1. home and garden
2. pest control

INSECT
PESTS
AND
HOW
TO
BEAT
THEM
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TO
REFERENCE
2.
Centipede, an insect eater.
Millepede, a plant eater.
3.
Lackey
4.
Gold
1.
Moth
Larva.
Larva.
Tail Moth
3. Mussel
Scale
on
Moth
6. Winter
Blossom.
Garden
7. Common
Ant.
13.
Cabbage
14.
Carrot
15.
Garden
on
Moth
Snail.
Armadillo
on
Appl"
Beetle.
8.
Asparagus
Beetle.
20.
Mustard
9.
Asparagus
Fly.
21.
Lady-bird.
23.
Wireworm.
10.
Cabbage
11.
Beet
I a.
Ooion
Root
Fly.
Mangold Fly.
Fly.
and
Larva.
Fly.
Pill Insect, encouragtd
or
neglected ground.
Beetle.
17. Insect-hunting Rove
Flea
or
Hopper.
18. Turnip
BmU*.
19. Turnip and Cabbage-flower
16.
Apple Bark.
Larva
BORDER
IN
SPECIMENS
33. Black
34. BU"k
Garden
or
B"aa
Slug.
Apkia.
PESTS
INSECT
and
HOW
BEAT
TO
IncludingNotes
Plant
on
and
THEM
Diseases, Soils
Manures
BY
JAMES
WITH
ILLUSTRATIONS
SARSFIELD
OF
IN
EVERY
INSECT
TEXT
THE
LONDON
C. ARTHUR
HENRIETTA
PEARSON
STREET,
1919
LTD.
W.C.2
DESCRIBED
SB
6
05
^\
V
.v"
852203
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
PLATES
PAGE
12.
Common
and
13.
Asparagus,
and
14. 14a
Harmless
Beet
Butterflies
and
Mangold
Pea, Lettuce
15.
Bean,
16.
Onion,
Celery
17.
Potato
Pests
and
and
Peats
54
Pests
Cabbage
14b,
54
.
58, 60,61
Carrot
Parsnip
Pests
65
Pests
65
7'2
.....
18.
Winter
19.
Apple,
20.
Magpie
21.
Myriapoda,
22.
Leather
23.
Beneficial
24.
Indoor
25.
Vine
20.
Further
Vine
27.
Tomato
Canker
28.
Cucumber
29.
The
30.
Moulds
31.
Potato
32.
Turnip, Mangold,
33.
Bean
34.
Clover
35.
Gooseberry
36.
Apple
37.
Strawberry
Moth
and
Pear
and
Moth
Fruit
other
Plum
and
Bush
Bristletails
94
etc.
94
106
and
106
Greenhouse
and
119
Eelworm
Blotch
and
126
Eelworm
Knob
126
Kingdom
131
131
Diseases
....
Canker,
Pea
and
Mildew,
Pear
and
Leaf
Spot, and
Cabbage
39.
The
40.
of
142
Fvingi
147
Raspberry
and
Soil
Different
Soils
Beneficial
Work
Earthworms
41.
A
in Plant
42.
Sections
43.
Pig Tapeworms
of
of
Leaf
Kinds
....
of
and
Cultivation
Mechanism
Structure
Aphides
139
142
.....
Geological History
Rust
etc.
Spot,
38.
139
Fungi
Apple
Scab,
Diseases
Bean
Leaf
Celery
Sickness, Wheat
Various
119
Pests
Fimgi
Diseases
44-
94
Diseases
and
Vegetable
Lesson
85
Pests
Leaf
Five
Pests
Insects
Grape
and
72
85
Fruit
-jackets. Snails,
Pests
Pests
Pests
Wireworms,
Soil
Tree
and
Rootlet
Loganberr
PREFACE
old-time
THE
books
who
sage
is no
there
subject of Insect
for
inspired remark,
his
books
insects
on
"
end
in their
of
the
in his mind
various
at
there
although
of
making
I think,
hardly,
can
Pests
the
had
"
wrote,
the
have
of
time
of
numbers
are
classes, those
take
which
It is therefore
pest question itself are relatively few.
will prove
of
hoped that the present little volume
to those
value
engaged in the production of food.
main
to a writer
The
on
difficultythat comes
pests is
the
up
of
of
multitude
examples those
most
with
the
which
are
likely to be met
throughout
generally, and the selection herein
given will, I
country
with
this requirement.
trust, meet
that
The
choosing
notes
of
benefit
soils
on
beginners,
pests and
resist
out
the
and
on
diseases
of
the
that
ground
is to
added
were
manures
best
the
the
to
way
in
health
plant
ensure
for
the
first instance.
regards the theories
last chapter I offer
As
in the
to
who
those
for
Pests
as
are
a
time-saver
with
us
Vigilance
Chart
of this
the
conclusion
In
from
as
the
to
the
grower.
I must
the
the
pubhcations
ready assistance
Smallholder
in
these
for
the
at
end
here
in the
afforded
by
preparation
of
the
JMiES
October
1919.
and
been
season.
glance at the
the importance
a
illustrate
Board
has
of the
height
acknowledge
of the
index
all times, and
will
there
they are worth
the subject, but
in
careful
a
and
what
interest
purposes
for use
however
at
on
student's
a
reference
speedy
added,
take
dwelt
the
help obtained
Agriculture as well
Editor
of this
and
volume.
SARSFIELD.
Staff
of
INSECT
PESTS
AND
BEAT
THEM
CHAPTER
THE
SMALLHOLDER
of
of
has
become
the
of
of
the
name
citizenship
in
this
direction
new
more
of various
comes
not
of
thanks
will
claim
as
the
with
object
danger
a
handled
unless
on
or
to
a
in
growers,
spite
of
Authorities,
no
the
great
no
of
group
of
spite
slow-coach
the
of
in
in
who,
man
proud
evinced
was
workers
in
feel
to
not
with
is
there
policy
hterally worked
have
soil.
land,
the
to
that
war
wonderfully
most
This
when
that
say
arose
ought
important
an
on
hard
go
with
cope
to
and
times,
and
and
the
going
are
to
serious
allotment
Councils
got
to-day
importance
written
nation
who
and
with
Now
have
the
inexperience,
wonders
become
Empire.
than
markedly
growers
initial
been
smallholder's
the
such
growers
British
the
call
great
worthy
of
commonplace
a
us
upon
to
to
from
lines.
intelligent
came
assist
inevitably
must
It
has
PESTS
INSECT
pests
become
volume
present
endeavouring
that
insect
has
standpoint
the
that
I
AND
subject
THE
TO
HOW
be
a
turned
paragraph
certain
aspect
of
large
number
off
in
places
important
again
the
if
we
items
the
of
with
daily
do
in
us,
a
and
Things
estabUsh
small
we
vote
mere
paper.
not
our
We
situation.
way
our
in
INSECT
10
PESTS
make
these islandi
policywhich must
practically
independent and self-supporting.
of legislation
But no
will prevent caterpillars
amount
from
eating cabbages. Here we are like the Barons
great land
the
of the
time
the
at
Black
The
populationwere wiped out.
danger to their purses, went
a
nice little law
have
more
wages
to
to
he had
than
half the
goodly Barons, scenting
Westminster
and passed
effect that
the
about
Death, when
workman
no
should
received.
hitherto
They
straighthome and paid double wages rather
than let their neighbour sing a siren song to the few
who
left. They were
economic
men
were
up against an
law, in face of which Parliament is powerless. It is the
with natural laws, except that they are much
same
more
drastic ; and if we complain of an insect pest which comes
should
cussedness," we
along seemingly out of pure
then
went
"
remember
that
and
a
there
definite
is
a
definite
remedy
cause
must
be
for its ance,
appearfound
sooner
or
mology,
Clearly,then, a little sound knowledge of entopicked up by the grower in his spare time, is
but
and I shall
not
only interesting
highly profitable,
in the chaptersthat follow,avoiding
endeavour
to show
such knowhow
ledge
the technical side as much
as
possible,
be gained and how to apply it to the ends we
can
later.
in
have
I
was
view.
once
introduced
to
a
man
who
had
given
ordinary handicraft to chance his luck as a
the grower's trade
gardener, in the days when
least paid of any calling.He did it because he
his
and
didn't
Yet
from
like his former
up
market
the
was
hked
it,
work.
this man,
who had suirounded
himself with everything
his heart desired,from grape-vines
to blackberries,
orchids to mustard
and cress, gave me
the impression
of
being thoroughlydisheartened
with
it all.
I felt
He looked
tired and overworked, with
sorry for him.
of a man
who never
the drawn
has any rest
appearance
has time to tidy liimself up and
on
a Sunday, and
never
go out for a change. It made
and as
his real trouble was,
PESTS
INSECT
AND
SMALLHOLDER
THE
to find out
want
me
were
we
11
what
going round the
let out something
together,I happened to
about
ointment, I
entomology, when, Hke the famous
found I had immediatelytouched the spot.
friend at once
began to pour out a
My new-found
real and
host of both
imaginary evils. To quote his
he said, It's Hke this,
words, as near
as
own
possible,
ever
as
sir,so soon
you get a decent crop of anything,
blarmed
there's bound
to be some
creeping insect
come
along,and all your work goes for nothing." He
establishment
"
'
described
then
and
"
any
the
'em, then
vanish
shuffle and
double
back
come
as
soon
even
as
I
insects
also went
on
of others quite unknown
ravages
artful
one
else, uncommon
acquainted with,
the
of many
work
the
'
to
expatiateupon
to
'
well
was
me
blighters
while
indeed
or
'
you
that
look
do
at
off and
you've moved
fresh."
start
Of
course
and
the
it is
only
sooner
we
speciesreferred
to
shall
unexplainedthat is mysterious,
get a working knowledge of the
the
in this book
there
the
better
for
our
food-
variety,more
beauty, more
ingenuityand more
danger in the insect
world than in any other department of Nature.
And
it
is inextricably
mixed
up with the historyof plants. In
mentioned
I could
fact, as regards the person above
that curiously
see
enough he had made exactlythe same
mistake
had happened to me
I
as
many
years ago when
first began to study insects.
had
He
clearlygone at
the business of gardening
from the elementarystandpoint,
for growing plantslearn all about plants."I confess
mistake was
found it
own
quite as bad, but I soon
my
impossibleto get very far in the one subject Tvithout
obtaininga working knowledge of the other.
There is,therefore,the strongestreason
why the grower
should make
himself something of an insect-hunter
in
than
in which
The
the poHce
more
senses
one.
way
crops.
"
We
see
that
is
more
IS
INSECT
get hold of criminals is
know
more
we
more
likelywe
point of
about
are
to turn
up
their
weevil, a moth
a
to
PESTS
be
able
to
chase
records,and the
or
an
aphis,the
it down
to
the
absolute
disposal.
chapters which follow, I propose to deal with
the questionof insect pests from the smallholder's point
in the chapter headings.
of view and grouped as shown
The illustrations will give the reader a clear idea of the
of the creatures
which are troubUng him, and
appearance
in the descriptions
the actual size is expressedin inches.
In
the
I
have
retained
well known, the
the country, and
included
name,
on
under
the
the
Latin
English ones
sometimes
one
other
name.
hand, is one
names,
vary
even
The
by
in
is
because, as
different parts of
different insects
scientific
which
"
or
each
are
Latin
"
insect is
throughout the world.
Before proceedingto deal with the pests categorically,
readers to explain
to many
it will perhaps be convenient
of insects,grouped in
that there are Nine Great Orders
various
accordingto various authorities,under one
ways
of which
the different families we shall presently
or other
meet
with must
and if we
can
come,
recognizethe order
to which
well on the road to
our
are
pest belongs,we
discoveringits history.
have
Beginning, then, with the lowest forms, we
pedes,
or
Myriapoda,
many-footed creatures, includingCentiand the Armadillo.
Millipedes, Pill insects,WoodUce
They pass through no elementary stages in their
are
growth, and by some
thought to be scarcelyinsects
at all,but joint-bodied
animals, or articulata,firstcousins
to the spider. (SeePlate
1.)
to the
As a generalrule they are
not
very harmful
gardener,as, excepting the milhpede, which gnaws at
roots, they feed upon
decaying animal and vegetable
is objected to, such
matter.
Where
their presence
collected and removed.
should be rigorously
matter
Fleas
Next
the Stjctoria, or Suckers, including
come
known
"
"
The
A
Nine
GweiAT
Orders
5peC!Me:ns
FEW
Imsects.
or
each
from
Group.
I. MYRIAPODA
H.
SUCTORIA
qjS, HEMJPTERA
Plate
Wood-louse.
Pill Insect.
Armadillo
or
Ditto, rolled up.
3.
1.
1.
13.
4.
5.
6. Millepede.
Ditto, rolled up.
7.
8. Human
Flea.
9. Louse.
"
nits " of same,
10. Eggs or
Louse.
Hen
11.
12.
Frog Hopper
or
Cuckoo
Snowy
Fly.
23.
Mussel
Scale Insect.
16.
19.
20.
hair.
Spit Insect.
Cuckoo
22.
15.
17.
18.
on
or
21.
14.
Centipede(Lithobiusforcipatus).
Centipede (Geophilus
longicornis).
Frog Hopper
Insect with wings closed.
Pond Skater.
j
Water
Scorpion.
Water
Bug.
Rose Aphis.
Black or Bean'Aphis.
Pear Tree Bug.
House
Bug.
Bean Thripa
2.
Spit
INSECT
14
PESTS
and
infest unclean
Lice, which
animals.
These, like
the precedingclass,are Apterous, or winglesscreatures.
Their
larva
with
more
live in dirt.
them
than
We
need
ourselves
concern
no
suggestionof
say that the mere
them
to turn
cause
up their eyes in pious
the carryingof it out will cause
them to turn
to
cleanliness will
horror, and
their toes, which
is
the
point.
now
proceed to the Hemiptera, or Halfmay
Wings, which embrace the various kinds of frog-hoppers,
etc.
These are
pond-skaters,plant lice,water scorpions,
true insects,and pass through several elementary stages
before they are full grown.
In the main they feed upon
the juices of livingplants,and
are
distinctlyinimical
to the farmer
and
the gardener.
DiPTERA, or Two- Wings, are the gnats, midges,daddyblue-bottles and house flies,
etc.
long-legs,
They undergo
the customary four stages of the higher insects, viz.,
larva, pupa,
ova,
imago, or, in plain Enghsh, egg,
and perfectfly. Some
of the larvae
maggot, chrysalis,
studies.
are
aquatic and form very interesting
Others,
like the Blow
infest
in
meat
hot
Fly,
weather, whilst
certain species
the larvsB of other insects,
are
on
parasitic
chieflybutterflies and moths, i; (See Plate 2.)
The
Orthoptera, or Straight-Wings,consist of the
crickets,cockroaches, earwigs,etc.,chiefly
grass-hopper,
devourers
of plant life and therefore become
pests. The
terrible locust of the East
belongs to this class. The
up
more
to
We
"
"
larvae live beneath
roots.
other
We
which
Certain
the
soil and
voracious
are
crickets,however,
hunt
down
eaters
of
flies and
insects.
now
pass
to
the
Neuroptera,
or
Nerve-
Wings,
etc.
comprise dragon-flies,
lacewing flies,caddis flies,
The larvae are mainly aquatic,but in their perfect
state
these
plantUce
Next
hunt
msects
and
other
the
small
famous
down
and
destroy butterflies,
species.
MembraneHymenoptera,
or
fliei
Wings, including ants, bees, wasps, ichneumon
are
Plate
2.
T.
Gnat.
10.
2.
Wheat
11.
3.
Midge.
Moth-eatingEmpis
Daddy-long-legs.
or
4.
5. Blue-bottle Fly.
6. Insect-hunting
Hover
7. Ribbon-footed
8. Cheete Hopper
9.
Com
Frit Fly.
Common
Brown
Grass-hopper.
"
12.
Cockroach
Black Be"U(."
or
Cricket.
13. House
Hawk-fly.
14. Earwig.
15. Dragon Fly.
16. Caddis
Stone
or
Fly.
Fly.
Fly.
Citto,Maggot
17. Green
iS. Common
of sajB*.
If
Fly.
Lace^vingFly.
SsoivioaFly
IX.
COLE0PTE"A.
^
IS.
14-
"7
Plate
Humble
3.
Saw-fly.
Wasp.
4.
Small
5. Yellow
6. Large
Bean
and Pea Weevil.
Click or Skipjack Beetle.
Cockchafer.
12.
Beetle.
13. Whirligig Water
Beetle.
14. Insect-hunting Ground
Bee.
1.
2.
10.
11.
Ichneumon
Meadow
Ichneumon
Fly.
Ant.
Fly.
Orange Tip Butterfly.
8. Yellow
Underwing Moth.
15.
16.
7.
.
Mustard
3.
Tiger Beetle.
Two-spot Lady-bird.
Beetle
{enlargtd).
17. Rove
iS. Asparagus Beetle.
Beetle.
16
decayed vegetableand animal matter.
so-called field
fleas
are
reallybeetles.
of two
Pests are
distinct kinds, indigenousor
wood
and
"
/
PESTS
INSECT
18
and
exotic
latter
often
are
from
introduced
or
the
worst,
abroad.
when
as
which
rabbit
much
a
Zealand
New
into
seed
tobacco
as
In
America
and
there
condition
home,
new
before.
than
dock, which
common
was
other
An-
introduced
who
sold it
rascallymerchant
almost ineradicable.
the thingbecame
is the Gipsy Moth, as they know
to
by
their cost, and
so
on.
plans being interfered
This
finds
English black rat, leaving
the
serious
more
is the
case
in its
th*
ov
Australia,and the brown
grey rat
this country about
a
century ago and
invaded
in
these
in
practicallyexterminated
us
Of
native
immigrant
an
congenialsurroundingsit usuallyrevels
like the
Many
"
a
Natme
with
consider
to
seems
and
object
retaliate
to
to
her
ingly.
accord-
last
point. Why do
itself. Because
?
is simplicity
The
come
answer
''pests
In other words, knowingly or not, we
invite them.
we
provide board and lodging on a grand scale which the
is not slow to take full advantage of.
new-comer
We
have therefore to fightfor our
crop and defend it
inexorable
It is an
law which
has
against its prey.
brings
earth
the
life.
to
for countless
existed
on
us
which
ages.
has
our
There
not
had
is
to
The
speciesat present
no
fightfor
its
place in
instance",a fearfully
originaldragon-fly,for
clumsy arrangement something like four tennis rackets
screwed
to a ninepin,was
hunted
down
persistently
by
the flyingdragons of the Liassic period. But it managed
the principle
that
to hold on, on
doggedness does it,"
and although they are now
both extinct,the
I suppose,
children of the dragon-fly
exceed
in strength and variety
those
of its former
is now
foe, which
representedby
"
a
bat.
it goes
So
are
we
on.
going to
The
best
wins, and
let the insects win,
or
the
question is,
are
we
going to
make
food-cropssecure
our
hand
at
means
resist
to
19
by employing the natural
attack, supplementedby the
it is clear
all events
At
artifices of science ?
PESTS
INSECT
AND
SMALLHOLDER
THE
must
we
divert, somehow, the first onset of the pest, so that,
findingthe conditions unfavourable, it will be well kept
exterminated.
if not altogether
in hand
eases.
fungoiddishealthy,microscopicplantis absorbing
and
tissues of a weak
unhealthy host,
varies her tactics in the
Nature
Here
a
juicesand
the
in the
whereas
of the
case
of the insects the
case
robust
more
our
crop the better they Hke it.
shall look further into the
We
close of the book,
to
it is
as
a
questionof fungiat the
subjectwhich is as important
insects.
as
grower
In the followingchapter I have
the
pests which
under
come
troublesome
are
referred
above
the
to
necessary
to
and
farmer
that I have
aids
are
the
their
those
as
upon
crops.
With regardto the various
all of these
of
insect
almost
suggested,
It will be
seen,
as
often
as
The
the first is because
of
as
often
be
is
in washes
In the
case
done
more
and
I think
by
that this kind
children
if
efficacious than
they
the
are
use
reason
these, being automatic,
for
help,which
structed
properlyin-
of chemicals
any rate for the small
checks I think it is obvious
at
dressings,
of natural
however,
such manual
possible
Also
etc.
picking,
pupa digging,
put forward
egg search,hand
the encouragement of all natural checks.
can
groups
study is just as
specieswhich prey
remedies
well known.
of the
some
stock, as they all
farm
to
other
or
one
included
man.
that
highlyprofitable.
I do
not
for aU insect
profess to give a panacea
far as my
troubles, but so
own
experiencegoes, I
convinced
that
the
am
handhng of the pest
proper
about
question can
only come
by the food-grower
and the insect student joiningforces. That is why, at
the risk,perhaps,of some
readers' patience,
I have made
are
INSECT
20
this
opening
lesson
deal
issue,
;
but
the
succinctly
as
"
Insect
somewhat
chapter
in
Pests,
PESTS
rest
as
of
the
possible
and
how
of
work
with
to
natural
a
I
shall
the
beat
history
endeavour
straightforward
them."
to
II
CHAPTER
FARM
Fly
Horse
"
Fly
Ticks
The
Ear-cockles
WE
to
dealing
injurious
the
first
them
it
place
would
in
learning,
and
than
anything
else.
hurts
a
the
for
cause
the
handy
good
or
vet.,
farmer
the
which
acquaintance
upon
"
Root
"
impossible
saying
his
much
with
beasts
the
the
21
many
suffer
safest
causes
There
he
never
and
more
and
many,
some
but
sends
a
of
it
know
not
always
plan,
of
is
stock
to
take
without
on.
farmer
are
course
their
as
always
applies
Of
remedy.
stock
carry
a
ailments
Their
see
that
which
days
course
to
are
necessary
agriculturist,as
the
remark
we
species
their
of
as
be
pre-war
must
of
this
is
"
Weevil
and
those
to
look
the
to
Cricket
Beetles
it will
whole
In
quite
done
a
stock.
eyes
than
truer
"
Corn
Corn
and
earnest,
attention
to
the
be
as
animals
farm
and
nothing
used
in
story
insects
farm
to
farmers
mainstay,
with
particular
some
English
the
up
Weevil
Mole
Mustard
"
Bee
"
Moth.
Turnip
take
now
pay
are
is
the
and
crops
internal
The
Moth
question
rat
"
Grain
"
and
Pigs
Ribbon-footed
"
Midge"
Wheat
Aphis
Corn
Thrips"
Corn
Fly
false
or
Clover
"
tril
Nos-
"
"
and
crops
Frit
"
and
Fly
Hessian
"
Moth
Antler
"
field
to
Liverfluke
"
Warble
Keds
"
external
parasites,
injurious
Insects
Eelworms
Fly
Poultry
"
Mite
Ox
"
parasites
Sheep
"
Green-bottles
Tick
and
insects
to
Flies
and
Scab
Tapeworms
"
Gad
and
Blue-bottles
"
due
Ailmients
"
Fly
Bot
Sheep
"
pests
stock
farm,
of
Ailments
PESTS
httle
these
22
INSECT
PESTS
Pi
A
PESTS
FARM
23
to be usef ul,andso
ailments is bound
we
shall here examine
to the insect world.
peststhat belonggenerally
divide naturallyinto two
These
sections,viz. insects
to stock and those harmful to field crops.
injurious
few farm
a
The
diseases of stock
numerous
other
many
creatures
fever
anthrax, swine
are
besides
and
due to the attacks of
instance
For
mouth
foot and
erysipelas,
insects.
by bacteria
animal fungus; so is the
viruses. Ringworm is an
or
trouble called hard tongue or lumpy jaw in cattle. Husk
in the tubes of the
or hoose in calves is caused
by worms
lungs,whilst the disease called redwater is due to the
presence of a minute germ or protozoon in the blood. We
are
here, however, chieflyconcerned with insects, and
stock pestsunder this head_are"_dmost.dw^^^
flies
oF'twx" winged.,
take as our first example the Horse Bot Fly
We may
which is yello\^dsh
in colour and somewhat
[Gastrophilus
equi),
and tuberculosis
disease,glanders
caused
are
.
Blue-bottle in appearance, in fact it has been
called the Yellow-Bottle.
It laysits eggs on the hair of
Uke
a
and neck, and the maggots which
the fore-legs,
mane
hatch from them find their way down
the horse's gullet
and
so
to the
attach themselves
where they finally
interior,
walls of the stomach
and feed upon
the juices
full-fed they leave go, and pass out to
lierein. When
into glossybrown pupae, which hatch as complete
bp the
Sange
Yellow-bottles in due course.
all animals should be examined
the Bot Fhes are
of linseed oil and
a
After
being out
for the eggs, and
thought to be estabHshed, a
will be
turpentine
at
grass
also,if
draught
found beneficial once
fortnight.
The
Gad-fhes and
Forest-flies
are
insects of the
same
similar in appearance
to house flies. These do
not infest horses during the larval state, beingaquatic,
but the females come
in the hot weather to suck their
tribe and
blood, and
cause
draught horse
is
in
great suffering
some
years.
The
of
too often deprived
ui^ortunately
his
INSECT
24
PESTS
and
sweeping tail,which were given him
those flies,
and whenever
purpose of slashing
flowingmane
the express
encumber
him
for such
with
harness
limitations
by
should
we
endeavour
for
we
to make
rubbing down with a paraffin
cloth and
the fixingon
of leafy twigs during the day
time to give him
chance
some
against the gad-flies.
The Ox Warble
Fly (Ilypoderma lineata)also belongs
to the Diptera. Its habit is to hover
about for a couple
of hours or so at mid-day in the hottest time of the year,
the flight
ming
being accompanied by an even, sustained humup
sound.
it
any
they will
This
with
a
a
either milch
cows,
poor
is the action
summer
is
one
of the
insect
This
internal
a
upon
attached
firmly
a
It hatches
of the
judgment
follow
flies will not
becomes
serious
a
it may
as
in-calf,
cause
"
or
that is
"
bot
by
Such
no
means
lives
which
as
an
female
The
A
in
sketch
a
day
so
of
is shown
or
two
that
into
a
the animal
this
spiny
licks
and
carries the young
bot into its mouth
the throat, thus reachingthe interior after
so
penetratingthe
common
the
loss in the other.
irritates the skin
down
its skin and
on
flylays her eggs
of the legs,
the hair,chiefly
and each
of claspers
to the hair by means
secretion.
gummy
it passes
eflect
either of which
stream,
flies : but
larva
oxen.
time
or
and
case,
adult
has
parasiteof
peculiaregg.
maggot, which
the placeand
the
enter
stampeding,however,
yieldin the
egg
and
or
should
there.
matter
all.
remarkable
a
be available,as
the
is perfectlyright and
animal
in
shelter
take
alternatives
them
has
know
to
seem
causes
without
sound
by instinct the meaning of it,
them
to stampede, suddenly rushing oflE
apparent object or reason, and, if they can,
cattle,who
and
This
a
wall of the
becomes
maggots
gullet. The bot then changes
smooth
and
slithery just Uke
"
of "blown"
"
meat,
which
are
the
of the Blue-bottle.
able
bot is now
The young
progeny
about
to wander
the tissues of its host, at last
among
it
There
the flesh and the hide.
just between
settling
moults
and
againbecomes
spiny,as
shown
in the
sketch.
PESTS
INSECT
26
Flies is at
of Warble
increase
the
the
time
when
the
perforatedand the maggot is about to drop to
the ground. This may
usuallybe done from February
be squeezed out with the thumbs
to April. The maggot can
wards
and crushed
under foot, the wounds
being dressed afterThis will have a distinctly
v/ith mercurial ointment.
there be a plague
deterrent effect on these flies. Should
skin
is
all
dressed
be
of them, the beasts should
of cart-grease and
mixture
itselfis black in colour,with
paraffin.The
whitish
with
over
a
Warble
hairs,very
Fly
irritating
coming against the skin. It has a blunt head and
the outspread wings
strong, thick legs,the size across
being nearly an inch. (See Plate 4.)
Sheep are subject to manj' insect parasites,our first
case
being the Sheep's Nostril Fly {Oestrusovis)which
is of the same
family as the Bot Fhes just mentioned.
in colour,
and lightishbrown
It is hairy in appearance
when
inch across
the wings measuring about
an
spread
when
insect
out.
The
Warble
Fly, which
parasitesin
these
so
do
feed
not
larvae.
This
as
has the
head
blunt-looking
same
arises in both
their mature
cases
state
from
have
no
as
the
the fact that
mouths, and
all their mischief being wrought
flies,
however
is
more
than
as
enough. The poor
presentiment about
of uncanny
and as in the last case, exhibit
the visits of the nostril fly,
the ground or seeking
on
distress,rubbing their noses
sheep have
the
same
kind
dusty placesin a desire to avoid attack. The nostril flies
is curved
and
the egg, which
pair in the early summer,
or
kidney-shaped,is laid around the sheep'snostrils. The
maggot at first is white and slender,and has a pair of
lever
directed backwards, by which it can
mouth-hooks
its way
the
cause
The
and
down
up
the nostril passages
upper jawbone, where,
of the
the formation
and
into the cavities in
they
by settingup irritation,
secretions that they feed on.
nearly an inch long, whitish
full-grownmaggot is
about to pupate, it works
and when
striped,
the nasal passage again,and is sneezed out
its way
to the
on
27
PESTS
FARM
ground,there to developin a week or so into the winged
insect.
When
sheep are restless and in poor condition, and
nostril fly,the infected
to
due
to
be
it is found
be isolated and preventedfrom
animals should at once
sneezingout the maggots on to pasture. In the case of a
be
syringed
valuable
may
sheep, the nasal passage
and
salt water
with
permanganate of potash ; or
even
the
cut
into
and
is better
than
cure,
sinus
Prevention
maggots removed.
be
however, and may
the
accomplished by coating the sides of the salt troughs
with tar and fish oil,so that the sheep, in Hcking the
substance
with
smeared
a
over
salt, get their noses
of the
attack
will repel the
which
Sheep's Nostril
Fly. (See Plate 5.)
But we have not done with Dipterayet. We have had
to
of horses, and now
come
Yellow-bottles,in the case
Blue-bottles
and
Green-bottles
on
sheep. These last
House
belongto the genus Muscidse, of which the common
Fly is a conspicuousexample. The Green-bottle {Lucilia
infests the skin and wool of sheep in the maggot
sericata)
wagging of the tail,
stage, causing irritation,much
from sores, with discoloration
and discharge
inflammation
The familiar Blue-bottle
consequent loss of wool.
(Calliphoravomitoria)also varies its usual diet of dead or
and
putrid meat
maggots of
wherewith
to
find board
these fliesare
to
woo
L. Sericata,as
and measures
and
famiHar
lodgingon sheep. The
to the angleras gentles,
denizen of lake and stream.
the unwary
its name
suggests,is a shininggreen fly
wings. Like
all its kind, it breeds rapidly and continuouslyduring
the warm
months, sometimes
accompHshingthe complete
white and
within three weeks.
The eggs are
life-cycle
in
rV inch long. They are attached
tapering,about
clusters of twenty to the wool and hatch within a day
in the heightof summer.
When
the maggot,
full-grown,
about
I inch long,drops off to the ground and there
just over
f inch
across
the
INSECT*
28
PESTS
shiny,barrel-like pupa, from which it emerges
fourteen
in about
days as a perfectfly.
Cleanhness is the chief preventivemeasure,
especially
the
about
hind-quarters,as all these families of flies are
attracted by dirt,in which
they preferto lay their eggs.
changesto
a
of birds and
Carcasses
putrefy,instead
to
small
of
its effects do
month,
it must
when
remedial
both
last
not
too, if left about
being buried for
propagatingcentres
and beetles,will afford
The sheep dip is of course
but
mammals,
be
than
more
the
for
and
three
of ants
use
flymaggots.
preventive,
weeks
or
a
repeated.
Badly infested sheep should be isolated and the maggots
picked out, and when they have been destroyed,the
placeswhere the wool is matted or the skin broken should
with turpentineand paraffin,
be shorn a littleand rubbed
afterwards
dusting with sulphur. Birds, notably the
Willow
and
Wren
the Whitethroat, who Hve on
great service in catching these
diet, perform
The
above
sheep,but
survey
are
by
have
we
of them.
no
means
the
an
insect
flies.
only pests that
trouble
sufficient space here to take a full
have one remaining example among
not
We
Tick, or Ked, all
of which
names
signifyMelophagus ovinus, a degenerate
tion
great irritawinglessrelative of the house fly. It causes
about J inch
and loss of condition, and is a creature
long,brownish grey in colour, and has the unusual property
its
far
and
them
of retaining
on
as
nourishing
eggs
the pupal state before they are deposited. Keds never
as
and after
die if separated,
leave the sheep'swool, or soon
shearing-timeit has been noticed that they collect near
The dip is the best cure
the neck.
(arsenicand soda)
to
be repeated at intervals of three weeks
which
must
through unharmed.
destroy odd pupae which have come
or
The true Sheep Tick is not an insect,but an Acarus
that is the Tick,
Diptera,and
or
Ixodes ricinus,and
also be the cause
to sheep,but can
Mite known
as
faithful coUie that rounds
them
False
it does not
up.
of much
Ticks
confine itself
misery to the
lay their eggs
29
PESTS
FARM
"
"
or
nymph
damp herbage and these hatch into a
preHminary form which is very similar to its parent,but
only has six legs,whereas the adult has eight. They
fasten themselves on to sheep or other animals and feast
when gorged and returning
upon their blood, dropping off
againlater for another orgy. They first appear in March,
the hill
and are commoner
on
and again in the autumn,
pastures in the north than anywhere else. Here again
dipping will be of service,if repeated,to catch those
leave
soon
as
as
individuals who
on
are
they
away
back.
come
(See Plate 5.)
on
"
"
We
must
on
pass
to the
Scab, Dermatodectes
ovis,
prevalentin places. Let
history. The sheep displaymuch
Acarus, and
is another
which
us
now
its
just glanceat
its attack
restlessness under
and
affected parts
the Scab Mite moves
bite the
they become sores, whereupon
there to produce eggs and continue their
off to a fresh place,
is about
4'oinch
The Mite, when
evil work.
full-grown,
longand has eightlegscovered with hairs,its larva having
only six,as shown in the sketch. It is not what one would
Mites of similar appearcreature.
call an inviting-looking
ance
in horses,
but distinct in speciesproduce mange
and the scab
dogs and other animals, but the mange
to their own
host, so
mites confine themselves
particular
from dogs will not produce scab on
that mange
sheep,
with their own
therefore get it from contact
who
must
kind or by rubbing againstfence-posts,
etc., where the
able
mites and their larvae have been deposited.It is a notifibe done under the Sheepdisease and dippingmust
until
order
Scab
of 1905.
All the above
are
one
There
whose
to
us
or
two
are
internal
is,for instance,the
it reveals
Indeed
very curious one.
all life is under the influence of
to which
history is
the extent
of sheep,but there
parasites
parasiteswhich claim attention.
Liverfluke {Distomum hepaticum),
external
a
to
controlhng
powers that are far beyond the wit of man
fathom, working out a purpose we cannot guess at,because
INSECT
30
the
even
be
creatures
seemingly negligible
most
invested
creature's
PESTS
with
"
the
A
emaciated
shadow
"
or
no
yes
the earth.
on
continuance
instance.
"
"
of
higher
some
Take
to
appear
the
present
sheep is grazing on the hillside on a hot day,
and feehng thirsty
down
to the stream
for a drink.
comes
In less than a year that sheep is dead, having become
an
of what
simple act
of
for such
loss ?
First
Then
we
we
of Fluke
'goingdown
or
Liver
and take out
return
examine
it.
glassbead.
microscope.
Here
Let
a
some
!
was
brook
the
to
But
how
be
can
the
answerable
investigatewithout delay.
shall test the water, and find it quite pure.
shall have received the veterinarysiu-geon's
report
a
We
it
or
from
Rot, obtained
few bucketful
a
dissect
us
this ?
so
s
the
one
of stream
The
tiny oval
and
We
stream.
bottom
and
biggerthan
tiny snails,no
some
are
What's
half-dozen
must
it under
put
the
Uver of the snail contains
creatures
like that shown
exactlylike the largerdrawing
of
like parent,
of the liver fluke ! It is simply a case
like child."
And yet sheep don't eat water-snails ? No,
and we have here a strange hfe cyclepresentedto us, where
two
totallydifferent creatures, a sheep on the hillside and
below are closely
httle water-snail in the brook down
a
connected
with one another by a third creature, a parasite
elaborate chain of circumstances
that requiresquite an
to be fulfilled ere it can
bring about its completeround of
development. The Liverfluke begins its existence as a
in the droppings of the sheep.
minute
egg, embedded
It has been found that one
female liverflul^e can produce
over
40,000 eggs, so that there is plenty of margin for
for these cases
loss. Nature always providesabundantlj'^
where
there are many
chances againstthe young creature
fish,
ever
reaching maturity ; as is also seen in, say, the codwtose countless thousands of ova are decimated and
re-decimated
again and again by enemies at every stage
in the
sketch, and which
is
"
their entry into the world as
market.
for Billingsgate
to the full-sized candidate
of their
career
from
spawn
It is,
PESTS
FARM
SI
for the sheep,not only 100 to 1 but 10,000 chances
hajjpily
but where
to 1 againstthe Hverfiuke egg reachingmaturity,
wet
these sheep droppings are on
pasture some
eggs are
bound
to
get washed
down
levels where
to lower
Then, after hatchinginto
streams.
it searches
out
one
a
there
are
swimming embryo
of water-snail,Limnax
kind
particular
into its
body, whereupon
and these embryos produce
the snail suffers from liverfluke,
organisms similar to the adult parasite,with a mobile
tail. At this stage they leave the body of the snail and
iruncatula,and
crawl up
and
bores
attach
its way
themselves
to
of grass near
and remaining
blade
a
edge, losingtheir tail then
unluckysheep which
by some
quiescentuntil swallowed
Once arrived at the heightof its
to drink.
down
comes
in
ambition
inside the sheep'sliver,the fluke commences
real earnest
and sets up irritation and a distendingof
the biliary
ducts, with dire results. Although the sheep
the
does
water's
to be affected much
appear
for a short time even
put on
at
not
indeed
is loss of
appetite,debilitation
first,and
may
flesh,the final stage
and
death.
Sometimes
departureof the fluke
the same
never
are
again.
Remedial
consist in keepingsheep as much
as
measures
on
possible
dry uplands. It should always be remembered
that the sheep as a domestic
animal has been obtained by
selective breeds
from
wild type, like a goat, whose
a
natural place was
the sparse dry herbage on the
among
tops of the mountains.
Sheep will be generallybetter
if reared under conditions that more
nearlyapproach the
natural
environment
than
on
low-lyingground, which
tends to produce foot-rot in addition, althoughwe
have
Marsh
a strain,the Romney
to
breed, which would seem
have become
inured to conditions
soft ground.
on
they get over it,on
organism,but they
I should
have
that the habit
and
eventual
the
mentioned
in the
of this creature
egg-laying
purposes
animal bringsin another
of
case
of the
acarus
tick
off for moulting
falling
to retm-n
to suckingon some
other
viz. the transmitcomplication,
INSECT
32
PESTS
tingof disease viruses from one to the other. This is seen
in the case
of Redwater
in calves ; where
the
particularly
Ticks, by suckingaffected beasts and passingto others,are
considerable
a
is
danger. The redwater disease however
not transmissible
to sheep,and so advantage can
be taken
of this fact to run
sheep on ground where it has occurred,
to attract the Ticks, which
then disposedof in the dip.
are
Their
Pigs are not worried with insects to any extent.
troubles are mostly confined to swine fever,anthrax, and
whilst foot and mouth
disease, if it occurs
erysipelas,
amongst pigs,may be the precursor of a serious outbreak
cattle.
These
however, as already stated, are
among
beyond the scope of this book, although I shall have to
refer to Tapeworms in a later chapter.
If I
attempt to deal with all the insects round,
and about a farm, this chaptermight well be extended
shall have
ten
times its present length,but we
to
in
to
to
were
conclude
this livestock
section
with
a
brief reference
to
poultryparasites. Amongst insects the birds are attacked
and Lice (Mallophaga) but there are
by Fleas {Pulicidre)
also Mites (Acarino). A specimen is shown
of each kind
in Chapter I, dirt is
of parasite. As has been mentioned
,
the
but
friend and
an
thrum
additional
of all these creatures,
the enemy
will be found by adding pjrredeterrent
powder
their litter
themselves
There
cleanhness
to
naturallyby
are
in addition
form
of nematoide
and
intestinal
or
means
internal
in the
nests.
of the
dust
itself
The
by
Fowls
rid
bath.
of poultry,
in
parasites
round-worms,
troubles.
attaches
trachealis)
or
which
cause
gapes
{Syngamus
Gape-worm
the
the
circular mouths
the
to
windpipe, sucking its blood and
especially
causingmuch pain,which may often end fatally,
in young
chicks.
Cleansingroosts, nests and runs with
interior
hot
lime
of the
wash
bird's
should
suspected. Affected
turpentinepassed up
cough up the worms
be resorted
to
as
soon
as
gapes
is
a
brush
of
birds to be isolated and
and
when
down
their throats.
they become
mature,
The
and
birds
thus
INSECT
34
in
run
aneglected
picked
Intestinal
birds
cause
either
(See
up.
danger of
the
is increased, as
PESTS
the
Plate
infection of
worms
their eggs
or
be
may
6.)
of the genus
worms
to become
ravenous
Heterakis
about
still suffering
loss of condition.
intestinal
healthybirds
The
also occur, and
their food whilst
full
of
development
takes
place within the fowl, and it
be expelled
by a dose of Thymol in the form of one
may
grain in a dough pillmorning and night.
Bees are a specialstudy in themselves, and subjectin
of parasitesand disorders,chief
their turn to numbers
them
being the dreaded Isle of Wight disease,and
among
insects
Brood
Bee
Pest.
Then
or
come
-"the Foul
the
proper,
consist
worm
it is
which
of
those
and
young,
the former
those
here
purpose
which
on
prey
our
attack
which
the
These
examine.
to
and
the
bees themselves.
Of
the
hive
{Galleria
Honey-comb Moth
coloured insect measuring about an
a dull brown
cerella),
larva lives upon
the
inch across
the wings, and whose
A drawing is
of the cells,so spoilingthe comb.
wax
of
shown
there
both
is
and
moth
damage is done by
but this
cicatricosis),
the
the
larva.
larva
of
The
the
insect also devours
feeds
same
Oil Beetle
during their
bee-keepers watching for them
(Seepage 57.)
upper hand.
insects
these
The
bees
themselves
in their mature
have
state, a minute
larva establishes itself between
abdomen
in the
manner
shown
of
{Meloe
the bee's egg and
prepared by the
the bee-bread
upon
unsuspectinghive-dwellers for their young ones.
consist mainly of removing and
measures
afterwards
kind
dial
Reme-
ing
destroy-
larval
state, and
before
they get
all
the
body parasites
insect whose
coleopterous
the segments of the bee's
in addition
in the sketch.
The
insect
{Stylopsdalii)is of the form indicated in the larger
drawing,an extracted larva beingalso represented.These
formerlysupposed to belong to a special
parasiteswere
Twistedorder of their own,
or
called the Strepsiptera,
itself
FARM
PESTS
very good description.Fortunately
I also givea drawing
curious than harmful.
is
Wings, which
they are more
a
of queens and
(See Plate
speciesof its kind.
Foul-Brood,
or
drones.
It is the
the
only
7.)
kiUs the young
Bee-Pest,which
is caused
cells,
in their
lives among
{Braula cceca) which
of the Bee-louse
hair of the thorax
The
35
bees
bacterial disease among
the
to science as Bacillus pluion,and
by
larvse and pupae, known
a
its presence is indicated by a characteristic gluey smeU,
The larvse appear
yellow or transpaient instead of the
All infected sections
white of the healthyones.
gUstening
and
hives should
and
be
The
be charred
over
with
a
painter's
lamp
scrupulouslycleaned.
dreaded
Isle of
Wight disease is caused by a
a protozoon called Nosema
microscopicanimal parasite,
within the bee itself,
apis. It carries out its Ufe-cycle
causingthem to sicken off and die. Here again the most
scrupulouscleanliness both in and about the hive, and
of the drinkingwater, will lessen the chances
particularly
of infection. Where a colonyhas to be cleared off,it should
be burnt, so that the disease may
other hives ; strong liquidammonia
not
be transmitted
will
put the bees
to
to
merciful end in the first instance.
The diseased hive
should also be charred over
inside for the same
reason.
Various drugs have been tried as preventives
and cure
of
a
the Isle of
but
an
sprays
the bees takingit in their candy,
Wight disease,
absolute specific
has not yet been found.
Recently
of oxygenated water
have been tried with some
but
success,
placethe
maximum
hives in such
the
to resist the
a
of all to my
mind
is to
positionthat they wiU get the
of
light,
sunshine,which
particularly
health-giving
rays that will enable the bees
amount
contain
We
the best treatment
disease
in the
first onset.
pass from live-stock
Here I shall take one
to field
(and hive-stock)
crops.
outstandingexample in
some
detail,
viz, that of the Turnip Moth, as showing in
what
the pest nuisance comes
about.
We
wiU,
way
now
INSECT
36
take
the
Clover
we
however,
With
shape of
weevil.
in and
our
less in
or
first uninvited
whole
Throughout the
of doors, in
out
In
last.
more
shall find that these small beetles
pests we
so
a
crops
find
PESTS
many
some
form
their order.
guest in the
of
with us, both
other even
to the
or
are
fact, weevils,to which I shall have
times, are not to be put off in any way.
enterpriseand
persistenceis
an
and the farmer alike.
the grower
Clover Weevils, of which
The
one
species,attack all kinds of
study of
our
excellent
there
are
to
recur
Their
example
more
to
than
leguminous crops, the
called the Striped Bean
and
insect shown, sometimes
Weevil
Pea
{Sitoneslineatus) being the commonest.
about \ inch in length,
and is greenish-grey
It measures
in colour, the thorax
being often stripedwith fightand
dark
shades.
the
eggs
are
latter
laid
Both
beetles and
their maggots are
ful,
harmof the plants. The
roots
feedingon the
in early spring close
to
the
roots
of the
by the adult females which have been hibernating
throughout the winter months in litter around corn and
These
haystacks and other odd nooks and corners.
produce small white maggots, root-feeders throughout
brood
May and June, eventuallybecoming the summer
These insects may
be effectually
checked
of weevils.
by
collection of fitter and fikely
a
rigorousand constant
wild herbage in the shape of vetches and other weeds.
from
is also subject to attack
Clover
Eelworms, a
known
minute
as
animal, allied to the intestinal worms,
Tylenchus devastatrix,which feeds within the tissues of
of one
of the forms of clover
the plant,and is the cause
sickness,and it passes to and from several crops.
{See
field strawberries in ChapterIV,) Eelworms
remarks
on
also attack oats, onions, daffodils,
hyacinths and other
garden plants. Where the groimd is infested with them
it should be gas-limed.
Grass
Land, as we might suppose, is at times subject
and
attacks from
moths
to severe
insects,principally
crop
FARM
PESTS
37
INSECT
38
beetles,and
these
feed
which
divide
themselves
leaves of the
the
on
PESTS
their destructive
at
into those
once
and
grass
those
which
work
the roots in the
among
soil. In the first category are the larvae of many
butterflies
and
them
the whole
series of our
moths, among
Browns, Ringlets,
Heaths, SpeckledWoods
prettyMeadow
on
carry
and
Graylings, but
winged state may
preponderance of
the
the
there
these
moths, such
are
alongthe
All
of
and
the
which
Then
Common
starts
feeders,but
grass
as
up
itself in the
in
against
Butterflies.
Drinker,
hides
are
set-off
a
and
Square-spot Rustics,
Shell
field and
these
the
harmless,
as
Cabbage
as
Wainscot, the Flounced
the
pretty little Yellow
passes
bush.
act
even
the
all
are
and
one
blackberry
generally
innocuous.
Then
and
we
here
there
are
Crane
Fly, but
Antler
The
acres
as
of
may
Wireworms
is looked
we
the
Cockchafer, also the
with
under
the
have
the
Light
and
We
need
Antler
Moths.
head
of either of the
root-feeding
depredationsof the last overwhelm
Moth
the
is not
merely known,
Continent, and even
of pasture have
been
damage
moth
and
the
activities
the
moths
about
the
and
I shall deal
Among
devour
the roots,
discriminating.
Among beetles
Wireworm
these
Arches, the Ear
first three,
all.
them
insects which
more
the dreaded
hardly trouble
on
be
must
we
of Soil Pests.
Dark
to those
come
in
this
but
feared,
whole
country
destroyed by the unseen
this quiet, brown-winged insect, which
often
done
be
attributed
that
to
by
mentioned
above.
I said, with
in Sweden, and
countries,particularly
upon,
as
The
advent
terror
it
comes
in
of this
European
with
great
in
in battahons, but
suddenness, not in droves, nor
whole
armies, advancing almost by routine, from field
to field and
slope to slope,yet out of sight,destroying
as it goes, leavinga shrivelled,
parched wdlderness behind
jt, A case observed in England many
years ago in the
of proillustrates the mode
cedure,
of
Skiddaw
summit
the
level patch on
of
neighbourhood
where
could be
seen
a
39
PESTS
FARM
Keswick
the town
from
even
found
to
assuming a burnt-up
be
the
work
of
the
This was
appearance.
could be
Antler Moth, and the progress of the caterpillars
vast
off from day to day, in addition to which
marked
down
as
of rooks followed them
they advanced.
numbers
like that ? Of course
case
a
to do with
we
What
are
although Nature
that
be remembered
it should
quiteruthless about taking away, as
gives back again eventually.
is often
rule she ingly
unsparstance
In the present ina
end
of
August,
to migrate
and likely
erratic in its movements
is somewhat
whilst the devastated
pastures will
to another
locality,
again all the richer for its visitation. This may
grow
or
grazier
be thought a poor consolation for the farmer
who has to depend upon his annual crop, but a knowledge
will prevent the wasting of
of these broad
principles
efforts
on
merely palliative
precioustime and money
The rook is the farmer's best friend
or quack remedies.
fore
for soil insects,and works for nothing,and it should therethe
be
moth, which
allowed
to
emerges
stand
the
at
the
natural
enemy
to open the
it is possible
as
Wherever
Antler Moth.
and
be facilitated,
its useful work may
the
to
use
ground
then followed by
newly-turnedsods
of the
the exposure
frost and wet, which is fatal to moth
of lime and
alternate
of the
pupse.
troubles
several
insect
where
is
Our next subject Cork,
First there is the Frit Fly {Oscinusfrit)a
await us.
of loss chiefly
minute
dipterousinsect which is the cause
in
oats, but
also with
wheat, barleyand
other
cereals.
with
fly is only yV i^i^h long, shining black
length,
yellow legs. The maggots, about the same
and provided with mouth-hooks
at the head
narrow
are
by which they mine their way into the heart of the
plants. This larva pupates within the plant itself and
of April. The
the first brood hatches out in the month
important thingis to get the oats either winter-sown or
This
INSECT
40
in the
growth
In
so
flies
the
fact
is too
of March, stimulating
the
to resist attack, as it has been shown
that
as
will
in the
are
or
by
the
their eggs
is mown.
the last
year,
obhged
The
end
first
lay
far advanced
flies
the
attracted
are
they
of broods
the
before
ground
PESTS
green
grasses
There are
shoots.
if the
on
a
corn
succession
being in September, when
raise their
to
tender
last brood
on
wild
of Frit
Fly trouble are shown
by pale spots on the green leaves,which then become
reddened
be a stuntingor
or
withered, and there may
failure of the whole plant. In July, if the flyis established,
the summer
will attack the grain itself,
brood
in northern
latitudes where
particularly
ripeningis protracted.
A badly infected crop must
be ploughed in
of the plants,the time
deeply,choosing,by examination
when
the maggots are
mostly half-grown,as this will
off the whole
cut
generationwhen there is no chance
grasses.
symptoms
of its continuance.
Our
Corn Fly or
example is the Ribbon-footed
Gout
which
is very injurious
Fly (Chlorops tceiiiopus),
in some
to wheat
and barley. The insect appears
seasons
in May and June, layingeggs on the spathes or sheath of
the young
The maggot then passes down
the stem
ear.
below
the ear
and feeds at the base of the first joint,
changing to a brown, cylindrical
pupa in July,the second
brood
of flies appearing within
month.
This brood
a
plants,to hatch out
passes the winter within the corn
the following
consists of winter
spring. The treatment
or earlyspringsowing,as in the last instance,and
keeping
down
couch grass, which is an alternative food plant. In
next
addition, all refuse
threshing time
remove
the
next
be
from
an
infected
it is also
burnt, and
crop
as
far
field should
as
advisable
possiblefrom
the
at
to
site
The Ribbon -footed Corn
occupied by the present one.
in the shape of a pretty little
Fly has a natural enemy
ichneumon
Ccdinius
niger. This diminutive,
flynamed
daintyinsect is about J inch long with flowingantennae
INSECT
42
smooth.
The
The
either.
same
PESTS
should
measures
be
Wheat
adopted for
operationsto
Midge confines its
flowers only.
the wheat
Wheat, as might be expected,is subject to the careful
of many
attentions
insects besides
those already described
There is,for instance,the Mole Cricket (Gryllobelongingto the Orthoptera,and which
ialpa vulgaris),
of our
is one
largestinsects in this country. It is more
inches in length when
full grown,
than two
and it leads
subterranean
of its
a
life,tunnellingabout, by means
in the soil at the roots of plants.
powerfulfore-legs,
Mole
Crickets like sandy soil best, and they are
not
limited to a vegetariandiet,feedingto a considerable
strictly
extent
out
upon
"
of their
other insects and worms,
but in the carrying
earthworks
they make no bones about
"
that
gnawing through any roots
The sexes
pair in the middle
laid in
a
of June, about 350 eggs
round
cell,connected
little smooth
neat
their progress.
impede
being
with
surface
of a curved
gallery. Contrary to
by means
cricket Hves on
the generalrule of insects,the mother
her offspring,
which
she does with great
to nurse
up
Not to spoilher children with too much
care.
attention,
in
the habit
of eating
is
however, Mrs. Mole-Cricket
the
of them
numbers
in their household
will eat
increase
The
at
from
time
"
In
time.
to
fact, the rule
or
yourself,
you." This odd propensity curbs the
in their numbers, or there might be dire
is,
Just
behave
mole crickets are
just Hke small
young
first,and feed voraciously on the tender
They
the wheat.
the
unnatural
one
have
a
above
natural
described, in
our
undue
results.
black
ants
rootlets of
too,
enemy,
mother
as
well
little
as
furry
friend,the Mole himself, who is said to be very fond of
their own
mother!
them, quiteas fond, indeed, as ifhe were
With regardto natural deterrents,it has been found that a
very
away,
of paraffin
and
slightdressing,
as
these Crickets
have
a
abhorrent
is particularly
paraffin
ashes
keen
sense
to them.
will drive them
of smell,and
(SeePlate 9.)
PESTS
FARM
43
one
Thrips {Thrips cerealium),
sub-order allied
a
of the Thysanoptera,or Tassel-wings,
than onemore
to the Aphides. The Corn Thrips is not
in colour.
These
tenth of an inch long,black and brown
the grain in the ear, feeding
insects get rightin among
of an
its soft juices after the manner
aphis. All
on
should be severelykept down, as they afford the
weeds
has been
and support after the corn
Thrips house room
(See Plate 8.)
reaped and during the winter months.
remarks
The same
apply to the Corn Aphis {Siphonoof which is shown
givingboth
a sketch
phora granaria),
These
insects breed
the winged and
wingless forms.
and hide up
months
profuselythroughout the summer
on
broom, furze and ground weeds duringthe cold weather.
We shall find Aphids or Plant Lice turning up so many
times in the
to
also known
a
to
that
little
into
Lepidoptera
Among
economy
does
a
that it will not be necessary
their study here.
(See Plate 8.)
of this book
course
further
go
with
Corn
there is the
Then
feed
insect
the
upon
notorious
roots, but
wheat
shortly,when
in detail.
The
good deal
dusky white
of
can
we
Grain
Moth
damage
insect
Turnip
Moth
is
I shall deal
examine
its
{Tinea granella),
the
in
barn.
It is
.
brown
with
spots, which
grainstogether,feedingon the
kind of damage is done
The
starch therein.
same
by
Weevil
the Corn
so.
only more
{Sitophilus
granarius),
loss. Their larvae
for much
The weevils are responsible
Both Moths
bore into the grainand so destroyits value.
and Beetles retire,on reachingmaturity,to the corners
in the granary
that they
and any dusty hiding-places
cleanliness is the best means
find.
Hence scrupulous
can
of destroyingthese pests. (See Plate 9.)
Ear-cockles of Wheat
is caused by an internal parasite,
of the eelworm
to Clover and
tribe,which is so injurious
other crops.
order, the NemaThey belongto the same
spinsa
web
toidea,as
fishes. The
to
the
bind
the
intestinal
Ear-cockles
of
worms
cause
a
animals,
gallto
birds
form
on
and
the
INSECT
44
PESTS
ripensand falls to the ground
the larvae within escape into the damp soil where
they
live on
until a fresh crop appears.
They are able to
Various poisons have
live on grasses as an alternative.
and the best remedy for
been tried,but without
success,
wheat, and
a
when
serious attack
follow
with
We
have
the
ear
the straw, lime
(See Plate 9.)
burn
is to
potatoes.
now
given
both
it is
likelysome
than
of most
account
the field and
pests of Wheat,
more
short
a
on
in the
will be
one
the soil,and
of the
barn, but
saying that
the
chief enemy
has, after all,been left out, viz. the rat.
We
are
only dealingwith insects here, but nevertheless
of considerable
question is one
gravity which
have been the
we
ought to just glance at. Numberless
suggestionsfor deahng with it, from the first Boobythe
rat
trap which
artful rodents
atj to the latest
wink
wanted
who
the
the
to start
a
used
walk
to
of
a
million
populationen masse, afterwards
skins in the shape of furs and muffs
rat
cats'
and
of the American
grandiosescheme
ranch
round
cats, to absorb
sellingoff
the
for the ladies !
chapter, the present rat
in this country is the grey or brown
variety{Mms decumanus), a heavy-builtanimal measuring 8 or 9 inches
in length of body. The native English varietyis Mus
and
shmmer
creature, bluey-black
rattus, a smaller
colour underneath, and has recently
above and of lighter
the means
been on the increase.
by
Shippingis of course
mentioned
As
which
rats
another.
in
have
Both
our
been
first
introduced
speciesconvey
the
from
one
bubonic
country
to
plague.
regard to the various schemes for rat reduction,
whether
they be in the shape of traps, poisons,viruses
and professional
catchers,these to my mind do not strike
in natural
at the root of the problem, for I am
a beHever
With
laws
and
natural
remedies.
It
seems
to
me
that
the rat
by keeping the natural balance
and by making high-class
under better control for one thing,
not
We
must
for another.
rat food uncommonly scarce
questionwill
be
solved
PESTS
FARM
but
countryside,
sweep away from the
useful little animals
birds
such
half
give them
value
the
if
chicks
young
Of
vermin.
course
subsist upon
they will take
chance.
Moral, don't
Think, for instance,of the
half
they have
a
of sombre
rather preserve such
the Stoat,and
and
Owls, which
a
chance.
Barn
alone.
Owl
of the
symbol
Barn
and
other
and
rats, mice
Weasel
the
as
Hawks
as
45
This
wisdom, will
save
inestimable bird,
farmer
a
whole
a
singleseason, and yet it was at one
chief delightto stringit up on
time the game-keeper's
collection of
the bough of a tree along with a gruesome
sack
of
dead
bats
a
moles
and
peoplewe
smart
in order
The
are.
show
to
net
what
world
the
result is that
have
we
a
question. (See Plate 9.)
rat
The
be
in
corn
domestic
ferret is
as
kept in captivity,
out
of doors.
an
albino
it is unable
It is a useful animal
important of all, we must
granariesbetter,so that no rat
there,beingthus compeUed to go
most
find its food
We
or
will now
pretty insects
There
are
its fate
have
are
several
a
as
the
case
only
to winter in England
for rat-hunting.But
polecatand
build
can
out
may
look at the Mustard
often very
barns
our
and
possiblyharbour
into
the
open,
to
be.
Beetles.
destructive with
species,but two
can
of them
are
These
this crop.
the principal
viz. Phaeclon beiulceand Meligethes
ceneus.
offenders,
The latter insect is also injurious
to turnipflowers and
other cruciferous plants,being known
a consequence
as
the Turnip and
as
Cabbage Flower Beetle. They eat
the blossoms,both as beetles and duringthe larval stage,
in droves from one
field to another
migrating
larvae and beetles working together,
there beinga succession
of broods,from May onwards.
P. betulm,the Mustard Beetle proper, is shining
blue
or
bluey green in colour,and about \ inch long. Its
larva is also shown
in the sketch,and when
fuU-grown
is nearlyJ inch long,
rather hairy,dull yellow or smoky
sometimes
grey,
spottedwith black,whilst
the head
also is black
INSECT
46
M.
is often
cBneus
the
found
last-mentioned
PESTS
on
mustard
in company
with
does
similar damage,
insect, and
reducingthe yieldof seed. It
of an
inch long, varying in colour
from black to dark green or violet,with a brassygloss,
white
quite a neat little thing. The larva is yello\^dsh
or
pale grey. (See Plate 9.)
Both
beetles lay their eggs on
the opening buds, on
which
the larvae feeds, afterwards
dropping on to the
eatingthe flowers
is only one-twelfth
and
soil to pupate.
The best treatment
so
consists in
beating or shaking out
the adults
into vessels containing paraffin,although
equallygood work can be done by boys with butterfly
nets, shaking the flower-heads free of beetles ; the nets,
been obtained, being
when
a quantityof beetles has thus
be used wet,
The nets may
shaken into boilingwater.
this prevents the insects from crawlingout.
as
In badly infested fields it is, however, desirable to
plough in the whole crop deeply,so as to bury the eggs
before they can
to maturity. The eggs are yellow,
come
like the
We
flowers,and
must
now
turn
pests. Turnips and
our
consequence
attention
Swedes
will
as
a
difficult to
to
field
answer
I shall deal
see.
root-crop
this
with
purpose,
in the
Mangold pests
to be
the
next
seem
chapter. Turnips and Swedes
specialquarry of destructive insects, almost as much
the cabbages of the kitchen
so
as
garden. We have
the
Beet
and
ever
howmoths, to which must
be added
aphides, saw-flies,and two-wing flies.
Turnips suffer the most as a rule, and it has even been
noticed that where a bad attack on this crop has occm'red,
swedes
are
more
resistant,if not altogetherimmune,
once
more
both
beetles and
although growing close by.
The
damage done to turnips and swedes by aphids
and
compared with
two-wing flies is almost negligible
the
other
three
consideration
may
types of
insects
be left to be
mentioned, and
dealt with
under
their
other
FARM
PESTS
47
headings. The first serious pest is the Turnip Saw-fly
spinarum). This is a small brown insect related
{AtJialia
to the Wasp tribe, and
measuring about f inch across
the wings. The
damage done consists solelyin the
larvae or
voracious
habits of the
niggers,"which
known
be instantly
by their dark colour,numerous
may
about
legs and curious habit of curling themselves
attitudes as
in various
they feed. They are barely
inch long when
an
full-grown.The final stage takes
being enclosed
place in the soil,the white
pupa
within a brown
Eggs are laid by the females
pupa-case.
small incisions in
They make
during May and June.
of their saw-Uke
the soft parts of the leaf by means
is placed in each
and
one
slit,with a
weapons,
egg
drop of irritant fluid which excites the sap towards that
portionof the leaf and thus affords the young saw-fly
fullsustenance.
out on to the surface when
They come
*'
grown
and
appear
as
shown
in the
sketch.
In
a
bad
plough in deeplywhen the pest
is
small
a
scale, however, syringing
with tobacco-water
is recommended.
(See Plate 10.)
beetles
There
three outstandingoffenders among
are
which
make
their placeof
turnipsand swedes generally
case
the
only cure
half-grown.On
business and
is to
convalescent
home
all in
one.
These
are,
Turnip Flea or
Hopper {Phyllotreta
nemorum), the Turnip Gall Weevil
and the TurnipMud
Beetle
(Ceuthorhynchus
pleurostigma),
tions
{HelopJwrusrugosus). The first two divide their attenplants,and the
amongst the various cruciform
third confines itself to the turniponly. I shall have to
deal with the Turnip Gall Weevil
under
cabbage pests
in the next
for
it
is
chapter,as
responsible the kind of
injmy wrongly called club root, so we will take the Flea
here and see how
induce him to
best we
hop it."
may
This insect is barelyan eighth of an inch long,blueblack or green-blackin colour, and it causes
immense
injuryin some years by eatingoff the seed leaves as soon
in their order
of demerit, the
wretched
"
48
INSECT
PESTS
INSECT
PESTS
stage,and the
next
60
the resistant
to
be
at
sown
Last, but
which
two,
distance
a
by
a
no
very
from
the site of
least,there
means
small and
turnipsshould
the previousone.
lot of
a
the moths, of
fairly
largeone, will suffice.
are
The
Back
Moth
dainty little Diamond
{PhUellamacubeen a source
of anxietyto the
lipennis)has sometimes
farmer with regard to the turnip crop, and its hordes of
whole
fields
to devastate
have
been known
caterpillars
of cabbage, rape and swedes.
The insect is about ^ inch
monds
dialong,lightbrown in colour, with the three white
"
"
shown
as
out
hedge
mustard
on
two
or
the
sketch, and
from
hatches
eggs
in the
pupae which have
and similar weeds.
of the
undersides
more
broods
in
a
wintered
The
The
charlock,
on
females
leaves,and
season.
first brood
the
lay their
there
larvae
may
be
are
green
is contained
and
I inch long when full-grown. The pupa
lime
and
within
Soot
a
pale yellow silken cocoon.
natively
dusted
the plants will check these insects,or alteron
be sprayed with carbolic acid and
they may
(See Plate 10.)
paraffinemulsion.
The
enemies
Diamond-Back
among
Moth, however, has many
the birds ;
gullshelpingto keep them
natural
starUngs,
peewits,ploversand
down.
Also it has
an
ing
interest-
mon
foe among
the insects in the shape of a small ichneuflycalled Limneria gracilis.This tiny yet beautiful
creature, like the rest of its kind, does, unnoticed, work
highestvalue. A larva, well grown, for instance,
be feedingaway
unconcernedly,thinkingof nothing
may
mon,
but the food in front of it,when
our
daintylady ichneuwith glancinggossamer
above,
wings,hovers silently
her ovipositorof needle-like
sharpness trained for
She ahghts swiftly,and in a singlemoment
action."
into the caterpillar's
has driven it straight
skin, making
ado to carry on the good work
without
off at once
more
elsewhere.
The
start, or twitch itself
caterpillar
may
and go on
feedingas before,
round, as at a pin-prick,
it is doomed, for an
but henceforward
deftly
egg was
of the
"
FARM
placed in
PESTS
61
the
made
tiny wound
by the ichneumon.
13efore long the caterpillar
will developa
peckishness
about its food, with an
appetitewhich it cannot satisfy
for the other larva inside it,
alwayscareful to avoid biting
a vital part of its host,has to be
broughton to maturity
When
the ichneumon
full-fed,
larva destroysthe moth
"
larva
and
bores its way
out
to
pupate and
perfectfly.
It is thus that Nature
for the Diamond-Back
Moth.
check
across
similar
many
of them
of
cases
"
emerge
provides the
We
shall
parasitism as
we
as
a
true
come
proceed
hymenopterousinsects like this ichneumon'
some
dipteroushke the common
It is more
house-fly.
and moth
^''^''ybutterfly
is thus
.f"/??^^^^,*^^*
attended
by a fateful shadow in its pMh, although
they
have
some
all been identified. The attack
is
the larval stage, but there
in
are
actual
itself
tmy egg
being parasitized
not
by
nymenopterous
a
nearlyalways
cases
stillmore
of the
minute
enemy.
Our
concluding
example is the infamous Turnip Moth
(Agrohs segetum) whose larva,one
of the so-called
surface caterpillars,"
from the habit of
hiding under
a clod
duringthe daytime,works
^rn^J^"^'^
around
and
cut-worms
so
The
Turmp
m
this
a
ong
of
range
will,in fact,eat
mto
the
the
e
is a
and
country
such havoc.
In America
allied species,which
of the
eat
plantsattacked.
and vexed question
long-standing
its
depredations
extend
over
quite
plants,wild and cultivated. The larva
anythingsucculent,
but burrows greedily
turmps wherever
cut-worm
peciallyamong
gardener
of
the stems
sever
Moth
"
will be
they can
be found.
It
betrays
characteristicsin the
flower-garden
the asters, where
the long-suffering
grieved to
unaccountablywither
up
plant!
his most
prized
and die. A
the
'^' '""'^^^
''^^^^ '^^ --""e,
see
glancHtstl
tL on/^^T'-uT
be completely
gnawed through
^''wf will
and
th.
''"^'^^"*
^^^ "^^r"^^d
1 lifFl
^th
them
^".'
with
httle
of soot and
or
a
ring
alum
in advance
PESTS
INSECT
52
The
moth
about
measures
1-|inches
the
across
fore-
wings, which are variable in both colour and markings,
the prevaiHng scheme
being greyish-brown,with several
darker, ear-like spots and
indistinct dark
an
hind-wingsare
pearl-whitein
clouded
border
in the
further
distinction
case
in
the
the male
and
of the other
antennae,
border.
pearlwith
There
sex.
those
The
of the
a
is
a
male
being stronglyciHated or feathered, the female's being
the veins of the hindwiry and plain. In both sexes
wings are picked out in black. (See Plate 11.)
Eggs are laid in June on a seedUng,close to the ground.
Turnips,Carrots, Mangolds, Radishes and Cabbages are
all attacked.
The larva is not exactlya pleasant-looking
affair,pale smoke-colour
shghtly tinged with pink and
with variable dark stripes.It is nearlytwo inches long
full-fed. The stem-gnawing is a youthful accomwhen
phshment. Later on it seeks out the turnipsand bores
rightinto the interior. A specimen of the class of work
done is shown
in the sketch.
The
caterpillars
usually
winter
either inside the turnipsthemselves, in
pass the
which
case
they are able to feed during mild weather,
else beneath
A few strays
the soil in a torpid state.
or
and
pupate in the autumn,
may
out
moths
as
in
days.. The females of this autumn
parable
brood, however, are usuallybarren, a case almost comThe bulk
to the surplusof drones in a bee-hive.
of the larvae change,to a glossybrown
pupa in the month
of May, the moth
coming out in June for the summer
the
of
hatch
course
few
a
brood.
Now
what
are
we
to
do
in
a
case
like this ?
Let
us
of
expense
being tedious we must again,I think, admit that here
laws.
instance
of interference with Nature's
is another
seek
Each
the
true
has
creature
Turnip Moth
first of all,and
cause
its natural
subsists
scale.
Nature
Nature
evokes
roots.
the
food
providedfor
Man
grows
roots
on
it.
a
The
grand
Turnip Moths to a similar extent.
and
of rooks, partridges
greaternumber
grows
a
on
at
FARM
starlings
enough
?
kindly
this
In
reasonable
We
the
soil
and
is
a
he
why
the
remedy
turnips
for
ourselves.
balance,
the
sheaf
of
for
shall
''
his
Surely
own
hard
too
we
way
her
in
wonders
encouraging
rather
the
the
out
thought
when
!
want
work
but
with
the
We
Natm'e
let
Moth
Turnip
the
with
then
63
Man
grubs.
and
birds,
the
destroys
these
eat
to
PESTS
keep
by
birds,
corn
in
wisdom
is
beaks
the
Turnip
plain
Then
interfering
them
giving
their
afflicted
is
not
the
"
cold
to
a
months
penetrate.
Moth
within
bounds.
must
claims
theme
leave
now
of
of
the
my
farm
and
vegetable
next
chapter.
field
garden,
in
order
which
to
must
consider
form
INSECT
PESTS
III
CHAPTER
GARDEN
Significance of
the
I
Carrot,
pests
some
of
showing what
pest problem.
Cabbage
Mangold
and
take
attack
pests
Parsnip
round
a
pests
"
Beans
"
Potato
survey
Aphides
"
Peas
and
pests.
of the
common
crops, and
for the purpose
it
is
the mere
than
deeper significance
of gettingrid of something
way
All
"
ordinary garden
our
fact
of
of
Story
"
lengthwith one of them
is in my
opinion the real aspect
matter
a
and
of Nature
Methods
"
Other
"
Beet
"
to
propose
insects that
As
problem
Celery, Onion
NOW
deal at
to
pest
Butterflies
Cabbage
Asparagus
"
the
PESTS
a
of the
problem of
discovery of an
which
bothers
us
much
at
easy
the
pests and
parasitesare working
is not yet by any means
out a definite plan which
fully
clear
it
is
the
scheme
is
a compUcated
known, although
for each particular
even
subject.
one,
of mammals,
For instance, in the dispersal
including
present
moment.
ourselves, over
the
various
continents
and
islands
of
globe,parasiteshave played a very important part,
whilst speciesnow
extinct, like the mastodon, as soon
fulfilled and they became
their purpose
it were
as
was
as
the
"
back
would
numbers,"
were
got rid of in ways
first have
that
no
one
guessed at. In fact this question
of pests and
parasitesaffords a strikinginstance as to
how
often is.
very deceivingthe apparentlyobvious
Think
of the mastodon, raging in his might through
at
55
INSECT
66
primeval jungle. He
the
He
like straws.
PESTS
tears
trees
up
and
them
flings
mighty beasts like the bear
the sabre-toothed
and
tigerthat impede his progress,
and eats up whole
plainsof herbage. Clearlyit would
to want
seem
something pretty big to get rid of such an
animal.
Yet what
do ?
She accomplishes
does nature
her task by the apparently negHgibleaction of a small
attacks
of a
the
certain
fly, coupled with
puny
biped, physicallyhelplessin comparison, but possessed
down
of
brain.
a
The
forests and
those
gores
latter creature
determined
was
for
prairies
himself.
to occupy
He
dug pits
his blood, he brought his
drank
for the mastodon
all the week
(without coupon), he learnt
family meat
fire and draw pictures
the wall,and he brought
to make
on
little collection of wives those tigerto his modest
home
tooth necklaces, anklets and leopard-skins
which
were
of their wardrobe.
So passed eleitems
the favourite
was
phas 'primigenius,while early man
learningthe
of agricultureand
all
rudiments
embroidery. And
of a fly. So you see there is something to be
because
thanldul
even
motor-buses
Walthamstow
fare from
to
say
if
it isn't the
is
going
matter
positionto-day with regard to insect pests.
is going on, often unseen
and unheeded, though
which
we
always insignificant,
ought to understand
This
not
that
Ealing to-day. Who
littlethings of life that
to
?
most
Work
of pests after all. In fact
presence
say that mainly because of that flythere are
in the Strand, and you can
take a tenpenny
for in the
might
we
green
and
we
is the
ourselves
preserve
See remarks
in the future.
expect
to
and
on
ensure
Warble
tenance
sus-
our
Fly, page
24.
The
methods
of nature
endlesslydiverse. Nothing
the curious
exhaust
her infinite variety. Witness
can
historyof the liverfluke in sheep, described elsewhere.
of her expedients are
most
incredible,
Again, some
instances
of which
we
are
may
have
to
notice
as
we
go
on.
INSECT
58
be
to
seen
dense
be
black
obtained
PESTS
by
use
of
pale yellow and
scales.
UVRCe
ICHNEUMON
CaJ0on^
Flv
DuTreRFLV
WHITE
Mcja
(Fcmaac)
block
has
no
spot-*
M
found
u-r^,,
c"ien)ei" fron
"CHNfcUMOIV/
60
the
R.Y
uo.
'-ADvQiCO(rw.vi^
CASB*"Ot
APHIS
vw-
Platk
14.
Large Cabbage White
Butterfly.
historyof these insects is closelyconnected with
feed so
that of the cabbage plants on
which
they now
voraciously.
by the
Surelyno one walking along a stripof common
and noticingfor the first time the littlewild brassica
sea
plant would recognizein it the parent of our magnificent
drumheads, savoys, kohl rabi, etc. ? We might suppose
that Nature
had thought about it a good deal too, and
marked
out
the cultivated cabbage as a sort of insect
of
of some
paradise,judging by the riddled appearance
The
our
crops.
Of
course
the riddled
else,for those
who
appearance
fail to look over
neglect,
nothing
spells
the leaves for butterfly
plantis young, or to use soot and salt water
stilllater,will lose the
later,or hand-pick the caterpillars
majority of their cabbages.
But
these mechanical
methods
only palliate.They
do not take us any further towards
settlingthe thing.
Where
then does the real cure
lay ? We know, of course,
eggs when
the
PESTS
GARDEN
natural
least two
insects,in addition to the cuckoo and
there
that
are
at
69
of these
enemies
other birds. One
in the enormous
name
flyrejoicing
tiny ichneumon
of Microgasterglomeratus,and the other, which
goes for
the Small White, a dipterousspeciescalled E. Vulgaris,
like a house-fly. Occasionally
a
somewhat
caterpillar
itself
for
as it creeps
is seen
lookingvery sick and sorry
of
into a corner.
Presentlywe notice numbers
away
tiny silken yellowobjectsall over the empty skin of the
of
the
the
cocoons
are
unfortunate
grub. These
out of
microgasterand perhaps fortyor fiftywill come
is
a
larva.
one
these littleyellow cocoons,
the
destroying
hold the White Butterwill presently
flies
ichneumon
friendly
This Httle flyis Nature's censor
the
in check.
on
undue increase of the largerinsect. In it we have a very
for this pest,just as the plagiator
real cure
flyshown on
that
Plate 8 keeps down
the Corn Aphis, so much
so
have talked about the Large Cabbage White
naturahsts
without
one
day becoming a scarce
butterfly.Certainly
have
been
the tiny ichneumon, cabbage crops would
unmanageable long ere this.
is also attacked by
The Small White Cabbage Butterfly
H. Fulvipes,
with yellow legs
ichneumon
a hght-coloured
and glassywings measuring about I inch across.
If
we
The
avoid
will do well to familiarize himself
grower
with
the
general form of these useful flies. All these stronginsects
looking,black, black and red, or bright-colom-ed
should
be
left to carry
(See Plate
on
their beneficial work
3, Fig.6, for the
lested.
unmo-
usual outline of
an
ichneumon.)
The
Cabbage
Tribe, as I said,are subjectto numerous
bad
one
pests in addition to the butterflies. Another
is the Cabbage Moth
larva
whose
{Mamestra brassica)
eats
into the very
about
dark
smoky
heart of the
1| inches
grey
in
sures
plant. This insect meathe fore-wings,
which are
across
with sepia
colour,mottled over
INSECT
60
marblings,the
hind
wings being smoky brown, paler at
they jointhe thorax, and having the veins
the base where
picked out
PESTS
in dark
lines.
of the leaves and
soon
The
egg is laid on the
hatches into a brownish
unpleasant-looking
caterpillarwhich
cocking up its head and tail when
does
not
activities.
The
food
true
of the
have
plants
native
habit
a
of
weeds, and
it may
stunted
Enemy
of
There
divertingits
Moth
Cabbage
become
yellow,
disturbed.
method
sure
any
several other
goosefootand
these
be
to
seem
has
side
under-
is
dock,
be
that
down
and
O't
Of ~"i"ia
Plate
Small
Ha.
Cabbage Butterfly,etc.
demands
changed by agriculture's
Moth
to the largerfeast
comes
an
insect
varied
which
is well able
diet,but unless
cabbage
and
kale
armed
as
offensive,for this
well, and spoilsfar more
or
moth
night-flying
evidence.
The
eggs
the beginningof the
may
water.
be
washed
In the
out
course
the
at
find
distasteful
to
than
our
a
way
it, we
tiresome
it eats.
season,
weak
of its
making
be
and
our
to
is wasteful
As
is not
salt and
growth
resort
must
should, however,
with
of
creature
perfectinsect
summer
Cabbage
the
so
It is
expense.
itself to a
accommodate
to
can
we
and
a
so
Noctuid
much
sought
in
for at
later the larvae
water,
this larva
or
Ume-
undergoes
61
PESTS
GARDEN
and
changes that applyto all lepidoptera
moults
its skin periodically.
(See Plate 14b.)
has its ichneumon
The
parasitein
Cabbage Moth
the vringa
than ^ inch across
P. Fumata, a flynot more
with black body and red legs.
the customary
Plate
Cabbage
Moth
and
14b.
Snowy
Fly,
etc.
is glossybrown, about
of this moth
pupa
long,and it is found in the soil during the autumn
The
winter.
exposed
bantam
If the
ground
be
opened they
in hundreds, and every domestic
to a peacock,will gobblethem
up
may
|
inch
often
and
be
bird, from a
with avidity.
badly infested,it should afterwards be gasMmed
in winter, but ordinarily
the constant
opening up
of the soil should be sufficient. As regardsthe action of
frost,this is only fatal to insects that have first become
of dry frost will kill pup89
sodden with water.
No amount
or
hibernatinginsects. This is a littledetail that is not
often reaUzed, so that the working of the soil must
be
done several times at favourable opportunities.
The Turnip Gall Weevil (C. pleurostigma)
also attacks
is known
false club.
what
as
cabbage plantsand causes
This weevil belongsto the genus Rhynchopora and is only
i inch in length. The female piercesthe outer sldn of the
If
a
field is
INSECT
62
stalk
with
which
her
sharp ovipositorand
increases
in
obtains
board
and
growth
is about
Birds
PESTS
size
as
the
lodging
four
larva
swelling,
causes
a
grows,
and
combined.
The
it thus
period
of
weeks.
the natural
enemies
and
should
Turnip Gall Weevil,
includingthe jackdaw, chaffinch,starhng and magpie,
which do good work in pickingoff the adult insects.
In a
badly infested field however, whether it be cabbages or
the crop, which is not be-fouled so much
as stunted
turnips,
as
as
soon
by their presence, should be consumed
possible,
are
stalks
and
waste
of the
at
be
once
burned.
The
should
be grown
far as possibleaway
from
as
the infested site. (See Plate 14b.)
Root
Fly
serious
Cabbage
(C. brassica)is a more
next
crop
This is
dipterousgreyishinsect a Httle smaller
attack takes placewhen the plants
a house-fly. The
quite young, just as we have flattered ourselves we
matter.
than
are
havd
got rid of
a
club
the
nuisance.
The
laid in
are
eggs
Apriland May just above the surface and for this reason
felt discs are good, placed around
the roots and resting
the soil. The
and weak, are
on
maggots, being bUnd
incapableof crawlingover and under the disc to get at
their work, and so
spray is also used.
Root
Fly
Rove
say
The
natural
acid emulsion
three
or
kinds
also
about
Snowy
found
of which
a
soil
Cabbage
among
the
destroy this
A. fuscipes
shining black in colour.
them.
(See Plate 14a.)
attack cabbage. I shall have something
later.
them
Fly,
moth-like
on
as
of the
enemies
They are
largestof
minute
sketch
Carbolic
again to birds,are
in addition
Aphides
to
The
Beetles, two
insect.
is the
die.
or
Cabbage
creature.
Powdered
Several
are
Wing,
shown
in
is
a
the
their
of the leaf,where they make
blightand their tiny larvae suck the
the underside
appearance
juicesof the
as
white
plant. The insect breeds in situ all the year,
in the summer,
and can
be preventedby the
principally
it has gained
Where
of the soap and quassiaspray.
use
PESTS
GARDEN
63
Soot may
hold all infested leaves should be burned.
also.be dusted on the outside leaves. (See Plate 14b.)
a
king of vegetablesis liable to attack
two
insects,the Asparagus Beetle and the
Asparagus Fly. The Beetle (C. asparagi)is yellow and
the wingblack in colour,with the markingsof a cross
on
The
Asparagus.
mainly from
Eggs
laid in June
are
called the
it is sometimes
whence
cases,
on
the heads
cross-bearer.
shoots, and later
and
featheryfoliage.There are several broods in a
causing
season, accordingto the weather, heat of course
to breed
them
more
rapidly. The larvae eat into and
the heads as they come
disfigure
up, both beetle and larvse
also gnawing the stems and devouringthe round
green
all over
the plants.
mess
seeds, leavinga stickybrown
During the winter the beetles go to sleepunder stones
old turf, the cosy refugeof
and in rubbish, particularly
the
upon
thousands of small insects in the cold weather.
Infested heads should be burned, and the beds dusted
with powdered lime. Ladybirds and
Lacewing Flies
so
many
of these
devour largenumbers
ducks will also readilyconsume
whilst poultryand
larvae,
them
and
are
ful
harm-
not
foliage.Again, hand picking,if
asparagus
tedious,is at least effective. (See Plate 13.)
to
the
is glossybrown
Asparagus Fly (P. poeciloptera)
in appearance,
the wings having waved
markings of the
colour. They emerge out of the ground from April
same
until the middle of July and laytheir eggs beneath
onwards
the scales of the new
heads,the maggots afterwards boring
into the plant and working downwards.
Small wooden
The
rods
with
coated
trap the
a
of
mixture
and
tar
flies in considerable numbers
and
cartgreasewill
keep the pest
bounds.
(See Plate 13.)
and Mangold
Beet
Pests. These
within
to the attack
Silver Y
the
case
a
common
(P. gamma)
like
fore-wing
is
of
crops are
known
moth
day-flying
from
the Greek
with most
a
conspicuousmark
letter y.
moths, on
subject
as
on
the
each
eggs are laid,as
the under side of the leaf,
The
INSECT
64
PESTS
in June, and the larvae eat into the succulent parts at
the crown
of the root.
No better plan exists than egg
search, at any rate for small-holders,as althoughit needs
the destruction of a
sharp eyes (a chance for the children)
of
batch
than
fiftyto seventy-five
eggs at a time is more
worth the trouble of findingthem, and of course
practice
makes
The
need
be
crushed
between
ova
perfect.
simply
the fingerand thumb.
These larvae feed at night and
must
be sought with a lantern, so that there is all the
for emphasizing egg search.
more
reason
Pupse remain
in the soil during the cold season,
and if poultryare run
to the ground when
on
freshlyturned up they will perform
the double service of feedingthemselves
and riddingthe
soil of the Silver Y.
(See Plate 13.)
The Beet
Fly
{P. hetm) lays its eggs on the stalks of
leaves,the maggots forming burrows in the tissues,thus
weakening and exhaustingthe plant. It is dark grey in
black
colour with
hairs, the wings being transparent.
broods occur
each year, pupae remaining in the soil
Two
until the spring. DandeHon,
docks, thistles and such
weeds
harbour
these
plantsmust
the
occurrence
Beans
beetles
Peas.
Here
weevils
which
and
and
all leguminouscrops.
and
after
pods, even
to
find
They
a
blackish
are
home
happy
exist till
as
a
beetle.
water
egg
or
The
test,
as
comes
amongst
in colour,
brown
pairingin June lay their eggs on
making their way into the blossom
by the
a
the
young
itself for
white
pea and emerges
affected seeds
maggot
ing
the followcan
be
covered
dis-
they will float,the sound
Buoyant seeds should not
sinkingto the bottom.
be sown.
(See Plate 15.)
Another
bean pest is Theips
ones
them
first of all the small
have
we
Out of each
this purpose.
which feeds within the bean
season
enable
along,wherefore they should be kept out of
neighbourhood. In a badly affected field
to prevent
be pulled up and destroyed,
of a second brood.
(See Plate 13.)
the crop comes
the immediate
the
files and
sometimes
[F. robuaia),
INSECT
66
called Black
in
length ;
seen
on
The
which
or
an
Plate
eggs
are
is very
without
the
weather
comes.
PESTS
Thunder
Fly, They are less than ^ inch
enlarged drawing of the adult insect is
15.
laid in June, and hatch out into a larva
similar in appearance
to its parent but
wings. They are active on the plants for
four weeks, subsequentlypassing into the earth
about
the following
to pupate, and emerge
season
as
full-grown
thrips. The damage done by these insects consists of
maiming the flowers and often preventing fertihzation
altogether.The soil is the best place in which to meet
On small
them, ploughingdeep and hming in the winter.
such soil fumigant as napthalenemay
be used
areas
some
but the burning of the haulm
is not of much
effectively,
avail for thripsas they have usuallyleft before the plants
are
Change of site will of course
happen in any case.
up.
We
to
the Aphis
come
now
{A, rumicis). Plant
lice are
the most
form of blightand are
met
common
with all over
the country. Each
plant has as a rule its
own
particularspecies. On Plate 1, Figs, 17 and 18,
will be seen
the Black
Bean
or
Aphis and also the
Rose
Aphis, which represent the generalform of these
Hemipterous insects.
The female Aphis passes the winter on furze clumps,
where she deposits
eggs, which producewinged individuals.
These proceed to the scene
of action as soon
the warm
as
I
always find there is a weird suddenness in the appearance
of Mrs. Aphis,againstwhich it is well to be prepared
by gettingemulsions and sprays in working order long
before
the
usual
time.
Every spring there is that
when
there is not
the slightest
psychologicalmoment
indication of anjrthing
untoward
likelyto happen. You
still evening,
are
absolutelycharmed, on some
warm,
with the limpid air suggestiveof a vesper bell. Mrs.
You
Aphis ? Good heavens, there is no such person.
all rightthis year at any rate.
are
of that
Beware
vesper bell.
You
thee."
67
PESTS
GARDEN
evening, in spite of the
trust her not, she's fooling
still
warm,
In other words,
will find she has
"
come
like
a
thief in the
night,and afterwards you may get out your quassiaor
petroleum and spray well, spray thoroughly,indefatigably,but in vain.
Had
only dispersedthe petroleum an evening
you
^Irs.Aphis would have said all sorts of horrible
earlier,
and all that, but
thingsabout you, and your coarseness
she would
have
gone away.
aphidesare the weakest
The
of insects
but they
singly,
and the fearful rate of increase.
conquer by sheer numbers
will drown
A thunder-storm
millions,but their numerical
day. Both the
strengthis up again with the first warm
criminatel
to be produced indiswinglessvarieties seem
and in some
mysteriousway certain females
It is
lay eggs, whilst others bring forth live young.
advisable to pinch out the tops of the plants,
as only the
winged
tender
time
and
shoots
for
are
attacked.
that the effective
Remember
sprayingis beforethe attack, as
described above.
Weeds
should
not
a
preventive,as
be allowed to remain
in the
vicinity. (See Appendix A.)
Here the larva of the Ladybird Beetle (C.bipunctata)
does us yeoman
service,spearingthe aphides with its
sharp mandibles and disposingof great numbers.
Ants may
also be seen
these insects and even
fondling
carryingthem up and down the plant,but in this case
it is of no benefit to the grower.
The aphides exude a
fluid which
have a great liking
ants
sweet
for. Fanciful
and refer to the
people talk of ants keeping ''cows"
''
fondUng process as the act of milking them.
The aphides and weevils here treated of are also addicted
to Peas, but
the tiny yellowish,
black-headed
maggot found in the pods of our marrow-fats when they
the children of the Pea
Moth
are
gettingripe are
{G.pisana),a dehcate creature with daintywings of a
French grey colour tipped with black and measuring
"
INSECT
68
about
and
^
inch
then
into the earth
go
the
be cleared
away
word
a
Provided
or
there
sparrows,
for green and black
and
cocoon
emerge
should
is best
tuce.
given about Letplants have reallyescaped
young
will be plenty of scope here also
it is largely
aphis. But of course
two
now
may
fault if mischievous
own
spin a
season
15.)
the
from
our
to
The
haulm
followingJune.
pea
the crop is gathered and
directly
(See Plate
Perhaps
They^feedthroughout the
across.
therefrom
burnt.
PESTS
be
birds Hke
the sparrow
have
seedlingsor the plantsare entirelyspoiltby bhght.
It is always the slovenlygardener who
gets crowded
out with these troubles,but unfortunately
he worries his
more
dihgent neighbours with the overflow meetings of
his pests,a case
for supervisionand penahzing.
Early dressingsof soot should be apphed to lettuces
and
after wet
renewed
weather.
The
Ladybird larva
should againbe hailed as a friend. Hats off to the Ladybird
in fact, even
though she happens to be a gentleman,
for that is how thingsgo in the insect world.
Also the
larva of the pretty green, golden-eyedLacewing Ely,
which
is larger and
dark
purple in colour, is just as
useful in this respect. (SeeFigs. A and B, Plate 15.)
Lettuces
are
subject also to depredationsfrom the
Yellow
and
comes
Underwing Moth, whose caterpillar
does its wretched
work
at night,hidingduring the day
our
under
a
clod
in colour
on
in
chink in the wall. It is either green
and
about
1| inches long, with dark
or
the back, changing in the autumn
to
the
earth.
The
moth
is beautiful
a
or
brown
streaks
brown
pupa
enough, the
measure
fore-wings,which
nearly 2 inches across,
being of fine ochre with darker marblings,the hind or
under-wings brightyellow with the bold black margin.
For
treatment
see
remarks
to
the
Silver Y.
The
tific
scien-
Tryphaena pronuba. (See Plate 3, Fig. 8,
and Plate 25.)
The Careot
Fly
{Psila rosce)is a shining black or
name
is
GARDEN
PESTS
69
greenishinsect about I inch long,which appears
with both carrots
in springand playshavoc in bad seasons
of
and parsnips. The female lays her eggs on the crown
the young
favouringthe time when the
root, especially
that the
soil is opened out by thinning. It is beheved
then.
Probably
scent of the carrot attracts the flymore
this is from the bruisingof the roots, and it is therefore
advisable to thin earlyand all at once, and hurry the
bringa fresh visitation.
crop, as each time it is done may
Trenching will expose pupae to the elements, and gasHming in winter is also good. (See Plate 15.)
dark
in and
Allotment-holders
last year to remember
of the
crop
was
London
around
the Onion
spoiled.This
Fly,
is
a
as
a
had
cause
great portion
dipterous insect,
resembUng a house-fly,grey in colour with brownish
the
stripeson the thorax and nearly | inch across
wings. The eggs are laid either on the neck of the onion
and
down
the soil close by. The maggots burrow
or
on
emulsion and
feed on the bulb.
Soil spray with paraffin
soot dressingare
applied,but they must be constantly
of soil and earthing the
after wet.
renewed
Firmness
cal
onions up to the neck in the earlystages are greatmechaniuseful as natural
Small birds like the wren
are
foes of the onion fly. The scientific name
is C. cepeioaids.
(See Plate 16.)
Fly
Another
small dipterais the Celery
{T. onoporthan
insect measuring shghtlymore
a dark-winged
dinis),
the precedingexample,which lays its eggs in the middle
of May on the green leaves of the plant,
where a swollen
blister presentlyshows
the existence of a fly maggot.
should be pinched out, care
These
being taken not to
the leaf. If any leaves are removed
split
they should be
burnt.
The pupse in the soil should be exposed to the
birds,starlings
being very fond of them.
Trenching is
said to bury the pupse too deep for them to find their way
out
again. (See Plate 16.)
As aheady stated,the Carrot Fly also attacks Parsnip.
rum.
INSECT
70
PESTS
is also the prey of the Garden
This crop however
Swift
Moth {Hepialuslupulinus)see Plate 16, which laysits eggs
,
ground or under the
feeds throughout the winter
the
on
but
fore
the
across
outline
stumpy
Ghost
moth
indicated, and
of which
itself. This
root
gets its
of
with
beautiful
from
white
sooty black.
are
Hence, when
of grass or the stalk of
search
in the first instance
a
natural
check
a
the
sides
under-
flyingat
and
nowhere
as
it settles
flower.
a
Egg
and piecesof potato inserted in the
will attract
the yellowish
-white,
with
the
wings above,
blade
As
whitish
the fact that
to start up suddenly from
it appears
vanish in the same
mysteriousway as soon
a
unusual
the
brown
are
inches
IJ
measures
are
name
is
injuriousto Hops,
dusk
on
and
autumn
wings being smoke-coloured
Moth
has
which
-wings,
hind
markings, the
pale fringe.
male
the
on
Moth, which is more
smaller
cousin, and
its
The
in the
Ghost
the
not
leaves
must
soil
brown
birds and
be
near
resorted
by
moles
traps
as
headed
to,
pillar.
cater-
devour
both
pupae of these Swift Moths, and they are also
destroyed by the action of certain parasitical
fungi.
larvae and
We
now
almighty
for
which
Potatoes.
chief enemy
of the
spud in this country is the fungoid disease
Bordeaux
mixture
is used.
(See pages
to
come
"
The
"
principalinsect pests consist of the
Garden
Swift
Moth
the
already referred to, and
Rosy Rustic {Hydraecia micacea) and to a less extent
Death's
Head
Hawk
Moth.
the
The
Rosy Rustic
which
the fore-wings,
measures
nearly 2 inches across
in colour, crossed by a broad
reddish brown
band
are
rich dark
of very
brown.
The
hind wings are
dingy
should feed by rights
This moth
grey, palerat the base.
Mare's Tail. Sedge and similar coarse
on
weeds, but readily
devours the succulent potato haulm.
It is simplyanother
132
case
to
of
135.)
The
diversion
plant. The
eggs
from
are
a
natural
laid around
to
a
cultivated
the stems, in which
food-
the
feeds,
caterpillar
it must
the
immediate
6 inches
measures
scientific
is known
about
the
with
too
common,
comparison.
in
It is almost
chattering cry, and
looking skull mark
the
on
moth,
the
a
locust
as
base
which
There
cited
a
the
bears
top of the thorax
of trees.
be
a
banana, and a
it utters
a
strange
largeas
ominous-
which
squeak of a
regarded with
by the fearsome, there being of
for'such ideas.
The
huge pupa
the
nately
is fortu-
and
rice field may
noise like the
makes
a
it its name,
the insect has been
for which
reasons
soil at
"
depredationsare soon
make
them
quite
can
startled
When
The
its
of
few
a
card.
curious
very
a
as
elephant
One
show.
brave
"
though
apparent, seeing that
wings
caterpillar
This
atropos.
country
rich
are
also is the abdomen.
as
Acherontia
is
name
not
the
largestinsect,
our
banded
and
beautifullymottled
and
lighterbuff tints. The hind
deep chocolate
are
yellowwith black bands,
a
dipterous
soil during the
or
in colour,
brown
as
afforded
are
fore-wings,which
the
across
the
Moth,
Hawk
Head
Death's
in
out
vicinity should
ichneumon
by rooks and starUngs,and the
parasites. The pupa remains
winter.
(See Plate 17.)
The
pinched
be
remedies
Natural
burnt.
and
cleared
be
whence
in
Weeds
found.
when
and
71
PESTS
GAKDEN
course
is
may
a
no
be
gives
mouse,
stition
superfoundation
found
natural
in
enemy
fly measuring over an
large ichneumon
the wings. (See Plate
17.)
inch across
garden
The
foregoing examples represent the principal
ing
pests I thought it best to include the turnip in the precedchapter, as although it is fairlya garden crop, still
well as
swedes, are
perhaps rightly
the larger sorts, as
grouped as field crops.
The
following chapter will take up quite a different
aspect of the subject in dealing with Fruit Trees.
in the
.
form
of
a
72
INSECT
PESTS
INSECT
74
PESTS
cling. The case of the small boy in the apple tree,and
the expressionon his face when
he manages
to escape, is
even
more
convincing."
So the first house
in a tree, where
was
were
dining,
bedroom
all
in
and
and
drawing
althoughwhen hard
one,
times came
had to hide in caves
the ground
under
we
and shiver in a heap together while glacial
storms
swept
the
have
never
golden age, we
reallyforgottenour
away
pristinecondition, or rather the record of it is indelibly
stamped into our minds, for our thoughts and feelings,
bad
and
dreams
good ones, childish fears and grownup
all
index
of
which
has
are
an
superstitions
something
gone on in the past.
I suppose
every one
first of fruits,the one
considered.
will agree that the apple is the
could least spare, all things
we
fruits may
be fashionable
tive,
distincor
Other
they may even
apple,to my mind,
Let
ought
be
to
be free from
to
but
refreshing,
stillthe
first.
comes
endeavour
us
and
rare
see
and
what
healthy apple tree
protectedagainst. We need
a
lands, as that lies within the
and generallyspeakingapples
province of horticultuer,
are
though it be only a
apples to insects, even
crab.
varieties and
Standards, bush
espafiers are
all liable to
attack, though the modern
practice
not
into
go
the
various
trees
planting dwarf
chance
fruit-growermore
of
Of
course
sudden
of
handling them
give the
effectively.
fruit crop in a climate like ours, with its
reversions of frostyweather
in late spring,must
A tree is like
may
a
that
small universe
harbour
a
cannot
we
in
and
itself,
population more
fullyrealized. The
know, largelyinsects and mites.
various
to
seem
the
always be precarious,but
apple
would
than
is
help.
even
modest
and
numerous
inhabitants
They
a
may
are,
be
as
we
inside
wood-borers, in the bark or on it,as beetles
be
and scale-pests,
spider or moth-eggs ; or they may
leaf-rollers,
bud-borers, flower -eaters, fruitleaf-miners,
the tree
as
eaters
fungi. There
or
are
also stem-borers, leaf-cutters
and root-eaters.
Our first example is the Wood
(Bsculi).It is
and
plainblack
in colour, but
there
that
noticed
I have
white
Leopard Moth
It
creature.
handsome
a
75
PESTS
ORCHARD
is
a
{Zeuzera
elects
to
be
livingspecimens
in
beautiful shot-blue effect
newly-hatched.
the wings,
about
The female measures
2| inches across
and appears in the heightof summer,
remaining close to
the tree whilst her smaller mate usuallyhas a jauntaround
the lightedlamp-postspreparatoryto the celebration of
their nuptials.The eggs are laid on the bark, and hatch
out into a caterpillar
which, as in a few other curious
butterflies and
with
cases
scheme
and
This
moths, has
in the adult moth.
as
there
when
spots, especially
black
the
about
feeds
moth
throughout the
is,to
an
the
colour
same
It tunnels into the wood
winter.
extent, rather
maligned.
Indeed
Newman
authorityof naturalists like Edward
so
who
state that the damage done is never
great as to
permanently injurethe tree, but that appleswith this
we
have
the
moth
in them
have
trees
unaffected.
been
known
to bear
even
better than
Fruit-growersmust, however, be guided by their own
conditions are always changing. If a tree
as
experience,
should be badly affected a little salt and water
poured
into the galleries
would fetch out the larvae or kill them,
and a watch
might be kept for the females during July
and August. (See Plate 18.)
Coming to the bark, we have the tiny beetles of the
belongingto the group of the Xylophagi
genus Scolytus,
or
Wood-eaters.
Of
these
the
commonest
is the
Fruit
which affects apple,
(S.rugulosiis),
pear,
tunnels
plum, cherry,peach and other trees. They make
in between
and the bark, and are more
the wood
partial
to sickly,
The Fruitdecayed trees than healthy ones.
Tree Beetle is only | inch in lengthand shiny black in
with yellowish
head and brown
colour,the larva legless,
Tree
Bark
Beetle
INSECT
76
PESTS
The
is quite white.
The beetles lay their
pupa
eggs in May, inside the bark, and a second brood may
As to treatment, remember
that
appear in the autumn.
jaws.
decayed wood
is greatlypreferred,
so that
be left about
pruningsshould
heaps,and infested branches should
be cut off and burnt.
A coatingof soft soap and washing-soda
acts as a deterrent againstthe boring of these
beetles.
(See larva and beetle on Plate 18.)
The Woolly
Aphis, Apple Root Louse, or American
BHght are the names
given to an aphid known to science
Schizoneura
in
as
lanigera,which is usually abundant
old and neglectedorchards where lichens and mosses
have
covered the trees, althoughit sometimes
turns
up in new
plantations.The insect is so small even when full-grown
not
in
often be sent
it may
from one
nurseries,and even
that
The
Woolly Aphis
stock from
young
country to another.
feeds, like all its kind, by piercing
out
on
of its
drainingoff the sap by means
times
proboscis. The wound produced by WooUy Aphis someaid to the growth of canker
an
serves
as
fungi.
The insect is oval in shape and scarcely
than ^ inch
more
in length,the colour being yellow at first and then purple
brown.
parous,
They are both winged and wingless,and vivialive. (See Plate 18.)
i.e. produce their young
the outer
Natural
Flies
and
tissue and
of this pest are found among
the Hover
larvae of Ladybirds ; whilst the Tits,
enemies
the
the Blue Tit, do
especially
down.
(See Plates 15 and
The
It is
Mussel
Scale
frequentlytaken
examination
object very
is caused
by
with
like
a
a
is
in
keeping them
a
of the strangestof all insects.
growth on the bark, but an
pocket
mussel
good
18.)
one
for
lot of
a
lens
will show
shell,hence
the
a
name.
dried-up
This
tiny creature called Mytilaspis pomorum
belonging to the Hemiptera. The males and females
in outline and in size,the latter being about
differ slightly
I inch long. Very few people have seen the male scale
as they are
scarce, the females beingselfcomparatively
a
ORCHARD
77
PESTS
in a
This creature is evidently
in most
cases.
fertilizing
transitory
stage of evolution.
minute and very active. About
The larva is six-legged,
eighty are produced by one female, who thereupon dies
and the young
grubs live inside her dried-upouter casing.
When
full-fed they come
out from the scale and disperse,
fixingthemselves by their proboscesto the trunk of the
Males undergo
tree, when the business all starts de novo.
sort of pupal state, and emerge
a
as
winged creatures.
(See Plate 18.)
As
neck
regards natural enemies, the Tits, the Wryand
Scale
and
the Treecreeper all eat Mussel
should
be encouraged in every
garden. Certain small
out
also prey on them, but withHymenoptera (chalcididce)
doing much good. Washing the trees with a solution
of paraffin,
soft soap and caustic soda is recommended.
the Aphis
Turning to the leaves,we have of course
again. For these, however, see Appendix.
I shall now
take
Winter
Moth
the
{Cheimatohia
the black
on
detail,as it is very much
brumata)in some
list of orchard pests,and we will try to look into some
of
the
which
causes
Fruit
will not
lungsof
a
devourers
This
have
made
ripen
tree, and
moth
worst
about
an
wings, which are extremelyvariable in
two
no
specimens being alike. The
scheme
is grey-brown in the case
of
with
are
several transverse
paler,with
much
wavy
The
darker
a
example
are
the
of leaf-
(See Plate 18.)
Moth.
measures
it is.
leaves, which
without
the first and
is the Winter
Httle
it what
darker
inch
across
the
their
markings,
generalcolour
the
fore-wings
hind wings
The
bands.
border and sundry concentric
lines.
female moth
is almost
those she possesses
wingless,
beingmere stumps, quite useless for flight.On the other
hand she is very nimble of foot and spends her time run^suitors are
ning about on fences,whither the fluttering
attracted.
INSECT
78
Why
is
at
a
the females
are
PESTS
of
little story in evolution
in
wingless?
moths
some
which
we
may
as
Here
well look
passing.
These
moths
usuallyin
are
their adult
stage duringthe
insects
cold season,
dormant
and most
most
when
are
between
birds have to go hungry. The obvious connexion
be seen.
these two facts will at once
Clearlythe comparatively
female
would
considerable
want
heavy-bodied
wing-
her about, and would therefore be a most
conspicuousobject for the famished robins, thrushes and
females
result those
who
As
were
a
wily
sparrows.
to carry
expanse
privilegeof continuingthe
tion
were
picked off,and so selecrace, whilst the giddiergirls
of ages these apterous
has brought about in the course
all that remain
disused wing-stumps are
females whose
of their former
to remind
them
soaringcapabilities.
blessed
with the Winter Moths in
Why have we been
enough
hide
to
up
had
the
"
"
our
orchards
?
It is not
because
we
have
robbed
these
thorn,
food, for their larvse eat whiteblackthorn, birch,hornbeam, oak, hazel and other
creatures
of their natural
apple,pear, plum and cherry.
have
where
It is another
we
case
departed from the
We
have substituted a superior
ordered path of Nature.
forest
trees,
well
as
as
these Uttle moths
for the wild food, and as a consequence
flies
come
gailyto the feast,exactlyas the Cabbage butterdo
in
garden. There, however, the
good deal to say in the matter
kitchen
the
parasitehas a
that is to our advantage.
to some
Winter
The
Moths, although preyed upon
and subjectsfor
extent
flies,
by muscid and ichneumon
of such caterpillars
as that of the Dunbar
the cannibaUsm
Here, I fancy,
Moth, are not yet so well under control.
stage. Presently
are
we
witnessing the intermediate
will say
Nature
Stop ! to the Winter Moths and then
other fly will be found
ichneumon
or
increasingby
an
until the plague of green caterand thousands
pillars
hundreds
is a thing of the past.
ichneumon
"
"
PESTS
ORCHARD
Meanwhile, let us
not
79
If onlywe
forgetthe birds.
would
httle birds Hke
the
grasp the fact that insectivorous
and the Tits ought not to have been
Wren
Golden-crested
should do a great deal to render our
driven away
we
female
The
from
immune
orchards
leaves her fence when
Moth
Winter
larvae.
of these
attacks
the
ready to
greenish
to place her
up the tree-trunks
Banding the trees with
eggs in the crevices of the bark.
be done in November,
must
of tar and cart-grease
a mixture
will be
the moths
and repeated to keep it fresh. Thus
crawls
lay and
Pruning
prevented from gettingup into the branches.
aU
then
until
after
be
must
Christmas, as by
delayed
The
dead.
are
eggs have been depositedand the moths
After this nothing further
prunings should be burnt.
be done
can
pickout
than
eat their way
as
and
The
of the
so
may
of this
pupae
ground at
cleared
and
Arsenical
be noted
the
jarringwill dislodgenumbers
lower themselves
by their silken
be collected and destroyed.
be sought on the surface
moth
may
the base of the trees in June
away
the trunks
the whole
blows
the
until November
for the fowls.
the female
that
wind
bullfinches to
the
sprayingof
that
tree, so
and
.
rubber-covered mallet
which
of caterpillars,
threads
the titmice
larvae which will soon
eggs or newly hatched
into the buds in spring Later on," beating"
if the
with
cloth- or
is struck
tree
a
any
is useful
to leave
is
useful,but
laysher
moth
of it must
be
it should
eggs all over
done.
Even
larvae from
thread-borne
the
then
place to
place,and I would therefore rather emphasize constant
vigilanceat the various times indicated above.
There
other Winter
are
Moths, such as the Mottled
Umber
and the March Moth (A. cescularia),
{H. defoliaria)
which
They
In
attack
fruit trees
and
are
also harmful
in woods.
have
scribed
dewinglessfemales, and treatment
as
above
also applies.(See Plate 18.)
some
parts the Vapourer Moth {Orgyiaantiqua)has
too
been found
troublesome.
This is
a
summer
moth
with
a
INSECT
80
PESTS
winglessfemale and is very common
where it feeds mostly upon the leaves
males
The
all of
are
about
measure
rich red-brown
a
inch
an
in London
of the
the
across
colour,with
parks,
plane trees.
wings,which
white
one
spot on
the hind
margin of each fore-wing. This is the littlemoth
which flies madly about in an odd, jerky fashion, during
July and August, even in the heart of the City. Its mate
is clad in plaingrey, and never
leaves the web-like coeoon
in which, as a jet-blackpupa, she passed the winter, and
it she lays all her eggs.
These cocoons
over
usually
may
be found under the copingsof walls, and
the baby Vahatched, at once
drop to the ground, often
pourers, when
having to crawl an astonishingdistance for their first
will
meal, or possiblytheir second, for many
caterpillars
eat the empty egg-shell
by way of a start in life. These
after the first change of skin, are clad in a
caterpillars,
the back
and elaborate Hvery. All down
most
gorgeous
they are adorned with tufts of yellow hair, looldnghke a
of shaving brushes stood on end.
The generalcolour
row
is gre3dsh-brownwith yellow '' slashings and crimson
"
buttons
at the
of hirsute
And
envy.
grey
appendages which
female
aU
this may
without
any
with
embeUished
side,the whole
scheme
a
Assyrianking might
an
hatch
out
into
a
modest
well
little
wings !
not
must
we
forget the Lackey
Talking of liveries,
Moth
{Bombyx neustria),whose larva, one of the so-called
the Gold-tail,
**tent"
which
are
caterpillars,
among
Brown-tail
and
other moths, is often injuriousto apple
the southern
trees ; it is in fact widely distributed
over
countries
and
the
frequentlyfarther
In
the
orchards
Midlands,
but
is
not
met
with
so
north.
of
our
home
counties
this larva
is
apple,pear and plum trees, but principally
the apple. It spinswebs all over
the trees, givingthem a
sicklyunhealthy appearance.
This caterpillar
ia even
more
showy than that of the
addicted
to
PESTS
INSECT
82
largemoths are recorded as feedingon
the leaves of the apple,includingthe Dot, the Elephant,
the Eyed Hawk, the Tiger,and the Lobster Moth, whose
sets up its head
and tail when
odd-lookingcaterpillar
startled,and possesses the pecuUar filament appendages
to the crustacean
which give it a resemblance
it is named
after. These insects,however, all belong to the natural
fauna of the country and reallyneed not be considered
in the lightof pests.
Beetle is also injuriousto the leaves
The Cockchafer
of apple trees, but I shall deal with that insect in the
and milUpedes
chapter on soil pests,where wire-worms
Various
which
are
other
Coming
the Apple
attacks
will be considered
root-eaters
flowers
the
to
Blossom
bloom
the
fruit,we
and
Weevil
in such
in full.
find
(Anthonomus pomorum)
a
way
often
as
a
mark
V-shaped
Its larva is
being prominent
yellow with
feignsdeath
a
brown
shaken
when
on
head.
off,and
which
and
drop off.
grepsh down,
the wing-cases.
The
the
all
to be mistaken
of frost,causingit to wither
insect is only I inch long,black with
for the action
This
first of
trees
beetle itself
should
be
The
for it,a cloth being spread out underneath.
culpritsmust be swept up quickly,as when they think
beaten
worked
their little dodge has
scutter
long enough they begin to
off.
in
months, the weevils hide away
turf and lichens,so that
chinks of bark and among
mosses,
to the wise is sufficient in this respect. Spraying
a word
During
the
winter
the
trees
caustic
with
alkali
in
February
is
also
useful.
Incessant
stronglyrecommend
as
the
natural
which
The
readiest
enemies
deserve
way
in the
It
Tits,Wagtails and the Tree-Pipit,
notice.
{Psyllamali) is quiteanother kind
is reallya poor relation of Mrs. Aphis,but
Sucker
Apple
of insect.
I
with weevils, and
necessary
the beatingof the trees in the spring
of catchingthem.
They also have
is
vigilance
PESTS
ORCHARD
83
of
walk in life by the extent
up for its humble
damage which it does. The creature is only ^ inch long.
It attacks leaf-buds,foHage and flower-buds,the most
makes
serious
by
being of
the
course
failure of the
the
buds
Its presence is shown
open and by their being
last.
to
dirty,stickystuff called honey-dew."
During its larval state the Apple Sucker hops about
have wings.
both sexes
but when full-grown
like a frogfly,
In colour they vary between
yellow,green and red, and
the females are
brighterin tint than the males. The
until
and
continues
egg-layingbegins in the autumn
They hatch
November, the young shoots being covered.
in the springand become
by the middle of May.
full-grown
the apples
should be used directly
Paraffin emulsion
be repeated
have been gathered and the operationmay
again in the spring.
that
be mentioned
As regardsnatural remedies it may
is fond of Apple Sucker and is a
the Golden-crested Wren
with
covered
"
a
well-behaved,harmless
for.
Tits also
The
little bird which
help,but
in the
case
should
be cared
of pears
they are
ripefruit.
Wasps
are
regardedwith aversion by almost every one
of two
in the country, on
account
outstandingfaults,
viz. the power
unhke
to sting at will,and repeatedly,
bees, which stingonce in self-defenceand then are usually
killed by their companions. Wasps also,of course, play
havoc with the plums and other ripefruit. Their saving
graces, if they have any, Ue in the fertihzation of flowers
and the devouringof other insects,
for instance the Small
White Butterfly.The Common
builds
Wasp (F. vulgaris)
nest undergroundout of paper-hke material
a wonderful
usuallyunable
as
a
home
grubs.
and
are
hot tar.
builds
woods.
a
to resist the
for the
Here
queens
remain
and
nurseries
for the
young
dormant
they
during the winter
sought out by country folk and destroyedwith
Another species,
the Tree Wasp (F. norvegica)
nest suspended from the boughs in
remarkable
It is not so common
the preceding.
as
PESTS
INSECT
84
to fruit and flowers,are
Earwigs, injurious
with hay in inverted flower pots.
best
trapped
experiencedthe disgustwith which one
and has
discovers
the goodly apple rotten at the core
crushed
the offendingmaggot, if present,underfoot, as
been brought to hght. This is usuallythe
soon
as it has
Moth
work of the Codlin
{Carpocapsapomonella) wliich
the fore wings, being dark
about
measures
J inch across
brown
with
lines, and the hind wings a
wavy
grey
tint of grey-brown. (See Plate 19.)
uniform
The moths hatch out at the end of May and flyat dusk,
when
the female lays her eggs singlyon the young
fruit,
else on
the leaves and twigs. The
or
grubs enter the
and eat away
the pulp
applethrough the calyxor
eye
the core.
The
around
period of growth is about four
weeks, when it bores its way out again and turns into a
dead leaves.
brown
chrysaUsin a chink of bark or among
and harbouring
should
All rubbish
be cleared away
crevices opened out as much
as
possible.An alkaline
in the spring
of Lead
is useful.
Arsenate
winter-wash
Every
has
one
"
"
"
"
that this must
but remember
is also recommended,
has fallen or there
be done until after the blossom
be
danger
that
which
the
of
alkaline
real
spells
Rotted
cores
wash
success
may
In
bees.
poisoningthe
any
not
will
I think
case
to the vigilance
is best, added
againstall these troubles.
also be the work
of the Apple
Saw-
{Tenthredotestudinea).The maggots of this and
often confused, but the Codlin
the precedinginsect are
the Sawfly
Moth
has only eight pairs of legs,whereas
above
of ten.
In colour the Sawfly is black
boasts
about
It measures
reddish yellow underneath.
and
|
the wings. (See Plate 19.)
inch across
at the beginning of
adult fly leaves the cocoon
The
May when the trees are in flower and sits on the blossoms.
Sticky fly-traps
might be suspended in the trees in fine
fly
weather.
after which
The
egg
is laid
the fate of that
on
the
blooms,
apple is
sealed.
one
on
The
each,
period
ORCHARD
PESTS
85
INSECT
86
of
PESTS
growth is from
four to six weeks, when the grubs leave
the fruit and go into the ground. Sprays have not been
found very successful in this instance and therefore great
in soil fumigatingin winter should be resorted
diligence
destroythe pupae at the base of the trees.
Our study of the Apple may
be concluded
with a brief
reference to the Pith Moth
{iMverna atra) which burrows
into the shoots of the young trees and causes
much
damage
It measures
at times.
about
inch
the
front
|
across,
wings being often quiteblack, with a few white streaks,
the hinder wings grey, with long and beautiful fringes.
is flesh-coloured with dark-brown
The caterpillar
head,
and the pupa
bright brown.
The moths come
out in July and layeggs on the leaves,
to,
to
where
the larvae feed for
into the shoots
blister indicates
Winter
in which
short time
they
pruning and
then bore away
A small
pass the winter.
search
for the said bUsters
(See Plate
of the
foregoinginsects
stated, to pear, plum
has
been
the
destruction
and
their .presence.
the best remedies.
Many
a
are
tute
consti-
19.)
also
destructive,as
and
cherry trees, and
be used againstthem.
the same
measures
These
may
trees have, however, other pests peculiarto themselves.
An
illustration is given of the Pear
Midge (Diplosis
deHcate
pyrivora)a
grey creature barely J inch long. It
is capableof much
damage by attackingthe young fruit,
the female drivingher long ovipositorstraight
into the
from fifteen to twenty
calyxand there depositing
anjrthing
out
By the middle of June the larvae,which are witheggs.
and nearly J inch long,leave
feet,yellowish-white,
the fruit and bury themselves
in the ground, spinning
and emerging as midges the following
silken cocoons
spring
about the middle of April. A sketch is shown
of a young
fruit attacked by this pest. (See Plate 19.)
The best remedy in small gardens is hand pickingand
of the
midv/a}^in
generation
affected
its career.
pears,
Here
which
cuts
againthose
off
a
with
PESTS
ORCHABD
87
soil dressing
dwarf trees score a point. On a largerscale,
Gas lime
with kainite will kill the larvae in the autumn.
be very finely
is
nor
is no good unless it can
pulverized,
spraying. In bad cases, where
the drastic
very few pears are Ukely to reach maturity,
the whole crop and burning it would
of sacrificing
course
into
of continuance
deprivethe Midges of their means
to be said for
there much
the next
season.
Another
trouble in pear
cherry orchards
and
is
the
Slugworm, which is the larva of the Pear and Cherry
maggot
Sawfly {Eriocampalimacina),a disgusting-looking
the leaves of pear, damson, cheiTy,
which gnaws
away
as
peach,plum and appletrees. They are also known
"
snecfs.'
adult
The
flymeasures
grey with a
The larva, which
dusky
are
black.
covered
looks
with
| inch across the wings,which
transparentborder, the body being
with
a
becomes
soon
first,
protective
ugly green sHme, and indeed
is white
at
like a slug gone wrong
very much
It is about
the influenza.
^ inch
or
a
long
tadpole
full
when
although it has ten pairsof feet,it cannot get
in fact. In later
sluggish
along very quickly,distinctly
size,and
life its appearance
is discarded, and
buff.
The
to
saw
(See Plate
adult
up
is somewhat
depositingeggs
week, and there
changes
to
the
slime
yellow
or
19.)
earlyJune,
leaves, sHttingthrough the
flies come
the
colour
its
improved,as
therein.
are
in
out
The
larvae
several broods in
a
hatch
and
proceed
tissues and
in about
a
season.
As the pupae are in the soil at the base of the trees, this
with a Canterbury hoe
should be got up in the autumn
and broken finely,
quickhme being worked in thoroughly.
In bad
this soil should
be removed
and burnt.
Poultry,if penned beneath the trees, would pick up
the larvae in the autumn
as
they fall.
for the
Pear and Plum Trees sometimes
afford a home
cases
Figureof Eight Moth
It is not
{DilobacceruleocephoJa).
INSECT
88
serious
as
the
as
loth to include
midges
it
as
a
PESTS
and
I
and
sawflies,
pest. At the
time
same
almost
am
it is
mon
com-
throughout England, and leaf -eaters can do a lot of
if left unchecked.
harm
(See Plates 19 and 26.)
The moth, which appears in September,measures
about
leaden brown
I J inches across
the forewings,
which
are
in colour, with a mother-of-pearl
gloss,and contain the
of eight. The hind wings
curious white marks like figures
are
dingy brown with a black blotch on the lower angle.
which is full-fed in June, feeds naturally
The caterpillar,
the whitethorn, and also on blackthorn,allied to the
on
with yellow stripes
and is grey-green
plum botanically,
side.
the
at
The
they
the
of dwarf
case
adopted
We
must
now
there
more
The
cause
natural
for
our
to
so
here
us
take
to
the
fruits of the
have
been
rule that
may
the
battle
base
a
this
wide
for other
would
attention
our
field and
than
The
in.
come
the pupae which
months.
turn
in the
measures
pests would
be found
to
bush
pests
seem
case
of
there
fruit.
to
be
largetrees.
is, I beHeve, the reduction
goes.
the raspberryfirst of all.
bramble
and
where
an
found
is to
the
This
dewberry among
family,with
Rubus
made.
also be
would
in
of the
In
by the increase of cultivated areas.
of meeting the situation,at
only method
straightinto the enemy's
carry the war
flora
present, is
aUied
is
September, whence
observed, and hand pickingin
soil at the
very
troublesome
cases
camp,
Let
the
summer
even
most
with
the
Here
if
trees
deal with
to
during
the shoots
on
be removed
may
serve
laid
are
eggs
which
indeed
plant is
our
wild
crosses
be taken as a fairlycertain
It may
insect feeds upon the wild relative it
the cultivated fruit,and half
upon
look
for these
thingsin advance.
The Raspberry Moth
whose larva
{Lampronia rubiella),
is known
is most destructive
as the Stem-bud
Caterpillar,
90
INSECT
PESTS
The
Raspberry or Clay-colouredWeevil {Otiorhynchus
is the best known
of the weevils and laeetles which
picipes)
attack raspberries,
and a description
of it may
be given
of checkingwill serve
for the others.
here, as the method
It is about
so
I inch long,and bro-wTi or clay-coloured,
that it is difficult to see it on the ground. Nature
is of
the onlyadept at camouflage,
and striking
evidences
course
of the fact meet
at every
us
This little weevil
turn.
has
wings and is in the habit of feedingat night. The
larva is whitey-brown in colour with a brown
head.
The
the
eggs are laid in the ground, and the grubs feed on
roots from
midsummer
to spring,
when
they change into
the eyes.
a white
They attack
pupa with black spots over
other plants,such as vines, strawberry,mangold,
many
be added
to which
various
peas, beans and turnips,
may
flowers both in greenhouses and in the open air.
Drastic soil dressings
are
necessary where the pest has
got a firm hold, using gas-hme, and where the crop can
this
be moved
situation the followingseason
to another
no
should
be done.
be borne
and
The
tits,blackbirds
and
mind,
as
and
o"E to their nests with
carry them
(See Plates 20 and 24.)
young.
now
await
come
our
to
currants, where
attention.
currant, gooseberry,rose,
and
to
which
of
the
cultivated.
insect found
plum
in the
Current
and
and
Currant
commonly
other
on
trees, both
of the mussel
case
therefore
Scale, if it exists,is
factor in their economy.
inch
of creatures
number
scale,
this is allied,the females of this strange group
Hemiptera have the unusual quahty of being
sexually complete
male
As
a
to feed their
which
is first of all the
There
Scale (Lecanium persicce),
an
wild
should
they are very fond of these weevils,
sand-wasps (Odyneri) kill or paralysethem
in
certain
We
thrushes
The
self-productive.
evidentlya very insignificant
The
long,and has legsin the larval
stationary in maturity. They fix
partlydetached portionsof bark in
Scale is about
state
but
themselves
order to
-^'o
becomes
under
pass
the
winter, when
the bushes
91
PESTS
ORCHARD
should
sprayedwith
be
caustic
(See Plate 20.)
which
is the Currant
Next
Sawfly (Nematus ribesii)
perhapsis justas well named the Gooseberry Sawfly,as
soda wash.
the other.
bush as much
as
it leaves its mark on the one
The
in some
seasons.
They clear the leaves off altogether
larvse,which are green with black spots,have the twenty
pillars,
caterall sawflylarvae from moth
which distinguish
legs
who
only have
sixteen, and
nearly an inch
green chrysaUs
are
It changes into a
full grown.
sure
and the adults,which meawithin an oval brown
cocoon,
out in May.
nearly| inch across the wings,first come
The
several broods in the season.
eggs are
There
are
long when
of the leaves, and so
Various
Uttle need be said as to how to deal with them.
but I recommend
the caterpillars,
sprays are used against
In
lime water
only, sprayed all over the bush.
veins
laid along the
conspicuously
strong
the
winter
soil for
with
some
also
good plan is
inches
to
the bushes
beneath
all the surface
remove
and
replacesame
(See Plate 20.)
fresh.
The
a
Currant
Gall IVIiteis not
an
insect,but
an
Acarus,
produced from eggs, but undergoing
no
preliminarystages of development. The present
which affects currants and gooseberries
species{Eriophyesrihis)
and so can
scarcelybe
is only yjo inch in length,
without
a
seen
pocket lens,but its effects are apparent
the
from which
Big Buds
enough in the shape of the
plantssuffer in the springand which afterwards dry up
these tiny creatures
and die. Incredible as it may
seem,
calls itself
insect which
an
have a still tinier parasite,
afraid I cannot
but I am
convey
Tetrastichus eriophyes,
minute
creatures
"
"
rather the smallness of this
any notion as to the size,or
larvae eat Currant
Mites, or how you
little helperwhose
of
Our methods
its presence is rumoured.
box it when
control are chiefly
change of site for the new bushes when
burned, althoughsprayingwith soft soap
added
and sulphur
in the springtime
may be tried. These,
the old
ones
are
INSECT
92
PESTS
pickingof swollen buds, are all we can do at
is more
to him
present, and again,success
likelyto come
who is early on the job. (See Plate 20.)
The Magpie or Gooseberry or Currant
Moth
(Abrazus
is well known
to everybody. This is the
grossulariaia)
dainty creature which flitsabout all over the garden and
lays its eggs on practicallyevery shrub without
any
regard to flavour,shape or size. The larvae must be able
to eat anything, but the fruit-grower
is only too well
to the
hand
aware
of the way
it defoliates
in which
and
gooseberries.Black
eats
away
his best
currants
yelloware the colours which
characterize
this insect through all its stages, another
exceptionto the generalrule. I would recommend
egg
and
three
here
two
search here again,as they are laid,
or
there, in prominent positionson the top of a leaf,and
the Magpie females will do it under your very eyes if you
them
fine sunny
watch
in the garden on
a
morning in
July or August. The grubs hibernate during the winter
of their hiding-places
the dead
out
and
come
among
leaves in spring to spin a silken cocoon
in which
they
Hand
ing
pickchange to a glossyblack and yellow pupa.
of great value.
is also of course
(See Plate 20.)
in the shape of the Currant
ClearThere is a wood-borer
a
gnat-Uke creature which
wing Moth {Sesiatipuliformis)
It is not
in the shoots of red and
the wood
half
serious
as
and
the Bud
as
black currants.
Mite, nor
prevalent
so
be detected by the brittleness of the
but its presence may
shoots,which if broken o"E will disclose the maggot within.
The
be
Weevil
Nut
seen
from
in the
weapon
the head with
which
are
the
most
"
beating
out
is
curious
a
insect,as will
picture. It is provided with a mighty
shape of a bodldn-like growth in front of
hazel nut on
which
it piercesthe young
the
before, weevils
difficult of insects to grapplewith, and
are
legion. There has not been enough
it subsists.
their numbers
"
(B. nucum)
As
for them
of the bushes
has
in the
should
been
stated
past,and
a
shaking
systematic
be taken in hand
as
a
check
to
ORCHARD
Weevil.
Nut
the
and
length
last
Our
find
is
the
The
insect
nut-brown
in
will
case
insect
of
month
leaves
and
and
Cockchafer,
the
long
or
plants.
the
to
two
as
knock
during
plovers
devour
devastatrix),
it
for
proUfic
is
it
the
worms
therein.
goes
subject
of
in
of
and
best
putting
to
(See
and
Plate
to
method
down
then
a
them
is
hand
starlings,
Plate
20.)
Eelworm
|
inch
long,
The
adult
dead
tissues
they
as
with
cope
or
are
this
other
weeds
are
of
deaHng
with
catch
uprooting
20.)
of
in
Stem
and
hatching,
plantain
The
the
as
destroy
taken
plant.
the
roots
and
only
difficult
very
with
(See
the
remain
the
Rooks,
the
roses
soil,
the
at
also
to
to
Like
shrubs
creature
before
grasses,
readily
numbers.
may
becomes
one
large
tissues
eelworm.
artful
grubs.
tiny
a
time
some
Clover,
by
the
which
eggs
soil
eelworm
eel
into
the
also
are
and
trees
being
of
eats
deaHng
soil
the
gulls
lay
affected
of
plants
it
of
from
and
worms
pest.
beetles
dispose
bores
where
the
to
as
in
in
stage
diet.
hves
insect
method
to
which
very
best
varied
a
this
years,
winter
{Telenchus
the
three
the
Strawberry
in
of
gas-liming
the
them,
larva
The
out
liking
adult
well
as
we
ful
beauti-
destructive
plants
in
where
most
a
the
however
strawberry
evidently
turnips,
auraia),
inch
20.)
Strawberry,
the
reaches
is
|
Plate
(See
{Cetonia
It
of
flowers
about
colour.
which
June.
93
measures
of
that
Chafer
golden-green
the
be
Rose
green
PESTS
crop
it
with
which
the
u
INSECT
PESTS
CHAPTER
PESTS
SOIL
Tails
Bristle
or
Thysanoura
Millipedes
Myrlapoda
Crane
or
Leather-jacket
"
"
Insects
"
Beetles
"
THIS
chapter need
with
met
that
the
Fly
Soil
to
in the
general,and
which
Bacteria
"
infest and
Beetles
Slugs
and
"
"
chafers
Cock-
"
Earthworms
an
of
as
we
insect
pests which
grouped under the
alreadytreated
of elsewhere.
manifestlyreferable to
these we
must
now
speak.
class they belong,may
veniently
contwo
carnivorous, and
are
long one,
over
are
Soil insects,to whatever
under
be considered
those
Click
and
Snails
"
be
not
insects, however,
soil in
and
Wireworms
Tails
Spring
or
of the
many
been
soil have
particular
plantsthey
Certain
CoUembola
"
Centipedes.
"
shall find
are
useful
V
distinct
those
heads, viz.
which
devour
herbage.
first. Of these it is well
plant-eaters
those which
merely devour
again to distinguishbetween
decayed vegetablematter, and those which deliberately
There
attack
the living tissues.
classes of
are
many
We
will take
insects
and
other
which
creatures
find
sustenance
on
decayed vegetation; and this function is certainlya
useful one,
although speaking generally the creatures
themselves
fact has
are
caused
of
an
the
This last
unpleasantappearance.
popular prejudiceagainst Spring95
66
INSECT
PESTS
the
tails,Woodlice, Pill Insects,and Centipedes. Still,
to prevent their
is perfectlysimple.
way
appearance
Keep your garden, your holding,and your
clean and tidy. To allow rubbish
absolutely
is to
ask
for WoodUce
wood, etc., to lie
ask
to
such
for
in
in and
come
and
about
establishment
of doors
to
allow
everything should
down
that
ought
to
of
be
mud
ever.
to
well
think
weathered
"
holder's
small-
when
kept
passage of rain, and
mould.
and
Indoors,
dust
and
damp.
always trjdngto
the
as
that
any
at home.
gardener'sand
are
as
At
themselves
free from
kept
of man,
last for
"
unobstructed
be
people seem
make
the
the elements
works
the
Some
must
accumulation
Remember
tools, planks of
the
on
creatures, to
prevent
old
ground and become
damp, is
Beetle larvae,Slugs,Snails,and
Spring-tails,
Everything
out
allow
to
:
poultry-run
to lie about
a
rate
good coat of paint
they never
give it
why decay sets in,
thought, and then wonder
bringingalongthe creepingthingswhose status on Nature's
Board of Works
is simplythat of scavenging. A moment's
reflection upon, say, the geological
fact that the granite
cliffs which
hold up Niagara are
six inches
worn
away
for countless
every
year (and this has been going on
there is in anyages) will show how little permanence
thing
unless
for
that we
our
own
we
do, even
Hfetimes,
are
constantly tidying up, and
making good." If
this is done, however, scavenger
insects will be kept in
their true place,in the woods
and forests,
where Nature's
a
second
wear
face of Nature.
"
Ufe
can
go
on
undisturbed.
Thysanoura, or Bristle Tails,are a lowly branch
of the Neuroptera,and are apterous or winglessinsects,
having six legs,as well as the bristle-hke appendages,
at both
to leap
ends of the body, which
enable them
They undergo no metamorphoses in their
very well.
which is found
Bristle-tail,
development. The common
The
in outhouses, in the
opened, under damp
chinks
boards,
of sashes
or
at
the
which
backs
are
never
of ward-
PESTS
INSECT
98
segments to the body, each bearing
thirtyor more
two pairs of legs,an
important distinction between this
in many
which
ficial.
beneare
pest and the centipedes,
ways
It is pale yellow in colour, and curls up like a
disturbed, being slow moving and
watch-spring when
encouraged where
sluggish in habit. MilHpedes are
and bad cultivation has been allowed.
ground is neglected,
holder must
therefore act the pohceman
The allotment
far as Millipedesare concerned, and by the aid of a
so
along please until, like
hoe, persistin his
pass
off muttering
Weary Willie and Tired Tim, they move
else. If this is not enough, powdered naphthasomewhere
lene
boUed
should be tried, or potato traps, afterwards
Poisoned
and given to the fowls.
potato traps should
be employed,in my
sary
never
opinion,as it is quiteunnecesthen be used for the poultry.
and they cannot
are
"
We
"
As was
pass to Beetles.
beetles and their larvae
now
in all circumstances, so
find that the soil has its
and
otherwise.
beneficial and
"
the
otherwise
notorious
so
has
name
however,
The
that
you
a
CHck
is of
great deal of
or
the
the
mencement,
com-
everywhere
surprisedto
be
is
which
Wire worm,
cent
of which he is inno"
him.
to
well
as
found
not
the
at
Coleopterousdenizens, both
The
outstandingexample of
plenty of damage
may
are
need
we
course
attributed
been
and
"
stated
Give
a
dog
a
bad
In this case,
is well deserved.
hang him."
opprobrium
Skipjack Beetle, as
from its habit of
full grown,
againstthe top of the thorax, and so
when
this insect
is called
clickingits abdomen
turning a somersault,
belongsto the genus Elateridse,which include the fireflies
several EngHsh species,
There
countries.
are
of tropical
in their larval state as
all very similar and all known
Two
Agriotes
wireworms.
only need be mentioned
Their historyis as
hcemorrJioidalis.
lineatus and Athous
months
on
follows.
Eggs are laid during the summer
"
pasture land, beneath
wireworms
feed and
the
roots
travel about
of which
the
resultant
in the soil for
as
long
PESTS
SOIL
9d
encroachingon field and garden
They
crops, attackingpotato,carrot, beet, parsnip,etc.
also tunnel
up into the stalks of the tomato, a plant
from
the depredationsof
is tolerablyimmune
which
must
insects.
For natural remedies
we
mainly depend
and winter ;
summer
on
moles, which eat the wireworm
and insectivorous
birds, notably the meadow
pipitand
suited for getting
beaks are specially
whose
the starling,
three
as
out
a
a
to
five years,
Where
soil insects.
length of time, and
strong dressingof
a
is
field has been
grass for
up for cultivation
should
be given in the
being broken
gas lime
in the springby 3
winter, followed
under
of
naphthalene
planting.This
ozs.
yard,previousto sowing or
of
The
should
be effective against mre
worms.
pupa
this pest is white and easilyinjuredby the lajdngopen
to the ground where
of the soil,
so that turningpoultryon
newly dug is useful. The beetles usuallyhatch in June
and July. (See Plate 21.)
is
Cockchafer
The
or
May bug {Melolontha vulgaris)
quite as bad as the foregoing,and its white grub is
it is turned
looked upon with disgustwhenever
up from
to the square
"
beneath
work
the roots
for
trees,as
There
of meadow
a
space
well as
are
of three
it does its fell
grass, where
It also attacks fruit
years.
hops, flowers,corn, and vegetables.
the
several kinds of Chafer beetles,
including
Garden, Rose,
and
Summer
Chafers, all of which
are
of Melolontha
of crops.
The sketch
its larva and pupa will given an
inimical to the roots
vulgarisand
"
idea of the
largestof this family and
measures
1| inches from the tip of the snout to the end
of the abdomen, and although the body is black, it is
that when
covered
with a yellow down
so
newly out it
female
burrows
The
into the
has a hght appearance.
earth, and lays her eggs in batches of ten to twenty-five,
there being perhaps seventy in all. The larva and pupa
are
quite white. During their long hfetime these grubs
do an incalculable amount
of damage to vegetation,
and
form
of them
all.
It is the
100
INSECT
when
are
they
just as
forest
PESTS
beetles after the third year they
as
emerge
destructive
in defoliating
plants,fruit and
trees.
Systematic beating
destruction
of the beetles themselves
that
be
must
followed
in
be
in
opened out
plovers,and gulls,who
must
the
bad
autumn
will
pick
is
the
for the
trees
of the methods
one
year, and the ground
for rooks, starhngs,
out the larvae in large
In addition, heaps of turf,htter,etc.,may
traps,and should be frequentlyturned over
numbers.
used
a
of
as
be
for
white
grubs which collect therein. Gas Ume and
kainit as dressings
be used, the former in the winter.
may
Also, when hoeing,a watch should be kept with a view
to hand-picking. (See Plate 3, Fig. 12, and Plate 22.)
Another
the
soil nuisance
larva
of the
oleracea).There
is the
Leather
Daddy-long-legsor
are
several
kinds
Jacket, which
Crane
of Crane
is
fly {Tipula
fly,more
brightlycoloured than the greyishbrown insect familiar
to everybody, but they are
not
common
so
as
Tipula
oleracea.
Plate
and
Plate
2, Fig. A,
(See
22.)
The larva is about an inch long,brown, with a small
head which
be drawn
back into the body, and poscan
sessing
the strong jaws which are responsible
for the root
injuriesso often complained of. The female crane-fly
land in August,
lays her eggs, 200 to 300, on meadow
and the grubs feed all through the winter, often coming
out on mild days in January, when
they are soon taken
by some
hungry bird. The pupa is as long as the larva,
and,
as
outline
the
all pupae, has traced on
of the future insect.
Gas
with
hme
the best treatment,
soil as possible,
to
preceded by as much
and
give the starlings
who
of Leather
are
very
fond
farmer, harrowing and
rolhng has
the
grubs out, again to be
Snails and slugs are not
often
are
80
a
word
a
great nuisance
or
two
here
Jacket.
taken
the
into
insects but
to
about
surface
its outer
in winter
opening of
rooks
Later
the
the
chance,
a
for the
on,
effect of
is
bringing
birds' larder.
molluscs.
They
gardener,however, and
be acceptable.
them
may
the
SOIL
PESTS
101
and Snails (Helicidce)
families,
Slugs(Limacidce)
and belongto the class Invertebrates,
allied,
closely
The
are
two
animals
or
The
with
commonest
backbone.
no
is the Grey Field Slug {Limax
species
devastates all kinds of crops from grass
and the young
to corn, and also destroys
plants,
flowering
shoots of bush fruit. The generalform of the mollusc
There is also the Black Slug,the
in the sketch.
is seen
the
as
Yellow or House Slug,and a small kind known
which
agrestia),
Slug. They are all of much the same
Root-eating
of
remedies
form and the same
apply. The method
of eggs, which are laid during
propagationis by means
Bulb
the
or
months
summer
in the soil
or
The
rubbish.
in batches
occur
under
milky in colour,and
eggs are circular,
of ten to fifteen. Needless to say, moisture is indispensable
to slugsand
snails,which are aHke also in that
they do their mischief by night,the former hidingin
during the daytime. This
be taken advantage of by placingcabbage
habit may
the evening,and
the ground in"^
and lettuce leaves on
takingthem up earlythe next morning, when the slugs
be captured and
which
have crept in underneath
mav
given to the fowls. (See Plate 22.)
Snails are quite an
familyin their way.
interesting
Some of their shells have very beautiful markings,and
collected for that reason.
Also,
structure, and are
in France,snails reared on a milk diet are
particularly
esteemed
a
dehcacy for the epicure. English people
do not fancy them
rule. The Common
Garden
a
as
Snail {Helixaspersa)is a destructive creature, feeding
greedilyon the tender green shoots of vegetablesand
almost indiscriminately
flowers,
; the dahlia for instance,
will often have its first shoots
with Its acrid flavour,
gnawed off by these creatures so as to spoilthe plant
entirely.The eggs of the Snail,laid in batches in the
earth,are white and similar to those of the Slug. There
between the young of these molluscs
IS Uttle to distinguish
the earlystagesof their development.
in
crevices
and
under
stones
"
In
addition
Snail, which
clover
to
PESTS
INSECT
102
earlyin
appears
and
Snail, there is the Wood
Garden
the
to
pasture
the
;
spring,and is harmful
Strawberry Snail, scarcely
to strawberrybeds and in
the
long,and troublesome
the flower garden, and the Banded
Snail, with a conical
on
shell, white with purple-brown stripe,a nuisance
I
inch
hillsides and
Snails
As
a
than
matter
sea.
honest
more
are
Slugs,as they
visible.
the
near
feed
above
in
depredationsthan
are
nearlyalways
their
ground
and
their control is a much
consequence
that of Slugs. (See Plate 22.)
from
suffering
crops are
dressingof lime and soot should
Where
either snails
be
easier
or
slugs
Powdered
given.
alum will Idll them, but it is rather too expensive to use
except for choice plants. In greenhouses, cotton-wool
of pot plants will prevent snails
the stems
tied round
and
slugsascending to gnaw the young shoots.
Thoroughly foul land may be gaslimed in winter to
clear it of Slugs.
of Slugs
is the principalnatural
The
thrush
enemy
and Snails,being an extremelyuseful bird in this respect,
and
also are
blackbirds
as
starlings.Poultry, ducks,
water-rats, moles, hedgehogs,frogsand toads, are fond
of them, as also is the tortoise,kept as a pet by some
The
of its insect -eatinghabits.
gardeners on account
glow-worm, described later,attacks and devours snails.
of the injuriouscreatures
We
dealt with most
have now
found
in the soil,which
stated are vegetarianin diet,
as
whether
it be the decayed or growing tissues that they
a
feed
on.
Coming to
who
perform
the
useful
class,these
are
mainly beetles,
handy service in connection
tion
with the soil and its inhabitants,though we have in addithe Myriapoda, which
the Centipedesamong
may
be taken
at
first. Centipedes are
once
distinguished
from
casual
to the
observer, by their
even
Millipedes,
and one
hundred
with
extreme
a
as
wriggles
activity,
all sorts
of
SOIL
twists
and
them
up
they
vanish
from
The
in the soil.
PESTS
two
103
sightwhenever
commonest
turns
one
forms, Litho-
shown
in
and Geophiluslongicornis
are
forcipatus
the sketch.
They are carnivorous in diet, feedingboth
on
slugs,
decayed animal matter as well as upon worms,
other small creatures.
beetle-larvae and
They do not
pedes
undergo any definite metamorphoses ; the young centihowever
usuallyhave fewer legsthan the adults,
the obtainingof additional pairs of legs as they grow
biu3
to be their idea of distinction in the world.
older appears
previouslystated centipedeshave only one
in the case
feet to each segment, againsttwo
As
this constitutes
and
the chief structural
pair of
of millipedes,
difference
Some
Centipedesare phosphorescent
at night,a rare
qualityamong British insects,of which
the Glow-worm, or larva of a beetle called Lampyris
is the best known
noctilus,
example. The word Lampyris
Glow-worms
means
shinytail a very apt description.
useful to the gardener,as they feed on Snails,
attacking
are
them
alive. The female
them
boldlyand devoiu-ing
glow-worm beetle is wingless. (See Plate 23.)
There are as many
tribes among
useful as injurious
the
of
Coleopteraand here are a few selected at random
between
them.
"
those
"
whose
as
larvae Hve
well
as
harmful
in the soil and
creatures
earthworms
prey upon
their own
and
among
(See Plate 23.)
First there is the Telephoridse
family,which include
-coloured beetles,
some
red, some
blue,which
bright
many
country boys used to call soldiers and sailors. Others
other
are
orders.
brown
khaki, not
and
these
"
to have
we
may
suppose
for the duration
"
gone
into
but possiblyfor
merely
all time.
They are the most pugnacious of all insects,
another.
one
everythingand everybody,including
fighting
Their diet is chiefly
and soU larvae.
earthworms
Then
there is the Tiger Beetle or Sparkler(Cicindela
beautiful gold green
above, and coppery
campestris),
below, with yellow spots on the tops of the wing cases.
INSECT
104
Its larva is
a
curious
PESTS
object,whitish
largehead and humped
it Hes
the ground where
on
any haplesswire worm
back.
in colour
It makes
in wait
httle
with
a
traps in
and
suddenly pounces
or
daddy-long-legs
passingby.
The odour of some
beetles is the reverse
of pleasant,
but
in the case
of the Tiger Beetle, a lovelyscent of sweetbriar denotes its presence.
This beetle frequentssandy
soil. (See Plate 23.)
The Ground
Beetles,the Carabus family,are all useful.
A common
is shown.
species{Carabus catenulaius)
They
spend aU their time hunting and devouring small insects
and never
touch
also applies
vegetables. This remark
.
to
the Rove
of the
Beetles, several of
which
feed
on
the pupse
Fly. (See Plate 23.)
Sexton
beetles {Necrophaga) perform the useful function
of dismembering and burying putridanimal matter,
such
as
Cabbage
dead
Root
moles, weasels, birds,etc., which
are
taken
down
piecemeal into the soil as food for their young.
Then
there are Dung Beetles, the commonest
of which
is the Clock or Flying Watchman
Stercorarius)
(Oeotrupes
which
utilizes cowdung and such material for a similar
(See Plate 23.)
purpose.
All the insects and
creatures
aforementioned
are
what
in the soil.
Apart from these,
be seen
however, soil is full of life which cannot
by the
human
not
cases
even
by the aid of the
eye, in some
highestpowers of the microscope. These beingsinclude
useful functions and play
the bacteria,which have many
a
important part in the process of plant growth.
very
than the fighting
Armies of bacteria,much
numerous
more
forces on the recent battle fronts of Europe, are constantly
and on
engaged in creative and destructive operations,
failure
the results from time to time
or
depends success
everybody may
readilysee
The soil is,in a word, a little universe.
grower.
It is the livingsoil in a very real sense, and I hope to
about it in another chapter. Certain
say something more
to
"
the
go ahead
"
peopleat
one
time made
a
greatfuss
about
106
INSECT
PESTS
VI
CHAPTER
PESTS
GREENHOUSE
Causes
failures
of Greenhouse
other
and
Beetles
Moth
Gothic
"
of the
Pests
"
Vine
Line
^White
"
Vine
"
Weevils
Moth
Dart
"
Moths
Tortrix
Moths
Ermine
Moth
Underwing
Scab
Tortrix
Vine
and
Grape
Mealy
Microlepidoptera
and
Hornets
Louse
The
terrible
Wasps
Grape
Bug
Mite
Red
or
Spinning
Spider
Friendly Sand-wasps
White
Rot
Mildew
Diseases
Powdery
Figs
Fungoid
of Eight Moth
Other
Fruits
and
Figure
Pine-apples
and
Woodlice
Canker
Cucumber
Pests
Aphides, Thrips
Yellow
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Cucumbers,
on
Blotch
in
the
Knob
Root
"
Eelworm
of the first
the
Tomatoes
White
"
or
forward
of his
commencement
the
career
EngUsh cHmate are brought home
real and often very exasperatingfashion.
how
ground,
some
even
or
tomato
the
he
the
At
over.
gardener should
notice
He
before.
weather
little bit
Snowy
things that the novice
to is the possessionof
of the
the
Cucumber
"
Leaf
Fly
Ants
"
Greenhouse.
ONElooks
At
and
Melons
it
to him
He
some
in
had
some
bloom
one's
very
cursed
a
and
more
time, if haply the
same
pass by
cinerarias
has
does
now
gardening
a greenhouse.
terrible vagaries
at
budding
conservatory
when
snow
a
is
on
and
the
neighbour who points with joy to
Ms' have not
plantsactuallyin fruit when
a
germinated,he
draws
in his breath
107
quickly,
^drops
INSECT
108
is in his
whatever
/ must
A
hand, and says tensely, It is enough,
"
glass,"
have
of
start
PESTS
sort
some
be
must
made
somehow.
Even
if it
only be a couple of old window-sashes
over
a hole in
the ground, stiU the magic word
glass conjures up
visions of beautiful thingsto come,
ing
a
smiUng wife beambaskets of earlyradishes and lettuce,
over
the children
and cress
free,gratis
browsing from punnets of mustard
and for nothing off father.
The
newly-dug plot is all
trimmed
of seedHng onions,
up ready to receive battaUons
to come
cabbage and sprouts. The young tomatoes
are
wheeUng out like a squadron of cavalry whole weeks
before the man
who
has no
glasshas had his sleepless
nights rewarded
by the first pale sign of a seed-leaf in
"
"
his frost-bound
boxes.
sashes
is
in the
morning, and
to walk
seen
bold gaze
Indeed
of
look
yet, somehow
conservatory that
about
others
six
that
glorifiedbicycle sheds
lumber
Before
room.
of this I may
causes
between
a
with
a
in the
firmer tread
eye
with
the
things.
other, for
or
is
world
the
does
And
with the window-
man
his business
to
who
one
the
a
there
success
either
are
one
not
greenhouse or
are
usually
used,
or
become
and
workshops, occasionallya
to define the
proceedinghowever
well disposeof the distinction
as
greenhouseand
conservatory
a
; so
if
we
want
be nasty nice let us say that a greenhouse is a glass
structure
where the actual growing is done, a conservatory
to
being
where
the
"
with
a
ornamental
more
but
similar
kind
of erection
permit ourselves with all due modesty to do
ourselves
showing off." Let us, however, content
the greenhouse,and
the conservatory will look
we
after itself.
Of
course
is because
was
it
a
the
it
proved
failure ?
cases
is that
there
was
not
why
reason
the
a
a
greenhousebecomes
failure in the first season.
I believe the main
derelict
Why
fault in dozens
chosen, or
aspect was
wrong
enough attention paid to the vital
of
perhaps
question
of
temperature, which
if any
which
case
thermometer
ventilated
be
kept absolutelyconstant
is to be obtained.
allowed to become
These
tures
struc-
midday
midnight, in
very hot at
correspondingbig drop at
A
if plantssicken or die.
wonder
it is no
should be placedat each end, the placewell
suffer
to
must
success
sometimes
are
and
of
measure
109
PESTS
GREENHOUSE
a
when
the
sun
is up
and
to before
the fire seen
for the night. Class your plants
accordingto the
retiring
to the
temperature they requireand grow them as near
lightas possible.
attended to,
But supposing all this has been carefully
of failure,viz. the ravages of
ingenuityin gettinginto a greenhouse or
there is stillanother
insects,whose
ground
frame
think there is no
cause
extraordinary. You
cranny through which the
is sometimes
nook
or
may
tiniest
possiblycreep. He will be there all the
One
same.
patent thing about insects is their
very
abiUty to enter or escape through incrediblysmall holes
in comparison to their size. In my earlydays,Uke many
got
hunting,and frequently
boys, I used to go butterfly
parasitecan
in the brambles, so that after a few accidents
of this sort a needle and thread was
always part of my
equipment on these expeditions. It had been most
the net torn
exasperatingwhen, having captureda fine Painted Lady,
I found her whistlingaway
through the net and across
the clover with a merry laugh,as much
as to say,
Thought
Yet the hole through which
you'd got me, I suppose ?
her ladyshipmanaged to squeeze
would
scarcelyhave
allowed
a
halfpennyto pass.
That is how
With a greenhouse it is a
they get out.
of gettingin. It is surprising
how the news
case
spreads
through the insect world as soon as your latest model of
the CrystalPalace is erected and the workmen
have left.
One would think there were
and editors
flyingjournalists
with
to wireless full particulars
a
bristUng antennae
in advance.
And
of course
if you go and profortnight
vide
in
a tropical
temperature an arctic climate you must
"
"
110
INSECT
PESTS
expect thingsto happen and stiffen your sinews accordingly.
You
must
desire
for a greenhouse
justifyyour
by defending it againstall comers.
Cockchafers
mil blunderingly
collide with the glassin
compUment to its liquidclearness and retire with certain
Waterbeetles
will alight
language and a broken nose.
with grace and spend lots of time endeavouringto take
headers into the Hmpid depths which strangelyresist all
their efforts,and are
only induced (upon reflection)
to
seek some
sensible pond wherein
they may rest their
aching jointsand tell a few friends their opinionof mankind
fraudulent
If we have been
as
copyistsof Nature.
so
misguided as to put up our structure on the ground
without
itself,
buildingdwarf walls of concrete or brick,
with cement
floors and plant beds of thoroughlycleansed
soil,we shall have the worshipfulcompany
of wireworms
assisted by youthful may-bugs fullyaUve to the possibilities
of root-eating and stem-boring just as
much
in
advance
If
our
of
house
lightand need
a handy
many
the
season
is built with
a
as
heavy
are
the
selves.
plantsthem-
rafters that exclude
the
great deal of putty, these will also afford
retreat
for the eggs of the red
spiderduring
its quiescent period. Mealy-bug, thrips,white
scale,
woodlice, the winged females of green and white fly,the
and
fungi will all find snug
spores of mildew, canker
homes
in such tiny cubby holes as the lappingsof the
glass,sash openings, door frames, struts and skirting
boards, if any of these are ever allowed to harbour the
merest
suspicion of dirt. Moral : Have your panes of
of putty or else
glass as large as possible,a minimum
as
patent glazing,framework
hght as is consistent with
strength ; then swill out frequentlyall such harbours of
trouble above referred to : givea coat of paintor creosote
at favourable
opportunitieswhen the house is at rest.
"
The
is
milk-white
more
than
cleanhness
a
foible
of
of the successful
nurseryman
pride.
professional
He
has
GREENHOUSE
had
PESTS
learn in the hard
to
school of
111
experiencethat
it is
absolutelya sine qua non.
In this chapter I propose
to take the principal
greenhouse
and
describe
the
subjects(except flowers)
pests
Hable
to
suffer
from.
Needless to say our first
they are
example is the Vine.
From
the days of remotest
the Vine has been
antiquity
brated
inseparablyassociated with man, and it has been celein song and story,simile,metaphor and allegory
all nations in all ages.
As a source
of inspiration
among
to poetry and reHgionthe Vine has exercised the highest
attributes of our
kind, whilst in the discovery of the
fermentation of its juicesand the abuse of such has lain
of much
the cause
human
vice and misery.
With
such a wide range and longhistoryit was
able
inevitthat the Vine
insect
and
Hke
countries
artificial means
finer varieties
should
other
become
the home
of innumerable
parasites,more
in
particularly
England where we have tried to obtain by
a permanent
supply,home-grown, of the
of the grape that are indigenous
to southern
chmates.
If it
can
unnatural
of,
as
be said that
drink
they
gout and
were
other
heavy wines such as port are an
for an Englishman,and when
partaken
formerly,in large quantities,produce
diseases,it is equallytrue that the black
in order
grape and all exotic kinds need the greatest care
to ward off the enemies and ailments that will undoubtedly
assail them.
At the same
time no
of ambition
is
man
likelyto go short of a good vine because of the trouble
requiredin lookingafter it,for at least the claims of the
sick-room
should be borne in mind, even
if the dinner
table goes short.
The pests of the Vine
1. Beetles.
A
be enumerated
may
Scarabid
soft tissue of the
as
follows
{Anomala vitis)devours
leaves.
Another
:
"
the
tiny species
will destroy
the roots.
{Emolpus vitis)
Some
halfdozen
kinds of weevils, of which
the Black
or
PESTS
INSECT
112
Weevil
sulcatus)is the worst
{Otiorrhynchus
offender, feed during the larval stages on the
adults upon
and regalethemselves
the
roots
as
Vine
leaves.
also add the Cockchafer
We must
young
and the Click Beetles (Wireworms).
2. Moths.
of the
largermoths
{N. typica),the
larvae of several
The
leaves,e.g. the Gothic
UnderLine Dart
the Yellow
White
{A. tritici),
and
the Buff
wing {T. pronuba), the White
and
S. hihricipeda).
Ermines
{S. menihastri
eat
vine
tiny moth called the Grape Tortrix (Conchylisambiguella) which
spins up in
second
and feeds on the flowers in springtime,
a
moth
brood
of the same
boring into the fruit
3.
Then
there
later
on.
is
a
Hemiptera. Among
these
which
{Coccus vitis),
we
have
infests the
the
Grape Scale
bark,
as
weU
as
(C. adonidum), an insect which
from abroad, while the most
has been introduced
the
Mealy Bug
deadly
Louse
roots
4.
pests is seen
which
{Phylloxeravastatrix)
of
and
all grape
the
Vine
attacks
both
in
leaves aUke.
Wasp
the Hornet
(F. crabro)are
of ripe fruit.
at the time
the chief offenders
Certain Sand
Wasps {Odyneri) are predacious
Hymenoptera. Here of
{Vespisvulgaris)and
upon
the Vine
Weevils
courte
above
the Common
referred to.
Spideror Spinning
the underside
on
Mite, which breed so profusely
of their vital
of the leaves and deprive them
juices.
and fungi.
6 Mildew
wigs
I might perhaps have included Aphids, Thrips,Earand
Flies,but these have been dealt with already
will apply.
remedies
under other heads, and the same
As will be seen, this is a prettycomprehensivelist that
might
have to tackle in the case of the vine, and as one
we
5.
Leaving insects,we
come
to Red
INSECT
114
water
above.
as
PESTS
Wherever
weevils
be
number,
taken
are
found
of their "lie
advantage may
by shaking them into a cloth or
propensities
and gatheringthem
(See
up for destruction.
A
beetle known
as
Anomala
in
any
doggo"
umbrella
Plate
24.)
vitis feeds upon
the soft
It is,however, more
mon
com-
tissues of the leaves of vines.
Europe than in England, and is
related to the sacred Scarab, formerly worshipped by
patra's
Cleobe seen
the Egyptians,drawings of which
on
may
The insect is only about J of an inch in
Needle,
length and behaves very much Uke a weevil. Its larva
for weevils applies.
lives in dung.
The same
treatment
as
attacks the roots
small beetle,Eumolpus vitis,
Another
and causes
injury which at times prevents the formation
in
of
and
shoots
new
^ of
south
the
inch
an
in
of
may
kill the
even
length.
The
vine.
It is about
vigilancewhich
will be
keep out the weevils will also upset the
calculations of Eumolpus.
(See Plate 24.)
chafer
Two
remainingbeetles which attack vines are the CockIn greenhousesthese should
and the Wire worm.
combated
be successfully
by the cleansingof the soil by
of the May-bugs
and the entrance
renewal each season,
coverings which
preventedby the use of gauze window
of birds and
are
employed also as a bar to the entrance
exercised
wasps
We
to
who
now
come
after the
pass to the
fruit.
Lepidoptera,where
varied if not
All
attention.
a
awaits our
company
very distinguished
First there is the Gothic {N. typica)
moths.
of them
are
rather
has the
Its caterpillar
is a leaf-eater.
which
unusual habit of commencing life as a tree-feeder and
later
on
descending to feast upon
winter
greens and lowin
itself occurs
growing herbage generally.The moth
be
and
June
during the breeding season, which may
extended
two
months, lays eggs on the underside
over
of the vine leaves and other fruit foliage.During their
selves
are
arrangingthemgregarious,
youth these caterpillars
in a curiouslyformal fashion side by side as they
eat
the
away
the
At
withers
cuticle of the leaf,which
outer
consequence.
115
PESTS
GREENHOUSE
of the
end
foliage
when
autumn,
in
selves
gets scarce, they separate and proceed to establish themon
docks, plantain,etc., as well as on cabbage and
They are about 1 1 inches long when
crops.
pale brown in colour, smooth, with a shiny
full-grown,
The pupal change takes placein the late autumn
head.
other
green
with the
ground. We are here concerned
in its youth, and by far the best remedy is egg
caterpillar
search, but faihng that, spraying with carbolic soap
the
beneath
induce
should
emulsion
the
marauders
tracks
make
to
jungle outside at an early stage in their career.
The moth
measures
If inches across the fore- wings,which
are
deUcatelymarbled in grey and brown, the hind wings
being of a uniform grey colour. The body is stout, as
for the
with
long, slender
between
the
distinguish
antennae
to
The
but, Hke
a
and
are
male
this is one,
pointed. There
moths, of which
Noctuid
most
appearance.
fringe his feelers,
boast of the Uttle bit of
on
may
the moustache
White
which
moth
Dart
Line
has
been
in
Chapter III as a
are
usuallyroot-
Both these insects
pest of the Lettuce.
The
feeders,but vine-leaves are also eaten.
dark
brown
hind
wings
thorax, and
IJ inches across
with palerbrown
are
whitish
have
of this moth
sides
being dingy
The
moth
at
the
middle
when
a
the
White
Line
the
which are
fore-wings,
and white markings. The
base, where they join the
smoke-coloured
border.
The
pillar
cater-
is smooth, mottled
brown on top, the
green with a pale grey lateral stripe.
end
appears
of the
of
August
they pupate
at
common
leaf-buds
with the Yellow Under-
leaves of the vine,in common
wing Moth, which has been dealt with
measures
it.
see
both
damage
to
and
Dart
man,
young
is another
{A. tritici)
known
is Uttle
in outward
sexes
of the pre-war weak
magnifyingglassis necessary in order to
The
the
and
in
July
the
larvse
month,
until
and
the
in the soil.
end
Egg
are
eggs
feeding from
of
search
the
on
laid
the
season,
the leaves
INSECT
116
PESTS
digging up the pupae from the roots are the best
of checking these moths.
methods
(See Plate 25.)
Moth
The Ermine
common
{8.menthasiri)is stillmore
troublesome.
and more
Everybody has seen this woolly,
is conspicuous on
which
extremely active caterpillar,
to bolt
every leaf throughout the day and yet manages
out of reach at the first signof danger. Entomological
and
books
Ermine
larva is comwill tell you that the White
mon
low herbage.
generally
everywhere and eats everything,
although quite true, this is scarcelydefinite
enough, and it certainlyought to be scheduled as a vine
and the
in London
pest. I have noticed, particularly
But
suburbs, that this larva, and also that of the Buff Ermine
(S. lubricipeda)which is very similar, but of a richer,
in
to grape
addicted
darker brown, are
vines, as much
glass. The first brood of moths
May and lays eggs on dock leaves and
feed in company
other weeds, where the young caterpillars
off singly,often to great
for a time and then wander
distances, and feed on anything good that is going. It is
surprisinghow they get into the places that they do,
houses
estabhshingthemselves with ease, if not grace, in greenwhen
and among
or
changing their
pot plants,
of our
take possession
skin or about to pupate, they even
With
and
home.
house
regard to vines, spraying will
off
be shaken
not
larvae,and they must
injure Ermine
into a cloth or umbrella, picked up with gloved hands
The weband dropped into a jar of salt or alum water.
air as
open
in
out
hatches
the
hke
found
cocoons,
crannies
whenever
under
about
seen.
in
corners
of
greenhouseor garden,should
The
natural
enemies
nooks
or
rooms
be
of the
and
destroyed
foregoing
but there
usuallyDipterous or two-winged flies,
tage.
advanof employing these to our
method
is no practical
be encouraged,
Owls and
bats, however, should
of
as
they hunt down and devour considerable numbers
moths.
(See Plate 25.)
night-flying
A small Tortrix moth, C. ambiguella,is also a leaf-eater
moths
are
PESTS
GREENHOUSE
vines.
on
Tortrices, although a
The
117
minor
group
of
rate
up for their size by their prohfic
is
a moth
It does not follow that because
of increase.
be ignored. In fact it is just these
small in size it can
that are apt at firstto be overlooked,
creatures
diminutive
moths, often make
which
and
in many
damage
because
especially
to cope
it is too
with,
of
horticulturist
more
do the
cases
we
are
it is not
least able
seen
until
the difficulties that attend their study
is due the fact that the historyof these tiny insects has
been rather neglected,
so that there is always the chance
the
To
late.
and
food-growerdiscovering
they will go to the trouble
the
to science if
something new
of boxing and observingstrange little insects whenever
an
(See Plate 25.)
opportunityoccurs.
called by the entomologist
These very small moths
are
life stories are
Their
exceedingly
Microlepidoptera.
and diverse,as much
so as those of beetles.
interesting
In
the
Tortrices
we
have
those
moths
which
roll
or
twist up the leaves and buds of oiir fruit and forest trees,
or
lay their eggs in the calyx of the flower in order that
work its way into the fruit
hatched
the grub when
may
have alreadyseen
and feed out of sight. We
one
or two
the Orchard
examples among
pests. The word Tortrix
leaf -twister),
which
twister
a name
(i.e.
simply means
there are
aptly expresses their general habits. Then
the Tinea, among
which
we
get the Clothes Moths on
account
whose
much
so
naphthalene and camphor has
to
woollen
be purchased to protect our
attire, furs,
feathers,etc. The Deltoides or Snout Moths, so-called
of the extremelylong palpi which
the
account
on
cover
proboscis; the PyraHdes or Meal Moths, which worry
the miller ; the Crambites
which
or
we
Veneers, among
find the insect which bee-keepers
have cause
to remember,
Moth
viz. the Honeycomb
other groups.
are
(C. cerella),
Finallythere are the Pterophorior Plume Moths, whose
wings are so spHt up that they look like feathers and are
quite devoid of any coveringmembrane.
"
"
INSECT
118
will be
As
PESTS
it would
realized,
be
impossibleto take even
families here, considering
of all these
briefest survey
that the labours of Henry Stainton
the
alone
any
filled thirteen
have
of the
one
favourable
plan
is to
"
conditions
watch
may
when
their
the British Tinea
good-sizedvolumes, although
"
micros
on
we
up in full force under
least expect it. Our best
turn
and
methods
break
the
chain
at
spot. If it is a leaf-miner,spray the foliage
early enough, when nearly full out, and so kill the first
If it is a
brood
it hatches.
twister
as
gather up all
If it is a
the nests with the greatest care
and burn them.
the
weak
"
fruit eater, clear out pupse from
the so'l,and so forth.
The
Vine
chinks
"
of bark
and
under
Tortrix, C. ambiguella,alreadyreferred to,
chrysaHs,which lies in crevices
about and seeking the
springtime,fluttering
The
to lay its eggs one
buds on
which
by one.
young
caterpillars
spin several flower-buds together and gnaw
them
cluster, thus
about, soon
passing on to another
doing great damage. They feed for about a month, and
from which
then in June
they hatch
spin up a cocoon,
out as moths
a
fortnightlater. (See Plate 25.)
Now
begins the worst injury,for the second brood
attacks all the unaffected fruits,
layingeggs on the stalks,
the larvae boring into the grapes and thereafter behaving
in apples. The second pupation
Uke Codhn
much
moths
the loose bark where
takes placein among
they pass the
winter.
Sprayingwith caustic potash and careful removal
The moth
is the treatment.
of convenient
hiding-places
itself is,like most
Tortrices,a dainty httle affair,about
buff with
these being creamy
the fore-wings,
f inch across
light sepia markings, and with a broad band, almost
from the front margin. The hind
black, taperingdown
wings are white with smoky grey outer margin,beautifully
fringed.
Not to be diverted with the beauty of the moth, we
must
keep busy with potash and scraper if we wish to
first appears
of bark, in
out
of the
GREENHOUSE
PESTS
119
keep
it in check.
it is
hardly hkely
so
burnt.
the
As
is
grape
that
eggs
that much
of the
in
searching
springtime
larvae in
should be removed
all sillien webs
should be made
even
as earlyas
possible,
generation
considerable loss of grapes
Passing from moths
subject to attack from
though
in that
we
now,
certain
off the second
to cut
it may
mean
season.
particular
find the
grape
vme
is
of the
Hemiptera. For
Grape Scale {Coccus vitis)and the Mealy
the
instance
done
be
can
size and
regardsthe second brood, their presence
betrayed by a blueish spot on the fruit,
endeavour
an
microscopicin
are
presence
enough, and
is evident
in the
The
But
for them.
and
PESTS
INSECT
120
cochmeal
(C. adonidum), relatives of the famous
of commerce.
insect
They infest the bark, and both
be disposedof by paintingwith methylatedspirit
may
or
turpentine. (See Plate 26.)
Neither of these pestsare so deadly or serious,however,
the terrible Grape Louse
as
[Phylhxera vastatrix)which
belongs also to this order of insects,and it will be worth
while our studying this pest a Uttle more
closely.
of
which
of
the
As in the case
a
variety {A.
Aphids,
turns
vitis)of course
up on vines and should be met in
Bug
with
time
and
the
more
even
spray, phylloxerapresentsa remarkable
of reproductionthan
elaborate
scheme
ascribe
may
it gets itself
its relative ; to which cause, by the way, we
the firm hold it has upon a vine house once
established.
details
The
feeders
from
(See Plate 25.)
are
as
leaf and
or
the
same
has
There
is
a
on
the
"
be
root-
great-grandmother,
less
wingviz.
offspring,
and winged leaf-eaters
Uke herself,
infesting
is to carry
may
bud
distinct classes of
two
Lice
eaters, both kinds being produced
female.
The
is
reproductionscheme
complexity itself.
who
follows -."Vine
good
"
work
above
whose
root-
mission
ground. Both
these
to
females, always. The first can continue
reproduce females, aU root-infestingand aU wingless.
children
The
are
second
producesa winglessfemale
and
this time
a
INSECT
122
PESTS
in March, can
be responsible
for 23,000,000
before October
is out.
descendants
The insect was
first
mencing
from
brought
vineries since
America,
1865, and
is
has
been
now
common
known
in
EngHsh
enough throughout
world.
the
The
are
chieflyrepresented by
Hymenoptera
the Hornet
Wasp {V(Spa vulgaris)and
Common
the
(F.
crabro) against which
nest-destroyingcampaigns are
famihar enough throughout the country.
There is,by the way,
a
friendlygenus of Sand-wasps,
Uve in walls and dry places,Odyneri by name,
which
which
them,
go hawking after weevils, pouncing upon
them
and
to
death
carryingthem away bodilyas
stinging
food for their young.
The
guished
Odyneri are easilydistinfrom the common
as
they have no yellow
wasp
the abdomen.
belts across
(See Plate 24.)
I should
favour
mentioned
have
also that
there
is
in
count
one
millepedesin that they feast upon the rootfeeding vine louse, though most folks would think it
scarcelysufficient warranty for welcoming their presence.
Leaving insects we have stillto notice the Red Spider
or
SpinningMite (Tetranychus)which has almost as much
of reproductionas the Vine Louse.
It laysits eggs
power
in between
the ribs of the leaves, and the spidersare
in from ten to fourteen days. Tobacco
tion
fumigafull-grown
is helpful
and can be done whilst the plantsare in the
drastic methods, such as cyanide
house, other and more
or
sulphur poisoning,having to be arranged for when
everything has been cleared out. (See Plate 24.)
Our
of
reference
of this
the
to
of
notice
First
Vine
pests
so
a
to
grower.
there is the
from
ailment
%vith
concluded
fungi,as althoughoutside the province
insects
as
chapter,they are often as troublesome
or
Powdery
which
a plantparasite
spiralis),
over
be
may
on
the
United
wild
Mildew
is
States,where
grape
as
well
as
of the
supposedto
it
on
occurs
as
Vine
have
a
cultivated
{U.
come
natural
forms.
GREENHOUSE
The
fungusappears
the
on
as
delicate white
a
123
PESTS
tops of the leaves and also
on
powder in patches
young
shoots
and
Spraying with potassium sulphide should be
repeatedas occasion requiresand all diseased leaves and
Dust with flowers of sulphur
fruit collected and burnt.
also. (See Plate 25.)
fruit.
Then
there
branches
Bordeaux
and
folks have
Rot, which
is White
eats
its way
into
attacks foliage.
fungus never
deal with it,as many
will effectually
districts of France
in the wine-growing
fruit. This
mixture
noticed
Italy,where bunches of grapes may be seen coated
with the blue
verdigris which to the uninitiated looks at
first as though the remedy were
reallythe disease. It is
washed
off quite easily.
The
greenhouse is capable of providingus with the
much-prized green figsin England,whilst the pine-apple
itself is the perquisite
afford to spend a
of those who can
also
Pines of course
are
sovereignto get half-a-crown.
in specialpits on
a
hot-bed, but they are very
grown
costlyto produce. Both crops are subjectto Mealy Bug
and
"
and
White
done
"
Scale, which
can
be met
with
kerosene
sion,
emul-
time.
The above remarks
also
fruiting
trees such as peaches,apricots,
oranges,
before
apply to fruit
mulberries,nectarines,etc. On all these trees a lookout
should be kept for Tortrix moths
well as for scale and
as
aphis. The Figure of Eight Moth, described in the last
chapter,is also likelyto turn up, and I give a drawing
of its larva for identification on
Plate 26.)
Next
to cucumbers.
Here
we
come
are
Aphis again,
well as Red
also
all of which
as
Spider. Thrips
occur,
have been treated of. Woodlice
also give trouble unless
routed out, and it is hardlynecessary to say any
rigorously
more
The
about
Canker
that.
attacks cucumbers, melons
{M. citrullina)
and greenhousetomatoes.
This fungus betraysitself by
of the stems
of the
a
greyish white sicklyappearance
which may
often be killed outright. It is one
of
plants,
INSECT
124
PESTS
artificial state of things
an
penaltiesof introducing
such as obtains in a glasshouse, and the moist and warm
is essential to its development. Spraying
environment
the plantswith hver of sulphurwill prevent the spread of
the disease,and those plants badly attacked
should
be
has to be
pulledup and burnt. The Board of Agriculture
this fungus appears.
notified whenever
(See Plate 27.)
Another
disease of Cucumbers
and Melons is Ctrcos'pora
the
melonis, better known
Leaf
as
Blotch.
It presents the
shown in the sketch,the spots beingpalegreen
appearance
in size gradually,
at first and increasing
turninggrey and
then
brown
with
a
the fruit
about
come
that
spots be examined
a tinyforest
strong magnifyingglass,
the trees
where
If these brown
in colour.
are
the
minute
the spores which
are
will be seen,
stalks of the fungus,and
drop off when
ripeand blow
Why do fungi
elsewhere.
carry on their work
It will be found
in this way and spoilour crops ?
it is pale,ill-grown,
in most
emaciated
cases
plants
to
predisposedfirst of all to get the fungi,and the
Nature
of the latter is simply a case
where
occurrence
steps in, by her agent, to destroysuch plants. What we
to do is to
have
prevent the healthy plants getting
infected,mainly by removing all weak stuff,and as a
precaution using an emulsion of soft soap and potassium
sulphide. (See Plate 28.)
which
are
It has been
noticed
in the
case
of cucumber
and
melon
air lose the
to the open
plantsremoved
that the
fungus and put out new fohage,thus indicating
disease has been induced purelyby the artificialconditions
that too rapid
existing. We should therefore remember
growth at the expense of robustness is a dangerouscourse
for ourselves and our
neighbours.
leaf blotch
Root
and
that
Knob
tomatoes.
Eelworm
is also hable
See remarks
pests. The roots
the first symptom
assume
at end
the form
to attack
of
cucumbers
chapteron
shown
in the
orchard
sketch,
being a dropping and witheringof the
of the whole
followed by Hmpness and collapse
foliage,
125
PESTS
GREENHOUSE
eelworms
young
which increase in size until they become
7V inch in length,
pear-shaped.They then lay eggs on other parts of the
their worm-hke
re-assume
root
on
a fresh plant and
or
knobs
plant. The
shown
Soil infested
carbohc acid solution
form.
left to
that
act
on
two
must
be saturated
successive
twice
in
and
fortnights,
is
Gas Ume
for at least six weeks.
second
remedy. It should be noted
a
and other plants
weeds
many
of eelintermediary hosts for the preservation
where
for its appearance
which fact will account
clover, grasses and
as
worm,
as
badly
the
out
sweeten
employed
contain
it could
not
have
been
otherwise
explained.(See Plate
27.)
fungoiddiseases half the battle in avoiding
cleanHness spoken of at
consists in the scrupulous
them
a
the beginning of this chapter,and before re-stocking
house
a
fumigation of sulphur is a good thing as an
absolute fungicide.
conclude our chapterwith the White or Snowy
We may
to science as Aleyrodes
Fly,a hemipterousinsect known
inside
both
is of common
occurrence
which
proletella,
bage
the greenhouseon tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.,and on cabin ChapSee remarks
and other crops out of doors.
ter
be
III on cabbage pests. In houses the blightmay
fumes.
with tobacco
removed
(See Plate 14b.)
Some
are
a great
peoplethink that Ants (Formicidae)
nuisance, though I cannot see why, except in the case of
which gets into cupAnt (F. domestica)
the Httle House
boards
left
uncovered.
where
jam and honey are
business of the yellow and the black ants
The
main
of
find in greenhousescrawhng up the stems
which
we
the plantsis to hunt for small beetles to eat and aphides
Loosened
of their honey dew.
to
milk
paths and
afford
in old structures
skirtings
spaces behind shrunken
them
house
room.
Naphthalene and seaUng up such
is wanted.
(See Plate
spaces with putty will do what
3, Fig. 5, and Plate 26.)
In all these
"
"
1^6
INSECT
PESTS
VII
CHAPTER
FUNGOID
and
Important
peculiar position
What
"
is
a
?
Fungus
favourable
Fungi
of
development
the
to
of
Method
"
PLANTS
OF
DISEASES
in the
Vegetable Kingdom
tions
Condireproduction
of parasitical fungi
"
"
root
Club
diseases
Potato
checking their action
Swedes
and
Heart
rot of Mangolds
or
Fingers and Toes
Clover
Bean
and
Pea
Celery and Parsley Leaf Spot
Fungi
of
White
Rust
Onion
Sickness
Corn
Fungus
Fungi
and
Cankers
Mildew
Apple
Cabbages
Gooseberry
Disease
Diseases
Leaf
Spot
Raspberry
Strawberry
Means
of
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Silver
Leaf.
of
fungoid
question
THEstrictly
speaking
an
in the
seen
insect book.
case
At
of the Vine
diseases
that
one
of
"
"
"
the
and
in the last
within
comes
time,
same
other
plants is
of
the
as
we
not
vince
prohave
greenhousesubjects
to find both insect
chapter,the grower
fungus pests in close proximity even
though they
and
is bound
be in any way
associated with one
another.
not
may
For this reason
therefore it has been thought advisable
to take
a
few
which
attack
short
outline
as
To
We
the
to
best
of the
prominent examples of fungi
and
destroy crops and fruit,and give a
of their life historyand some
suggestions
way
answer
in which
to
combat
their activities.
well ask, what is a fungus ?
this questionbest by lookingat the position
begin with, we
can
more
may
very
in life which
fungi occupy, and as
it will be worth
while examining it
one
then, the VegetableKingdom
Briefly,
127
pecuhar
little closely.
it is
a
a
is divided
up
128
INSECT
into four great Orders
with
the
lowest
of
PESTS
Plants,as follows,commencing
:
^"1.Thallophyta,
Simple, celliilar,flowerless
plants,including all the Sea-weeds, Algae,
and
Fungi
Cryptogamia
Lichens.
Beyophyta.
Simple flower-bearingplants.
or
such
"1
Concealed
Liverworts
as
3. Pteridophyta.
Flowers.
or
or
"
I
I
Flowers
it
Club
the
on
;
Flowers,"
and
"
underside
of
the
tails,
examples, Ferns, Horse-
Mosses.
Flower
[*"Spermaphyta.
Plants
embracing all
-!
Visible
Now
is
fronds
and
Phanerogamia
Mosses.
Spore-bearing plants whose
fructification
leaves
and
and
Grasses
seed-bearing
and
Vegetables," Herbs,
Cereals
Bushes
Trees.
from
this list that the
appear
of Plants described were
almost a sideshow
might perhaps
first three Orders
to have
compared with the last, where we seem
all that is generallymeant
roped in practically
by the
word
it
true
so
as
vegetation. This is by no means
however, as the algaeand fungi,which, according
seems,
to our
arrangement, belong to the lowest order of plants,
selves,
together comprise a whole unexplored universe in themwhich the microscopehas done so much
to reveal.
Between
the Fungi and the higher orders too, there is,
shall see, a great gulf fixed.
it is amongst
Now
as
we
these minute
of
plants or plant organisms that many
our
or
diseases
common
plant ailment,
and
so
found
we
whether
shall do
it be
well to
an
animal
just glance
details of
fungus growth before speaking of the
particularexamples given in this chapter. (SeePlate 29.)
Although fungi belong to a lowly order, they are part
of a very important group, the speciesof which
far outnumber
still insufficiently
the higher plants, and
are
is a fungus like ?
What
word comes
from
The
known.
the Latin and means
mushroom, that favourite esculent,
of which, with the toadstools
and puff-balls,
the form
at
the
are
is familiar
to
all.
But
take, for instance, that
curious
INSECT
130
PESTS
though they be chemically identical with
the vegetablesthat will support it.
If this were
not so
the tabloid lunch would
be a
in the
standing dish
City to-day. But we human
beings,Hke the rest of the
animal
creation, are supported by the assimilation of
carbon, iron,salt,etc.,and above all starch,so that calling
has more
in it than meets
the
a stiff-necked generation
us
But
have
must
these
we
things in a bulky and
eye.
and fish being merely a
vegetableform, meat of course
transmuted
vegetable. We require them bulky because
not happy unless they are
the walls of our
stomach
are
small
distended, not to say gorged, although many
a
also require
We
boy may have long views on that score.
these thingsin a vegetableor other organicform
because
could not digest
their equivalent
off the chemist's shelf.
we
in aU plants,
It is clear then that it is the chlorophyll
except fungi,which enables the whole fauna or living
on."
this earth to
creatures
on
Except fungi!
carry
in the beginningof ChapterIII.
That's justit,and as we saw
as regards
insects,here we have another case of the obscure
and unnoticed
parasitecarryingon work which is vital
future and may
be even
to our
shaping our destiny,for
are
obligedto subsist
fungi,containingno chlorophyll,
Those fungi
organicmatter either livingor dead.
upon
feed upon
which
deca3dng tissues reallyperform the
them
function
of removing agents, for they transform
once
again into their originalelements, but the fungi
which
support themselves
upon a livingplant or animal
alone,
even
"
"
"
are
and
inimical
therefore
and
diseases.
These,
as
come
under
indicated
the
above,
head
are,
of pests
without
appearingto do so, very often in control of the situation,
if not actuallyrulingthe roost.
We
fungi are a plant group which
see, then, that
stand quite by themselves, the species,
through being
devoid
of chlorophyll,
being compelled to subsist either
another
livingorganism or upon something which
upon
has
lived
before.
FUNGOID
DISEASES
OF
PLANTS
131
INSECT
132
This
is where
their
grower's point of
of
native
importance
This
tuberosum.
America, which
South
from
in
comes
Take, for instance, the
view.
Potato, Solanum
PESTS
plant
been
has
the
common
is
really a
introduced
during the past four or five
hundred
short
period in the scale
years, a relatively
is able
of evolution.
In England the almighty spud
of the
months
to continue its growth during about seven
it has to be protectedfrom the rigourof the
year, when
all the positionof the
If only that were
seasons.
spud
human
would be fairly
beings
secure, as long as there were
to store and protect it,even
though it might never become
at this point another
native plant. But
a
party has
something to say, one Phytophthora infestans,who has
into
other
most
countries
"
"
"
"
them
to see
power
comes
What,
along and says,
respected. P. infestans
if I know
it." Away he goes to
Solanum
here ! Not
of invisible agents,and good-bye to
release his miUions
strong views, backed
with
up
the
"
crop by the time
their fell work.
potato
your
have
done
The
suffer from
to
these
we
must
of
our
the
case
break
the
which
trouble
in order
our
to
the
apply the
crops
of insects.
chain
of
us.
arrive
as
we
In
the Hke
plantswhich
attacks
of fungi,and to meet
to the managesame
principles
ment
is
potato, however,
have
Phytophthora and
a
only
of the
one
have
seen
word
let
be
to
us
find
necessary
out where
in
to
development in the plant parasites
study hfe histories
Again we must
the weak
at
spot at which to apply
check.
The
life historyof
a
variations,is somewhat
fungus,althoughthey show
as
follows
many
:
Spore,a simple
cellular body, practically
invisible,and capableof being
blown about by the merest puffof air until it alights
upon
Sometimes
takes
and
root
it
the host plant,
where
grows.
all different,
three host plants,
there are two or even
yet
the fungi on each are merely preliminarystages in the
Existence
commences
in the
form
of
a
DISEASES
FUNGOID
developmentof the
its circle returns
PLANTS
OF
havingcompleted
which
parasite,
same
to the first once
For instance, the
more.
spots called "cluster-cups"
little red
barberry was
classed
once
the
ovals
orange-coloured
was
called Uredo
as
jEcidium
found
segetum. They
133
bramble
on
grasses
on
now
are
or
herberidis,and
and
known
corn
to
be
graminis, or Wheat
plant,Pwccmm
IVIildew. In the full-gro\vTi
fungus there is often little
and
between
to distinguish
flower, judging
root, stem
by ordinary standards, at least in the tiny organisms
of a
The cells are all much
here dealingwith.
are
we
muchness, being a collection of thin-walled boxes of
substance which is the basis
protoplasm,the gelatinous
and
one
the
same
of all life.
examplesare
Some
and
mildews, which
endless
Plate 30 of familiar moulds
illustrate the simplicity
and yet the
shown
on
varietyof fungalgrowth.
It will be noticed that in all these
objectof
the
little round
and
plantappears
marked
bodies
this is in fact the
to
*'
be the
examples the main
productionof the
s," which
are
the
spores,
case.
released from the
tiny,invisible spores, once
parent plant,from which they are often expelledwith a
sudden jerk,
float about in the atmosphere and are wafted
to decayingmatter, or on to the soil or the host plant
on
as the case
ment
may be, until conditions favour their developinto full-grown
the
to
same
fungi carry on
process
This explainsthe
in their turn.
otherwise
once
more
unaccountable
of a fungus disease where
appearance
least expected. The offendingspores may
rested
have
dormant
indefinite period,or
for an
been blown
have
along by chance in the breeze.
It is always at the spore stage that we
seek to
must
These
break
is done
the
once
chain
and
check
these
they germinate.
How
troubles,as the harm
is this to be
plished
accom-
?
Now
if there is
one
thingabove
all others that
fungi
INSECT
134
hate
it is carbolic
But
appearance.
Are we
able then
to avoid
as
in which
and
as
a
one
They
also
so
apply
soil dressing
on
to
plant
to administer
the crop
the acid is
carboHc
only
be
like
vanish
does
injuryto
put in. The
which
need
are
acid.
PESTS
life
this dose
itself ?
as
the vacant
treatment
magic at its
in general!
in such
The
safest
way
form
with
soap
emulsion
an
field before
the
is,however,
brought into play
a
a
plants
drastic
in very
bad
cases.
A
and
better scheme, for
which
obtains the same
much
general use
result
at
on
a
largescale,
less cost, is to
ground evenly with powdered quicklime a
to go in.
month
before the plants or seeds are
so
or
This has the double advantage of improving the ground
it follows that
and warding off fungi spores.
Whence
it is on the well-managed soils that plants escape these
things,givingthem that rapidand vigorousgrowth which
is unfavourable to the germinationof parasitical
diseases.
I now
to take a short
general survey of the
propose
common
fungi which attack fruit and vegetablecrops.
The
subjectis a big one, and I can only deal with it
in the briefest way
within the limits at my
disposal.
first.
Among field and garden crops the potato comes
The
dangerous exotic, as it has been called, is subject
the most
fifteen or twenty fungoiddiseases in all,
to some
prevalentbeing :
Potato
disease, Corky Scab, Dry Rot,
disease,Wart
Skin Spot, Leaf Curl, Silver Scurf and Rust.
to the botanist
The first-mentioned,known
as
Phytobhght," has
phthora infestans and to the farmer as
Plate 31, the
the leaf shown
the generalappearance
on
on
the
of the fungus itself under
microscope
appearance
being also indicated.
portant
of fact Potato Bhght has had a very imAs a matter
effect on
English history. Possibly,if it were
asked, who brought about Free Trade, nine out of ten
Richard Cobden," which would
peoplewould answer
spread
the
"
"
DISEASES
FUNGOID
It
be quite wrong.
Irish potato famine
at
135
the author
infestans,
of the
consequent Corn
beyond the pale of pohte
of 1845, and
took the matter
Riots
P.
was
PLANTS
OF
once
the
"
is
upon
peoplecried out, The Hunger
caused
famine
The
was
time
to drop talldng.
it was
us
by'pinfestans
out
alone,which swept hke a scourge throughthe late crop of potatoes to
Ireland and reduced
short weeks, leavingsix
in two
of putrefaction
mass
one
milUons of peopleto face the winter on practically
nothing.
occurred
before
ot
No such deadly warning had ever
almost solely
the dangers of leavinga largepopulation
dependent for their food upon a riskyexotic plant. At
When
debate.
"
that time
of the
httle
very
to-day,by
Blight,but
Bordeaux
mixture,
"
known
was
we
may
of the nature and cause
the aid of sprayers and
claim
to
largeextent
a
that
bUghted. No country, however, should
time be entirelydependent for its sustenance
at any
its food value is. The
the potato, excellent as
upon
which we should pin absolute faith upon
only food-plant
the
"
is
bhghter
is wheat, which
Homer
If that ever
fails us on
calls
"
the
marrow
of men."
of the
grand scale,the position
indeed.
human
at large will be precarious
race
With
and Burgundy
regard to the use of Bordeaux
mixture
for potato disease,it should be pointedout that
these remedies cannot
cure,
they are only a protection
watched
againstattack. Hence the crop must be carefully
and the sprayingmust
be done in time.
It should be
started at the end of May for earhes in the West
of
England,in the middle of June for late crops there and
in South
Wales.
The
*'
In
a
word, follow the
a
Riviera
season
wherever
"
counties and the Sunny South
want
it before the end of June, London
and the Home
Counties by the middle of July,and further north before
the end of that month, in aU cases
the leaves
soon
as
as
and haulms
well developed. It must
be repeated
are
you
are.
at times
in the event
Wart
"The
Disease
of
or
heavy
rains.
Black Scab
of
is
potatoes
mor^
INSECT
136
serious
PESTS
difficult to handle
and
gainsa hold
is due to
and
It
endohiohcum.
lives
potato, the
than
Blightwhere it
as
Synchytrium
the
fungusknown
a
as
parasite within
a
cells
being stimulated into
like Club Root
of turnips,the
subdivision much
are
being entirelydestroyed. Here again we
of
the
cells
the
active
tubers
in
the
of the invisible spore, which may
dormant
remain
the soil for years ; it may
be conveyed on the boots
hands
m
of the grower
from
by birds,
a
pig if the
it may
animal
or
latter
which
placeto
one
pass
has
small
As
from
and
that
carboUc
is most
but
likelyin
in
the
can
should
in
come
so
case
be
always be
mainly
over
a
effectual.
many
when
seed-tubers
should
disease-resisters
bad
a
difficult
This is
the soil.
treatment
above, the pest
stated
fed
cheap method,
a
the
area
the
the
of all diseases to eradicate
of
dropped
body of
through
the spoilttubers,
on
harmless
been
be
is a criminal offence.
way
said that Wart
Disease is the most
by
It has been
for want
; it may
another
ways,
planted,so
chosen
wherever
Among earhes these are King George,
Great
Conquest. Among lates try Abundance!
Admiral, or Langworthy. (See Plate 31.)
ease
is a milder disCorky Scab {Spongosporasubterranea)
it has
occurred.
Scot and
the
of potatoes, more
country. It is
prevalent in the wetter parts of
usually confined to the outer skin,
but
in
penetrates
canker.
severe
forms
the
flesh and
becomes
a
Steepingthe seed if affected in a solution of
to a gallonof water)
(about a dessertspoonful
formahn
will clean it,and
regards soil,it should be ascertained
of hme, which, as it happens,
there is an excess
whether
favours this particular
fungus. If so sulphateof ammonia
be appHed.
should
Dry or Winter Rot of Potatoes, caused by Nectria
dried
solani,happens when the tubers are insufficiently
after storing,
with the result that they shrink and collapse,
as
becoming in a short space
Other fungi. Kainit,if it
of time
can
be
a
culture
ground for
got,is a good artificial
INSECT
138
PESTS
their cycle
penetrate the tissue to commence
is fatal to the Fingers and
of life again. Lime
Toes
disease,and the ground should therefore be dressed with
ordinaryslaked Ume, powdered and spread evenly. This
is better than the ground lime sold,as it is cheaper and
contains
no
impurities. (See Plate 32.)
The Heart Rot of Mangolds and Swedes, and of Sugar
in this country as in France,
Beet, is not so common
they
but
soon
have
cases
been
badly infested.
germinatesfirst on the
and
the leaves wilting,
root
the
a
whole
field with
every
The
fungus, Sphaerellatahifica,
stalks and upper part of the plant,
of
finallypenetratingthe crown
of destruction
work
the
root, where
of
known
goes
on
of
out
ugly black decayed mass.
be left long about
On no account
should diseased roots
fed to animals, but burnt to ashes as soon
or
as
possible.
this
Red
Beet is hardly ever
attacked
disease,and
by
therefore,be grown where this fungushas occurred.
may,
sight,leavingthe
We
we
now
interior
Beans
to
pass
an
and
Peas.
These
crops,
as
adopted by particular
might expect, have been specially
Plate
32.)
speciesof fungi. (See
Bean
Rust
{Uromyces fabce)is familiar enough. It
occurs
form
both
on
of
a
broad
leaf spot
and
as
runner
in
shown
beans, and
the sketch,
takes
the
the
fungus
itself being a collection of
simpleegg-shapedcells. Two
kinds of spore are
shown, much
enlarged,representing
two stages in the growth.
Sprayingdoes not injurethis
that
so
fungus, and all bean haulm should be watched
The compost
burned.
diseased portionsmay be at once
heap is very valuable to the grower in these days, but
every
a
care
should
be taken
that it is not allowed to become
fungal nursery.
from
Pod
of the
French
and
they do from Rust.
the pods in the form
presence
Beans
suffer
severely
Canker, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum,than
Scarlet Runners
more
its first appearance
on
patches,which indicate the
It makes
of dark
rooted
spores.
These
soon
cause
the
FUNGOID
DISEASES
OF
PLANTS
139
iS3
O
INSECT
140
bean
to
become
its way
ripeningand
PESTS
and
stunted
into
withered,as
fungus
the
plant
prevents the
of the pod which is desired. Bordeaux
fattening
mixture at half strengthor Uver of sulphurmixture
to 4 gallonsof water) until the pods are
half
(1 ounce
eats
will ward
grown
affected and
tissues
the
off this trouble.
nospora
of this
To the naked
eye it is
appearance.
the pods and is not hkelyto be much
on
unattractive
dirtygrey bloom
it is the
appreciated,as
leaves and
that
pods
of the
cause
of year that calls up
(See Plate 32.)
are
carried
In
similar to the above.
somewhat
winter
the
through
beingan annual,
of
the
on
it follows that
no
of this should
be
as
well
be lost
not
"
the
on
likelycards
as
burnt.
collected and
however, be useful
a
week
or
is the spore
the
must
resting-spores
leaves
among
The
or
should
the weeds
before
full-grown.
Leaf Spot of Celery comes
The
Bhght, and is called Septoriaapii.
wild
all affected
strength Bordeaux
so
pea,
find
importance
and
grower,
"
Half
Peas, all
seeds, and
decayed haulm, dead
allied leguminousplantssuch as vetches.
dish
Aylesbury
of
case
sanctuary among
a
wilted
choice
a
fungus diseases
other
numerous
yellow and
of many
memories
deprive us
time
There
bines
an
a
not
duck.
sketches show
The
(See Plate 33.)
healthy pod respectively.
are
subjectto Mould or Mildew, caused by Peroshows a highlymagnified view
vicicB. The figure
parasite,which presents under the microscopea
Peas
at the
and
will,
plants are
the
head
under
the
It has
been
on
of
the
of the augmented use of this
its first appearance
vegetable. The Leaf Spot makes
suffuse the
as
dirty greenish-brown spots, which soon
increase of
whole
The
late,on
surface
account
of the
fungusthen
whole plant. As
leaf and
passes
down
cause
it to
the stalks and
wither
so
away.
ruins the
enlargedsection,it behaves
like potato blight,
much
worming its way in between the
plantcells and so down to the vital parts. This explains
shown
in the
OF
DISEASES
FUNGOID
141
PLANTS
the damage is done.
spray after
and then the delicate threads or
be there first,
must
find their way into
of the fungalgrowth cannot
of usingthe
futility
the
We
mycelia
the outer
celeryseeds themselves
them,
i.e; resting-spores,
upon
teleutospores,
skin of the
leaf.
The
have
may
solution
in a weak
it is advisable to steep them
whence
will kill the fungus
before sowing, which
of formaUn
be used for spraying
Bordeaux
but not the seed.
may
the field,but as stated, everythingdepends upon the
on
(See Plate 32.)
and
An alhed Leaf Spot disease also attacks Parsley,
also.
remarks will apply in this case
the above
"
word
before."
have
Here
a
we
pass to Clover Sickness.
disease arisingfrom two
looks Hke
of what
one
case
and withers
The clover yellows
different causes.
entirely
in patches,and this is brought about by (1) Eelaway
worms
(seeChapter IV under the head of Strawberry)
We
now
93.)
(See page
(2)the fungus Schlerotina trifolium.
and
closer examination
A
that
the
eelworm
plants will show
by a swelKng
distinguished
of the fungus no such
case
of the affected
trouble is
in the
of the stalks,whereas
swellingoccurs, but dark-coloured
excrescences
will be
(See sketch.) The fungus itself is
small megaphones.
shown
also, cmiously hke so many
A spore-bearing
myceUum is also indicated,containing
eightspores which will presentlybe released to
carry
elsewhere.
on
(See Plates 20 and 34.)
solution would certainly
CarboHc emulsion or formahn
is not
kill this fungus in the soil,but such treatment
feasible on a large scale. The Une of action,therefore,
is by way
of starvingthe fungus out, in other words keep
infected land free from
leguminous crops of aU kinds
for some
instead,and
years, puttingin potatoesor corn
found
on
the roots.
"
"
the
soil will be
Wheat
and
other cereals
graminis,or Black
It
freed.
are
Rust, to which
beginsits curious historyas
by Puccinia
alreadyreferred.
often attacked
a
I have
spore which
is released
142
INSECT
PESTS
"Q
3
.^-^}V;
a
O
at
J
"/J t-
Z
"*
O
^
o
DISEASES
FUNGOID
in
the straw
from
springtime
on
OF
which
on
and this spore will onlygerminate
leaf. Here it takes to itself a new
a
PLANTS
it has been
barberryor
appearance,
143
resting,
bramble
that
of
"cluster-cup,"and poses as a different plant,once
by way of showing
having claimed a different name,
advances,
do if it tries. As the season
what a fungus can
each producinga chain of
these cluster-cups
fructify,
tidious
new
orange-coloured
spores. The latter are just as fastheir
Hne of develojfment
as
about their chosen
their old home
abandon
for they now
on
predecessors,
the bramble-bush, and insist upon
being promoted as
the blades in thin hnes and proCom
Rust, penetrating
ducing
this
time
posing
more,
orange-coloured
spores once
is getting
Uredo segetum.
Finally,as the season
as
on,
be
that these fancy tricks may
and
it is just possible
to
discovered, they think they would hke to go home
roost again,so they put on their dark thingsand show
in the form of dark lines
more,
up as P. graminisonce
alongthe ripestraw, allready for business in another year.
Corn is attacked by several fungi in addition to the
includingBunt and Smut, which appears hke
foregoing,
grainsof soot in among the ears ; White-heads or Takethe corn
bleached appearance ;
assumes
a
all,where
and
of Barley and
bhndness
Oats, but there is
As regardstreatment
for
no
space available for these.
corn
fungi,most farmers elect to face a certain percentage
of loss each year rather than lay out money
on
expedients
which may
not save
their cost.
This is practical
wisdom
far as it goes, but wherever
as
a fungus has had
a serious
effect it would
be as well to study the progress of the
disease from spore to spore again,and then launch
an
offensive againstit at the most
hkely period. In the
the
"
case
of Black
while, would
"
Rust, for instance,the time for this,if worth
be
justwhen
the bramble
are
cluster-cups
about to show
Bordeaux
all adjacenthoston
up, when
plantsshould arrest the thing in time, A long rotation
also tends to discourage
these fungi.(See Plate 34.)
Onion
schUideni)is
Fungus {Peronospora
districts. It takes
many
bloom
the
on
the
foliageof
is ruined.
the bulb
of
PESTS
INSECT
144
A
the
the
a
in
lilac-coloured
if attacked
plant,and
sketch
parasite under
of
form
the
common
young
of the appearance
microscope. Dusting with
is shown
sulphur is the best measure
against Onion
Fungus. (See Plate 33.)
with White
Cabbages sometimes
get badly deformed
Ume
Rust
and
on
the
underside
of the
This
leaves.
destructive
aU over
the world.
fungus,Cystopus candidus, is common
It is reallya parasiteof Shepherd'sPurse, on the leaves
be seen.
of which
the clusters of spore-bearers
may
Where
the fungus attacks the stalks of both wild and
takes place,which
cultivated plant an ugly malformation
is a hotbed of disease for the next generation of cabbages.
Such distorted leaves should therefore be systematically
This
burned and weeds like Shepherd'sPurse eradicated.
fungus thrives,like most of its kind, in damp situations,
and cabbagesplantedin a fairly
dry,open placeare most
likelyto escape injury. (See Plate 33.)
A few examples of fruit fungiwill perhaps be found of
value.
Among these the outstanding example is the
American
[Sphcerithecamors-uvce),
Gooseberry Mildew
has
in late years
country to such an extent
which
Acts
under
that it is the
fruit in this
subjectof several
ParHament, and figuresas a notifiable disease
penaltiesfor non-compHance. (See Plate 35.)
of
American
white
bush
devastated
or
Mildew
summer,
presents two
and
the
brown
well-marked
or
winter
forms, the
stage. In
summer
spore-production.The
of
spores are, however, dehcate, and a spell dry weather
does as much
as
anything else to check their increase.
which is the real menace,
It is the winter,or resting-spore,
from frost,
it can remain either on the bushes,immune
as
or in the soil,
perhaps for a year or so, and stillgerminate.
growers
be taken
The
by fruitgreatest precautions must
both
cases
there
wherever
is
this disease occurs,
as
the spores
may
INSECT
146
leaves.
will be
with
home
a
of dark
olive
the bark
and
the tops of the
green on
Later on, when
these leaves fall,black spores
formed, and these will disperseand eventually
gular patches
find
the
on
them
fungus on
fruit is bruised
and
the
reallydetrimental,
fruit and
apple
PESTS
retards
shown
Scab, but
in
or
the
the
its market
fruit,specimensof the latter
It is
being shown.
skin
broken
it fastens
when
growth.
sketch
that
is
price,at
The
Scab
itself
food
only when
becomes
on
value
young
of the
scarcelyreduced
all events
in
by the
pre-war days,
the trees in
on
might be seriouslyaltered. Bordeaux
springwill prevent this disease gettinga serious hold.
the rightwiU be seen
to be covered
The leaf shown
on
with regularround
spots. This is the Apple Leaf Spot
also a brown
{Sphceropsis
malorum), a fungus which causes
The secret of spore productionis shown
rot of the fruit.
in the microscopicsection of a leaf through the middle
times it will
of a spot, and as it is magnifiedabout fifty
be wafted
these tinybodies may
how easily
be understood
from
about
place to place. All fallen material should
be carefully
gatheredup and destroyed,whilst Bordeaux
in the spring,
should
be used where
mixture
necessary
just after the petalshave dropped. (See Plate 36.)
is so important
cultivation of field Strawberries
The
of
be made
in these days that a passingreference must
a
common
injury that the plants suffer in the form of
or
a
Strawberry Leaf
fragarice,
fungus called SphcBrella
in the illustration,
the aspect shown
Spot,which assumes
reddishthe colour of the spots being first brown
or
brown, and later a white spot appearing in the centre
of the ruddy patch. The white spot itself is bounded
by
of
red ring,which
a
givesthis disease the popular name
Bird's Eye Spot. The effect of Strawberry Leaf Spot is
the
the yieldof fruit and weaken
to materiallyreduce
plantsfor the followingseason, but it may be prevented
by careful watching and an early spraying with either
liver of sulphuror Bordeaux, to be repeatedat intervals
FUNGOID
DISEASES
OF
PLANTS
147
Eh
CO
^ P
INSECT
148
until the flowers
to the
novice
mixed
with
PESTS
Here
appear.
that it is
would
again I
point
out
always advisable to look at the
side of the question. It is comparatively easy
money
to prescribea remedy which
will be effectual,but quite
another
matter
to prescribeone
wiU appeal to a
which
This may
sound a bit contradictory,
but
man.
practical
little thought will show
that after all a grower's best
a
friends are his observation
and his judgment, which cost
gain.
into the barnothing,and may save him a lot of money
But
these faculties must
be used
constantlyto
be of real benefit,and guide him as to when
and in what
circumstances
to call science to his aid.
cal
A good mechanihelpon strawberrybeds consists of mowing down after
fruitingtime and subsequently burning the dry leaves
straw
the
over
field.
This
has
been
found
vigour to the plants and is inimical to the Leaf
Spot Fungus. (See Plate 37.)
Both
Raspberriesand Loganberriesare subjectto the
also
depredationsof Henrlersonia rubi, a fungus which
attacks wild roses, brambles
and other indigenousrosaceous
plants.
In both
this fungus assumes
cases
a
lurid, purpHsh
colour at first,and
then, having killed the bark, the
winter aspect is grey or dingy white, the spores appearing
black spots. (See Plate 37.)
minute
as
and
Infection mostly takes place on
unharmed
canes
in
at fruiting
wood
come
time, so that spraying cannot
as
a
remedy unless the crop is to be sacrificed. This
to
add
extreme
the
spraying of
brambles
if in the immediate
cut
down
should
be resorted
must
measure
and
to
at
a
bad
case,
and
likelywild plants
other
vicinityshould
be
in
be
done.
All
canes
burnt.
once
commonly
Apples,cherries,peaches,apricotsand more
plum trees have in recent years been subjectto Silver Leaf.
This is a mysterious ailment which has now
been traced
which
internal fungus called Stereum
to an
purpureum,
lives and
fructifies within
the
wood
itself.
\
DISEASES
FUNGOID
does
There
the
in
tree
of
being
natural
a
sheen,
trjdng
to
to
die
and
the
takes
place
loss.
(See
When
the
is
culprit
colour
shrivels
to
off
be
and
needless
and
and
their
trees,
fungus
it and
dead
if
its
stage
total
a
the
it
be
cannot
with
paraffin
in
tillage
activities.
of
damp
soil
be
and
have
covered
the
cutting
Also,
destroyed,
up,
so
watch
tree.
once
grubbed
means
a
by
the
at
situations,
will
that
locahzed
of
parts
released.
such
essential
speU
fungus
the
be
any
purple
dry
a
to
The
is
brings
spores
silvering
should
bark.
young
by
is
fungus
this
during
combated
wood
they
flourishes
and
in
the
when
of
affected
the
fired
stumps
drainage
for
burning
dead
milHons
consequently
kept
of
however,
weather,
be
of
but
leather,
as
cannot
say,
begin
final
results
and
and
branches
The
a
cells
the
another,
one
the
and
view,
to
causes
and
to
tissues,
surface
the
on
Wet
spraying,
the
fructifications
dead,
tough
disease
should
The
and
again
This
as
is
exposed
away.
life
instead
35.)
tree
now
appearance
sickly.
itself
trunk
the
themselves
exhibit
in
-within
Plate
looks
the
of
the
Presently
really
tree
with
leaves,
from
away
die.
soon
in
149
matter
the
that
spaces
themselves
elbow
the
present
air
to
PLANTS
much
only
green,
due
leaves
the
be
to
instance,
first
silvery
thus
look
not
OF
have
must
with
that
effect
earth.
improved
of
couraging
dis-
INSECT
150
-Mil
'.
AWT}
lntASauvS
oJa
"mg
PESTS
\n
y
MSN
eMfttVIM
?
*
ui
L.
5
=
4 ^
S
U
5
A'
00
",
Is
O
AVT3
Jma
VIII
CHAPTER
OF
COMPOSITION
Soils
"
favourable
plants
assimilate
action
of
nutriment
rather
"
of its
view.
the
hfe
soil health
take
which
First
has
of
so
an
inanimate
so
fresh
water
of what
a
of
soil
humus
How
"
"
The
in this series of
books,
naturahst's
a
I shall try to show
as
something which
shall be
the
best
learn
able
but
is aHve
something
to
vitalityof
how, if
cultivate
the
plants
therein.
be much
we
Correction
"
bad
supplement anything
soil
on
subjects
to
written
enhance
to
as
root
planet.
siu-face
good
Importance
substance, and
history,"we
is soil
For
may
matter
no
or
to
Needless
tell of in
a
to
say
column
the
questionreadily
the past history
a sense
what portionof the earth's
be a hard rock, soft ground,
bed, the indeHble record
answer
soil is in
take, whether
bottom
produced ?
long a story
too
of
our
or
this way
ground itself
print,but we
enough by saying that
or
"
been
In
of all,how
it would
and
Conditions
"
drainage
questionof soil purelyfrom
the
than
of
a
intended
is not
Smallholder
either in the
treat
produced
Earthworms
that
to examine
between
Difference
"
THIS chapter
we
Effect
"
of texture
point of
soil is
How
composition
to plant growth
their
and
SOILS
it
ocean
has
happened before is for ever there. Of what
value is this knowledge to a grower
it is
?
Of course
not
in
strictly
a
geologist
necessary for him to become
order to grow
corn
or
cabbages,but apart altogether
151
INSECT
152
from
PESTS
interest which smallholders
intelligent
and growers as a body cannot
help takingin all that
into the modus operandi
an
concerns
insight
Uvingthings,
of nature
does help in catering
for the welfare of the
the
active
anxious
produce.
begin with, then, soil,with a marvellous history
contained in each tinyparticle,
consists of two main substances,
the
organicand inorganic.Of these,the latter,
is the result of both chemical and mechanimineral portion,
cal
processes carried on through countless centuries of
For instance,before there was
time.
any soil as we
know it to-dayon this infinitesimalbut highlyimportant
portionof the earth's surface known as England,there
We need not go into the details
the parent rock.
was
of the many
tions
changesfrom submarine to dry land condithat are
indicated in any quarry cutting,
clearly
be left to the geologist
as it will not helpus much, and can
to study ; but to-day,after all these various changes,
through almost interminable lengthsof time, certain
he immediately
underneath our soil,
parent rocks now
of that soil!
and determine to a largeextent the nature
is divided into
England and Wales, broadlyspeaking,
bands of surface strata. Altogether
six or seven
principal
our
country has been highlyfavoured by nature, for
and a more
there is a greatervariety
completegeological
crops
To
we
are
to
sequence here than is found in any other similar tract
in the whole world.
in their correct
Taken
at
order, we will commence
the Old Red
Sandstone, which underhes the greater
portionof the
West
Country,Bristol
and
the South
Wales
belt rightacross
districts and also extends in a narrow
of the
Scotland from the Firth of Clyde to the mouth
Tay. All these districts are orchard country, whence
it is inferred that fruit
growing is
most
over
profitable
sandstone.
Next
we
get the limestone and millstone grit,which
characterizesthe
landscapeof
the Pennine
Chain, and
INSECT
154
deposit. In
PESTS
fact, Lyell,the
famous
called
geologist,
the associated
this and
strata
Eocene, which
simply
"recent."
Of itself London
means
Clay is barren and
unkindlyas a growing medium, but as there are numerous
and it has been highlycultivated
caps of sand and gravel,
in times past by a numerous
population,it generally
yields good results. The London
Clay and Eocene
north of the Downs
depositscover another broad triangle,
this area
embracing the Thames
Estuary as far as Whitstable on the south side,and extendingnorthwards
along
the coast
Yarmouth, the inland Hmit
to
or
apex
of the
trianglebeing at Basingstoke,A second area, a strip
about twenty miles wide, exists to the south of the Downs,
and extends
along the South Coast from Selseyto Purbeck, and passingunder Southampton Water, reappears
in the northern
half of the Isle of Wight.
of
Clay itself is made up of the decomposed particles
various
older
rocks, trap, basalt,greenstone, etc., which
down
depositedat the mouths
of former
rivers in bygone ages and pressed together
by their own
weight, often embedding shells,flints,
into a solid mass.
pebbles and plants indiscriminately
to Cornwall, is merelydecomposed
China clay,almost peculiar
gram'te.
in brief how the soil in England is
We
have now
seen
various
founded
on
geologicaldeposits,and these are
of the soil in each particular
bound
to affect the nature
not
that the rock bottom
place,but we must
suppose
absolutelydecides the composition of a soil,for many
in the past, and are
other agencies have been at work
Let us study for
indeed always in operationeven
now.
No. 1 gives us the
sections shown.
the two
moment
a
of the rocks
in the foregoing
strata mentioned
description
of England as they were
deposited. If this
originally
known
have
condition of thingshad obtained we should
littleor nothing of the crust of the earth beneath us, but
crumplings and outseeingthat elevations,depressions,
have
been
carried
and
SOILS
THEIR
AND
COMPOSITION
165
the matter,
bursts of volcanic forces have had their say in
truer view of what we should
us a much
Section No. 2 gives
and paida visit to some
ment,
escarpfind if we turned geologist
Plate
38.)
or
clifi,
sea
quarry cuttingto-day.(See
of
the
effect
that the
cracking
be seen
It will at once
is
to give
of the various strata
over
up and doubling
to the surface which it would not otherwise have
variety
enormous
the geologist
had, besides lending
aid in
bringing
he could not else have observed without
It willalso be seen from the sketches
very greatdifficulty.
in each case, and is called
that the top layeris the same
small fragments
drift." This is made up of materials,
and
of rocks,distributedby such minor forces as glaciers
or
the action of rainwater and frost,the wearing down
up strata which
"
of the scoureddenudation by rivers and the depositing
and this drift process has
material in other places,
away
given the top surface of the presentworld a further
alteration of character.
In Section No. 3 we
may
observe
the whole
process,
the parent rock, (6) the subsoil
where
(a) represents
formed partlyof decomposedfragmentsof the rock and
of time this
In the course
of drift deposits.
partly
of
for innumerable
generations
animals,which, by their hfe and death and
subsoil affords
plantsand
a
home
of their remains
the admixture
forming (c)which we call the
"with it,are constantly
top soil. The shading
marked (t)
between the top soiland the subsoil,
represents
level
what is called the "water-table," i.e.the general
and at which it drains
to which surface water
percolates,
If this
to a river basin.
away to lower land and finally
the surface,the roots of plants
water-table is too near
will be
will be
injuredby
the damp sour
Hence
deep
soil,and thus growth
diggingwill place the
the soil
out of harm's way, besides aerating
l^^srater-table
mpid dispersingthe stagnation.Should the land be
be ensured by the laying
^neav}'-,
proper drainagemust
the effect of which will be to make the
of soil pipes,
tf
checked.
PESTS
INSECT
156
ground healthyand the plantsvigorousin growth and
the attacks of pests or diseases.
On
capableof resisting
lightland little drainageis required,and its texture will
be much
improved by the tippingof clay on it,an operation,
is
which
financial
not a
however,
propositionon a
Plentiful
large scale except in specialcircumstances.
of dung will be wanted
all sandy soils,
whereas
on
dressings
in the case
of clay,soot and lime should
be given the
preference,the former as a plant food, and the latter
to
(ordinaryquicklime)being used as a disintegrator
lightenthe groimd.
We
how
have now
seen
varietyof soil is given to a
of the many
changes in its geological
country by reason
history,and how soil itself is gradually formed under
the
action
and
of wind
weather
organicremains of
plantsand animals livingon
and
the accumulation
in
the countless
generationsof
Soils generally
its surface.
be classified into five main
divisions,viz. sand, clay,
may
Peat is almost entirely
loam, peat and chalk.
decayed
(See Plate 39.)
vegetablematter.
it of the
and
least fertile of all soils,if left to itself,
of
water-washed
of the heavier
particles
is the
Sand
consist
rounded
as
they are
deposits. These particles,
like so many
pebbleson a small scale,are too looselyheld
togetherto retain moisture or afford firm root-hold for
the plants.
of former rocks
consists of the minutest
Clay
particles
in suspension
and deposited
which have been carried away
alluvial
as
mud
at
of old rivers.
mouths
the
The
smallness
of
be easilydemonstrated
by putting
particles
may
and noticinghow long
Uttle clay into a glassof water
these
a
it remains
would
This
clayis
have
water, termed
group
become
failure to
made
Had
discoloured.
"
tried
transparent again
readilyin
precipitate
of at
use
we
a
milk,"
of tanks, whence
clean
at
once.
the
case
kaohn
works, where
is
through pipesto
run
the
sand
it
of china
clayand
a
central
after the process of solidification,
it is
despatchedto
and
saucers.
hold too
and
sour.
to
water
soften
acid should be
lime is there and
it,after which
sandy
If
a
cold
them
stated the
as
A
ones
simpletest
cup and add
Uttle hydrochloric
takes place,
fizzing
ous
should there be an omindressingshould be appUed
all is well,but
a good quickhme
stillness,
at
working, and
poured on.
into cups
renders
of hot lime to break them
up.
is to take a little clay in a
sourness
enough
much
of
reverse
moisture, which
They need
admixture
for
much
the
are
157
be turned
to
potteries
the
Clay soils by themselves
and
COMPOSITION
THEIR
ANB
SOILS
once.
sand and clay. The
between
happy medium
beau ideal of all gardenersand growers is to have a deep
as
dark loam to work in, a
they like to
loamy loam
or
call it,with plentyof humus
decayed organicmatter
is thus fortunately
with it. If a grower
incorporated
is a
Loam
"
"
situated
for him, as with all other
and
to correct them
be made
efforts must
as
near
possibleto the compositionof
half his work
soils constant
bring them
as
is done
loam.
is
Marl
a
hardish
substance, formerlya lightclayand
West
a
the
marl
well worked
very fertile soil. Persons
Country for the first time must
becomes
On
of lime.
mingled with a certain amount
surface it decomposes,and hence when
now
to
travelling
the
noticed
the
have
suddenly marks the entry into Devonshire.
marl soil provides good arable and fruit ground.
speakingcome
being a hybrid soil does not strictly
a main
heading,as it is reallya mixture of clayand
red soil that
This
Marl
under
chalk.
Peat
occurs
where
there has
been
generationsof plantsto
a mass
spot,thus accumulating
continuous
same
matter.
It is almost
devoid
of Hme
an
opportunityfor
live and
of
die
on
the
decayedvegetable
or
chalk
and
is
as
of the chalky
the admixture
consequence sour, requiring
it a
element
with grit to make
satisfactorygrowing
a
INSECT
168
medium.
PESTS
Peat
and
soil is also very
therefore
attention
logged,
waterprone to become
sliould be paid to its
thorough di-ainage.
is composed
Chalk, our last class,
of countless
myriads
of shells of sea
animals
of the cretaceous
period,and
it may
wherever
be found, whether
the top of a high
on
under the London
hill,
or in the valley,
or deep down
Clay
storingup water for our artesian wells,it is a sure signJ
1
that the sea was
at that spot. In fact the bottom
once
of the Atlantic at the present moment
is having future
chalk country deposited there grain by grain,where,
some
day,perhaps,herds of sheep will graze and the sound
of their bells will meet
the Usteningear. Chalk provides,
as
previouslymentioned, a damp and cold soil,best
suited for grass land, but where
there is an overlay of
tivation
drift we get a good growing medium, with thorough culthe parent of lime,is indispenschalk itself,
as
able
in any
soil.
Both
allotment
and
smallholders
make
should
selves
them-
and to
possible,
chemist.
do this it is not necessary
to call in an analytical
Conduct
in the followingsimple
the experiment yourself
On a mild, fairlydry day dig up a spadefulof
way.
soil at random.
Of this weigh out a couple of pounds
famihar
and
the
with
their soil
as
soon
as
take it home
sealed up in a tin box.
Now
investigation.Divide the soil into two
1 lb. each.
Let
one
half remain
in the box
commence
portionsof
for reference.
spread it out on a flat baking tin
and di'ive off all moisture
by placingit in a moderate
oven.
Weigh it then on a postalbalance and you get
Book
it. Now
the loss by moisture.
gather up your
shovel
sohd
stufiE carefullyin a clean kitchen
(when
isn't looking)lay it gently over
mother
a
bright fire
Cool off slowly and weigh again.
and heat to redness.
What
The loss will representorganicmatter.
you want
of the mineral ingredients.
is the nature
to know
now
Take them
and shake up well in a largebottle of water.
Take
the
other
and
159
liquidinto another vessel. The sand
will be left at the bottom.
Weigh them.
off the brown
Pour
small stones
and
COMPOSITION
THEIR
AND
SOILS
and filter it. The
discoloured
water
your
So far so
the filter paper wiU be clay alumina.
shall probresults we
tabulate our
But when
we
ably
take
Then
stuff
on
good.
find that
What
we
are
short
that odd half
about
by
It is
?
ounce
of
small amount
a
weight.
highlyimportant
a
half-ounce, for it contains the volatile gases,
carbonic
acid, nitrogen,
etc., and also, as
monia,
amour
only a rough one, there wiU be small traces of
that we
iron, sulphur,magnesia and other elements
have
missed, whilst to complete the experiment we
should put our filtered water
into a clean fireproof
pan
method
boil it off to get the soluble salts which
small white residue at the bottom.
and
as
is
a
Putting the
whether
of the three
Organic
together we
soil is what
our
Moisture
results
soils are
principal
.
.
.
Clay
2
3
4
8
Alumina
Volatile matter,
3
soluble
"
"
"
I
Totals
texture
oz.
we
of
can
our
at
16
once
oz.
5
"
3J
4
"
"
oz.
2J
IJ
8
"
"
"
salts and
loss
Thus
:
Loam.
Grit
Clay
below
to
Sand.
2J
.
judge
Rough analyses
be.
shown
.
substances
able
are
it should
will be found
see
to what
soil,always aiming
J
"
oz.
extent
at the
16
J
"
oz.
16
to correct
"
oz.
the
compositionof
loam.
We
late
question,how do plantsassiminutriment
? To save
needless description,
I propose
to draw
another
little sketch or two, showing a plant,
root and
all,in the soil. In fig.1 we see a cauHflower
which
is growing in good ground, well tended.
The
latter point is highlyimportant,as, whether
the ground
be a rich nutritious loam, properlydrained and
dug,
now
come
to the
INSECT
160
and
sweet
hungry
it to
full of
sand
carry
humus,
which
on
PESTS
needs
for
even
one
season
is
it does
escaping,as
Where
in the surface.
will be
sealed
up
and
the
and
drink
in
summer
it up.
much
better
man's
game,
Notice
same.
how
we
the
to
by neglecting
stunted
Whence
from
time
the
from
moisture
not
by
cracks
beneath
will
the
hundreds
it will be at
the
these cracks
the soil is well hoed
by the top soil and
plantswill put out their
be absorbed
Then
result if
the
;
how, also,the all-essential moisture
and
surface
the
only an empty,
manuring to enable
constant
neglectto work it will be the
second plant at fig.2 has been
hoe
it be
whether
or
atmosphere.
of tinyrootlets
reahzed
once
hoeing is than watering,which is
and
merely cakes the surface worse
a
how
lazy
than
(See Plate 39.)
look again at fig.
1 and see what these tinyrootlets
Now
are
doing. I have drawn one enlarged at (b) to show
how
they creep into the interstices between the mineral
and
to find out
and holes in stones
crevices
particles,
feed on
the little pockets of organic matter, which
arel
of its i
This is how
the plant gets most
in black.
shown
nourishment, the remainder
coming from the air and
sunlight,and also explainswhy plants flag when
Unless it can
Hfted and moved.
be done
by raisinga
large ball of earth these rootlets,which are extremely
brittle and dehcate, will become
detached, and the plant
will remain
limp and helplessuntil they have had time I
to get hold of the ground again.
be constantly
in soil must
Clearlythen this humus
to produce plantsyear by
if we
to continue
renewed
are
natural
is this managed ?
The
How
method,
year.
endeavour
to copy
which
must
or
we
employ as much
is very well expressed by the words
kindly
as
possible,
wastes
Nature
done with."
when
return
never
anything,
neither does she exhaust
or
destroy,but merely changes
things. We therefore, if we produce a whole lot of
such crop, must
cabbagesor corn on a field and remove
ever.
"
"
'
"
"
INSECT
162
PESTS
according to
swarming the
so
washing and feeding them,
sex,
age and
males and virgin queens
in mid-June
and
also witness the fine instinct by which
may
We
on.
they instantlyknow
periods of
foes
well
stranger
separation,how
hundreds
of times
they
their
friend
or
will
own
even
fightto
size
and
after
the
long
death
weight, as
the marvellous
and mystery of communal
intricacy
and
action
of this
understanding. For the purposes
cal
chapter,however, we must regardants as merely mechanihelps in the aeration of the soil,and in this they
not the only nor
the most
are
by any means
important
as
creatures.
The
premierplacein
Earthworm,
and
this
respectbelongsto the Common
probably has a much longer
more
history than that of the ant, certainlyan even
valuable
certainly
one, for,as previouslymentioned, we
the fertiUty
of the soil,
and even
the soil itself,
to the |
owe
never-ceasingactivities of this lowly creature.
When
Darwin's
attention was
drawn
to the apparently
inexphcablechange in the surface condition of certain
lands near
his home
the great naturahst
began those
patient and laborious researches which eventuallygave
and
his invaluable writingsupon
us
vegetable moulds
often despised,garden worm
placed the common,
high
this creature
,
up in the scale of creatures
to mankind.
I have
known
that
who
are
of inestimable
benefit
thought they were
doing
themselves
service
good
by destroyingworms,
arguing
the roots of plantsand are
that they eat away
therefore
This is an entirely
notion.
eri'oneous
injuriousanimals.
I do not say that worms
cannot
or
never
injureroots
if they be confined by accident
on
occasion, especially
in a small space, say in a flower-potor window-box.
Indeed
worms
are
omnivorous, most
things that come
in their way
are
acceptable,includingroots and fibres.
But
commonly addicted to the chewdng
they are more
up of odd leaves lyingabout on the surface,consuming
amateiu-s
with
163
the
of soil,and in any case
largequantities
to the small
of their services is out of all proportion
be laid to their charge.
of damage, if any, that can
Earthworm
Common
{Lumbricusterrestris)
belongs
them
value
amount
The
which
the
are
Most
animals, the AnneHdes,
first class of articulated
the
to
COMPOSITION
THEIR
AND
SOILS
of them
being
invertebrates
only
live in the
the
rule.
the
exception to
an
water,
have
that
red
Earthworm
The
Annehdes
blood.
itself
are
and Seaorders, (1) The Mud- worms
worms
(2)The Sand-worms and Sea-mice, (3)The Earth-
divided
into three
worms,
and
Leeches.
tentacles nor teeth.
gills,
of a gizzard,
on
by means
large quantitiesof
purpose
neither eyes,
have
Worms
The digestive
process is carried
and
swallow
they
earth
and
gritalong with
decayed
woods
subsist.
When
a
for this
which
animal
and
fullgr^wnthe
lengthof nearlya
month
of June
foot.
and
sometimes
are
the
odd
which
they
upon
attains
earthworm
matter
common
is in the
breedingseason
of eggs,
propagation is by means
within
hatched
the body of the
The
laid in their burrows
parent, and
sometimes
young
of both
subsequentlyappear.
ones
leaves,roots, fibre,
the adult and
eggs, with
A
where
drawing
the
is shown
therein,the latter
young
(e)shows the head of a
considerablyenlarged. Figure
the shape of the mouth
and
also the bristles on
worm,
the segments, directed
backwards, a contrivance
by
which
force themselves
their
burrows
and
worms
along
soil.
the
Plate
through
(See
40.)
Worms
to
the
are
mouth
in habits, and lie as a rule close
of their burrows.
As stated, they have
able to distinguish
they nevertheless seem
eyes, but
the
difference
no
nocturnal
between
fight and darkness. Darwin
considered them to be completely
deaf. There is nothing
in their anatomy to represent auditory
it is
powers,
that this may
be
true, but there is stiU a possibifity
made
development of instinct as yet
up for by some
unexplained.
INSECT
164
Th
e
burrows
into the
of earthworms
soil in mild
feet in cold
PESTS
penetrate 3
cUmates, and
latitudes.
northern
as
4 feet down
or
much
It is in
6
as
the
or
8
constant
subsoil in this way
that the great value
of the earthworm's
service to mankind
consists,as they
line such burrows
with their casts, the latter being the
penetrationof
swallowed
and
digestedsoil
they Hve. These casts
the gardener sometimes
and
form
eyes
other
valuable
them
matter
manure,
askance
which
on
although
they
when
Worm
morning all over his lawn.
the tops of
casts
on
occur
throughout the world, even
high mountains, such as in the Himalayas, where they
attain great size,3 or 4 inches in height.
sometimes
worms,
The generalresult of this constant
activityof earthbesides
aerating,draining and fertihzingthe
surface mould
of the globe,is in addition to change the
it is true, but
face of nature, slowly and imperceptibly
Great stones left on the
the process is always going on.
disappear.
top of the ground slowlysubside and eventually
This is due to the bringingup of soil from underneath
calculated
that this burjdng
It has been
by worms.
action may
proceed at the rate of a quarter of an inch
that although this
a
year, so it will readily be seen
appear
may
on
seem
a
mild moist
very
little in
one
season,
in the
course
of time
such as
Ancient monuments
changes must be made.
Stonehenge and other druidical circles must eventuallybe
completelycovered in by this agency.
Worms
givegreat aid to the denudation process carried
as
on
by rivers and rain water running down hillsides,
vast
the
soil is softened
and
rendered
friable,so
that
it is
easilycarried away to fulfilthe purpose of nature
The dark
in forming eventual new
landscapeelsewhere.
colour of soil is entirelydue to worms,
who, hke most
animals, are provided with a digestivefluid which is
earth from
acid.
The
something akin to hydrochloric
the subsoil level,when
swallowed, becomes disintegrated
and changed from a bare mineral to a partially
organic
more
SOILS
The
substance.
and
is
as
way
grinding
is
one
of
new
done
of
the
the
from
immediate
in
benefit
will
It
earthworm
and
from
dales
which
no
by
wrought
garden
by
of
to
soil
as
common
negligible
of
growers,
for
also
the
more
common
Uttle
soil
observe
for
that
the
immoveable
and
features,
they
as
small
seeming
forming
the
but
very
insignificant
to
change
modifications
like
creatures
as
at
ordinary
a
conclude
with
our
a
rate
affairs
present
few
notes
too
greater
the
this
on
that
to
heavy
is
The
the
subject.
of
bound
are
cropping
than
in
carry
process
we
manuring,
programme
bountiful
a
natural
action.
is called
as
endeavour
must
from
that
on,
us
perfectly
a
depart
go
a
we
restorative
of
state
nature,
we
years
for
prepared
can
Wherever
the
follows
of
we
exhaustion
such
the
by
not
soUd
so
these
thus
hand
much
discover,
soil
by
apparently
the
growth.
to
would
permanent
year
our
gift from
as
I
this
formation.
been
have
fact
worm.
Having
on
it
were
look
means
to
year
that
same
trituration,
in
as
soil
of
way
and
in,
by
are
us,
the
would
grow
to
called
us
the
In
anything
is to
what
seen
there
plants
hills
be
thus
is
in
bird.
a
operations
activity
geologically, apart
of
stones
mill-
like
acts
up
greatly helped
is very
whose
earthworm,
in
substances,
important
and
165
contents
gizzard
mineral
most
rocks,
take
worms
stomach
the
in
of
up
that
grit
grinds
COMPOSITION
THEIR
AND
made
means
making
and
for
up
good
I propose
chapter
that
166
INSECT
PESTS
IX
CHAPTER
How
""
feeds
plant
a
manoeuvre
and
THIS
grows
be
is to
a
The
"
manures
and
short
"'
word
"
of
form
earliest
inorganic
manuring
Green
"
The
"
Organic
crops
and
"
MANURES
OF
CHEMISTRY
THE
manuring
for
Manures
"
"
manure
or
"
"
various
fallowing
chapter
on
again
manures,
"
fore
why and wherepoint of view of the
is bound
of the subject,and
for this purpose
one
first to consider the problem of plant life and growth.
able
In fact the question of manuring is only understandof a
by first examining the internal mechanism
plant,so that we may see what actuallygoes on before
take place.
that perennial miracle, growth, can
of the
As an example let us
take the common
case
from
the
"
Bean
Haricot
and
from
try
start
to
the process of its development
grasp
finish. I should like the reader
to
in the accompanying
imagine that the figureshown
bean
Vv^hich has just got
drawing represents a young
its first pair of green
further
to
are
leaves, and we
that we
have
taken
and sliced
a
sharp raeor
suppose
the plant straightdown
the middle
and
are
looking at
to
its interior
has
been
size,but
which
To
cell
drawn
that
about
is
is obvious.
a
of the
is
hundred
one
that
true
times
convention, the
necessary
(See Plate 41.)
begin with, then,
process
It
structure.
the
formation,
of
process
renewal
and
167
each
cell
its natural
reason
for
growth is the
decay of these
little cells.
All
cells,which
are
being
fails to
creature
into
PESTS
INSECT
168
plants and animals
constantlywearing
renewed
and
of cells should
Cells
vital
be
that
this
understood
as
When
of
stantly
con-
the
tissue,it dies and falls
complete decay, revertingto
It is therefore
and
away
increased.
its waste
renew
built up
are
elements.
original
renewal
and re-forming
the
and
assisted
in every
filled with
or
protoplasm,a mucous
of
water,
carbon,
composed
gelatinous substance
nitrogen and
sulphur, which
Huxley called "the
physical basis of life." This apphes to both the
the vegetable kingdoms. Vegetablesare,
and
animal
rule by the
animals
as
a
however, distinguishedfrom
fact that their cells are
always enclosed in a definite
of
and
or
cell-wall,made
comparatively solid box
of which
out
material
cellulose,the raw
every plant
way.
are
the
structure, from
tiniest blade
of grass to the noblest
be chemicallyreduced
pine,is built. Cellulose can
scientist has
and water, although no
to merely carbon
back
again
yet been able to change these elements
of
remark
into cellulose. The same
course
might
apply
to cane
composition,
sugar, which is of exactlythe same
cedar
and
if it had
have
had
coupon
We
see
elements
been
easy
to
recompose
grocer with
that
Carbon,
we
should
not
carefullyguarded
that is by the way.
plants are mainly composed of the
Hydrogen, Ox.ygen, Nitrogen and
present our
week
by week, but
then
it
to
a
Sulphur, and if we think of the initial letters of these
substances, C.H.O.N.S., it will help us to remember
also occur
small traces of Iron, Magnesium,
it. There
well as
Phosphorus, and Salt (sodium chloride), as
dwell in the
Silicon.
These
the I.M.P.S., which
are
the
soil, and
good little imps they are, for when
the
air
from
ground is properly tilled,the oxygen
with them
to form
combines
important plant foods.
does
a
Now, how
plant feed ? Here is our bean
observation
if you like,in an
growingaway merrily,
INSECT
170
water) drawn
up
PESTS
of the
out
soil.
The
from
plant can,
appropriationof these substances, grow from a
small and simpleseed to a great and complex community
cell structures.
of specialized
How
is it done ? Is a
plant (or an animal) the only thing that grows ? What
the
mere
about
a
snowball
at about
floor
to
the size of
bullock
a
rolls down
which
becomes
dumpHng,
a
Or
!
the hill and
"
places called
largeenough
visited
we
suppose
ing
commenc-
one
of those
"
and placed an
dropping wells
old flat-iron or other objecttherein, returning in course
of time to find it not only apparentlychanged to stone,
in size. Or take as a more
but actuallygrown
ready
curious
instance
Jack
by
pane
that
short
"
beautiful
the
Frost
space
ferns
"
drawn
the
on
window-
singlewinter's night,growing in
time with marvellous
variety and
in
of
a
profusion.
Are
these
plant ?
cases
all
at
Clearlynot,
comparable
for there
is
growth of a
strikingdifference,
to
one
the
all mineral
substances, snowballs,
crystals,
sedimentary depositsor what-not, grow
by
the
substance
the
additions
of
on
same
outside;
viz.
that
whereas
"
"
plants(with animals)take
on
the
inside
of
manner
into ceU
them
convert
aU
into their
"
winding stair-case
difiPerent substances
material.
This
at
once
"
and
indicates
gulf that divides life from inert mineral matter, for
and the lime deposits
the crystals
were
merely accretions,
whilst the plant or the animal
performs a miracle which
cannot
we
explain,and we call it the miracle of growth.
of lungs.
We
breathe
said that plantsmust
by means
Well, look at the enlargedplan and section of a portion
the
of the
bean
leaf.
(calledstomata)
it passes
into the
The
take
of littlemouths
numbers
in air
during
Uttle chambers
or
pores
brightsunshine and
marked
(c)which
occur
plantstructure, where carbon is extracted
ing
given o"F,exactlythe oppositeof the breath-
all through the
and
sense
oxygen
process in animals, so
of the word
lungs.
that
They
the
leaves
also act
are
in every
a
as
collectively
CHEMISTRY
MANURES
OF
171
leaf carry up and
down
onlydo this in response
sap and nutriment, and can
of the young buds which first begin to
to the movement
arteries of
heart, for the veins and
a
spring sunshine, when the sap
into full-sized
hurries to their aid and expands them
leaves
analogous
Again the surfaces of leaves are closely
moisture
to the skin of animals,for they absorb or exude
in varying degreesby openingand closingthe stomata
spoken of according to the changes of humidity and
temperature. (See Plate 42.)
respond to
magic
the
.
of
,
Furthermore
the
leaves
act
as
a
stomach
inasmuch
as
they take in the nutriment sent up by the sap and accept
as the case
be,
or
rejectthe items on the '' menu
may
water
the rejection,
(theredoes not appear to be a
chiefly
wine list),
being got rid of as mentioned above.
How
does the plant and its leaves perform all these
largelya mystery, but turning
things? It is of course
again to our leaf section on Plate 42 we see that the inner
"
cells are
filled with
substance
some
This
dotted.
has been mentioned
plantmiracle,in all
shown
or
chlorophyll
plantgreen, which
before,and'in it Ues the clue to our
for it has been proved that chlorophyll
has a
probabiHty,
strange power of selection and analysisover the gases and
which come
to the making of a vegetable
structure.
liquids
The cells shown
in white on the top of the leaf,forming
its covering,
are
simplyfilledwith air and are transparent.
The green flesh of the leaf shines through,much
as in the
is
case
of
an
albino, like
white
a
rabbit, where
the
eyes,
being devoid of pigment, appear to be pink on account
of the blood that shines through them.
which enables a plant to feed upon
It is chlorophyll
inorganicsubstances, but this material also co-operates
the sun's rays and is in fact rather hke a storage
batterywhich absorbs the energy that pours down from
with
heaven
in beams
soon
down
the
of
tion
lighton a brightday, so that fermentatakes placeall through the leafystructure and
''
which thus grows
windingstair of the plant,
"
172
by
INSECT
of its power
to convert
mineral matter
into new
reason
dissolved
not
the outside
on
cells
PESTS
as
we
in the
saw
the various
gases
cells within
itseK and
of minerals.
case
and
These
ply
paradox to the mathematician, for they multithemselves
by simple division ! The cell-wall contracts
and parts off the protoplasm into two
portions,
each with a nucleus
and the two
or
life-centre,
halves,
instead of wandering about
in search of each other, as
Plato said of human
beings, straightway proceed to
become
full-growncells and perform a similar function in
are
a
their turn.
considers
turn
In
fact it does
itself the
round
and
But
"
"
say
better
not
half," as
You're
which
matter
the
"
another
other
and
the
material
raw
sap-stream and
build
to
some
take
and
the
hard
others
stem,
cells
in order
to
an
secure
central
or
described, and
woody material
up
starch
to the business
last is the
plants present
as
to store
diverted
are
This
corky
some
their
atmosphere,just what
new
their insides with
a
from
most
endless
can
not
go
on
buyers of
market, the
each requires,
some
so
as
to
pack
to
form
and
sugar, and still
of flowering
and reproduction.
interesting
process
of
variety method
continuance
one
stillkeep the
process of cell division does
the cells act as though they were
indefinitely,
peace.
of them
of their land
of all, and
and
device
in the next
generation.
The
habit of the
For
runs
'
Down
plant determines
instance
in the
httle
its
istics.
leadingcharacter-
nursery
poem
which
:
"
in
and
violet grew
shady bed, a modest
;
its
was
bent,
head, as if to hide from view.
hung
And
wondrous
a
flow'r, with petals soft and rare.
yet it was
It might have
graced a lovely bow'r, instead of hiding there.
Yet there it was,
content
to bloom, in modest
tints array'd,
And
there
diffused
sweet
a
perfume, within the silent shade.
Then
let me
to the valley go, this pretty flower
to see,
I may
That
also learn to grow
in sweet
humility."
Its stalk
a
green
it
the littleviolet chooses
Here
MAJSURES
OF
CHEMISTRY
"
a
173
green and
"
shady bed
moisture, but in order to
let the world (orthe bees)know
that it is there,the flower
and
it loves coolness
because
the
too -far. Hence
carry its modesty
perfume." The violet,i.e. the sweet violet, is
not
must
'
*
flowers which
those
' '
employ a fragrantscent
to insects for cross-fertihzation
cousin, the dog-violet,
just grows
and
in full sunlight,
on
"
has
no
Other
sweet
of
one
tion
attrac-
whilst its
purposes,
the
hillside
flowers
depend
boldly on
scent.
an
as
'
'
of the fields,
of colour, hke the poppy
the outHne
of them
mimic
flame."
Some
their briUiance
all silk and
"
the
peaseblossom,whilst
tra-la
flowers that bloom in the spring,
are
nearlyalways
yellowin colour because yellowreflects the greatestamount
of light,
and so shows
them
up for as long a periodas
the days are neither lengthynor
at a time when
possible
Again,
bright,and insects are few and far between.
of
such
butterfly,
a
the
as
"
there
of
are
flowers which
are
have
neither
scent
brilhance
nor
colour,as, say, flowering
ivy,Hme, and fuchsias. These
richlystored
more
with
honey, as
the bees
cover,
dis-
soon
by them as wages for the work
of pollen mixing. Lastly there are
flowers which
are
not so dependent upon
insects,as tomato-bloom, garden
poppies and others. In these the genitalorgans are
placedso close togetherthat the waving of the plantin
will
hand
the breeze or a gentleshakingby the human
the pollenadheringto the desired spot and the
ensure
into the
germinationpassingdown the tubes of the pistil
and
ovary
AU
which
itself.
these
on
is taken
into
are
devices directed to
the
next
one
generation,and
end, viz. the carrying
as
we
again,
see
proves herself here also to be the grand mistress
of arts and crafts. If she cannot
get what she wants by
asking,she will take it. If she cannot take it,she will
Nature
go and
wanted
flatter
comes
Different
somebody
else until the
of its
free
own
plantsfeed
on
thingthat
will,so what
are
you
different constituents
is
really
to do
?
in the
INSECT
174
in
soil and
what
varying proportions.
to
18
poison
is where
This
PESTS
that
be rich provender for another.
in. We
question of manuring comes
one
the
It is clear then
may
judge,by making experimentsor by utihzingthe
of others, what
stituents
proportions and what conexperience
must
are
necessary
Originallythe
"
for each
kind
''manure"
word
of crop.
oeuvre
simply"man*'
was
referred to
and
rather than to the feeding
tillage
of the soil. Shakespearespeaks somewhere
of the mind
with industry,"
being manured
meaning the appHcation
of exercise,
and not superphosphate,
to the brain-pan.
Minnehaha, the bride of Hiawatha, was the first Land
"
Girl.
She
maize
with
the
the Httle crop of Indian
pointedstick because she found it improved
used
a
In that
growth.
of
to scratch
about
simplepictureyou
so that
agriculture,
have
Girls of
the Land
the
beginning
to-day have
merely gone back to their old love after all,and let us
credit in this,viz. that whereas
givethose earlyland girls
it was
firstthought of killing,
reserved for the women
men
to inaugurate
the first of the arts of peace.
But then, the mere
working of the soil soon became
totallyinadequatefor the permanent raisingof crops, as
was
found
the
American
be the
to
case
States
in the Southern
Civil War.
fact
In
that
before
itself
war
was
ure
simplybecause the settlers were too lazyto manthe land gave
out
their cotton
plantations.When
and thus came
they justshifted on to virginsoil elsewhere,
with their northern relations,
at last into contact
bringing
caused
their slaves with
in
to
and
slavery,
keep them.
No, land
and we must
The
them.
northerners
did,and
the southerners
Then the fun
is limited in area,
alwaysrenew
did not
were
believe
determined
began.
the
very
much
so
in
England,
store of plant food
as
we
This is done by the well-known
go on from year to year.
rotation system, by which
one
provides
crop indirectly
also
and
the food for the next,
by adding manures.
Manures
are
of two
kinds,organicand inorganic.The
former
MANURES
OF
CHEMISTRY
providedby
principally
are
the
175
dung
of animals
from towns, meat, fish and vegetable
birds,sewage
refuse,blood, fat and other slaughterhousewaste, horns
and
and hoofs, etc., bones, fossils,
hair,shoddy, seaweed
and
so
forth.
The
are
mostly chemical
inorganic(orartificials)
increases from
of which
by-products,the number
j^ear
all
main
under
the
and
to year,
come
headings,
they
nitrates,phosphates,sulphates,
potash. These comprise
togetherall the foods that plantsneed out of the soil.
in a short chapter Kke this deal with the
One cannot
but I have endeavoured
compositionof all these manures,
to show that the chemistryof the plantand the chemistry
and if we succeed
of manures
two very intimate things,
are
with our crops it is because the rightfood and only that
little study of the
In our
is available at the righttime.
of a plant we
that all the soluble salts
mechanism
saw
and other food must
pass up the central artery. Now
It is true
is not done by the roots.
the discrimination
they wander about to find sustenance, but they simply
have to absorb
whatever
they find themselves in. In
other
box
the
is
"
in at the
words, all sorts and conditions may come
ofiice,but the choice lies with the authorities up
winding stair." If a green crop wants nitrate,it
no
use
for the
Chairman
burstingin
simplyis, Can't
come
with
six months, and
It might be
then
The answer
message.
sit down
and wait for five
is not
you,
we'll talk it over."
supposed
times as we
many
it what it wanted
liked
that
on
we
the
in the way
it is found
impossible,
the rotation
SuperphosphatesLtd.
to
urgent
an
"
see
of
same
could
grow
a
crop
or
as
spot by justgiving
of manure,
but whilst this
best in practiceto follow
Uttle tables show
principle.The following
how in generalthis may
be worked out, and althoughthe
for
considered a matter
question of rotation is generally
the farmer
only, I have always thought it could be
advantageouslyappHed by small allotment-holders to a
done during the war,
greater extent than was
especi-
INSECT
176
PESTS
they intend to fightfor a permanent place as
small plots one
food producers. With
can
only rotate
in concert
with one's neighbours,
and therefore
satisfactorily
closer association is needed
in this respectas well as
for the obtaining of other co-operativeadvantages.
ally
if
The
above
tables show
how
the
farmer
and
the
allot-
INSECT
178
these
by
a
potato
a
for
In
the
wheat
the
calcium
calcium
is
calcium
the
slaked
soil.
an
lime,
go
water
which
back
chalk,
into
should
be
plant
food,
in
breathing
all
extracting
Beneath
of
sweet
it
form
them
the
going,
work
carbonates,
available
by
this
''
their
carbon
with
phosphates
for
the
"
a
oxygen
and
support
being
on
the
its
to
nitrates,
plant
the
desire
to
It
process.
is
a
soil, plants
the
good
the
contain
(the leaves)
elements
of
to
di-oxide
above
keep
the
the
in
lungs
the
in
carbon
down
to
enable
uniting
in
need
they
endeavour
to
soil
place
off, leaving
stagnation,
gas
although
wrong
through
must
we
air
life-giving
to
air
the
long
the
sweetens
that
it is in
from
cheapest
and
sour
of
briefly
is the
This,
be
of
each
called
given
by
air, is appUed
the
attracting
remembered
is
the
are
part
which
ground
di-oxide
always
which
behind.
to
if the
that
is
produced
of
one
di-oxide
of
is
oxj^gen,
chalk,
the
exposure
or
carbon
is
viz.
quicklime
or
all
of
carbon
heated,
of
excess
as
becomes
made
Lime
marble,
three
When
result
The
soils.
or
to
oxide
with
then
was
composition,
carbonate.
substance,
all
in
carbon
and
mention
chapter
chemical
same
replaced
farmers
many
which
ground,
limestone
chalk,
heating
usually
by
regarded
the
lime
of
is
again.
previous
importance
is
for
crop
fallow
green
which
crop,
cleansing
available
the
days
strenuous
PESTS
and
surface.
circulation
continue
in
thus
the
its
soil
ing
render-
growth.
X
CHAPTER
CONCLUSION
remarks
General
it
"
A
small
and
as
to
the
of the
countless
here
dealt
with
trouble
to
them.
works,
and
service
have
with
underhe
to
which
the
the
I
in
there
to
one
only
be
refer
conclude
general remarks
pest problem, which
the
on
I
only
them
country
hope
not
found
to
present
the
a
of
examples
have
out
some
part of the
people
now
that
made,
still be
may
some
can
of small
from
choose
to
could
selection
another, whilst
propose
few
a
had
holder
small-
and
farmer
It is obvious
close.
a
lance
vigi-
methods
long catalogue
our
familiar
more
in
which
to
we
brief
than
volume
brought
conclusion
and
action
the
for
cause
study,
Nature
the
of
the
A
beings"
preventive
of
process
Cooking
"
regard
to
example
an
pests
human
protection
cases
be
of
of
life-histories
will
universal
parasitism.
of
of
now
comparatively
which
motive
means
have
WE
and
tapeworms
of
co-ordination
best
and
great
its
immunity
real
and
and
pig
liow
question
resourcefulness
general
the
pest
the
of
The
complexity
the
insect
section
parasitism.
of
the
on
a
larger
little
principles
may
be
of
reader.
How
have
ought we to regard the pest problem ? We
in the foregoing pages
the
seen
ubiquity of insects and
alKed
numbers
vast
pests ; their resourcefulness
; their
and
of their sudden
and
unexpected
variety ; the causes
in plague proportions ; and
have
sidered
conwe
appearances
of remedies.
hosts
As to the last point, I should
like to say here that I hope no
to
reader
will set to work
artificial remedies
mentioned
all the
use
purchase and
in this book
and
elsewhere, or he will take the giltoff the
179
180
INSECT
PESTS
.
^
-a
(S
H
DO
*i
5:
181
CONCLUSION
gingerbreadof
on
the
his
I
scene.
find,too,
and
of farmers
view
long before
profits
growers
that
pest appears
quite a common
to pests. They
any
this is
in relation
of money,
Yes, but you can't spend that amount
say,
of labour, on fighting
pests. The
devote that amount
or
pests had better by half take what they want and go."
although the question of artificial remedies
"
Precisely,
becomes
and
a
to
possibility
practical
more
the allotment
will find that I recommend
an
economical
worker.
them
and
standpoint,
Yet
the
in all cases
to look at the
above
vator
small cultireaders
thingfrom
all to examine
the
and to seek out the natural
for themselves
life-history
of control,which latter I have always
remedy or method
emphasized the importance of.
small
the questionof pests as a whole is only one
Now
section of the vast and universal subjectof parasitism.
that I have described how
It will be remembered
pests
actual
the
have constantlyappearedto be invested with
not of a species
or
the continuance
to determine
power
its change of form.
the earth, at least to determine
on
This may
not be actuallyso, although readers of that
thoughtfulbook. Mosquito or Man, wherein are recorded
Bruce and others in Nigeria,
the researches of Sir David
surmise
than mere
will see that there is something more
in such a suggestion.
have spoken of the ubiquity and resourcefulness
We
of the liverfluke in
in the case
of pests,and have seen
Chapter II the extraordinaryexpedientsby which they
We
to secure
a placein life for their progeny.
manage
of the Common
have almost as good an example in the case
Tapeworm {Tceniasolium)which forms such a strange
hnk between
human
beingsand the Pig. The repugnance
of eastern
nations to the eatingof pork and the flesh of
ance.
ordinthan a religious
animals is more
unclean
other
of the penalty
estimate
correct
from
It arose
a
After all
often paid for partakingof an unnatural food.
and fruitto be vegetable
said and done, we
meant
were
"
"
INSECT
182
could
eatingcreatures, and
from
of animal
of
so
food
if we
without
tried find all our
eating meat.
ance
susten-
kind
Every
contain the ova
food may
of some
kind of worm.
tapefrom eatingthe raw
The dog will get them
flesh
fox
sheep,the
and
At
on.
fanatical
to
such
PESTS
from
the
rabbit, the
there is
time
same
lengthsof
live in the
the
the
forest in
need
vegetarians.If we
a
primitivestate, we
be
and
obligedto eat nuts
The
parallelneed not
hand we
can
easilyeat
no
from
cat
be
too
cHmb
to
trees
much
obliged
were
should
also
get them.
to
meat, which
rat
to go to the
On
enlarged on.
the
the
is
other
a
ful
powerif
and
it
underthere
is
eat
done
we
stimulant,
great danger of tapeworm ova being taken in while still
"
their vitahty.
retaining
"
discoveryof fire and cooking
is,therefore,civihzed man's chief protectionagainstthese
his teeth to decay prematurely
plagues,althoughit causes
from want
of use.
The habit of eatingraw
sausages and
ham, as done by the Germans, bringsits own
penalty in
than any other nation from
the fact that they suffer more
these
ills.
What
reallyhappens
is
a
or
"
"
joint
its
embeds
The
"
case
of the Common
creature
is
"
or
number
vast
in the
Tapeworm
:
strictly
speaking a
colony of semi-independentanimals, every
bud
beingcompletein itselfand containing
follows
as
collection
*'
The
of eggs.
mouth-hooks
whole
The
in
head, which
the
is very
intestinal
well
wall
small,
and
forming fresh
almost ad libitum. When
these are mature
"buds
they are
the eggs subsequentlydispersed,
of
released and
some
them
eventuallyfindingtheir way into the pig'sbody.
and bore right into
There they become
resting-larvae,"
the pig'smuscles, brain or other organ, and are not a bit
like the full-grownworm.
If the pig died a natural death and was
buried, these
larvae would never
develop. When, however, pig becomes
cooked state, these resting
pork and is eaten in a partially
estabUsh themselves
in their new
larvae soon
surroundings
nourishes
the
concern
"
"
as
as
CONCLUSION
and
complete tape-worms
become
Hfe
up
to
continue
the
ding-proc
bud-
before.
as
A
183
drawing is shown of the various stages of development
its continuance
in
whereby this creature secures
The long odds againstit are made
at our
expense.
for by its extreme
fecundity,as in the case of the
"
Uverfluke, each
of eggs.
been going on
always
through the ages,
and we
are
only just beginning,as it were, to feel our
feet in the matter.
Its range is quite universal and its
ramifications so endless that I cannot
attempt anything
but a generalassertion here.
The study of parasitism
and that of evolution should be braced together; in fact
without
they will coalesce of themselves
any help from
When
the early naturahsts
us.
found, say, ova, larvae
forms of life established
or embryos of hitherto unknown
within
the
has
be 1,200,
may
(See Plate 43.)
there
thousands
containingsome
Parasitism
bud," of which
bodies
of worms,
fishes,birds
mammals
or
quite unaccountably, they propounded the theory of
in the same
in
spontaneous generation,somewhat
way
which it was
of frogs
time believed that showers
at one
came
down
in
a
thunder-storm.
This
idea
is
now
sidered
con-
to be
exploded,although I think it is a dangerous
in regard to natural
thing to be dogmatic, particularly
history,
seeingthat so many arrangements, classifications
and settled convictions
have
been turned
upside down
in the past. We
have, however, at least traced out the
of parasites
real origins
then thought to be actually
brought
into
For
the
being by
host
question.
human
beings,dreadful
instance, we
sound, have
to
our
in
name
no
less than
as
120 different
it may
species
of
includingnematoid, cystose and intestinal
parasites,
tapeworms and flukes ; acarid mites ; Crustacea ; dipterous,
suctorial and
mallophagousinsects
of rare
but
fortunately
occurrence,
develop a very absorbinginterest
in
if
to
we
did not
take stern
measures
which
; most
would
of them
certainly
our
personalaffairs
keep them at arms'
INSECT
184
PESTS
length. Nowadays
all
or
into
and
believe that
nobody would willingly
could be brought
any of these repulsivecreatures
being by a long-suffering
biped of the genus homo,
indeed
it has
breathe, the water
hands, and the food
and
been
now
established
that
the
drink, the dirt that gets
we
eat, simplyteem
we
with
air
on
we
our
microscopic
minute
able
embryo forms which under favourmight produce a serious state of things
for an unfortunate
victim.
Then
the number
of species
of parasites
is hugelyin excess
of the number
of hosts,so
that a terrible strugglefor existence between
the two
there is a
great classes is always going on.
Incidentally
borderland
neutral zone
between
or
them, vv^hereparasite
and host live togetheron equalterms
; as, say, the hermitspores, ova
conditions
and
crab
the
This
sea-anemone.
"
principle
where
each
any such
about as a whole
so, I suppose
mate
mess-
is indispensable
to the other.
settlement
of the pest question can
Whether
come
"
call the
we
I
quite unable
am
would
caterpillars
have
to be
to say
;
but
if
rationed, and
marriage lines of butterflies officially
approved by
the Ministryfor Nature
! For the present we
can
only
take our share in the great struggle,
which is what
we
are
here for. The reason
has
a thick skull and
why a negro
an
ebony skin is because his forebears fought and won
a
battle against the fiercest sunhght that pours
down
on
this earth.
The white man,
helmet
pith
notwithstanding,
the
will
Africa in that sense.
conquer
teach
the negro not to live in
uplifthis mind
as
weU
we
and
humans,
to
change
age
of
whatever
in the
one
and
race
The
ever,
how-
dirt,
are
wrong
point is that
all liable
creed, are
unending change that is goingon from
\\dth the
through creation in accordance
This
environment.
pest and
but
imperceptibly,
for
althoughthere
doing that.
our
may,
squalor and
and
all
of both
year
time
civilize him,
rightways
as
to the constant
age
He
never
or
host, and
with
the other
to
determines
both
the
alter from
acter
char-
year
to
tendency all
predominate. Take an
the
a
distinct
ex-
INSECT
186
conclusion
except
sufficient
as
the
on
just charge
PESTS
is
quite inconceivable
to
me
conceit,and that is not
grounds of mere
The
make
whole realm
against them.
to
a
of
simply teems with examples of lovelythingswhich
not be explainedas only adaptationto environment,
can
which
has become
mouthed
a
catch-phrase much
by
would-be
And
expositorsat odd times.
yet adaptation
is no
to environment
fallacy. The secret is that it is
only halfthe story. The other half we shall see presently,
thereto.
at least a humble
Take
contribution
or
again
The Peacock
one
example by the way.
Butterflyrests
with its wings folded on a tree-trunk and no one
can
see
nature
it
except with
well have
Now
this effect may
very
eye.
out
of
constant
the
weeding
by
trained
a
been
produced
those
insects
not
so
darkly ma.rked
through capture by birds and other
wonderful
coloration
subservience
mere
seeingthis
protection. Any one
first time,
displaying
utilityor
to
"
brought
find it easy to believe that here
into her studio in a divine moment
has gone
out
a
work
heavenly artistry. Those
of
ocellated spots of blue
gorgeous
with such
red ground, dazzled
"
silken
in the
"
white, and
down,
all this
are
beauty
case
"
will
sunlight,
at least Nature
sepia and
enemies, but the
surfaces suggests no
upper
insect alive for the
itself in full
and
of the
underside
the
on
a
question of
a
of many
birds, for
fawn,
game
clothed
of
with
of chance.
attraction,as
sex
both
male
and
a
on
daringsweeps
bases
wing
than
more
and
brick-
ebony,
dusky
Nor
is
happens
female
are
explainsatisfactorily
of this gloriouscolour scheme
the formation
given to a
have stillonly described
simpleweed-eatingbutterfly
; we
here alike.
the
means
Then, supposingwe
to
an
end
as
can
yet unknown.
Further, if those
placed under a high-power
at
objectiveso that the Avhole butterflycould be seen
it is no
once
exaggerationto say that we should remain
Are we
spell-boundat the revealed grandeur before us.
such matchless
to say that
beauty has been reserved
wondrous
wings could
be
187
CONCLUSION
with a*
ages until the arrival of the biped
brain to invent a microscopeto discover it ? I think
not entirely.The
unexploreduniverse just under our
since it
and moreover,
eyes has been there all the time,
contains such loveliness often side by side with what in
uncleanness and degradato be such squalor,
tion,
our
eyes seems
then I say that the beauty,as well as the beasthness,
the
tlirough
quitepatent to the creatures themselves, or to
motive force,which is about the same
thing.
their spirit
do not invest them with a soul,but the power and
We
must
be
the purpose
Our
Peacock
behind
them
are
almost
Butterfly,
they say,
has
to it.
tantamount
more
than
a
sand
thou-
knows
Who
each side of its head.
on
eyes in one
how the presentworld appears in its Hne of vision ? Are
nerve-centre, or do they
one
those eyes all focussed on
to us ?
Or, in a
than is vouchsafed
more
see
infinitely
hghtervein, may we ask whether the Peacock Butterfly,
soaringup the Strand and into the Smallholder Offices
would
see
2,000 Editors busilyat work telUngthe land
folk of Great
Britain and
the Colonies how
to
small-hold ?
thing,and our
of time is so great,that
opportunityat every moment
sance,
instead of being a nuithis pest and parasitequestion,
in disguise
is reallyone of the greatestblessings
It is part of the
have.
that we
great Nature-drama,
containingcharacters both good and evil. Evil courses
will some
day be traced to faults and excesses, and to
civilisation being at variance with the generalplan,so
and somehow,
that in our
pest problem lies somewhere
to a door which, once
unlocked,
the key to human
destinj^
what
will open up the goldenage, and give to our race
of us have yet enjoyed,viz. satiety.This is no mere
none
The
dream of the fancy,althoughoften treated as such.
The
know
fact is,we
told
little about
that
this
the wolf shall dwell with
Eastern
seer
the lamb
that the lion shall eat straw like the ox,
of an unreachable ideal,but of a great
us
telling
was
not
;
who
so
us
and
in
possibiliiy
fore
kingdom of peace. Let us therebeautiful thingsthat stillremain, even
the final
cherish those
INSECT
188
though we cannot
or
our
greed have
What
As has been
for
which
essay
should
by
stock,
I do not
field and
neglect
our
regardto pestsas
believe in
a
whole
?
general
particular
species.
to keep ourselves
offensive for any
preferenceendeavour
our
by
lost.
ever
armed
an
our
been
those
alreadystated.
We
and
back
should be done in
then
at
win
PESTS
garden
crops,
interfere
as
a
close
as
Httle as
as
possibleto natural conditions,and
possiblewith the natural balance of life,for there can
be no
be it plant or
great increase in any one species,
animal, without a correspondingincrease in the control
of it in some
shape or other. The gistof the matter
to this,that vigilance,
and naturalization
comes
efficiency
in all thingsis the surest guide to a better future.
On the other hand, neglect
of natural functions, civilized
abuses which are hurtful organically,
and production
of
abnormal
and extinction,and
types lead to degeneration
without
wearying the reader or layingmyself open to
I should like to wind up
the charge of much
moralizing,
by saying that wherever
pests occur, nature study is
needed, and a littleco-ordination of preventivemeasures
and
or preventive
poUcy as the case may be between man
will do all that is necessary to prevent a plague.
man
"
On
lines
these
we
shall avoid
regardingeverythingin
also of having included
insect
the
as
the insect world
in
pest books
Tortoiseshell
scarce
or
by
me
look-out
Yet
as
cousin
for what
later
work
a
a
I
on
was
as
was
mistake
of
inimical,and
glorious
Butterfly(F.
once
brought
such
Elm
fine specimen of which
a
polychloros),
to
bald
the
"
a
earlydays when I was on the
luck."
is commonly called
beginner's
astonished to see it givenin a standard
in the
"
fruit pest !
of enemies, but the
be, not the listing
enhstingof friends,coupledwith the endeavour to secure
Let
our
cure
side
for ourselves and our
personalefficiency
progeny,
and animals
in all the plants
by side with the hke efficiency
that
minister
to
our
support.
The
End.
Appendix
THE
the
Throughout
and
Aphids
to
remarks
been
made
have
references
pages
the following
it is felt that
but
foregoing
their
this
on
QUESTION
APHIS
ways,
particular
insect
as
a
creation's
and
fiftieth
and
varying according
yeUow, red, brown, and
diversity
of
habits
What
where
inch
an
only
in size
black, green,
colours, aphids
of these
combinations
microscopist,and in their extreme
absorbing study to the biologist,but
good
I
I have
been
that
He
agree
of
?
refer
pointed
how
out
the
upon
attenuated
course
so
go
to
know
far
is how
to
inquire
as
to
of
this
"
would
"
wish
will
grower
may
ruling
determining species, be
readily
a
aphids
are
answer
an
most
of them.
rid
For
of
species between
the
to
of
one
pretty objects to the
for all this the
"
know
one-tenth
to
is
going too deeply into the
something of its history.
without
helpful to
be
a
at
supremacy
insect
understood
little
but
mysteries,
subject it should
Ranging from
for
bid
food-crop.
of our
expense
This
well-kno\^^l
the
get
in
settled, the
becomes
particularkind of weather
their annual
great Aphis family make
soon
afford
assistance
them.
combating
As
of
be
may
him
"
that
which
pages
really
animal.
or
it
crowd
book,
parasite has
though
plant
reflection
the
obscure
the
roost
it
to
is
the
apparently
engaged in
Growers
sappy,
will
weak,
whereas
on
aphids
most,
plants
We
resist
attack.
need
however
not
hardy, sturdy plants
theory to the dangerous length of visualizinga great
carry our
and
Aphid C.-in-C. controlling his armies
despatching them
to the ends
of the earth
truth
according to plan. The exact
is that
the weakly, soft plants have
been
the means
whereby
of ages the numerous
aphids have developed, and in the course
species of plants have led to differentiation in the parasites
that
affect them.
189
to
196
INSECt
Indeed
PESTS
it is
quitea mistake to suppose that aphids are just
aphids whatever plantis in question. There are hundreds of
different species,each
favouring its own
particularplant.
When
add the closelyrelated Psyllidm or
we
Plant Suckers,
the list alone is formidable enough, but as soon
moist
as warm,
and still weather arrives,their incredible
tion
powers of reproducbecome
well-nighappalling.
Plate
44.
Aphides.
Corn
1.
Ditto,
a.
Aphis in soil.
Aphis or Collier
Blight.
Ditto, winged form.
Hop Aphis attacked by
Lady -bird larva.
Aphis,
attached
by
Plagiator Fly.
Aphis.
3. Cabbage
Aphis.
4. Lettuce
Ditto, vroolly-tailed
5.
variety.
and
Growers
not
or
their
The
are
great Nature
Aphis.
form.
12.
Woolly
Aphis, winged
13.
Ditto,wingless form.
Plum
Aphis.
Rose Aphis.
14.
stand
little
Aphide family were
balance
which
asserts
of
and
hordes
Uncongenial weather
their ranks
constantly,but the gardener
later.
flower-lover
have
to take
action
beingusuallycompelledto
on
let
their
things
course.
commonest
the
the
Pear
Ditto, winged
form.
the earth if the
on
account, the farmer
take
Apple and
beings in general would
by
flies thin
parasitic
and particularly
the
own
11.
human
itself controlled
itself sooner
10.
Bean
15.
of continuance
chance
Lettuce
kinds
of
aphids with
which
we
have
to deal
Corn, Cabbage, Lettuce, Bean, Hop, Apple, Pear,
Plum, and Rose, which
are
shown
on
Plate 44.
i^i
APPENDIX
the Com
do littledirectly
against^
As stated the farmer can
Aphis, whose Latin name
which
Siphonophora granaira,
tunately
has reached alarming proportionsin some
years, but forhave a vigorous little ally in Ephedrus
for us we
which
to polisho"E
Plagiator,a minute ichneumon
manages
at least 90 per cent, of them.
Fig. 2 shows this flyin the act
will soon
of depositing
an
egg in the aphid'sbody, which
hatch and
is
its host.
devour
is green with black spots,
Cabbage Aphis (.4,brassica)
loss by
and infests the undersides of the leaves, causing much
sucking out the plant juicesand renderingthe plants sticky
The
foul with
and
is the
spray
A
thing to
lime
or
quassia
againstthem.
use
insect
curious
more
Powdered
their excretions.
is the
Aphis {Pemphigus
Lettuce
and
in that it possesses no cornicles or honey-tubes
laclvoarp's)
in habit, being a small copyistof the terrible
is subterranean
the roots
Grape Louse, feedingat
colour
limed and
sweetened
Much
to
the best-known
the
Black
and
a
Bean
salad
resist its attack.
and worst hated
Aphis
field where
our
plants. It
wingless.All ground should
and
yellow in
of
or
Collier
has
this insect
of all
be
is
well
plant lice
is
Blight {Aphis rumicis),
"
"
home
really got
is
a
tragedy indeed, for when the tender tops have been destroyed
the sooty myrmidons will pass down
and thrust their suckers
in along the edge of the young
the end of
pods, which means
Beans
be
must
to
autumn
sown
fully resist
your
crop.
Black
Aphis,as
whilst
plantsthen
enough pods are formed
the
of the tops.
The Hop Aphis
say
on
the
become
to
hard and
admit
{Phorodonhumuli) has
questionof
more
beer
or
of the
impenetrable,
pinchingout
good
a
less than
any
deal
to
more
Government
control.
It is
palegreen
master
in colour with
of the
Kentish
red eyes and
fields were
myriads of Two-spot Ladybirds which
would
it not
lute
be abso-
for the
vast
relentless war
good little beetles
wage
them.
The extent
to which
these
upon
succeed is the measure
of our crop, and
here againis a case
where Nature
is recognizedas takinga hand in the struggle
behalf.
on
our
Fig. 9 in the plate shows a ladybirdlarva
devouringa hop aphis.
Flowers in the gardenreceive plentyof attention
from
these
102
INSECT
PESTS
insects and each has its own
the best known
beingthe
species,
inch in
Rose Aphis {A. rosce),
green in colour and about -c^^
size. The quassiaspray is the best argument with which to
meet its attacks.
kinds of Aphids,
Fruit is of course
productiveof special
for much
which, with their cousins the Suckers,are responsible
loss of vigourin both bush and standard trees.
stock-mothers
In the Apple Aphis {A.mali)the queens
or
dark grey, the winged and active forms being green with
are
is green at firstand
black heads.
The Plum
Aphis {A pni7ii)
then dark grey when fullgrown. Both kinds have been known
to feed on either tree, but they usuallykeep to those whose
names
they bear.
Two-wing flies,Lacewings and Ladybirdsattack these
.
aphids(see Plate 15),and are of great assistance in preventing
their attacks becoming dangerous in the followingseason,
the twistingand witheringof fruit-tree leaves
but wherever
at
be kept vigorously
indicates aphis trouble the spray must
which
work.
Lime-washing in spring also destroysthe eggs
insecticides of quassia
Contact
the bark.
laid all over
are
nicotine must be used after the blossoms have fallen and in
time to prevent the leaf-curl happening.
should be conNeither of these aphids above mentioned
fused
been
with
dealt
on
with the Woolly Aphis,which has
often
as
though
page 76, and is a different insect entirely,
where
abundant
is
harmful as the two
more
together. It
attacks
both root and branch,
and
trees have been neglected
and the alkaline winter wash is necessary when the leaves have
or
fallen.
of all creatures, as
the most
are
prolific
queens
althoughthe egg is largein comparisontheykeep on producing
But in addition to this it has been found that polythem.
gamy
Aphis
where
unusual trait among
insects,
a most
practised,
one
mating usuallyexhausts the male.
added to the readychangesof form by which
These quahties,
mittent
they adapt themselves to varying temperatures and interrender it essential that no
crop should
food-supply,
fulness
be allowed to fall into a neglected
state, so that watchever
selves
againstaphidesearlyin the season is a duty to ouras well as to our
neighbours.
is
ILLS
all InsectPests
Fruit Trees,Flowers
on
and Vegetables,
PHIS, Green and Black Fly,Psylla.
Capsld
A
T
Bug, Red Spider,
etc.
HIS
perfectInsecticidealso destroys
Caterpillars,
S well
as
all SuckingInsects.
KATAKILLA
IS
-poisonous; does
non
not
injurefruit or
your
garden,orchard
vegetables.
L
ET
"
or
EST
ND
"
Katakilla helpin
allotment.
you
forget,
placeyour order
be preparedto
now,
and beat these pests.
meet
Seedsmen,Ironmongers,
in
by Nurserymen,
Supplied
Small cartons,
to
Large cartons,
to
Sole Manufactarers
make 10 gallons
of wash.
of wash.
make 50 gallons
:
NcDOUGALL
66-68
Bros.,Ltd.,
Port Street,Manchester.
in Insecticides and Horticultural Preparations.
Specialists
Wrilt for special
let/let
on
"
Insect Pali"
INDEX
Acarid
mites
Adaptation to environment,
Agriculture,primitive, 174
Alkaline
wash,
American
Thrips
how
and
76
or
16, 67, 125,
Ants,
bean,
167
38, 39
161
Bees,
112, 120, 189-192
Weevil,
Apple Blossom
145
Canker,
Beet
Pests, 76-86
Root
Louse,
Sawfly,
Sucker,
and
82
100
17, 34-
mangold
pests,
63
64
from
immune
Heart
Rot,
Beetles, and their larvae, 17
useful kinds, 62, 103, 104
76
63
82
36, 64
Click
or
Skip-jack, 98, 114
104
Clock
or
Flying Watchman,
Cockchafer,
38,82,99, 110, 114
Bean
192
Aphis,
145
Armadillo,
79
sprays,
Asparagus
surface
caterpillars,
in soil, 104
Rust,
stage
or
of
and
Smxuner
Chafers,
Ladybird, 67
63
pests,
114
75
99, 100
Ground, 104
175
manures,
Pea,
Bark,
Garden
163
12,
Asters, and
51, 62
Fruit
mals,
joint-bodied ani-
or
and
Dimg, 104
Etimolpus, 111,
12
Articulata,
first
116
138
or
wingless insects, 14,
28, 43, 76, 96, 120
Barberry
14,
and
Red,
Apterous
Bacteria
79,
caterpillars,
Asparagus,
Pear
Artificial
for
84
Scab,
Arsenical
Peas, 64
cockchafers,
Fly,
146
Spot,
66
36
for weevils, 82, 92
and
Bee
diseases
parasites,34,
35
163
Aphides, 43, 62, 66, 67, 76, 77,
Leaf
Fly, 64,
Thunder
Aphis, 68, 191
and
for
of, 45, 116
of, 116
Weevil,
Black
Beating
grass,
on
or
or
Pea
Beans
144
class,
worm
Moth
Antler
1 74
caused,
Gooseberry Mildew,
Analysis of soil, 158
of a haricot
Anatomy
Annelides,
Bats, iiseful work
Bean
Rust, 138
188
84
Blight,
Civil War,
useful work
Owl,
Bam
sheep, 29, 31, 32
on
Cluster-cups,
wheat
mildew,
45
Mustard,
Oil, 34, 57
Rose
Chafer, 93
104
Rove,
Scarabid, 111, 114
Sexton, 104
Soldier
133, 143
195
and
Sailor,
103
INSECT
196
Beetles
PESTS
Cellulose
cont.
"
Tiger
Sparkler, 103, 104
and
Turnip
Cabbage Flower, 45
Gall
Weevil, 47, 61, 169
Turnip
Turnip Mud, 47, 49
Weevil
tribe, 36, 43, 47, 61, 64,
82, 90, 92,112, 113
or
Big
Bud
of currants,
Bird's
Eye,
Spot, 146
91
Strawberry
or
Leaf
Bean
Fly,
Thrips
Blight, 66
Blight (Potato Disease),
Blue
Clay, 153
Blue- bottles
or
known
Bordeaux
and
Millipedes,distinction
98,
Chaffinch, useful work
Chalk
soil, 158
Cheese
mould, 129
of, 62
Chemistry of manures,
China
clay, 154, 156
167
Burgxmdy
123, 140, 141, 143,
Flies, 23
or
Civilization
27
mixttu'e,
90
or
Clock
or
Moth,
pests, 36
sickness, 141
96
Cluster
Cups
Snowy
Fly,
62
Fly, 62
Root
White
Butterflies, 17, 57, 83
parasites of, 59
White
Rust, 144
Caddis
Flies, 14
disease
Calves, redwater
of, 23
Canker, on melons,
cucvmabers, 123
on
tomatoes
and
treatment
first
mildew,
133,
153
their
and
or
spawn,
30
Case-wings, 17
Spring-tails,soil
or
insects, 97
Common
Wainscot
Moth,
38
Composition of soils, 151
of plants, 168
Conclusion,
regarding pest
blem,
pro-
179
distinct
Conservatory,
greenhouse,
Corn,
Scab
from
a
108
of potatoes,
136
39
land, 177
Aphis, 43, 191
Fly, Ribbon-footed,
Corn
fruit trees, 145
Carbolic
Barberry,
Cockchafers, 38, 82, 99, 110, 114
14
Cockroaches,
Codlin
Moth, 84
Corky
32
on
measures,
Collembola
or
104
143
Coal
Coleoptera,
191
17, 59
Wing,
Beetle,
117
of wheat
stage
Codfish
Powdered
9S
Skip-jack Beetle,
Watchman
Clover
Thysanoura,
Aphis, 190,
97
crops,
Click
Clothes
146
Moth, 112, 116
Bunt
and
Smut, 143
Bush
Fruit, 88
Butterflies and
Mothe, difference
between, 17
and
harmless
beautiful
kinds,
17, 38, 54
Moth,
18
vil,
Raspberry Wee-
or
stock, 28
Ermine
Cabbage
171
Nature,
versus
Clay-coloured
with
"gentles,"
as
or
plant green,
fungi, 129
in
absent
tween,
be-
103
Clay soil, 154, 156, 157
Cleanliness, importance of, with
135
Bot
Buff
and
Collier
Blow-flies, 14
or
larvae
Bristle-tails
Centipedes,
cell-walls, 168
12
Chlorophyll
Birds, beneficial action of, 28, 45,
53, 61, 62, 69, 76, 77, 81, 82,
83, 89, 90, 93, 100, 102
Black
and
of
soil,125
mushroom
Carpomycetes, or
puff-ballfungi,
Carrot
Fly, 68, 69
Celery Fly, 69
Leaf Spot, 140
129
and
Rust,
133,
Thrips,
43
Weevil,
Cotton
40
141
43
wool
plants from
protectionof pot
sings,102
for
INDEX
Fly
Crane
parent
Daddy-long-legs,
jacket, 38,
or
of leather-
100
Cretaceous
deposit,153
chalk
or
Crickets,
Moth
larvse,
Spit Insect, 13,
14
Currant
Clearwrng Moth,
Gall Mite, 91
Moth, 92
Sawfly, 91
in,
185
poultry, 32
Flies, Asparagus, 62,
Daddy-long-legs or
Cheese, 16
Crane, 38, 100
Crane
Death's
of, 59, 116
useful work
Dispersal of Mammals,
Dragon-flies,14
Moth,
Drinker
of
Hot
55
38
potatoes,
136
Beetles, 104
Cockles
of
Wheat,
43, 44,
Moth, 38
in the soil, 105, 162,
Earthworms,
163, 164, 165
Earwigs, 14, 15, 84
in clover, 36, 141
Eel worms,
corn,
43
cucumbers
124
and
tomatoes,
in strawberries, 93
Egg search,
for
pest destruction,
60, 81, 88, 91
Eggar Moths, harmless
81
Eocene
deposits,154
Ermine
Moths,
112,
14
23
Frit, 39, 40
Gout,- 40
Green-bottle, 27
50
Flies, 1 4, 1 1 2
Diptera or Two-wing
Hawk,
or
Forest,
ol Nature, 173
Devices
Diamond-backed
Moth,
16
Dragon,
Empis
105, 162
Moth, 70
Hawk
62
Root,
Caddis, 16
Carrot, 68, 69
Celery, 69
Summer
Researches,
Head
Blue-bottle, 27
Cabbage
92
Fly, 14, 38, 100
Arches
Dark
Moth, 38
Darwin's
63
Bot, 23
Scale, 90
in
Fleas, 12,
Beet, 64
123, 124
Cucumbers,
Cultivation, a simple lesson
150, 159, 160
in
greenhouses, 123
Figs,
Figure of Eight Moth, 87, 123
Finger and Toe disease of turnips
on
81
Ear
catchers, 45
rat
as
in
137
rotation, 174
Cuckoo, and Lackey
Dung
Ferrets,
14
Crop
Dry
197
varieties,
Lace wing, 14, 68
Green
Hessian, 41
16
House,
Hover, 65, 76
16, 40, 50
Ichneumon,
Onion, 69
24
Ox
Warble,
Ribbon-footed
Corn, 40
Scorpion, 15
Sheep's Nostril,
66
Thunder,
Yellow-bottle,
Flounced
Rustic
Foot
of
23
Moth, 38
Flowers, characteristics of, 1 73
Rot
sheep,
Foul
Flies, 23
Bee
Brood
or
Four
Great
Forest
Fresh-air
and
Orders
pest, 34,
for cucumbers
treatment
melons,
31
124
39, 40
FritillaryButterflies, 17
Frog Hoppers, 13, 14
Fruit Bark
Beetle, 75
116
Farm
178
Fly
Tree
on
35
of Plants, 128
Canker
of, 138
beans. Pod
French
Frit
pests, 21
stock, 21 ; fallow, 176,
26
62
Snowy,
corn,
pests, 73-92
INSECT
198
Fumigation, with
with
sulphur,
with
tobacco,
cj'anide, 121
125
Help of children, 19
Hemiptera, or Half- wings,14,
122
Hen
Fungi, 112, 122, 128, 129, 130,
Fungoid diseases, 19, 127-149
132
poultry, 32
in
Gape-wonrxs
pests, 55-71
Moth, on potatoes, 69, 70
Gas
Lime, 125
Ghost
Moth, 70
Swift
18
America,
in
Gnats, 14
Gooseberries,
varieties
mended,
recom-
144, 145
Fly
on
parasites, 183
Indian
120
Insect, 112, 129
Tortrix
Moth, 112, 118
Grapes, Hot-house, 111
pests of, 112
land, 36,
Grease
Banding
17
their four
Irish
Green-bottle
Greenhouse,
cavises
Isle of
Orders
Groat
stages,
Potato
Trade,
gettinginto
175
manures,
Insects, Nine
38
in
109
greenhouse,
Inorganic
of fruit trees, 79
Flies, 27
of, 12-
14
Famine
and
Free
135
Disease, 34,
Bee
Wight
35
failures,
of
Jackdaws,
108-110
beneficial
Juliia pulchellua
of, 110
construction
near
oai'ly
agricultux'e,
Ingenuity of insects
a
14
Grass
and
Corn
growing
174
Scale
Grasshoppers,
122
Flies, 14, 40, 50
Immunity
turnips, 46
(Phylloxera), 11 2,'"120
Louse
Hiunan
of swedes
43
Grape Aphis,
23
Ants, 125
Flies, 16
Hover
Flies, 65, 76
Human
Flea, 12, 13
past history of, 185
Ichneumon
40
corn,
Moth,
Weevil, 43
Fly,
House
92
112, 114, 115
Grain
Bot
Horse
T
peste, 112, 122
wings, 14, 17, 112,
Sawfly, 91
or
Magpie Moth,
Gout
fruit
as
Hvunus,
Gooseberry Mildew,
Moth,
41
importance of, 160
Membraneor
Hjnnenoptera,
145
Gothic
Fly,
Hornets
Garden
Gipsy Moth
Hessian
112
13, 32, 33
Louse,
Honey-bee, 17, 34
Hop Aphis, 190, 191
Honey-comb or Wax Moth, 34, 11
Flies, 23
Gad
PESTS
or
action
of, 62
Millipede,97
pests, 107-125
window
of- gauze
use
coverings,
114
Ground
Beetles,
Growth
of
a
Keds,
on
Knob
Eelworm,
sheep, 28,
29
124
104
plant, 168,
Lacewing Flies, 14,
170.
68
Beetle, beneficial
characteristics,
of, 67, 68
Lackey Moth, 80, 81
Ladybird
Habits
of Plants
determine
172
of, 166
Bean, anatomy
Harmless
butterflies, 17, 38, 54
moths, 38, 81
Hawks, useful work performed by,
Haricot
45
Heart
Rot
swedes,
of
138
mangolds
and
Leaf-blotch
melons,
of
action
cucumbers
and
124
miners, 117,
118
Spot diseases, 140, 141,
Leather-jackets, 100
146
Leaf- twisters
and
Leaf
Lepidoptera,
114
or
Scaly-wings, I7^
199
INDEX
"
191
Aphis, 190,
Measiires
Liassic
Moths
cont.
and
Flotmced
68
Lettuce,
on
Moth,
Arches
38
of, in soil, 178
for beans,
LiveripfSulphur Wash
importance
140
Liverfluke
Liver
or
in
Rot
sheep,
29, 30, 31, 58
157
Loam,
148
Loganberry Disease,
Clay, 153
London
Lackey, 80
Light and Dark Arches,
Magpie or Currant, 92
Raspberry,
Magpie
Mangold
Ciurant
or
Disease
or
Rot, 138
5.ids, egg-search, hand-
Manual
picking, etc.,
Manure,
Manures,
19
174
"manoeuvre,"
chemistry of, 167-178
or
Vapoiirer, 79
inorganic,174
organic and
79
May-bug
Meal
Mealy
99
Larva,
16
Midges,
Microlepidoptera,117
MiUi pedes,root eaters, 12, 97,
112, 122, 129, 133,
Mineral food, 129
Mites, Acarid, on sheep, 29
Mildew,
on
122
Crickets
Death's
71
Diamond-backed,
50
Drinker, 38
Ear, 38
Ermine, 112, 116
Figure
38
Clearwing, 92
Head,
of
Insect, 76
Beetles, 46
Scale
Mussel
Mustard
Eight,
or
many-footed
crea-
tui-es, 12, 97
corn
Wainscot,
Common
Currant
on
129
Myriapoda
poultrj',32
75
Shell, 38
Yellow
Underwing, 68, 112, 115
Moths, harmless, 38, 81
Umber
Moth, 79
Mottled
Piiff -balls, 128,
and
Mushrooms
145
land, 42
action
beneficial
of, 70
Moles,
39
Moths, Antler, 38,
Cabbage, 17, 59-61
Clothes, 117
Codlin, 84
Mole
Leopard,
Yellow
112, 120
123, 124
Bug,
Melons,
Winter,
Wood
117
Dart, 112, 115
77, 78, 79
Line
White
Cockchafer
or
Moth,
117
Veneer,
Moth,
Marls, 153, 157
March
88
Rustic, 70
Shoot and Fruit, 89
Silver Y, 63
Snout, 117
Tortrix, 117
Tm-nip, 35, 43, 51
Rosy
Moth, 92
Heart
38
Meal, 117
Pea, 67
Pith, 86
Flume, 117
14
East,
of the
Locust
Swift, 70
Gothic, 112, 114
Grain, 43
Grape Tortrix, 112, 118, 120
Honeycomb, 34, 117
Ghost
dressing,138
Lime
Swift, 70
Garden
poultry, 32
Light
38
Clay, 1 53
Blue
or
Lice, 14
tic,
Square-spot Rus-
Myxomycetes,
or
fungi,129
slime
Natvu-al checks for pests,1 9, 59, 79
for crops and stock,
conditions
188
Nature
veraiia
Civilization, 1 8
2, 46
butterflyand sweep,
14
Nerveor
wings,
Neuroptera,
Nets,
153
Sandstone,
Red
New
Nine
Orders
Great
of
Insects,12-
17
Nits,
87
or
Noctuid,
eggs
or
of lice, 13
Moths,
Night-flying
60
INSECT
200
Notifiable
PESTS
diseases, 29, 124, 136,
92
Weevil,
Nut
Moths,
Plume
Pod
144
Canker
French
117
of scarlet
beans,
Pond
Skaters,
Potatoes, 70
Oil Beetle, in bee-hives, 34
57
its life-history,
Sandstone
Red
and
fruit
152
growing,
Fly, 69
Fungus, 144
Oomycetes, or parasiticaldisease
Onion
fungi, 129
Organic
Orthoptera
Warble
Ox
of, 45,
Fly,
Skin
for
14
116
24
Protomycetes or
Protoplasm, basis
Butterfly,17, 54,
Peacock
Peas, 67,
maggoty,
Moth, 67
Pupae, searching for, 79,
87
186
Raspberry Moth,
pests, 88,
86
or
or
Slug-
Rats,
Old
87
pests, 86, 87,
88
Pest
question,55, 57, 179
Pests, indigenous and exotic, 18
18
89
as
pests, 44
English
122,
123
Water
in Calves, 23, 32
and
artificial,
Reproduction
Aphis,
192
peats,
87
19, 181
168
of cells, 172
Com
Fly, 40
crops, 46-52, 63, 68, 70
and uses
of, 160
Roots, functions
192
Rose
Aphis, 13,
Chafer, on strawberries, 93
Rosy Rustic Moth, 70
of crops, 174, 175, 177
Rotation
Tables, 176
Rove
Beetles, 62, 104
Root
Pith
Moth, 86
Plant
Lice, 14
mechanism,
168, 175
Plants, chemical
analysis of,
Remedies,
natural
Ribbon-footed
123
18
Butterfly, harmless
Spider or Spinning Mite, 112,
112, 120
Pig troubles, 32
Pill insects, 12, 13
?
Prussian,
Red
they
why
Phosphorescent insects, 103
Phylloxeravastatrix, or vine louse,
come
and
Admiral
insect, 17
Red
do
88
Red
Soil, 157
Pineapples,
35
Loganberry diseases, 148
Clay-colouredWeevil, 90
and
Bug, 13
Cherry Sawfly,
Plum
parasites of,
Queen-bees,
145
worm,
Tree
fungi, 129
of all life,133,
67
Midge,
Scab,
Plum
first
?l
168
121
140
Peat
Colouring,
123
Peaches,
and
122
Mildew,
Vine
Protective
Parsnip pests, 69
Parthogenetic females, 76, 77,
and
Scurf, 137
135
99, 102
Parasites, helpful,91
183, 184
human,
Parasitism, 181, 183
Tree
spraying,
Poultry, external parasites,32
internal
parasites,32
useful
employment of, 87, 89,
Powdery
Pear
Silver
Spot and
times
Wart
wings,
Straight-
or
Owls, \iBeful work
disease, 132, 134
disease resisters, 136
Dry Rot, 134, 136
traps for soil insects, 98
disease, 136
pests, 73-93
175
manures,
Orchard
14
Blight, 134
Corky Scab, 136, 137
Orange Tip Butterfly, 16
Old
and
runners
138
202
TortoiseBhell
not
Turf
PESTS
Butterfly,
Water-enaila,30,
pest, 188
a
Tortrix
Elm
or
INSECT
Moths,
112, 116, 117
for weevils, 100
Diamond-backed
Moth, 60
Traps,
Turnip
diseases,
Flea
137
Moth,
on
on
turnips,51
wheat
Weevils,
on
Sawfly, 47
and
animals, 102
soil insects, 102, 105
Vapourer Moth,
and
its
wingless
female, 79
diagram of,
128
Moths,
on
43
117
Vigilance Chart
for
Smallholder,
112,
113
on
grapes,
on
90
raspberries,
and
Bunt
Smut,
Mildew
or
Midge,
41
1 43
Rust, 133,
141
43
pests, 42,
White-heads
or
take-all, 143
Moth, 112, 116
Line Dart Moth, 112, 115
Rot of Vines, 123
or
Snowy Fly, 62, 125
Wingless female moths, 78, 79
Winter
moths, 77
White
Ermine
priming,
Vegetable Kingdom,
Veneer
Stoats, beneficial
of, 45
clover, 36
corn,
Wheat
Beetle, 45
Flower
Swedes, 46
Finger and Toe, Anbury, Club
Grub
Root
or
Disease, 137
Two-wing Flies, 14, 59, 112, 116
Useful
and
action
Beetle, 49, 50
pests, 46-51
Cabbage
40, 41, 49
Weasels
roots, 43
153
offensive, 40, 41, 49
-Moth, 34, 117
Weeds,
Mud
Turnips
Clay,
Weed
asters, 51
on
and
Weald
Wax
Hopper, 47, 49
Weevil, 47, 61, 169
or
GaU
31
in connection
with Liverfluke,30
Water
in soil, 1 55
Table
86
Wircworms,
08, 114
Woodlice, 12, 97, 123
Wood
Leopard Moth,
Woolly Aphis, or
193
75
American
Blight,
76
Vine, pests of, 111
Louse, or Phylloxera, 112,
Mildew,
Tortrix
Weevil,
120
122
Moth,
in soil, 105, 162-165
Worms,
intestinal,in poultry,34
nematoide, in poultry, o-
118
116,
113
Xylophagi
or
Wood-eaters,
75
Violet, Sweet
and Dog, 173
forces in the production
of soil, 155
Volcanic
Yeast
129
Yellow
Underwing Moth, 68,
1
12,
115
Warble
Fly,
detection
24
of
Shell
ova
on
legs
beasts, 25
Wart
Disease
Moth,
Yellow-bottle
38
Fly, or
Hoi"se
Bot,
23
of
potatoes,
Wasps, 14, 83, 112,
Watchman
Beetle,
Water-beetles, 110
Water
of
Scorpions,1 4
122
104
136
Zeuzera
Moth,
ceaculi, Wood
Leopard
75
Zygomycetes, or mould
fungi, 129
and
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AIDS.
GARDEN
Premier
Seeds
"
EVERY
ONE OF OUR SPECIALITIES:
Seeds,Seed Potatoes,
Manures, Pest
Killers,
Syringes,
Sprays,
etc., etc.
"
TO GIVE
GUARANTEED
USER
SATISFACTION
ARE
Roses
Scotch Seed
Potatoes
or
"Premier"
WRITE
THE
returned.
money
NOW
FOR
LISTS.
Manures
letus know of it. Itwill
If you have any gardendifficulty
and practical
if our scientific
can
experience
and Sprayers be a pleasure
It is at the serviceof allgardenlovers.
helpyou.
"Demon"
icide
Insect-
I'AIphol"
"Climax"
"
Climax
"
Formerly Boundary Co; Ltd.,
CRANMER
STREET, LIVERPOOL.
Lawn Sand
Ly tie's
Lead Arsenate
"
Simplicitas
Netting,
etc.
FARMING
Price,5$.
CONTINUOUS
T. Barton,
net
M.R.C.V.S., Capt. R.A.V.C.
DISEASE.
AND
Crown
8vo.
Illustrated
Cloth.
ETC.
FARMERS,
Third
N.D..^., N.D.D.
(post fi^e 3s. loJ.).
ING
FARM-
DAIRY
TILLAGE
AND
CROPPING
SMALL
By T. WiBBERLEV,
By
(postagejii.V.
Price 6s. net
(postage^d.).
FOR
DAIRY
Edition.
ACCIDENT
HEALTH,
IN
HORSE.
Frank
Second
N.D.D.
N.D.A,,
CONTINUOUS
OR
LINES
FARMERS.
FACTORY
LARGE
FOR
ON
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By T. WiBBERi.EY,
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BOOKS
By
Specialists.
Garden and Laton
m].
Established
"
THE
LTD.,
SUPPLIES,
GARDEN
Weed Killer
Edition, Crown
8vo.
Price 3s. Cd.
Cloth.
FARMING.
J.
Price
C.
F.L.S.
Newsham,
3". 6U.
MADE
FARMING
Author
of
"
Farming made
Easy."
Crown
8vo.
Clofn.
(postage 4^.).
net
EASY.
fanning. By J. C. Newsham,
invaluable guide for all those commencing
Crown
8vo.
Price 35. 6d. net
Cloth.
of "The
Potato Book," etc.
Author
An
F.L.S.
(postago
4d. extra).
FOR
PROFIT.
8vo.
Crown
By E. T. Brow.v.
net
(postage4^.).
POULTRY
THE
PIG:
book ia this listmay
Crown
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REARING
BREEDING,
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By Sanders
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A"y
Cloth, with
Svo.
full-pageIllustrations. Price is.
AND
(,J.
HOUSING.
Cloth, with 15 fuU-pageIllustrations. Price 3s. M.
.
be ordered through your
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will be ient
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post-paid
receiptof the pric* tnentioned by
Publisher, "Smallholder"
A. F. SOWTER,
16-18 Henrietta Street,London, W.C.
Offices,
INSECTICIDE
'ABOL'
remedyfor allInsect Pests and Mildew
The great NON-POISONOUS
foliage.
Roses and other plants. Imparts health and vigourto the
smell.
Clean and wholesome to handle. No unpleasant
on
ROYAL
IN THE
USED
SYRINGES
PATENT
'ABOL'
BY
RECOMMENDED
SPECIALLY
GARDENS.
THE
ROSE
NATIONAL
SOCIETY.
The
the Market. Varies the
Gives a
coarse, as desired.
Economical and EfficientSprayeron
most
the spray from fine to medium or
fine"mist-like" spray which hangsin the air and
of
density
^
so
envelopestne
and under surfaces alike.
trated
Please write for IllusTreatise on
Garden Pests gratis
and post free. Gives
also full prices and
the
of
particulars
"
den
PopularGarSpecialities.
"Abol"
Pneumatic
"Abol"
Sprayers, Fertilizer,
Soil Pest
Destro/er,
Killer,Shading,
Worm
Garden Hose, etc.
may
be had of allNurserymen,
Seedsmen,
Florists,etc.,
or
Proprietors,E.
So
.INSECTICIDES
A.
White. Ltd., 10 BeltPaddock
ring,
Wood,
Kknt.
.5i|MEASURF.
lip
"
%
rliili'^'^liliiil
|iCACH
-TsMi'l:
wmm..rjj^V\mintef
FUNGfGIpE
upper
STONEHOUSE
ALL
BESTS
others troubled
and
Gardeners
INSECT
PESTS
by Insect Pests will find
zmmmm^MaK^n^
THE
a
LICHTNING
remedy
sure
Fly, Aphis, Red
and
Green
against Caterpillars,
Spider,etc., yet
damage the
beast,and will not
there is
no
and
it is harmless
Completely soluble
And
the
INSECTICIDE
to
delicate
most
Black
man
foliage.
in water.
better
way
of
applyingit than by using
SUPER
STONEHOUSE
SYRINGE
well-designedand accurately made, fitted with double
swivel nozzle and improved drip. Send
for full particulars.
STONEHOUSE
LANE
MILLS,
London
:
B. W.
PETERS,
WORKS
WEST
Co.,
SPON
BROMWICH
36-38, Hatton
Garden.
E.C.I.