come
an
act
cerebrum
the second
at first ?
than
10.
?
time ?
obligedto control walking?
Why is it easier to perform
were
careful
injuriousto attempt
have
controls
8. What
text-book
a
is to be done
sickness
we
a
understand
not
have
we
of
adding
subject?
considerable
for any
besides
time
do
we
6. When
action
Out.
effect ol
studied, what
have
we
Find
words
exact
study of
the
In
the
is the
3. What
4.
those
study,what should always be our object?
evils come
from
the study of science,what
tryingto
to
do
formed.
been
once
should
IVE
What
is the
result
of
doing
one
act
peatedly
re-
?
11.
When
what
have
we
we
perform acts
acquired?
without
much
ing,
think-
HOl^l^
kinds
What
12.
lead to
of acts
121
the formation
of
order
come
be-
habits ? of evil habits ?
good
13. What
a
14.
like to
15.
does
a
need
person
in
to
base-ball
player?
who
is appliedto persons
What
term
exercise either body or mind ?
What
good do we get from play that
good
get from
not
DIRECTED.
IS
MOTION
BODILY
work
do
not
do
we
?
good results from work that does not
from play ?
is night the best time for sleep?
17. Why
from having sleepat regu18. What
good comes
lar
16. What
come
hours
?
Why
sleepy?
19.
20.
should
What
while
of games
kind
kind
of
are
we
to
dents
stu-
?
rather
would
games
injure
benefit them?
than
22.
Explam
farmer
23.
week's
24.
when
how
be beneficial to
may
injurea student.
a
when
it would
What
class of
we
people
in health?
are
25. How
does
alcohol
26.
may
a
Why
miseries
28.
How
can
may
come
we
heart-trouble caused
is most
from
the
benefited
the
affect
speech?
we
be
man
best
from
considered
the
drunkenness
the
a
of tobacco?
use
avoid
from
escape
by tobacco?
by
of alcohol
use
From
drunken
way
which
a
game
fishingin summer?
What
good comes
27. In what
and
when
beneficial
are
attendingschool
What
21.
give up study
w^e
sane?
in-
dangers
?
danger
of
CHAPTER
HOW
THE
X.
IDEAS
GETS
MIND
EXPRESSES
AND
THEM.
Sensations.
The
"
pression
im-
receive
nerves
sensory
objects and carry them to the brain.
These
When
the
impressions are called sensations.
sensation
is fullyknown
to the mind, it is called an
from
Since
idea.
with
the
skin
objects,it has
From
nerves.
ideas of pressure
of
touch
the ideas
and
skin
which
soft,rough and
But
needs
to
from
in
the
get from
are
expressed by
hot
smooth,
are
know
about
flavors and
learn
must
For
these
take
the
purposes
form
the
and
and
of
of
some
The
taken
Taste
that
as
a
improper
Sense
of
Sentinel.
food
be
"
;
mind
it rnust
;
sense,
and
and
sensory
of
specialnerves
taste, smell, hearing,and sight.
hard
The
form
the
jects
of ob-
cold.
its music
beauty
nerves
the terms
odors
of
The
the
enough.
not
meaning
the
get
we
surface
we
ideas
its
muscles
weight. Through
these
sound
light it
the
nerves
and
in the
in contact
directlycomes
sory
greatest supply of sen-
most
as
get
from
color.
nerves
those
of
must
be
into
the
Taste.
Special care
not
admitted
^^^
124
LIVE,
^^
ant, and the necessary
act
of
dailyeatingis thus
dered
ren-
agreeable.*
The
Odors.
foods
Another
"
is the
sense
impressionwhich
odors
of Smell.
of the agents employed to test
of smell.
When
stances
certain sub-
brought
are
which
Sense
near
the
is called odor.
make
they make
nose,
The
nerves
an
upon
impressiongive us the sense
of smell,and are
called olfactorynerves.f These
distributed through the cavities of the
nerves
are
nostrils.
an
Substances
with
smelled
do
not
come
in
tact
con-
the
Such
substances
olfactorynerve.
give off something that we call aroma, or odor. In
It is only
no
measure
or
weigh odor.
way can we
known
through the sense of smell. Agreeableodors
and also stimulate the
give us a sense of pleasure,
whole
*
One
The
system.
nervous
sense
of taste is not
a
perfect
guide in
the
choice of foods.
of the conditions of
is that food shall be palatable.
good digestion
But palatablefood is not alwayswholesome, and the mind must
have
other means
of decidingwhat shall be eaten.
The act of eatingis agreeable
giveourselves up to the
; but, if we
of the appetite,
swine have an advantageover
pleasures
us, as they appear
better than we
do.
to enjoy eatingeven
notices nothingbut odors.
nerve
f The olfactory
Unpleasantodors
denote the presence of somethinghurtful. Food
that is tainted,
or that
off
Air that
gives an unpleasantodor,is unfit for the human stomach.
smells vile is unfit to breathe.
and
from
it will be well
bad
to
always
odors.
-ikae
A keen
"
sense
follow the
of smell is very desirable,
"
it leads away
when
nose
HO
The
Sound.
a
portionof
Whenever
objecthas
an
an
objectis the
and
movements
and
to
set
up
the
are
for its
that has sound
sense
should
that the mind
danger, and
sound
hearing.
going
are
out
the
of
sense
It is necessary
carry
motion
vibration,is
or
impressions of
receive
auditory nerves,
to
in motion.
set
vibrations
These
that
avoid
and
moves,
strike upon the ear, and
The
impressionwhich is called sound!^
in the air.
nerves
any kind
continued
a
motion,
fro,a similar wave-hke
produce
objectof
an
air is disturbed
the
125
of Hearing.
Sense
Whenever
"
IDEAS,
GETS
MIND
THE
IV
around
on
take
it may
of circumstances
It should
different sounds
what
that
it,so
advantage
its purposes.
know
be able
to
tinguis
dis-
pleasurethat music
The
affords.
mind
also be able to distinguish
must
and produce the sounds
used in articulate speech
of understanding and of expressing
for the purpose
ends it accomplishes by means
of
thought. These
the
for the
ear.
The
Ear.
has
*
The
The
"
three
which
ear,
parts
:
ing,
is the organ
of hearoutside or external
ear,
the
of vibrations
least number
that
produce
sound
a
which
the
As the vibrations increase in
perceive is sixteen per second.
the sound
becomes
rapidity,
higher in pitch. The highest sound that
ear
the
can
ear
perceivesis made
second.
second
The
sounds
which
the
new
below
Vibrations
are
of
which
are
hearing may
not
before
about
sixteen
silent to the human
sense
were
by
thirty-twothousand
and
enjoyments which
per
thirty-twothousand
per
ear.
be
cultivated
audible to other
unnoticed.
above
vibrations
This
it affords.
so
ears, and
that
the
ear
will detect
will observe
differences
cultivation makes
life richer
by
HOW
126
which
is
we
see
small
a
Fig.
30.
cf
the
ternal
; d
a, external
ear:
m^
"
bones
i, 2, 3, small
ear,
which
consists
bony
which
ear
stretch
the
head
Eustachian
of
A
drum.
a
from
tube, opens
;
the
n
r, interior
"
winding
thin
passages
three
The
membranes
of the
end
in-
highlymagnified.
of the ear,
several
the
c, membrane
of the skull.
each
across
and
connections
separatedby
are
;
5,passage;
ear;
bones
structure
of
bones
their
and
openings ;
parts of the
the
through
which
tympanum,
or
ear,
and
in the
like
LIVE.
middle
parts of the
tympanum
canals
the
passage
The
"
;
WE
tympanum
called
passage,
tympanum
the
into the
throat.*
The
*
vibrations
Through
tympanum,
so
When
equal.
is
is,not
doctor
to
the Eustachian
have
closed,and
a
we
the ears,
strikingthe
tube, air
that the pressure
we
this tube
of the air
cold
upon
and
become
but
to
cure
is admitted
both
to
sides of the
the throat
is
quitedeaf
for
the throat.
outer
the inside
**
time.
of the
ear-drum
swollen, the
a
mem-
The
mouth
"
is
of
remedy
brane
of the
motion
is
tympanum
the
internal
a
chain
and
by
by
of minute
the
nothing but
notices
of the
Care
The
alone.
The
"
should
be removed.
often
swimming,
get
for
remains
inner
passage
crawling in.*
a
boys,while
In summer,
water
into
cept
ex-
be let
it should
insects from
prevents
little care
needs
ear
lines the
which
bitter,and
not
panum,
tym-
auditory nerve
clean ; otherwise
wax
the
sound.
Ear.
kept
be
to
The
lated
regu-
fills all the
fluid which
ear.
tensity
in-
and
measure
within
is
This
ear.
quahty
some
bones
hmpid
internal
of the
passages
in
are
The
the
which
auditory nerve,
the passages
of the
spread over
gives the impressionof sound.
of the vibrations
127
it to vibrate, and
cause
conveyed to
IDEAS.
GETS
MIND
THE
I/OJV
their
considerable
is
It
in
It frequently
ears.
time, and is very
disagreeable. This difficulty
may
into the
stuffinga little cotton
be
ears
prevented by
before going
into the water.
The
It is
Light.
"
as
well
while
is the
as
sound
result
earth, the
make
*
no
In
used
cleansed
now
of vibrations
and
sun,
spiteof
all care,
sound
the
to
by
means
a
fluid much
a
an
stars.
insect sometimes
life of
the
soft cloth.
thinner
the
between
space
These
vibrations
of the
any
exceedinglyloud.
destroythe
of
of
fills all the
which
impressionupon
its movements
be
of Seeing.
generallybelieved that light,
But
sound, is produced by vibrations.
from vibrations of the air,light
comes
air,and
than
Sense
gets into the
When
intruder,and
of the
nerves
this
then
ear, where
happens,oil
the
ear
may
may
be
HOW
128
WE
LIVE,
body except the opticnerve
gives the impressionwhich
Need
forms
of
of the eye, and here it
is called light.*
The
Light.
"
mind
needs
know
to
the
and
in
ing
positionsof objects. The body, in travelsearch of food, must
avoid the abrupt precipice,
the
It must
dangerous pit,the deep water.
have some
sure
guide to the things necessary to its
The
be able to judge of disexistence.
mind
tance
must
for purposes
of use
and
protection. It also
has higher needs.
For its own
ness
growth and happiit must
the beauty which
be able to see
color
of
unfolds,and which is found in the shifting
scenes
mountain
and
of animal
sea, and in the varying forms
and vegetablelife. All these come
to the mind
of lightand through the eye.
by means
The
The
Eye.
eyes are sphericalbodies about
inch in diameter, and are placed in bony sockets
one
"
in the front
the
part of the skull.
front,they
cushions
On
sides,except
protected by strong bones and
are
of soft tissue.
The
with
eyelids,
eyelashesalong their edges,can
of the
eyes,
so
The
*
colors.
close
turn
the
of
means
the eyes. Tears
spreads the tears
a
Differences
prism it is
in color
sliovn
are
the
on
keep the
that
their
come
sects.
in-
head
fore-
eyes moist,
surface.f
lightis composed
supposed to
front
dust and
sweat
over
of
rows
the
over
from
protect them
from
winking
By
to
eyebrows
away
and
as
all
from
of many
difference
in
the
rapidityof the vibrations which produce light.
A tube connects
the tear-glandwith the nose,
so
")"
of great grief,or
usuallyflow through it. In case
overflow,and
tube
"
this
leadingto
the
weeping eye."
excess
nose
of
is called
that
anger,
extra
tears
the tears
the
weeping. Sometimes
gets obstructed,producingwhat is termed a
tears
NOW
Structure.
coat,
to
serves
The
"
the
keep
has three
eye
The
rotic
scle-
tough. It
also as a place
and
shape,and
in
eye
129
coats.
outside,is strong
the
on
IDEAS.
GETS
MIND
THE
Ofi.\
Fig. 31.
choroid
Ch,
section
Horizontal
"
Vt, vitreous
;
/r,
humor
the
inserted
coat, made
part of this
retina,or
The
dark
"which is not
matter
is
coat
in
a
wanting,as
;
This
has
coat
placed,very
watch.
supply the
case
cornea;
;
ing
openbrane
mem-
much
as
a
Next, inside,is the
choroid
containing
The
eye.
or
surface of the
an
transparent
convex
is black
in the
Cn,
;
Cry, crystallinelens
of softer tissue,and
for clearness
coat
Op, optic nerve.
is
cornea
;
very
inside coat, is formed
interior
needed
a
that
the blood-vessels
*
aqueous
retina
Rt^
front,in which
crystalis
The
Aq^
humor
for muscles.
called
choroid
eyeball:Scl, sclerotic
iris ;
;
of attachment
in
of the
interior
dark-colored.*
by
coat
the
absorbs
this black
spreadthe
light
coloring-
of
seeing.When
of
albinos,vision is defective.
WE
HOW
I30
ing
the
of the
out
LIVE.
optic nerve
back
the
over
part
of
eye.
lens is a transparent body, shaped
crystalline
thicker in the
convex
only much
eye-glass,
The
like
a
It lies
middle.
called
with
front
of
and
called
the
the
the space
is filled
and
;
jelly-like
cornea
In
humor.
aqueous
crystallinelens is a colored curtain
iris.
Through the iris is an opening
pupil,through which
lightis admitted.
the
called
the
called
the
iris
of the
muscles
The
vitreous humor
fluid
watery
a
transparent,
a
lens
crystalline
the
between
the
eye, encircled
back of the crystalline
of the
space
is filled with
lens
substance
front
The
sclerotic coat.
the
by
the
near
are
constructed
so
that
in
hght they enlarge the pupil so as to admit
more
light,and in strong lightthey diminish the
of the lightis shut out.*
pupil so that some
a
dim
Muscles
the
of the
change
eye
lens, and
of
purpose
whole
eye
which
move
the
the
to
left.
Besides
The
of
eyes
a
effect of
In
cat.
only as
the
positionof
the
talline
crys-
enlarge and diminish the iris for
adjustingthe light. The motion of
is controlled
cles
by four straightmusit up and
down, and from
right
muscle
these, one
through a
goes
around
the
iris may
in its
be
In
a
dim
lightthe
socket.f
seen
strong light the pupil closes
faint line.
a
and
form
lightupon
a
in the interior of
Muscles
"
rolls the eye
pulley,and
*
Eye.
by observingthe
nearly that
pupil enlargesso
so
it appears
much
that the iris neai'ly
disappears.
f
toward
When
the
the nose,
the exterior
strong, the eyes are turned
cross-eyes.""When
producing internal strabismus,or
interior
be
too
are
"
muscles
difficultiescan
muscles
are
too
strong, exterior strabismus
easilyremedied
by
a
skillful surgeon.
results.
These
HOW
132
The
The
LIVE.
Organs of Speech.
has
mind
WE
need
thought as well
it. It needs
to receive
not
as
only to learn from
the experienceof others, but also to give to others
the result of its own
ive
experience. The most effectmeans
by which this interchange of ideas is
tain
brought about is the voice as heard in speech. Cercombinations
to
express
of sounds
called
are
words,
and
words
ideas.
express
The
Voice.
The
larynx
"
which
is
the
prominence
lies
the trachea.
The
immediately above
into the larynx
triangularopening from the mouth
is called the glottis.Along each side of the glottis
called
thin membranes
are
and
much
the
cords.
These
branes
mem-
usuallyhang loose,but they can be stretched
made
to vibrate.
They then produce sound in
it is produced by the vibratthe same
ing
as
way
This sound
is
stringsof a musical instrument.
voice.
Speech.
lower
or
vocal
The
"
the vocal
as
and
so
of the voice will be
sounds
vibrate
cords
faster
are
or
more
or
slower.
higher
less tightened,
By slight
the sound
can
glottis
in qualityand
also be made
to vary
quantity. The
voice, coming out through the mouth, is shaped into
roof
articulate speech by the teeth, tongue, palate,
the direction
of the mind.*
of mouth, and lips,
under
changes in
*
firstthree
hear
or
opening
is
Speech
to
the
chieflya matter
correct
speech
four years of
by giving raiher
more
of the
of imitation.
will
Children
who
are
usuallyspeak correctly.During
distinctness of speechmay
school-life,
than
tomed
accus-
the usual
prominence
to the
the
be promoted
syllables
THE
MIND
of the
Voice.
HO
IV
Care
to be desired
of such
than
a
voice is
a
IDEAS.
EXPRESSES
133
Scarcelyanything is more
pleasantvoice. The possessor
"
be heard
to
sure
others, and
his
when
heed
no
is
gives pleasure
that ot others would
where
give pain. To secure
the possessionof these pleasanttones, care
be
must
given
to
taken
not
cords
in
to
the vocal
strain upon
terous
Screaming, loud wrangling,bois-
too
put
great
a
youth.
all
and hallooing,
singing,
break
harden
or
can
Care
must
much
the vocal
make
they
be taken
the throat
the
Hygiene of
I. When
great
before
II. We
of taste
the
by
to
not
bad,
tones.
cords
cause.
any
should
we
know
that
examine
they are
not
them.
be careful
not
of tobacco
use
harsh
the vocal
use
from
sore
and
eat
should
tendency to
Organs of SpecialSense.
care,
we
a
and
coarse
things taste
with
harmful
is
have
cords, so that afterward
but
none
also
when
them
presence
injurethe
to
and
other
sense
pungent
substances.
III.
Things
IV.
It is well
our
V.
VII.
VIII.
upon
should
refresh ourselves
Do
not
Do
Later
a
sit
not
the eyes
try
other
the
same
the vocal elements
use
out
be avoided.
and
of
to
late
stimu-
perfumery.
of the ear-passages.
facingthe light.
use
not
or
cross-lights
of words.
bad
very moderate
all hard instruments
Keep
Do
to
by
nerves
VI.
that smell
to
much
study or
uncertain
object may
of the
and
be
language.
in
dim
light.
look closelywith
varyinglights.
a
gained by short dailydrills
^OlV
134
Do
IX.
not
WE
LIVE.
to
attempt
when
much
see
the eyes
of exhaustion
give notice
or
by sleepiness
pain.
strain the vocal cords
X. Do not
by continued
in singingor in speech.
loud and high tones
XL
Use the voice gently at the period when
it
flammat
is
there
is any inchanging," and always when
"
of the
throat
Something to
What
Why
piece of
3.
a
does
a
it
than
5..Why
6. How
heard
have
we
fur that
4. Does
warmer
can
ever
find out
the most
by
the
with
supphed
is best
sensitive ?
of touch
sense
feel cooler
piece of marble
lies by its side ?
happen that the marble
the fur
under
the
not
can
we
tell the flavor of
described
taste
piece of
we
have
but
fable
a
never
shows
the
marble
feels
?
?
fruit that
a
?
than
conditions
same
can
old
7. What
Out.
is therefore
and
nerves,
sensory
2.
part of the skin
What
1.
Find
we
seen?
follyof deciding
that grow
out of reach?
the flavor of grapes
not relish the flavor of a peach
8. Why
can
we
upon
justafter taking quinine ?
difference does the
9. What
the surface of a
between
of
a
piece of soft,cotton
10.
Why should we
of
each
11.
hours
12.
our
Why
at
a
Why
about
meals
are
houses
pieceof
nerve
iron and
perceive
that
cloth ?
take
considerable
time
for
?
should
meal
gustatory
not
we
usuallyspend
several
?
roses
?
and
lilacs
so
planted
frequently
HOW
THE
13. What
MIND
GETS
135
if fragrantflowers
effect,
be the
would
IDEAS.
planted around all homes ?
should
we
object to having a tannery
14. Why
or
a slaughter-house
our
dwelling?
put up near
to profitable
turn
can
we
ac"
15. In what
way
substances
the decayingvegetableand animal
count
which
give off bad odors ?
16. Why should we
cultivate a likingfor pleasant
could
be
and
odors,
learn
discriminate
to
between
them?
1
Of
7. What
what
animals
is this
use
18. What
are
are
noted
them
to
sense
of the
some
for keenness
of scent ?
?
disadvantagesof being
deaf?
pleasures of
19. What
get through the
What
20.
walk
country in
When
locomotive
near
the
high
character
do
we
?
specialcharms
in the
21.
ear
a
has
earlymorning
?
summer
by, why
clang of
an
is the shrill whistle
of
a
disagreeable?
Read
from Goldsmith's
Deserted
22.
Village
the description
of summer
What
evening sounds.
sounds are described, and why do they all make
so
pleasantan impression?
advantage has the cultivated musician
23. What
or
a
gong
"
"
over
one
who
24. What
the
has
no
taste
difference
pupil
of
a
for music
in
shape
cat's
eye
?
do
tween
you notice beand
that of your
own?
differences do you notice in the iris of
25. What
the eyes of different persons ?
in other parts of the body corresponds
26. What
//OIV
136
the
to
coloring
of
matter
is
is
why
his
What
28.
What
29.
What
30.
a
walk
What
34.
sing
clear
and
useful
ideas
which
we
from
come
eling
trav-
?
the
observing
?
sea
from
What
?
differ
of
from
the
speech
?
of
disadvantages
?
does
Why
should
at
What
35.
the
emotions
some
What
"
albino,
an
1
voice
are
voice
33.
to
does
of
eyes
?
mountains
garden
How
32.
harsh
the
coloring-
?
eye
from
in
31.
of
black
?
the
defective
some
the
the
eye
of
pleasurable
among
and
the
color
sight
the
iris,
of
the
are
through
get
the
interior
What
27.
and
of
the
LIVE.
WE
the
top
pleasant
a
not
of
advantage
pleasant
tones
httle
their
comes
in
voice
indicate
children
be
"
voices
from
speech
permitted
?
always
?
?
hearing
a
XI.
CHAPTER
STIMULANTS
NARCOTICS.
AND
Stimulants.
/.
termiss
Unnecessary.-^Continuous exercise without inis impossible. Even
the heart, which
It rethan it works.
poses
seems
always busy, rests more
Its restingspells
its beats.
and feeds between
often.
are
short, but they come
They occupy three
hours
the
fifths of the time, so that in twenty-five
heart
works
When
or
but
ten
muscular
fifteen.
reposes
mental
exercise is too
and
or
prolonged, fatigueis
brain
or
Food
and
The
food
;
felt.
The
is greater
substance
waste
than
of
the
violent
lar
muscu-
repair.
relieve the
fatigue.
supplied by
repairing materials are
they are used during rest.
The
rest
food
should
be
sufficient but not
the
excessive
and varied
quantity; nutritious,easilydigestible,
in quality. The
time devoted
to eating and repose
should be ample. It should
be stinted nor
grudged
benot
if it were
as
misspent.
When
the various
in a
parts of the body are
healthy condition, only food and rest are required
in
to
enable
them
advantage.
to
exercise
their functions
to the best
HOW
138
WE
LIVE.
In disease there
are
hand
useful
extended
from
lants
stimu-
be emergencies when
may
and
Like
the
necessary.
to
exhausted
an
swimmer,
helping
they may
fatal
sinking. Like the whip which is
and straining
vigorouslyapplied to the overtasked
street-car
horses, when
they falter near the summit
of the hill,stimulants
impart an artificial
may
shall be sufficient to overcome
the
strengthwhich
But stimulants are
difficulty.
goads. They do not
nourish.
They add nothing to the material from
which
In health
strength is derived.
permanent
tomary
they are useless. The horse which can do its cuswork
only while under the constant
cation
appliof the lash is reallydisabled
by laziness or
save
disease.
And
stimulants
or
even
the
because
who
resorts
to alcoholic
person
he thinks that without
their frequent
goading he can not perform the drudgeries,
the ordinary duties of life,is in a pitiable
condition.
If he be in health
Observation
and
better
heat
better
physicalwork
to
long exposure
endured
with
the
Injurious.
"
the
;
can
habitual
But
more
be done
cold
that the average
and
use
run,
extreme
nearly a perfectstandard
approaches more
than
that, in the long
proves
mental
and
and
hunger, fatigue,
or
he is mistaken.
health
without
of stimulants.
stimulants
are
injurious. Like
powerful mainspring in a delicate watch,
they produce strong and violent manifestations,but
out the works.
they wear
The
and these
tendency of alcoholic stimulants
the only ones
under
consideration
is to
are
now
impair the normal action of the various parts of the
too
"
"
;
HO
I40
The
consumption of opium
has greatlyincreased
arations
While
its continuous
materiallythe
bodilypowers,
and
weakens
seem
dull and
Habitual
perverts the
its victims
grasp
not
a
few
to
years.
shorten
vacant
it
the
the intellect,enervates
gives a
face.
the
to
within
prep-
its devotees, it renders
life of
and
its various
and
does
use
It enfeebles
miserable.
firm
LIVE.
WE
IV
ance
appear-
opium-eating always
moral
seldom
its
From
sense.
brief
Their
escape.
potent,
imand
more
more
strugglesfor release become
till finally
the captivityis accepted as hopeless.
tered
adminisOpium should be taken only when
by a wise and prudent physician.
affects primarily the nervous
Tobacco
system.
It stimulates
and
it soothes.
great pleasureto those who
it has
its drawbacks.
often
of
bronchial
of the
the
causes
hands,
tissue,and
It
chew
smoke
or
Its habitual
use
of
palpitation
disturbance
sometimes
to
seems
furnish
it.
gestion
impairs di-
the heart, trembling
of
the
permanent
delicate
injury
nerves.
Chewing is speciallyfilthy.Smoking is
to a large proportion of the best people.
Those
declare
.
But
who
that
have
abandoned
the
use
sive
offen-
of tobacco
sweeter
breath, cleaner
they have
steadier nerves,
increased
tongues, better digestion,
of endurance, and a higher average
of enjoypower
that the loss of the fascinating
ment
excitement
; and
is more
than offset by freedom
ing
from the resultdepression.
Should not a practice,
however
popular,which is
offensive,hurtful, and expensive,be avoided ?
filthy,
WHAT
Ab-do'men
(Latin,abdo,
beneath
situated
the
of the
level
take
(Latin,ab
part
; the
Ac'id
The
Ad'am's
of
up).
suck
vessels which
The
sucking
fluids
up
by
of
means
an
membrane.
Ap'ple.
neck.
a
notion
substance
A
sour).
usuallysour,
in the front of
angular projectionof cartilage
An
It is
to be
acere,
the taste.
sharp,or bitingto
from
belly.
absorption.
of
process
from
(Latin,acidtis,
the
sorbeo,to
of
in the process
Ab-sorp'tion.
animal
and
largestcavityof the body,
diaphragm, and containingthe
The
hide).
to
liver,stomach, intestines,etc.
Ab-sor'bents
MEAN.
WORDS
THE
in
particularly
prominent
that it
was
caused
by
the
and
males,
is
apple stickingin
called
so
the throat
first parent.
our
Al-bi'no
albino, whitish). A
(Italian,
of the skin
and
hair, and
person
redness
a
having
of the
a
ness
peculiarwhite-
iris and
pupil of
the
eye.
Al-bu'men
white
(Latin, albus, white).
of
organic substance
resembling
egg.
Al-bu'mi-noids
(Latin, albumen,
of substances
the animal
An
and
resembling albumen
;
Greek, eidos,form).
be derived
they may
A
from
class
either
the
vegetablekingdom.
Al'co-hol (Arabic,al kohl,a powder to paintthe eyebrows with). The
or
intoxicatingelement
Al-i-ment'a-ryCa-nal'
of
spirituousliquors.
(Latin,alimentarius,from
long tube, of varying
form
the
and
alo,to nourish).
size in its different
is
A
parts, in which
digestion of
the
food, or
pris"sthe mouth,
the
pharynx, the esophagus,the stomachy and the
small and
largeintestine.
"aliment,"
performed.
It
com*
THE
WHAT
142
Al'ka-li (Arabic,al kali,the
substances, such
MEAN.
WORDS
soda-plant).A
soda,potash,and
as
of
combining with acids to
A-nat'o-my (Greek, anatome,
form
given
name
like,which
the
certain
to
the power
have
salts.
cuttingup, dissection).The study of
of the body.
the different parts and the structure
Am'y-loid (Greek, amulon, fine meal, and eiaos,form). A substance
and
similar to amyle, which
is composed of ten parts of carbon
eleven
A-or'ta
of
hydrogen.
(Greek, aorteomai,to
main
body, and
trunk
ventricle
of the heart.
branches
of the
be lifted
The
up).
of all the
arteries.
The
was
name
trachea,which
It arises from
appear
the
the
first appliedto the two
left
large
lifted up
by the heart.
hang). Something added
to be
Ap-pend'age (Latin,ad, to, and pendeo,to
principalor greater thing.
(Latin,aqua, water).
A'que-ous Humor
fluid
colorless
occupying the space between
to
largestartery of
a
few
A
the
drops
cornea
of watery,
and
line
crystal-
lens.
A-ro'ma
Ar-te'ri-al
and
agreeableodor
(Latin).The
Blood.
Ar'ter-y(Greek,aer,
from
the
other
substances.
bright-red blood in the left side of the heart
the generalcirculation.
air,and tereo, to keep). A vessel conveying the
outward
heart
to
the organs
vessels contained
thoughtthese
ancients
plantsor
The
the arteries of
blood
of
;
so
called because
the
air.
(Latin,articulo, to form a joint). The movable
union of bones ; a joint.
for a prize). Belonging to
Ath-let'ic
(Greek, athleo,to contend
boxing, running,and other manly exercises and sports.
wrestling,
of the
Au'di-to-ryNerve (Latin,audio, to hear). The specialnerve
Ar-tic-u-la'tion
sense
hearing.
(Latin,auricula, the
of
Au'ri-cle
of the heart
chamber
from
the veins ;
so
outer
each
on
ear).
side, which
called from
a
fancied
The
smaller
receives
and
thinner
the blood
resemblance
in
directly
shape to a
dog'sear.
Au-to-mat'ic
(Greek, automatos,
on
pending
de-
the will.
Bi'ceps (Latin).A
above
; not
self-moving).Self-acting
muscle
the elbow, which
situated upon
serves
Bi-cus'pid(Latin, bi, two,
the fourth and
prominences.
fifth teeth
and
on
to bend
the
the
front
part of the
arm
elbow-joint.
of
cuspis,prominence). The name
two
each side of the jaw ; possessing
WHAT
Bile.
The
Blonde.
fair,or light,color
a
firm,hard
A
the skeleton
Brain.
The
143
sticky,yellowish
a
bitter to the taste.
very
Of
MEAN.
of the liver ;
gall,or peculiarsecretion
fluid,and
Bone.
WORDS
THE
substance, of
or
of
mass
firmer
complexion.
or
white
a
pale-rosecolor,composing
body.
part of the
substance
nervous
or
contained
in the
cavityof
the
skull.
Bron'chi
(Greek, bronchos,the windpipe).
into which
the trachea
is
The
into which
divided,and
largerbranches
two
the bronchial
tubes
open.
Bron'chi-al
Tubes.
substance
of the
Bru-nette'.
Of
Ca-Iis-then'ics
smaller
brown
branches
dark
or
of the
color
or
within
of the
sthenos,strength).The
and
body
limbs,to give strength
of movement.
grace
Cal'lus (Latin,calleo,
to be thick-skinned).Any excessive
the skin,caused
Ca-nal'
by
(Latin, canna,
Ca-nine'
Teeth
outside
the
they are
the
complexion.
(Greek, kalos,beautiful,and
exercise
trachea
in the air-cells.
lungs,ending
healthful
practiceof
and
a
The
friction
a
or
pipe).
on
prominent
very
ol
pressure.
In the
body, any
(Latin, cams,^Aog). The
one
incisors,
hardness
in the
well
dog, as
or
passage.
situated
pointedteeth
side in each
each
tube
jaw
as
; so
just
called because
in other
flesh-eating
animals.
(Latin,capillus,
Cap'il-la-ries
hair).
the
arteries
and
the veins
;
tween
smallest blood-vessels,be-
The
called
so
from
their minute
or
hair-like size.
Car-bon'ic
Ac'id
(Latin,carbo,coal).
The
gas
which
is
present in
the air
expelled from the lungs ; a waste
product of the animal
kingdom, and a food of the vegetablekingdom.
Car'di-a (Greek, kardia, heart). The upper opening of the stomach,
through which
the
it is situated
Car'di-ac.
Car'ri-on
food
near
to
Pertaining
from
enters
the heart
or
dead
Car'ti-iage(Latin,cartilago).A
a
esophagus ;
so
called because
the heart.
(Latin,caro, flesh).The
rubber, attached
the
to the
and
cardia
decaying bodies
of animals.
firm,elastic substance, like India-
parts of the body, fonning
and ear.
nostrils,
air-passages,
part of the joints,
to
the bones
in various
Cav'i-ty(Latin,cavusy hollow). A hollow, inclosed
Ca'se-ine (Latin,
albuminoid
caseus, cheese). The
forming the
basis of cheese.
space.
substance
of milk,
THE
WHAT
144
Cer-e-bel'lum
(Latin, diminutive
brain, situated
Cer'e-brum
the back
at
(Latin).
portion
called
of the
The
skull.
and
It is
cerebrum, brain).
lower
nearly
little
The
part of the head.
the
occupying
proper,
cleft
a
MEAN.
of
brain
hemispheres,by
divided
extending
into
entire
backward
upper
equal parts,
two
the
from
front
the head.
part of
Chest.
WORDS
The
part of the
upper
spinalcolumn
behind,
trunk
the ribs
of the
the
on
body,
sides,and
inclosed
by
the
the breast-bone
in
front.
Cho'roid
(Greek, chorion, skin, and
eidos,like).
forming the middle coat
Chyle (Greek, chulos, juice). Chyme
of the
membrane
turned
white
by
the emulsion
eye-ball.
changed in the duodenum,
and
of fats.
(Greek,chumos, juice).The
Chyme
brownish-black
A
pulpy liquidformed
by digestion
the stomach.
within
Cir-cu-la'tion
(Latin,circulus,a ring).
The
circuit
or
of the
course
through the blood-vessels of the body, from the heart to the
into the veins, and from the veins
arteries,
through the capillaries
blood
back
to
the heart.
Clav'i-cle (Latin, clavis,
a
like
a
the
top
key).
at
key, placed horizontally
of
breast-bone
the
and
bone, shaped somewhat
slender
A
the
bottom
the
point
of the
of
between
neck,
the
shoulder.
The
collar-bone.
Col'lar-Bone.
Con'
cave
The
clavicle.
(Latin,concavus,
of
surface
a
Curved
hollow).
globe.
hollow
Con-ges'tion (Latin, con, together,aud
gatheringof
Con-nect'ive
which
blood
in any
Tis'sue.
A
tissue
the
placed between
Con-sump'tion (Latin,consume,
of the
Con-trac'tion
with
a
like the inside
gero, to
bring). An
unnatural
part of the body.
is
lungs,attended
rounded,
or
fever
consistingof loose
muscles
to
and
and
take
other
fibrous
bundles,
parts.
entirely).A
disease
of the
cay
cough, and causing a gradual de-
bodilypowers.
(Latin,con, together,and traho, to draw).
The
active
fiber.
shorteningof a muscle or muscular
Con'vex
(Latin,conveho, to bring together).Curved or rounded, like
the outside of a globe.
Con-vo-lu'tions
(Latin,convolvo,to roll together).The foldingsof
the external
Cor'ne-a
surface
(Latin,cornu,
of the brain.
a
horn). The
transparent,horn-like substance
THE
WHAT
which
the front
covers
MEAN.
WORDS
145
part of the eyeball,throughwhich
the
light
passes.
Lens
Crys'tal-line
(Latin,crystallum,ice).
its front and
on
body, rounded
justbehind the pupil.
Cus'pid (Latin,
cuspis,a point). A
surfaces,situated in the eyeball,
back
.
transparent, circular
A
pointed tooth
back
next
of the
incisors.
Cu'ti-cle (Latin,diminutive
called the
Cu'tis
of
cutisythe skin). The
scarf-skin ; also
epidermis.
Ve'ra
(Latin). The
skin, lyingbeneath
true
the cuticle ; also
called the derma.
Dan'druff.
small
The
which
particles,
scales,or
separate from
the
scarf-skin of the
scalp.
(Latin). A state
De-lir'i-um
and
irregular,
Den'tine
in which
of
a
wild,
are
person
unconnected.
(Latin,dens, a tooth).
beneath
teeth,lyingdirectly
Der'ma
the ideas
(Greek,
the
skin).
layerof the skin ; the true
The
bony
ivory-likepart of
or
the
the enamel.
soft,moist, and
The
cutis
skin, or
thick
underlying
vera.
The
Di'a-phragm (Greek, diaphragma, a partition).
muscular
sheet
separatesthe cavityof the chest from that of the abdomen.
di, apart, and gero, to bear). The preparationof
Di-ges'tion(Latin,
which
the food
in the
alimentarycanal.
and gradi,to walk).
Dig'i-ti-grade
(Latin,digitus,finger,
that walks
Dis-ease'.
Duct
steps
or
on
(Latin,duco, to lead).
away
a
secretion
animal
its toes.
unhealthy condition
An
An
from
A
of
part of the body.
tube, usuallydesigned to
narrow
the
some
gland
in which
it is
vey
con-
produced.
Du-o-de'num
duodeni, twelve each). The first division of the
(Latin,
small intestines,
about twelve finger-breadths
long.
The
their
E-las-tic'i-ty.
property of bodies by which they recover
former
of outside
or
figureor size after the removal
pressure
force.
"n-am'el.
The
dense
material which
Ep-i-der'mis(Greek,epi,upon,
the skin
; the
the
crown
derma, skin). The
of the tooth.
outer
layerof
cuticle.
or
scarf-skin,
Ep-i-glot'tis(Greek, epi,upon,
which
cartilage
and
covers
covers
the
and
A leaf-shapedpieceof
glottis').
top of the larynx during the
E-soph'a-gus (Greek, oiso,to
carry,
and
lowing.
act of swal-
thago^ to eat).
The
tube
WHAT
146
leading from
and
drink
the
pass
Ex-cre'tion
THE
in
throat
(Latin,excernoy
Ex'er-cise
of
out).
to purge
body
(Latin,exerceo,
for the sake
The
removed
are
; also
keep busy). Effort
to
of
training,
or
action
or
Ex-pi-ra'tion(Latin,expiro,to
of the
Ex-ten'sor
out, and
extend
straightenor
to
serves
lungs.
(Latin,ex,
Eu-sta'chi-an
Tube.
A
constitute
act
to the side of
ear
of the
clotted, it has
Fib'u-la (Latin,that which
and
outer
Flex'or
smaller
bone
of the
(Latin,Jlecto,
flexum,
bend
limb
a
Flip'per.
Forii-cle
The
any
tending
ex-
forcingair
muscle
which
the fore
the
pharynx
; from
animals.
fibrous
of
a
fiber.
found
in the
blood;
texture.
The
thingstogether).
two
to
bend).
A
muscle
which
serves
to
fin of
broad
membrane
a
fish.
of
a
follisy
bag).
A
little pouch
or
pression
de-
; it has
generallya secretory function.
(Latin,fimgor, functus,to perform). The office performed
a
organ
of
course
of
a
leg.
of the
body.
Gan'gli-on (Greek, ganglion^a knot).
by
in
joint.
(Latin,diminutive
in
Func'tion
or
a
to fasten
serves
body
string-like
portionswhich
(diminutiveof fiber).A very small branch
Fi'brine (Latin,yf^nz,a fiber).An animal matter
called because, when
of
act
canal, extending from
Fi'bril
so
The
stretch).A
part of the tissues of plantsand
a
of the
creted.
ex-
joint.
a
(Latin). The thigh-bone.
(Latin,Jlbra,a thread). One
Fi'ber
the
functions
and
The
out).
tendo, to
membranous
of the
part of the tympanum
Eustachi, an Italian anatomist,
Fe'mur
breathe
which
materials
the
its organs
keeping
by
process
healthy state.
Ex-pan'sion (Latin,ex, out of, and pando, to open).
or
spreadingout.
out
the food
stomach, through which
the
to
eating.
materials of the
waste
MEAN.
WORDS
a
nerve
;
a
A
knot-like
swelling in
the
smaller nerve-center.
Gas'tric
(Greek,gaster,the stomach). Pertainingto the stomach.
which
Gel'a-tine (Latin,gelo,to congeal). An animal substance
in hot water, and
Gland
(Latin,glans,an
ducts, with
fluid from
numerous
the blood.
forms
a
acorn). An
jellyon
organ
blood-vessels
; it
solves
dis-
cooling.
consistingof folliclesand
separates some
particular
WHAT
148
the
tween
WORDS
THE
and
cornea
MEAN.
which
lens,and
crystalline
gives the
eye
its
brown, blue, or other color.
Jaun'dice {Yrenchy jaujte,yellow).
yellowish color, supposed
a
to
the
in which
disease
A
caused
be
by
skin
of
excess
an
sumes
as-
bile.
Lac'te-als
small
has
intestines
absorbent
of the
vessels
filled with
during digestionthey are
;
milky appearance.
Lar'ynx (Greek). The
chyle,which
a
the
substance
air passes
lentil ;
(Latin). Literally,a
other
cartilagesituated
at
the
from
the
top of
the
into
the
throat
of the voice.
; the organ
trachea
of
box
windpipe,through which
Lens
The
(Latin, lac,lactis,milk).
shaped
so
piece of transparent glass or
to bring togetheror disperse
a
either
as
the rays of
light.
Lig'a-ment (Latin,ligo,to bind).
attach
fibrous band
another.
bones
The
largestgland in the body, reddish
the right side,below
the diaphragm.
to
one
mainly on
blood passingthrough it,it
the blood
animal
an
secretes
The
bile.
in
color, situated
the
From
liver
venous
produces from
starch.
round, projectingpart of
A
cord, servingto
or
two
Liv'er.
Lobe.
A
an
organ,
as
of the
liver,lungs,or
brain.
Loin.
part of
That
Lu'bri-cate.
Lung.
To
of
One
an
make
the
two
animal
justabove the hip-bone.
smooth
or
slippery.
of respiration
in an
air-breathing
organs
animal.
(Latin,lympha, spring-water).The
conveyed by the lymphatic vessels.
colorless,watery fluid
Lymph
Ves'sels.
Lym-phat'ic
absorb
the
from
lymph
the center
toward
Mac-a-ro'ni
of very
set
thin, delicate vessels,which
tissues of the
the
of the
into
:
the
spinalmarrow,
article of
it inward
convey
much
in the central
contained
however,
food, composed
tubes,and
long,slender
soft,fattysubstance
The
of the bones
made
body, and
system.
venous
(Greek, fnakar, blessed). An
of wheat-flour
chiefly
in Italy.
Mar'row.
A
is
composed
of
used
cavities
nervous
tissue.
Mas'se-ter
upon
(Greek, massaomai,
the side of the
upward
in
chewing.
to
face, which
chew).
moves
A
strong muscle
the lower
situated
jaw from below
WHAT
Mas-ti-ca'tion
MEAN.
WORDS
THE
The
(Latin,mastico, to chew).
cutting and
"oblong marrow."
or
ous
nerv-
within
spinalcord
the
with
is continuous
of
act
of the teeth.
grindingthe food to piecesby means
Me-dul'la
Ob-lon-ga'ta (Latin). The
cord, which
149
the
skull.
Mem'brane
(Latin,membrum,
a
limb
layerof
thin
A
member).
or
some
servingto cover
part of the body.
Mi'cro-scope (Greek, mikros, small, and skopeo,to look at). An optical
instrument
which magnifiesobjects.
Molar
appliedto the three back
(Latin,niolaya mill). The name
tissue
teeth of each
jaw,which
side of the
adapted for grindingthe
are
food, like millstones.
Mo'tor
(Latin,moveo,
of those
them
causes
to
muscles
the
to
; the
name
stimulus which
the
contract.
Mem'brane.
Mu'cous
move). Causing motion
conduct
which
nerves
to
tnotum,
internal cavities
or
passages
tissue which
layer of
thin
The
communicate
which
those
covers
with
the external
air.
Mu'cus
(Latin).
branes, and
Mu-ri-at'ic
Mus'cles
act
which
them
in
keep
acid consisting
of
to
serves
Ac'id.
is secreted
An
a
(Latin,musculus^
an
organ
of motion
in obedience
muscles
Nar-cot'ic
mucous
mem-
moist condition.
part of
one
in animal
will,and
to the
do not
little mouse). A
a
bodies.
contract
obey the will,and
(Greek, narkaoy
to
band
hydrogen and
A
Na'sal
(Latm,
the
nasus,
cavities contain
the
other organ
some
of the
death.
sometimes
the
nose
; the
nasal
white cord,
string). A glistening,
connecting the brain or spinalcord with
of the
or
The
body.
nerves
are
the
telegraph-wires
body.
Nerve-Fi'ber.
A
; it is of
nerves
Nos'tril
cord
which, in poisonous
of smell.
nerve
special
a
(Greek, neuron^
shaped like a tube, and
slowly.
medicine
nose). Pertaining to
Nerve
acting
voluntarymuscles
tary
suddenly ; the involun-
contract
benumb).
of fibers
The
and
doses,producesstupor,convulsions,
two
by
of chlorine.
one
as
stickyfluid which
The
very
a
slender
white
Nurt'ure.
to such
openingsof
To
the
train up with
training.
of
nervous
tissue found
in the
color.
(Anglo-Saxon,
nosu,
outer
thread
nose,
and
thyrl,a hole). One
of the
nose.
care
; the
food
and
attention
necessary
THE
WHAT
I50
Nu-tri'tion
(Latin,nuUio,
MEAN.
WORDS
nourish). The
to
by
processes
which
the
of the
body is accomplished.
01-fac'to-ry(Latin,olfacio,to smell). Pertainingto
nourishment
the
of
sense
smell.
narcotic
A
O'pi-um.
obtained
drug
fiom
juice of
the
the
white
poppy.
Op'tic (Greek,opto^to see). Pertainingto the sense
Or'gan (Greek,organon, an instrument). Any part
is adapted to perform a particular
service,such
of
of
sight.
the body which
the heart, the
as
stomach, the brain.
sharp, and genein,to bring forth). A gas
forming one fifth part,by bulk, of the atmosphere, and essential to
respiration.
Pal'ate
sisting
(Latin,palatum, the palate). The roof of the mouth, con(Greek, oxus,
Ox'y-gen
of the hard
and
soft
palate.
(Greek,pas, pantos, all,and
Pan'cre-as
gland placed behind
the
long,flat
kreas, flesh).A
stomach; in the lower animals
this organ
is
called the siveet-bread.
Pan-cre-at'ic
Juice.
The
secretion
(Latin,pluraloi papilla). The
Pa-pil'lae
terminate
the fibers of the
nerves
Pa-ral'y-sis(Greek, parahw,
marked
system
both
;
by
and
of touch
loosen).
taste.
disease
A
or
in which
elevations
minute
the loss of sensation,
of the
nervous
voluntary motion, or
palsy.
Pa-tel'la (Latin,diminutive
oi patina,a
Pel'vis (Latin,a basin). The
trunk
to
the pancreas.
produced by
; the
pan).
bony cavity
at
The
the
knee-pan.
lower
part of the
hip-bone.
Per-i-car'di-um
(Greek, peri,about, and
kardia,heart). The
sac
closing
in-
the heart.
Per-i-os'te-um
membrane
(Greek,pe7i,around,
and
osteon, a
bone).
A
fibrous
surroundingthe bones.
to breathe
{I^^XXvl,
Per-spi-ra'tion
through). The sweat, or
perspiro,
it is called
the skin ; when
visible,
watery fluid poured out from
sensible perspiration
insensible perspiration.
invisible,
; when
ing
Phar'ynx (Greek,pharunx, the throat). The muscular passage leadfrom the back part of the mouth
to the esophagus.
Phys-i-ol'o-gy(Greek,phusis,nature, and logos,a discourse). The
science of the functions of living,
organized beings; the study of
the natural actions of the livingbody.
Pig'ment (Latin,/m^"?, to paint). Coloring-matter.
WORDS
THE
WHAT
the
Plant'i-grade(Latin,//(2"/",
animal
An
Pleu'ra
There
Pneu-mo'nia
by
is
sole of the
membrane
coveringthe lung and liningthe
lung.
for each
(Greek,pneuma, air,zwdpneo, to breathe).
the air-cells of the lungs.
affecting
Vein
(Latin,porta,
the union
the blood
Proc'ess
one
151
foot,and gradt, to walk).
the sole of the foot,as the bear.
on
(Greek, a rib).A
chest.
Por'tal
that walks
MEAN.
to
a
of all the veins
gateway). The
coming from the
An
trunk
venous
intestine.
mation
inflam-
formed
It conveys
the liver.
(Latin, procedo,processus,
projectionfrom
a
surface.
Also,
Pro'te-id {Grtok,protos, first,
and
to
a
proceed, to
method
of
go
forth). Any
doing anything.
eidos,form). An
element
allied to
nitrogen; a substance containingsuch elements ; an albuminoid.
Pul'mo-na-ry {^z.\vi\,
pulmo, pulmonis, the lungs). Pertainingto the
lungs.
Pulse (LoXiw,pello,
pulstwt,to beat).The strikingof an arteryagainst
the finger,
occasioned
by the contraction of the heart,commonly
felt at the wrist.
Pun'gent (Latin,pungo, to prick). Sharply painfulor biting.
lid). The central,round opening in the iris,
through
Pu'pil{Laim, piipi
lightpasses into the depths of the eye.
Py-lo'rus(Greek,puloros,a gate-keeper). The lower opening of the
stomach, through which the food passes into the intestine ; so called
fibers by which the passage
of a circular band of muscular
account
on
which
is
guarded.
Qui'nine (Spanish,qiiina,Peruvian
bark
used
Ra'di-us
to
bark).
An
extract
of Peruvian
fever,and give vigor to the system.
cure
(Latin,a spoke
of
a
wheel).
The
bone
on
the
thumb-side
of the fore-arm.
Re'flex
Ac'tion.
An
involuntaryaction
of the
nervous
system, by
is reflected,
impression conducted by a sensory nerve
or
changed into a motor impulse.
and spiro,
to breathe).
Res-pi-ra'tion(Latin, re, denoting repetition,
The
function
of breathing,comprising two
acts : inspiration,
or
or
breathingin,and expiration,
breathing out.
Ret'i-na
membranous
(hat'in,
rete, a net). The
expansion of the optic
which
receives the impressions
in the interior of the eyeball,
nerve
which
an
external
resultingin
Rib.
One
there
the
of the
are
sense
of vision.
long bones
twelve
on
each
inclosingthe cavityof
side. The
upper
seven
the chest.
are
In
man
called true ribs:
WHAT
152
the
other
five
the
are
MEAN.
WORDS
THE
which
false fibs,of
the
last two
called
are
floatingribs.
Sa-li'va
the
(Latin). The
salivaryglands.
Sal'i-va-ryGland.
moisture
fluids of the
or
mouth, secreted
gland which produces saliva.
Sar-to'ri-us (Latin,sartor, a tailor).The
which
muscle
the other.
leg across
A
Scalp (Latin, scalpo,to cut). The
covered
token
with
of
Scarf-Skin.
an
throws
part of the skin of the head
off
cut
part
Indian
by
one
usually
warriors
a
as
enemy.
shoulder-blade.
The
Scle-rot'ic
It is the
victoryover
Scap'u-la.
the
hair.
The
by
layerof
outer
the skin ; the
(Greek, skleros,hard). The
or
cuticle,
epidermis.
tough, fibrous
outer
coat
of
eyeball.
Se-ba'ce-ous
(Latin,sebum, fat). Resembling fat
; the
of the
name
oilysecretion by which the skin is kept flexible and soft.
Se-cre'tion
(Latin, secerno, secretum, to separate). The process
separatingfrom
called
a
Sen-sa'tion
external
the
blood
fluid ; the fluid is also
important
some
of
secretion.
(Latin,sensus, sense). The
impression by the nervous
conscious
system
;
perception of
a
function
of
an
the
brain.
Sen'so-ry Nerve
Se'rum
(Latin,sentio,to perceive). A
(Latin, whey, buttermilk). The
separates from
and
albumen
Shaft.
A
the
mineral
scapula.
(Greek,a
the different
(a shell
which
Spasm
dried
like
body).
a
stem
Spe'cial Sense.
from
diff'ering
A
bony
kind
a
of
hearing,taste, and
one
sense
those
fluid
contains,besides
or
which
water,
stalk.
of
or
case
which
of low-heeled
more
of
the
shoulder
bony frame-work
kept in their proper
anything is fitted.
(Greek, spasmos, convulsion). A
contraction
It
The
are
The
bone).
(Latin, soccus,
blood.
flat,triangularbone
parts of which
or
clear,watery
sense.
substances.
The
Skel'e-ton
Sock'et
the
long, slender body,
Shoulder-Blade.
Skull
clot of
of
nerve
of
an
animal,
relative
tions.
posi-
incloses the brain.
shoe). An
opening into
sudden, violent,and
muscles
; the
or
muscular
untary
invol-
fibers.
by which we receive particularsensations,
general sensibility
; such as those of sight,
smell.
THE
WHAT
Grav'i-ty.
Spe-cif'ic
of
bulk
equal
an
MEAN.
153
ratio of the
The
of
WORDS
weight of a body
body, usuallywater,
other
some
to
the
weight
taken
the
as
standard.
Spher'i-cal(Latin,spkem, a globe). Having the form of a sphere.
The
connected
vertebrae of the back ; the backbone
Spi'nal Corumn.
; the
spine.
A cylinder-shaped
of nervous
situated in
matter
mass
Spi'nalCord.
the cavityof the spinalcolumn.
point or ridgeof bone.
Spine (Latin, spina,a thorn). A projecting
situated
Spleen. An organ largelymade
up of small vessels,and
within the abdomen, near
the left extremityof the stomach.
Ster'num
tending
(Greek,sternon^ the breast). A flat,rectangularbone, exvertically
along the middle of the chest, to which the seven
upper
ribs
attached.
are
Stim'u-lant
(Latin,stimulo, to prick or goad on). An agent which
increase of vital activity
in the body or any of its parts.
causes
an
Stri'a-ted
with fine
(Latin,sbio^ to furnish with channels). Marked
lines.
parallel
Sub-cla'vi-an
Vein (Latin,sub,under, and clavis,a key). The great
vein
bringingback
called because
Ve'na
Su-pe'ri-or
of the upper
Sur'ger-y.
the blood
from
the
it is situated underneath
Ca'va
(Latin,upper
and
arm
side of the head
so
collar-bone.
the clavicle,
or
hollow
great vein
vein). The
part of the body,
That
of medical
branch
science which
treats
of manual
operationsfor the healingof diseases or bodilyinjuries.
Sut'ure
or jointwhich
(Latin,suo, to sew or stitch).The seam
the bones
;
unites
of the skull.
Sym-pa-thet'ic Sys'tem
of Nerves.
double
A
chain
of
nervous
small nerves,
situated
ganglions connected
togetherby numerous
in front of and on each side of the spinalcolumn.
chiefly
Symp'tom (Greek, sum, with, and pipto,to fall).A sign or token of
disease.
Sys-tem'ic.
Tar'tar.
Belonging to
hard
A
salivarymucus,
the system,
which
crust
animal
forms
of the head
between
the
ear
by
a
muscle
is attached
and
to
a
whole.
teeth, and
is
composed of
compound of lime.
tempora, the temples).
the
begins to turn white with age
(Latin,tendo,to stretch).The
which
as
a
the hair
Ten'don
body,
the
on
matter, and
Tem'ple (Latin,tevipus,time, and
or
a
bone
forehead
in that
;
so
a
portionof
sinew.
part
called because
the
white, fibrous cord
;
The
scalp.
or
band
WHAT
154
Text'ure
WORDS
THE
(Latin,texo, to weave).
that form
Tho-rac'ic
from
an
Duct
MEAN.
The
particular
arrangement
of tissues
organ.
(Greek, thorax,the chest). A
tube
narrow
running
below
upward within the back part of the chest,which is the
main
trunk of the lymphatic vessels.
Tho'rax
The
(Greek, thorax, a breast-plate).
cavity of the
upper
trunk of the body, containing
the lungs,heart, etc. ; the chest.
The
Tib'i-a.
principalbone of the leg below the knee.
Tis'sue.
ments,
Any substance or texture in the body formed of various elesuch as cells,
with each
fibers,
blood-vessels,
etc., interwoven
other.
To-bac'co
(Indian, tabaco, the
smoked
the
snuff.
plant).
It has
A
tube
pipe in which the Indians
smoking and chewing and in
or
for
plant used
strong smell and a pungent taste.
(Greek,trachus,rough). The windpipe,
Tra'che-a
a
the
largestof
which
cartilage,
or
the
air-passages
; composed in part of rings of
render its surface rough and uneven.
to appear). Capable
Trans-par'ent (Latin,trans, through,zxid^pareo,
of allowinglightto pass through. Transparentbodies can
be seen
through.
Tri'ceps (Latin, tria,three, and
the
straightens
which
True
Skin.
Trunk.
The
Tym'pa-num
resembling a
with
(Latin, the elbow).
the
largemuscle
leg.
the skin ; the cutis vera,
a
drum).
The
being closed by
in
drum
extends
The
or
derma.
the limbs.
(Greek, tumpanon,
having communication
Ul'na
layerof
inner
body, apart from
The
ear,
that which
or
arm,
caput, head).
the
The
cavityof
two
the middle
membranes,
and
in
atmosphere.
bone
fore-arm
of the
the
on
little-
fingerside.
(Latin,vaiix, a dilated vein). Unnaturally enlarged applied
Var'i-cose
"
only to veins.
A vessel servingto
Vein.
inward
Ve'nous
convey
the
blood
from
the various
organs
the heart.
to
(Latin,vena,
a
vein). Pertainingto,
or
contained
within, a
vein.
Ven-ti-la'tion
into
it in
a
or
room
a
pure
Ven'tri-cle
thicker
(Latin,ventus, wind).
building in
such
a
The
manner
introduction
as
to
keep
of fresh air
the air within
condition.
(Latin, ventriculus, a little stomach).
chamber
of
the
heart, on
each
The
side, which
largerand
receives
the
TOPICAL
CHAPTER
Why
we
Bodies.
About
the
Parts
Body.
of
1.
The
head,
2.
The
internal
and
neck,
organs
of
4.
To
care
5.
To
secure
6.
To
improve
looks,
l^ 7.
To
increase
usefulness.
The
arms.
2.
The
legs.
3.
The
joints
4.
Parts
5.
Bodies
6.
Uses
7.
Intelligent
in
ball-and-socket
:
"
pairs.
of
Something
parts.
the
body.
health.
1.
of
within
organs
seen.
seen.
outward
avoid
for
limbs
and
not
To
injury
Parts.
its
trunk,
3.
"{
our
Body
The
I."
should
Study
ANALYSIS.
animals.
other
parts
care
to
of
the
of
find
body.
the
out.
body.
^hinge"compound
ANALYSIS.
TOPICAL
II.
CHAPTER
Why
we
Eating,
"
body
157
and
1.
The
2.
It
needs
3.
We
eat
to
live.
4.
We
eat
to
do
comes
what
wearing
always
out.
repair.
Eat.
work
the
have
we
Different
2.
Food
related
to
the
Food
related
to
geography,
industries.
Proteids
gluten
:
fibrine
"
4,
Eat.
Kinds
gelatine.
"
starch
:
"
sugar
"
"
gums.
food.
of
albumen
"
caseine
Amyloids
we
do.
to
needed.
elements
1.
3.
What
it.
of
Fats
animal
:
and
vegetable
oils.
Minerals
"
foods
Special
of
Ways
How
we
Eat.
1.
Mastication.
2.
The
3.
Care
1.
How
2.
How
we
low.
Swal-
teeth
Amount
4.
the
The
:
the
potash
fruits.
"
foods.
structure
teeth:
"
names
"
uses.
"
necessity
flows
of
exciting
"
implements.
causes.
saliva.
is wasted.
saliva
How
Tobacco:
meats
"
"
water.
"
necessaiy.
saliva
3.
5.
of
vegetables
salt
"
soda
"
cooking.
foods
Mixed
:
different
of
Value
lime
:
iron
saliva
wastes
"
vitiates
saliva
breath.
esophagus
:
structure
_
of mastication.
Hygiene
to find out.
Something
"
action.
"
defiles
TOPICAL
CHAPTER
ANALYSIS,
III."
How
Digestion
1.
Structure
of stomach.
action.
2.
Muscular
3.
The
gastric juice.
4.
The
absorbents,
5.
Starchy
foods
on.
goes
changed
to
by
sugar
action
of
saliva.
6.
dissolved
Proteids
by gastric juice.
7. Chyme.
Stomach
tion,
Diges-
8.
Character
g.
Alcohol
[Q.
Intestinal
and
in the
1.
Stimulates
2.
Hardens
3.
Continued
of the
stomach
2.
Taken
in
3.
Taken
at
The
intestines:
The
duodenum.
The
5.
Alcohol
in the
1.
Stimulates
2.
Hardens
7.
8.
Summary
lacteals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
proper
pancreatic juice
"
nature
"
"
action.
"
uses,
uses.
liver:
inflames.
use
liver.
portal vein
the
thoracic
duct.
chyle
:
:
of
"
"
changes
:
masticated
Food
-juices
tissue.
absorbents
The
quantities.
times.
action.
3. Continued
gestion.
proper
structure-
:
pancreas
liver : bile
6. The
cravings.
:
properly prepared.
1.
4.
inflames.
use
Food
The
coat.
abnormal
1.
3.
:
action.
mucous
2.
Di.
stomach
Produces
4.
Care
of drink,
amount
and
mixed
with
saliva.
of
by
by action
pancreatic juice.
Proteids
reduced
by gastric juice.
reduced
Fats
by pancreatic juice and bile,
neutralized
Acids
by the alkali of the bile.
Starch
Hygiene
reduced
of digestion.
to Jind out.
Something
saliva
and
ANALYSIS,
TOPICAL
CHAPTER
1.
2.
Mox'iment
159
Blood
IV."
How
The
heart
:
plan
of
1.
The
2.
The
pulmonary heart.
systemic heart.
The
the
shape
the
purified.
gets
covering.
position
"
"
heart
:
auricles,ventricles, and
3. The
pulmonary artery.
3. The
action
:
4. Pulmonary
of the
hlood.
1.
From
2.
From
right auricle.
auricle to right ventricle.
vein
The
1.
to
ventricle
3. From
1.
pulmonary artery.
to
the lobes
lungs : elastic tissue
air-cells
bronchial
Air-spaces:
trachea
laiynx glottis.
4.
The
action
1.
By
2.
Movement
Forces
in
1.
The
2.
The
Action
1.
2.
air-cells
around
:
varies
chest
Alcohol
in
the
Lungs,
Tobacco
I.
in
J
2.
j
y
in
the
Lungs.
return
"
The
Need
of Pure
of ribs and
muscles.
diaphragm.
:
lungs
:
from
passes
air-cells
into
blood
passes
from
matter
expel alcohol
Enfeebles
the lungs.
to
with
the
the blood,
breath,
disease.
3, Induces
blood
The
imperfectlypurified.
4.
1.
Tobacco-fumes
2.
Retards
3.
Produces
4.
Retards
Air,
in
of the air.
pressure
elastic force of the lungs.
in the
5. Enfeebles
"
capacity :
of intercostal
breathing
Oxygen
Impure
Effort
"
veins.
air-cells.
r
pleura.
tubes
"
Blood-flow
pulmonary
3.
the
"
"
Breathing.
"
"
2.
2.
valves.
drawn
into
the
lungs.
lung-action.
languor and stupidity."
bodily growth,
the
mind.
Ventilation.
Hygiene of respiration.
Something
to
find
out.
into
the
ANALYSIS,
TOPICAL
i6o
CHAPTER
Waste
and
pair.
Re-
in
How
Blood
the
j
I.
Action
(
2.
The
blood
1.
The
arteries
2.
The
capillaries
3.
The
veins;
1.
From
2.
From
auricle
3.
From
ventricle
1.
Place
of
2.
Jets
culation.
of Cir-
Channels
Action
v."
tissue.
out
wears
the
structure
aorta
"
extent.
"
structure
termination.
"
vein
pulmonary
the
"
size
:
repair.
of
agent
:
Body.
the
nurtures
auricle.
left
to
the
left
to
ventricle.
Heart.
Action
in
the
Arteries.
Elasticity
4.
The
Action
in
the
Veins.
in
the
Blood,
the
arteries.
it indicates.
what
3.
New
5.
The
color
1.
The
current
2.
The
valves
3.
Muscular
4.
Varicose
particles
of
deposited.
are
the
blood
flows
is
changed.
evenly.
open
toward
action
assists
the
the
heart.
blood-tlow.
veins.
'
Alcohol
and
heart-beat.
of
walls
the
4.
the
Capillaries.
pulse,
each
with
of
bums
living tissue.
Oxygen
and
motion.
The
heat
causes
burning
removed.
Worn-out
particles are
2.
in
arteries.
blood
3.
1.
Action
of
the
aorta.
to
r.
Does
2.
Causes
3.
Deprives
not
become
a
red-blood
corpuscles
blood
the
of
combustion
Interrupts
muscles
Changes
5.
minute
6. Gorges
4.
the
arteries
heart
with
^
Hygiene of
Something
the
to
circulation.
find
out.
to
shrink.
oxygen.
and
of
blood.
part of the
repair.
into
blood.
fat
branches^
ANALYSIS,
TOPICAL
CHAPTER
Motion
ces-
(
t
sary.
VI."
I.
2.
The
of
The
muscles
{1.
Muscles.
2.
the
motion
Want
Body
the
of
motion
its parts
and
body
is
moves.
the
sign
produce
General
structure
muscles
motion
Hon.
3.
f
Care
Muscles.
of
the
I.
2.
and
Flexors
and
muscles
1.
2.
Muscles
Exercise
4.
5.
Dress
Alcohol
7.
work
after
:
in
:
games
should
serve
injury.
standing.
free.
lightens
for
be
should
after
fiber
muscular
to
fat.
labor.
health.
the
mind.
not
for
Exercise.
Muscular
development
Muscles
should
Hygiene
of
Something
not
the
to
monopolize
muscles.
find
out.
ishment.
nour-
calisthenics,
"
in
"
muscles
occupation
most
"
exercise
sitting
the
leave
changes
body
receive
"
muscles
Exercise
The
exercised
muscles:
must
Agreeable
action.
nourishment.
supplies
position
6.
ligaments.
"
r
most
of
of
Rest
to
swell
expansion.
involuntary
blood
The
tissue
tendons
extensors.
of
Repair
Proper
beauty
"
muscles
and
Voluntary
3.
give
"
{r.
2.
life.
death.
connective
:
hollow
Contraction
Ac
indicates
and
"
Muscular
of
form.
the
The
How
i6i
display.
energies.
CHAPTER
The
How
VII."
of
Need
a
Frame.
Bodily
Ihe
ANALYSIS.
TOPICAL
l62
\
x.
Ho
stand
\
2.
To
keep
1.
Uses
2.
f
of
the
bones
2.
To
protect
of
Structure
4.
Materials
5.
Growth
I.
Bones
2.
Bones
the
of
\
Bones.
3.
head
"
ments.
Move-
the
(
Bony
cavities
I.
How
H
produced.
H
~~ow
shocks
"
foot
chest
"
arch
"
"
in
exercise
Moderate
childhood.
the
positions.
Proper
Bones,
Easy
clothing.
Shoes
of
Rest
after
Hygiene
Something
form
proper
injury.
of
the
to
bones.
find
out.
and
of
pelvis.
distributed.
are
and
patella
exercise.
Suitable
of
:
"
skull
column
"
radius
"
lar-bone.
col-
"
hand.
food.
Proper
Care
ankle
"
spinal
ulna
"
the
femur
:
"
face.
"
shoulder-blade
"
legs
5.
^2.
matter.
"
humerus
wrist-bones
fibula
Bodily
pelvis
:
:
arm
sutures
"
breastbone
the
of
mineral
"
skull
:
trunk
the
the
Bones
matter
repair.
the
of
Bones
muscles.
for
bones.
animal
and
of
body.
organs.
attachment
the
of
of
the
to
bones.
the
:
form.
proper
delicate
afford
To
3.
stand.
to
:
give shape
ribs
Distribution
in
body
1.
Forms
able
is
erect.
the
To
3.
Bones,
Body
the
materiaL
tibia
"
the
foot.
and
164
TOPICAL
CHAPTER
Direction
IX.
Distribution of
Nerves.
1.
To
To
Bodily
r
I.
Resemblance
J
2.
Extending from nerve-centers.
Reaching every part of the body.
3.
(^4.
In double
^
I.
Gray
\
2.
White
1.
The
Nerve-Centers.
2.
The
3. The
Nerve-Function.
r
of
J
Nerves.
sets.
matter
:
matter
brain
cells.
threads.
:
cerebrum
:
"
tions
convolu-
twelve
Sensory nerves
Motor
nerves
I.
Direct
from
2.
Reflex
from
conveying sensations.
controllingmotion.
brain.
[ 4.
f
I.
Exercise
2.
Rest
\
3.
of the
of the
Effect
nerves.
nerves
of emotion
moisture
I.
Absorbs
2.
Diminishes
3.
Gorges
4.
Weakens
:
:
diversion
joy
grief.
"
from
sleep.
"
nerve-tissue.
nerve-action.
the small
arteries with
blood.
the heart-action.
without
control.
muscles
5. Leaves
vital
6. Deranges the
organs.
action.
cerebral
7. Paralyzes
Produces
the
higher nature.
delirium.
1.
Diminishes
nervous
2.
Diminishes
action
3. Evil
pairs
nerves.
"
1.
19.
co.
Tobac-
"
"
Debases
Effectof
structure
spinalcord : the medulla oblongata thirtyone
pairsspinalnerves.
ganglions: general sympathetic.
2.
(^3.
hol.
Alco-
cerebellum
"
double
'
Effect of
'
to blood-vessels.
spinalcord,
Sympathetic from sympatheticganglions.
and training.
Habit
1
the
directed
To
cranial
Care
is
produce harmony of action.
the body.
nurture
execute
plans.
"
Nerve-Action.
Motion
[ 3.
I
Nerve-Matter.
How
"
2.
sary.
neces-
ANALYSIS,
action.
of the heart.
effects transmitted
Hygiene of the netves.
Something to find out.
to
children.
CHAPTER
X.
How
"
165
ANALYSIS.
TOPICAL
Mind
the
Ideas
gets
expresses
and
THEM.
Use
of
cial
The
the
Spe-
\
Senses.
Sense
of
Taste.
The
Sense
Sense
I.
2.
2.
The
flavors
Palatable
f
r.
The
2.
How
perceived,
nerve.
perceived.
disagreeable odors.
eating and
brea/thing.
and
I.
Sound-vibrations
J
2.
The
chian
of
the
:
external
ear:
~j
"
auditory
middle
nerve
^hearing.
"
internal
"
"
Eusta-
tube.
the
ear.
Light-vibrations
of light :
the
:
optic
nerve
sight.
"
Need
of
Seeing.
stomach.
are
r
1.
Sense
odors
[_4.
r.
the
foods.
Agreeable
A
guard to
2.
mind.
mind.
nerve,
are
olfactory
Care
the
the
guarding
gustatory
[^4.
(_3.
The
sentinel
a
How
to
in
ideas
produce
J
I 3.
Hearing.
To
Taste
3.
sensations
carry
I.
of J
of
To
r
j
Smell.
The
j
2.
3.
The
4.
Action
5.
Care
To
the
body from
injury.
l"o observe
beauty in the world.
and
structure
muscles.
position
eye : form
of light : how
regulated
produces vision
of the eye
of light
of glasses
: direction
use
of
intensity
light.
protect
"
"
"
"
"
The
Organs
Speech.
1.
The
2.
The
need
of
voice
of
:
expression.
the
larynx
"
the
glottis
"
ihe
vocal
cords.
3.
Speech
4.
Care
of
:
pitch
the
"
the
quality
quantity
pleasant tones
"
voice
"
"
"
voice.
of the organs
Hygiem
Something to find out.
of specialsense.
articulation.
avoid
ing
strain-
i66
OF
BONES
BONES
Head
The
"
THE
BODY.
THE
BODY.
OF
29 Bones.
Front' al {frontale,
frontlet
Pa-ri'e-tal {paries,
wall
one
"
Tem'po-ral{tempus,time
"
side of
head).
temple).
in each
base
at
one
of
tween
skull,be-
temples and
(8 bones.)
cheeks).
between
{ethmos,sieve one
Eth'moid
and
cavityof skull
"
part of nose).
upper
back
Oc-cip'i-tal
{occiputy
skull).
(mallet
of
head
of
outermost
at
one
"
chain,one
"
base
in each
{Mal'le-uj
-us
Ears.
forehead).
each
on
one
"
Sphe'noid{sphenos,
wedge
Skull.
in
one
"
of
ear),
of chain, one
In'cus (anvil
middle
in each ear),
(a
stirrup innermost of chain,one in each ear).
Sta'pes(;
"
(6 bones.)
"
Lach'ry-mal{lacryma,tear
(nast4s,
nose
cheek
{malay
Na'sal
Ma'lar
Tur'bi-nate
"
one
"
{turben,whirl
in each
one
orbit).
forming bridge of nose).
in each cheek).
two,
"
^^one
"
in outer
wall
of each
nostril).
Pal'a-tal
Face.
(14 bones. )f
{palatum, palate two, completing skeleton
of hard palate).
Vo'mer
(plowshare separatingnostrils).
Max'il-la-ry
{superiormaxilla, upper jawSu-pe'ri-or
bone
two, forming upper jaw).
"
"
"
In-fe'ri-or
lower
Max'il-la-ry
{inferior,
in lower
one
"
jaw).
Hy'oid (y and
base
*
In
earlylife
stapes in each
ear,
f As the teeth
usuallylooked
not
"
or
milk,"
The
set
permanent
there
but
of
eidos,form, w-shaped
"
is
a
fourth
bone
later it becomes
at
the
incus
and
the
part of the incus.
a
from
between
mucous
developed
membrane, they are
The
as
belonging to the skeleton.
temporary,
upon
contains eight incisors,four canines,and
eight molars.
set
are
may
be
tabulated
the
as
follows
:
four in the front of each jaw).
to cut
{incido,
Ca-nines' {canis,
dog one on each side of each jaw, behind
incisors).
{bi,two, and cuspis,prominence two on each
Bi-cus'pids
of each jaw behind
the canines).
Mo'lars {mola,mill
three on each side of each jaw, behind
bicuspids).
"
"
I!
in neck
tongue).
In-ci'sors
"^ a
one
"
"
the
side
the
BONES
Trunk*"
The
OF
THE
BODY.
Bones.
57
Cer'vi-cal
(cervix^ neck
Ver'te-brae
Ver'te-brse
Dor'sal
{dorsuniy back
Ver'te-brse {lumbus^ loin
f Scap'u-la(shoulder-blade one
each side).
on
j
"
the
twelve
in
the
five in the
"
on
"
Sternum
in
back).
Lum'bar
(4 bones.)
seven
"
neck).
Spine.
(24 bones.)
Shoulder.
167
loins).
part of
upper
back
key one on each side,between
j Clav'i-cle {clavis,
of
and
breastbone
[
point of shoulder).
top
"
breast
{sternoHy
extending verticallyalong middle
one
of
chest).
(upper seven
pairs attached to spine,and tied
by cartilages).
False (lower five pairsattached
to spine ; three
pairs
of preceding rib ; two pairs floating"
tied to cartilages
unattached
in front).
True
directlyto breastbone
Ribs.
(24 bones.)
"
In-nom'-i-nate
main
Sa'crum
formed
Pelvis.
(4 bones.)
of
bones
and
(?", not,
(sacred
"
between
one
of five consolidated
"
Limbs"
120
name
"
two
innominate
bones,
vertebrae).
of four
formed
sacrum,
Bones.
Hu'me-rus
Ul'na
(upperarm
(elbow
humerus).
Ra'di-us
Upper.
to
pelvis,forming hips).
Coc'cyx (cuckoo one below
consolidated vertebrae).
The
nomino,
moving
"
(spoke
"
around
each
in
one
arm).
forearm, joined
in each
one
"
in
one
exterior
of
each
to
forearm,
ulna).
(6obones.)t Car'pal{carpus,wrist
eightin
"
each
wrist).
five
Met-a-car'pal{meta,beyond, carpus, wrist
wrist and fingers).
each hand, between
Pha-lan'ges(battalions three in each finger,two
each thumb).
"
"
*
the
in
in
the clavicle belong neither to the trunk
the scapula and
Strictly,
The
them.
and
the coccyx
connect
sacrum
simply
the
as
belonging to
spine.
may
f At the jointsof the thumbs and great toes are pairsof small bones,
eightin all,called sesamoid bones isesamon,sesame-seed, and eidos,like^
nor
the arms, but
be classified
1
OF
BONES
68
Fe'mur
(thigh-bone
Pa-tel'la
(little
Tib'i-a
(clasp
Tar'sal
bones.)
foot,
The
confusion
them
counting
bones
of
Bones
the
each
each
knee-joint).
leg,
between
knee
in
ear
and
each
in
eaj:h
leg).
instep).
five
tarsus
in
two
in
each
three
great-toe,
"
bones
omitting
explain
the
skeleton
in
the
body
different
various
numbers
arises
The
sets.
:
200
adults
6
206
Additional
bones
in
the
ear
in
children
2
208
The
pennanent
The
sesamoid
teeth
each
"
toes).
and
of
and
ages
the
seven
beyond,
in
others).*
number
will
tibia
foot
"
the
the
of
of
ankle
of
additions
General
flat
(battalions
each
about
successive
in
bracing
one
"
between
different
at
leg).
each
covering
one
{meta,
Pha-lan'ges
*
"
"
{tarsus,
Met-a-tar'sal
in
pan
in
one
one
ankle).
and
(60
BODY.
"
(shin-bone
Fib'u-la
Lower.
THE
32
240
bones
8
248
from
lowing
fol-
WHERE
Abdomen,
35.
Absorbent
vessels,37.
TO
FIND
Alcohol, habit of drinking,38, 138k
hostile to life,37, 41, 117.
in the arteries,62.
in the blood, 53, 61.
in the breath, 53, 118.
in the liver,41.
Absorption, 41.
by blood-vessels,96.
by the lacteals,41.
by the skin, 91, 96.
of the food, 37.
Acid, muriatic, 79, 89.
Adam's
apple, 50.
Air, atmospheric, 124.
changes in, in respiration,
52.
carbonic
dust
in
acid in, 52.
the, 52.
effects of
impure, 54,
impuritiesin, 54.
matter
Air-cells of the
expired in, 52.
lungs, 50.
Albinos, 94, 129.
22.
Albumen,
Albuminoid
substances, 23.
varieties of, 23.
Alcohol, 6, 140.
effects upon
the brain, 116.
digestion,37.
effects upon
effects upon
face,62.
the heart, 62, 117.
the mind, 117.
effects upon
the nerves,
118.
stomach, 37.
poisonous effects of, 38.
unchanged in the stomach, 38.
Alimentary canal, 68, 137.
the
Animal
Animal
Air-passages,50.
effects upon
effects upon
lungs,53.
in the
Amyloids,
118.
of
waste
in the
Alkali, 40, 43, 138.
ventilation,55, 57.*
of, 51.
pressure
provisionfor purifying,46.
need
THINGS.
the
113, 116,
23.
functions,4.
heat, 23, 37.
how
produced, 23.
regulated by perspiration,
95.
muscles,
87.
Antagonistic
69,
Antoinette, Marie,
100.
Anxiety affects the hair, 100.
Aorta, 59.
Appetite, 43.
inherited, 118.
Apples, 25.
Application of knowledge, 7.
Aqueous humor, 130.
Arch
of the foot, 84, 87.
Arms, 15, 83.
Aroma, 124.
Arrowroot,
Arterial
23.
blood, 53.
differs from
venous,
Arteries,48, 58.
52, 53.
WHERE
I/O
Arteries,distribution
pulsationof,60.
structure
of, 59.
Athletic
TO
of, 59.
nerves,
Auricles
126.
heart, 48,
of, 98.
manner
Baths, 97, 98.
kinds
of,98.
96.
96.
Bath-tub, 98.
Beans, 23, 24.
Beauty in the world, 128.
Beef, 24.
Beer, 75.
Beets, 23.
of soup,
of wine,
Beverages, 139.
Biceps muscle,
86.
Bile, 39.
secretion
of,18.
clothingof, 73,
Bathing,97.
importance of,97.
different
directed,107.
100,
loi.
of, 73, 85.
of other animals, 17.
repairof, 58.
temperature of, 95.
of parts of, 18.
uses
why we should study the, 13.
Bones, 77.
color of, 79.
composition of, 79.
deformity of,85, 88, 89, 103.
growth of, 80.
hygiene of,88.
moved
by muscles, 85.
of arms,
83.
of head, 80.
of legs,84.
of trunk, 81.
repairof,80.
size and shape of,78.
structure
of, 78.
uses
of, 77.
Brain, 108.
care
of, 118, 119.
congestionof, 116.
movements
125.
of the
and
Bodily motion
Body, 13.
cavities of, 85.
Backbone, 82.
Ball-catcher,87.
time
THINGS.
care
sports, 74.
Auditory canal,
FIND
of, in the liver,40.
uses
of,40, 43.
Blackberries,25.
Blacksmith, 70.
effects of alcohol
Bleeding, how stopped,64, 65.
complexion, 92.
exercise
upon,
of, 115, 118.
Blonde
function
of, 114.
Blood, 58.
arterial,
53.
change of color,53, 61.
circulation of,58.
clottingof,64.
course
of, 60, 61.
injuredby chewing tobacco, 31.
making of, 18.
of, in lungs,46, 52.
purification
of
18.
uses
the,
46.
venous,
Blood-vessels,48, 129.
of the skin, 96,
injuriesof, 116.
absorptionby, 96.
injuriesto, 60, 61, 63.
Blushing,96.
Bodily covering,91.
sensitiveness
116.
of,85.
softeningof, 116.
structure
Bread,
and
of, 109.
22.
butter, 25.
Breast-bone, 83.
Breath, effect of alcohol
53, 57effect of tobacco
Breathing,51,
control
upon,
upon,
31.
52, 124.
of, 113.
forces
in, 51.
process of, 51.
Bronchi, 50.
Bronchial
Brunette
tubes, 50.
complexion, 92.
-
31.
WHERE
1/2
TO
FIND
THINGS.
Delirium, 117.
Dentine, 27.
uses
of,31.
Epiglottis,
Esophagus, 31.
Derma,
Eustachian
93.
Village,"135.
"Deserted
Diaphragm,
respiration,
35,
Exercise, 71, 72.
of
movements
the, in
different modes
of, 74, 75.
of,61.
excessive,72.
for health, not strength,71.
importance of,63, 88, 103, iiS.
effects
51.
Diet, mixed, 25.
necessityof a regulated,43.
Digestion,35.
affecting,
43,
circumstances
99.
effects of alcohol
upon,
37, 44.
effects of tobacco
upon,
44.
of the nerves,
Extensor
in the
Eye,
intestines,
38.
in the stomach, 36.
nature
of, 35.
organs of,35, 38, 39, 40.
Digitigrade,19.
nerve-action,112.
Dirt, 97.
Drainage,
55.
oess,
movements
of, 52.
muscles, 69.
128.
of, 103, 131, 133.
of, 87.
care
muscles
of
a
of
an
cat, 130, 135.
ox,
131.
of, 129.
structure
Eyeball, 128.
Eyelashes,128.
Eyelids,99, 128.
Drink, 37.
Drunken
117.
Duct, thoracic,42.
Fainting,116.
Duodenum,
False
39.
ribs,83.
Farming,
Ear, 125.
of
bones
of, in food, 23.
Fear affects the hair, lOO.
Femur, 84.
Fibers, muscular, 67, 68.
source
of, 127.
of the, 126.
external,125,
drum
foreignbodies
in
the, 127.
internal, 126.
21.
23, 24.
Elbow, bending of,86.
Emergencies, 64, 65.
Emotion, 100.
affects the nerves,
Enamel
of the
Envy, 116.
Epidermis, 92.
Epiglottis,
31.
108.
Fire-kings,96.
Eating, 21.
we,
nerve,
Fibrils,67.
Fibrine, 23.
Fibula, 84.
middle, 126.
wax
of,127.
Earache, 14.
Ear-wax, 127.
Eggs,
22.
Fats, 23.
the, 127.
care
Eat, what
115.
open-air,65.
Expiration,52.
generalplan of, 42.
hygiene of, 43.
Direct
tube, 126.
116.
teeth, 27.
Fish, as food, 24.
Flannels, loi.
Flavors, 122, 123.
Flesh, 24.
Flexor
muscles, 69.
Floating ribs,83.
Flour, 22.
Flowers, 134, 135.
Foods, 22, 23, 24, 25, 123.
animal, 24.
changes of,42.
elements of, 22.
WHERE
TO
change of color,100.
thinning of, 100.
sudden
special,
24.
vegetable,24.
ripe,25.
unripe,25.
Full
bath, 99.
Function, 4.
Furs, loi.
Ganglions,iii.
55.
sewer,
juice,36.
action
of, 36.
effect of alcohol
of, 99.
Hair-follicles,
94.
of bodily organs, 107.
Harmony
Headache, 14.
Health, importance of, 15.
of,125.
Hearing, sense
be cultivated,125.
may
protectionof, 127.
Heart, 46.
affected by alcohol,117.
affected by tobacco, 118.
cavities of,48.
circulation through the, 59.
frequency of action,60.
movements
of, 48.
structure
of, 48.
valves of,48.
work
of,46, 60.
Heat, animal, 23, 37.
foods productiveof, 23.
regulationof, loi.
uses
Foot, 15.
arch of,84, 87.
care
of,84, 88.
Freckles, 93
Fruits,25.
benefits of,25.
Gastric
173
Hair, grayness of, 100.
shedding of,99.
structure
of,99.
Foods, kinds of, 22.
mixture
of,25.
necessityfor,18.
source
of, 22.
Gas,
THINGS.
FIND
upon,
37.
Gelatine, 23.
Geography, 22.
Glands, perspiratory,
94.
salivary,
29.
sebaceous, 94.
Hiccough, 113.
High heels,85, 103.
tear, 128.
Hollow
Glasses, 131.
Homes, 135.
Humems,
83.
Humor, aqueous, 130.
lens, 130.
crystalline
vitreous,130.
131.
concave,
131.
convex,
Glottis,132.
Gluten, 22.
Goldsmith's
"Deserted
Village," Hunger,
of the
flour,24.
Grief,116, 128.
of the
Gristle, 80.
of brain and
Gum,
mind,
chewing, 30.
Gums, vegetable,23.
Gustatory nerves, 123.
Gymnastics, 74.
115, Ii8.
5.
bones, 88.
circulation,62.
of
digestion,
43.
of
mastication,32.
muscles, 72.
of the
of the nerves,
118.
of the organs of special
sense^
of
respiration,
55.
of the
Habit, 114, 118, 120.
Hand, the, 15.
Hair, 91, 92, 99.
care
of, 99, 104.
43,
Hygiene,
135Graham
Growth
muscles, 68.
skin, 103.
Ideas, 122.
116.
Ill-temper,
Impuritieson
the
skin, 97.
133.
WHERE
1.74
Incentives
Inferior
to
vena
TO
FIND
Lens, crystalline,
130.
study,5.
cava,
Ligaments, 68.
Light,theory of, 127.
48.
Inheritance, 118.
85.
Ingrowing-nails,
Insanity,drunkenness
THINGS.
action
a
form
of,
on
eye,
128, 131.
of, 128.
need
Limbs, 15.
121.
in the bones, 88.
caused by tobacco,ii8. Lime
Insensibility
Insensible
loi.
Linen,
perspiration,
95.
Liver, 40.
52.
Inspiration,
Intercostal
alcohol
Intestinal
secretion
muscles, 51.
juices,38.
action of,38.
Intestinal digestion,
38.
Intestines,38.
motion
of,38.
structure
of, 38.
Lobes
of
in, 41.
of the, 40.
lungs,49,
Long-sight,131.
Looks, importance of, 14.
Lungs, 49.
action
Involuntarymuscles, 6g.
in, 52.
Iris,68, 130.
function of, 131.
Iron, 23.
of, 50.
Lymph, 96.
vessels,96.
Jaundice,40.
Jaw, lower, 81, 86.
Joints,15.
Macaroni, 33.
structure
Manufacturing,22.
Marie
Antoinette, 100.
of the bones, 78.
Marrow
Masseter, 86.
Mastication, 25.
hygienic laws of,32.
importance of, 30.
Meanness, 116.
ball-and-socket,16.
compound,
hinge, 16.
16.
in, 16.
pivot,83.
36, 43.
Juice,gastric,
intestinal,
38, 42.
motion
pancreatic,39,
Jumping, 87.
Meats,
the
40, 43.
23.
cooking of, 24.
Medulla
oblongata,iii.
function
Kidneys, 95.
Kissing,sometimes
Knee,
50.
Lobsters, 24.
of
the, 113.
Melons, 25.
dangerous,96.
of the tympanum,
Membrane
126.
Microscope, 108.
16.
Milk, 24.
Mind,
absorptionby, 41.
Lamb,
24.
skin, 92.
84, 88.
action,3.
Legislative
15,
in
the,
Minerals, 23.
More, Sir Thomas,
Morning-bath, 98.
Motion
Leaping,87.
Legs,
lime-water, 25.
effects of alcohol
upon,
growth of, 115, 119.
Large intestines,38.
Larynx, 50.
production of the voice
132.
Layers of the
with
mixed
Lacteals,41.
Mucous
necessary
to
ico.
life,66.
coat, 36.
membrane, 145.
acid, 79, 89.
Muscles, 67.
Muriatic
117.
TO
WHERE
Odors,
Oil
rest, 71, 73.
of the eye,
87, 130.
of,67.
structure
voluntaryand
involuntary,
69.
Muscular
contraction,68.
Muscular
coat, 36, 38.
fibers,67.
122.
sense,
Miisic, 122, 125, 135.
Nails, 92.
of the, 92, 105.
Narcotics, 30, 75, 139, 140.
property of, 30.
tobacco, 30, 140.
voice, 132.
Orris-root,29.
Overshoes, 102.
Oxygen, 46, 52.
cavities,
51.
given off by plants,52.
received
olfactory,
124.
optic,128.
17.
43.
of,40.
of, 108.
sympathetic system of, iii,
133.
Pericardium, 47.
Periosteum, 79.
spinal,III.
52, 124.
juice,39,
Peifumery,
112.
Nose, 17,
body,
of parts of the
Passions, 117.
Patella,84.
Peaches, 25.
Peas, 23, 24.
Pelvis,82.
iii.
112.
system, 107.
Pairs
Papillae,
94.
116.
Paralysis,
Passages,air,50.
gustatory, 123.
Nervous
33.
uses
of, 115.
functions
of, ill.
distributed,107,
hygiene of, 118.
blood, 52.
Oysters as food, 24,
Pancreatic
exercise
how
into the
Palate, 132.
Paleness,96.
Pancreas, 39.
auditory,125.
structure
Oil-glands,94, 96.
Old-sight,131.
Olfactorynerve, 124.
Opium, 140.
Opium-eaters, 140.
Optic nerve, 128.
Oranges, 25.
Organs of circulation,46, 59,
of digestion,35, 38, 39.
of hearing,125.
of respiration,
49.
of sight,
128.
of
Nerve-action, 112.
direct,112.
reflex,112.
Nerve-matter, 108.
cells,108.
fibers,108.
Nerves, 107.
aff"ected by alcohol,116.
affected by emotion, 116.
affected by tobacco, 1 17.
sensory,
124, 135.
122,
food, 23.
smell, 124.
of taste, 123.
of touch, 122.
ingrowing,85.
motor,
as
of
uses
Nasal
175
Nurture, 21, 58.
Nutrition, 60.
Muscles, antagonistic,
69, 87.
extensors, 69.
flexors,69.
function
of, 67, 85.
hollow, 68.
hygiene of, 72.
in pairs,69.
need
THINGS.
FIND
114.
Perspiration,
94.
of,95.
dailyamount
sensible
uses
and
of, 95.
insensible,95.
TO
WHERE
176
THINGS.
FIND
Roof
Pharynx, 31.
Physicalstrength,71.
of
Round
mouth, 132.
shoulders, 75.
culture,73, 74.
Sago, 23.
Piano-playing,115.
Pigment, 92, 99.
Pitch
of
Saliva,29.
sound, 132.
flow
Plantigrade,19.
Plays,74, 75, 121.
Pleura, 51.
Pneumonia, 53, 103.
Pork, 24.
Portal vein, 41.
Posture, 73.
Potash, 23.
Potato, 23.
of the teeth,28, 32.
Preservation
128.
Prism,
Proteids,23.
Pulmonary action,48.
Pulmonary heart, 48.
Pulmonary vein, 53.
of the heart, 60.
Pulsation
60.
of the arteries,
60.
Pulse,
Pupil,the, 130.
Pylorus,36.
Radius, 84,
caused
action
Reflex
by drink, 116.
of the spinal cord,
objectsof, 113.
51.
22.
eyeball,129.
Screaming, 133.
Sebaceous
glands,94.
of, 94.
Selfishness,116,
Sensation, 122.
of temperature,
secretion
122.
of
weight, 122.
production of, 122.
Sense of hearing,125.
of sight,127.
smell, 124,
of taste, 122.
of touch, 122.
coat,
119.
112,
36.
Serum, 36.
Shocks, how distributed,84, 87.
Shoes, 84, loi, 103.
Shoulder-blade, 83.
Shoulders, round, 75.
of, 127.
Sight,sense
organs of, 128.
Silk, loi.
Sir Thomas
131.
More,
100.
Sitting,
73.
Ribs, 82.
Rice,
of the
coat
Short-sight,
131.
of, 51.
objectof,46,
organs of, 49.
Rest, necessityfor, 116, 119.
Retina, 129.
movements
Scarf-skin,92.
Sclerotic
Serous
in, 52.
movements
on,
104.
Sensory nerves,
of, 113.
Repair, 58.
of muscles, 70, 71.
uses
image
Scalp, 92, 100,
Scapula,83.
Sense, muscular, 122.
Senses, special,122.
112.
Respiration,52.
change of blood
hygiene of, 55.
Salivaryglands, 29.
Salt, common,
22, 23.
Saltness,123.
Sartorius muscle, 87.
of
Raspberries,25,
Redness
needed, 30.
of, 29.
secretion of, 29,
use
of,29, 36.
waste
of, 30.
amount
of,
in
respiration, Skeleton, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Skill,1 15.
Skin, 92,
TO
WHERE
waste
out
Stomach,
matter, 91, 94.
how
kept soft,94.
hygiene of, 103.
layersof, 92.
regulatesheat, 91, 95.
rubbing of, 98, 103.
should be kept clean, 96, 97.
of
uses
in, 37.
digestionin, 36.
movements
of, 36,
secretion ^)f,
36.
structure
of,36.
Strawberries, 25.
muscles, 67.
Study, no,
the, 81.
the, 80, 85.
of
intestines,
38.
sense
of, 124.
nerve
of, 124.
uses
of, 124.
Smoking, effects of, 54.
vein, 42.
Sugar, 22.
Sulkiness, 116.
Small
Superior vena
Smell,
Sutures, 81.
of the
Something
the brain, 116.
feet,92, 94.
114.
find out, 19, 32, 44,
to
56, 63, 75, 89, 105, 120, 134.
Sound, production of, 125, 132.
pitch of, 125.
Systemic heart,48.
Tainted
food, 124.
Tan, 93.
Soups, 24.
preparationof, 24.
Tannery,
Sourness,
production of, 132.
Spinal column, 82.
Tartar, 29.
Taste, 122, 123.
a sentinel,122.
as
injuryof, 133.
of, 123.
organ
sense
of, 122.
Tea, 22.
Spinalcord, 82,
Tear
123.
caused
by tobacco, 118.
of, 132.
ill.
of the, 113.
of, iii.
reflex action of, II2.
of, 89.
Spine, curvature
Teeth, 26,
change
the, 128.
of, 128.
132.
arrangement
of, 26.
bicuspids,26.
Starch, 23.
Sternum, 83.
128.
escape of
secretion
Spleen, 39, 153
Sponge-bath,98.
into sugar,
-gland,128.
Tears,
functions
nerves
its
135.
Tapioca,23.
Spasms
Specialsenses, 122.
Speech, 125, 132.
organs
48.
of, 94, 95.
Sweet-bread, in animals, 40.
Sweetmeats, 43.
Sweetness, 123.
Swell of muscles, 68.
Swine, 124.
Sympathetic system of nerves, in
23, 44.
Soles
cava,
Swallowing, 29.
Sweat-glands,number
54.
cigarette,
Sneezing, 113.
Soap, 98, 99.
Softening of
118.
112,
Subclavian
Slaughter-house,135.
Sleep,necessityfor,116, 119.
Soda,
41.
alcohol
Striated
Skull, 80.
sutures
35.
absorptionin, 37,
Strength,71.
of,92.
structure
177
I Stimulants, 75. i37, 138.
Skin, absorptionby, 91, 96.
care
of, 97.
casts
THINGS.
FIND
36,
42.
canine, or cuspids,26.
incisors,26.
molars, 26.
WHERE
178
TO
FIND
Teeth, of different animals, 26.
permanent,
Valves
of the
of, 96,
extremes
sensations
of,
body, 95.
Varicose
loi.
Vegetable food, 24.
respiration,
52.
Veins, 41, 42, 48, 59.
circulation in, 61.
duct, 42.
distribution
83.
Thought,
118.
Tight clothing,103.
Tight shoes, 84.
Tissue, connective, 67.
Tobacco, 30.
effects upon
the
effects upon
effects upon
the
body,
54, 140.
breath, 31, 55.
the heart, 117, 140.
effects upon
the
lungs,54,
the mind,
effects upon
the
upon
57, 140.
54.
nerves,
effects upon
the
filthiness of, 31,
saliva wasted
117,
stomach, 31.
55,
140.
by chewing,
132.
Vocal
cords, 132.
of, 132.
Voice, 132,
care
of, 133, 134.
of, 132.
organs
production of, 132.
varieties of, 133, 136.
Voluntary muscles, 69.
action
118, 140.
Tongue, 26,
of, 59.
of, 59.
valves of, 61.
varicose,61.
Venous
blood, 46.
changes of, in respiration,
52.
Ventilation, 54, 57.
of the heart, 48.
Ventricles
Vertebrae, 82.
Vibration, 125, 126.
Vitreous humor, 130.
structure
Throat-deafness, 126.
Tibia, 84.
effects
heart, 48.
veins, 61.
veins, 61.
Veal, 24,
122.
Thinking, 118.
Thirst, 96.
Thorax,
113.
of the
of the
Tendons, 68.
Thoracic
movements,
32.
of,27.
structure
Ulna, 84.
Unconscious
34.
preservationof,28,
Temperature
THINGS.
30.
nei-ves
of, 123.
Tooth-brush, 28.
Walking, 85.
Tooth-pick, 28.
Touch, delicacyof, 122.
of, 122.
organs
of exercise,76.
as
a means
Waste, 58, 91, 94, 95.
Water, 23, 95.
sense
of, 122, 123.
Trachea, 50.
Water-proofs,102.
Weeping, 128.
Training, 115,
Triceps muscle, 86.
Wheat, 22.
Wheat-flour,
True
Whisky, 37, 57, 118.
Will, impairment of,117.
Windpipe, 50,
skin, 93.
Trunk, 35.
bones
of, 81.
cavities
of, 35.
Turkey, 24.
Turnips, 23.
of the
Tympanum
membrane
22.
Wine, 37.
Winking,
128.
Woolens,
Words, 132.
loi.
ear,
of, 126.
126.
.Worry
affects the
hair,100,
;