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and
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The
\\r,
DOLLAR
ONE
Concrete
Builders
for
of Concrete
NEW
M
FA
N..I.
Perviancnce/'
Machinery
BROADWAY
I)1..\KI.M;.\,
Bureau,
Association
Concrete
Pioneer
by
C.E., E.M.
Editorial
Cement
PRICE
"
Compiled
CAMPBELL,
Portland
^
USE
TO
Written
h!"COLIN
I
AND
CONCRETE
^/^'X
m
MAKE
TO
HOW
I
I
Book
Ran^ome
('TO
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I A4S9
C'5
Copyrighted, 1917, by
Ransome
Concrete
Machinery Co.
//^
f=^
e)ci.A48iir)0
DEC 28 1917
Form
V
INTRODUCTION
^
V-
r
In
line
Ransome
The
thought
may
be,
the
machine
the
of
Success
other
any
established
Concrete
page,
any
it is
the
Among
space
of
machine
it should
be
controlled.
concrete,
lies in
The
the
to
man
in
as
on
the
use
well-
following
themselves
proved
have
and
the
by
the
of
can
to
Every
reminder
one
but
information
booklets
numerous
Porthmd
work.
than
done
have
there
which
are
neglected.
or
sources
publications
be
within
applicable
are
concrete
more
should
overlooked
but
that
of
contains
that
the
data
covered
be
to
booklet;
this
kind
every
believed,
are
subject
a
useful
here
many
of concrete
these
that
big
things
frequently
issued
of
use
the
is up
material,
is too
gathered
almost
of
the
building
limited
been
in
rules
This
that.
of concrete.
use
all that
be
ment
equip-
fundamental
good
can
The
guide.
proper
the
do
those
However
element
human
popular.
in the
be
from
concreting
to
cannot
concrete
be
and
Concrete
departure
a
will
hoped
success
this:
cannot
job.
making
machinery
govern
is
the
Ransome
subordinated
which
practices
unless
of
been
has
it is
that
practice
the
is
Company
Machinery
usual
booklet
this
issuing
Cement
be
\\w
on
and
pamphlets
Association.
obtained
for
usi^s
Ww
All
of
jiskiim.
iv
INTRODUCTION
and
collection
a
library
on
popular
uses
of
good
in the
free
Cement
It is
reference
the
suggested that
much
may
Portland
Washington
West
users
profitable
charge by addressing the
of
many
following,copies of which
Association, 111
Chicago
valuable
eciuipment will find
Ransome
had
a
practice and
concrete
of concrete.
information
be
of tlieni forms
Street,
:
Concrete
Silos
Portland
Cement
Concrete
in the
Farmers'
Handbook
on
Concrete
Swimming
and
Concrete
Linings for IrrigationCanals
Stucco
Country
Concrete
Construction
Pools
Wading
Alley of Yours
That
Concrete
to
to Build
Why
Maintain
Roads
Concrete
Them
Concrete
of Reinforced
Fundamentals
How
and
Houses
and
Design
Streets
for Reinforced
Specifications
Floors
for Concrete
Suggested Specifications
Why Build Fireproof?
Recommended
Integral Curb
for Concrete
Cement
Silos
Stave
Concrete
Tile for Land
Concrete
Grain
Bins
Design
Pavement
Drainage
in Warm
Protecting Concrete
Concrete
Weather
Elevators
and
Cement
Bulk
Concrete
Ships
Should
Every One
Facts
Know
about
Concrete
and Tests for Portland
Specifications
for Concrete
Roads, Streets,and
Specifications
Standard
between
Street
Concreting in Cold
Tennis
Every
Day
Car
Weather
on
Concrete
Septic Tanks
Concrete
Fence
Small
Concrete
Tracks.
Concrete
Posts
Garages
Courts
Roads
Cement
Alleys and
Paving
INTRODUCTION
about
Concrete
Facts
Concrete
Feeding
Foundations
Concrete
Troughs,
Concrete
Sewers
It
could
our
be
to
you,
endeavor
to
better
to
attain
"
We
more
how
to
as
so
Wallows,
short
friends.
criticism
value
Hog
falls
made
many
and
Tanks,
that
nearly
perfection.
Mixing
and
of
if
in
Pits,
Manure
what
had
we
may
the
future
approach
it
be.
to
of
suggestions
made
of
editions
what
Cisterns
suggestions
invite
be
Concrete
and
want
we
Walks
Placing
and
therefore
it
Concrete
and
Pavements
Mixtures
booklet
This
Barnyard
Floors,
Concrete
Roads
Concrete
Concrete
Proportioning
v
is
greater
we
can
impossible
A
On
March
home
Plainfield,
of
other
no
a
we
profession
field, the
pioneering
the
early
field
of
honor
building
the
United
for
States.
the
was
among
and
means
of
From
then
1850
located
applying
of
use
work
fame
the
the
cement,
of
was
first,if
in
San
manj^
not
is in
and
confined
States,
for
his
bridge
^Ir.
in
some
Ran-
father
His
was
since
cement,
he
ways
who
Ransome,
devoted
he
concrete
the
concrete
marked
expensive
to
the
stone.
Francisco,
that
belongs
first,to perfect
L.
discoveries
the
concrete
the
Ernest
1890
to
him
with
not
in
pioneer
a
chose.
he
in
displayed
reinforced
part
artificial
making
elaborate
United
in
the
to
life.
first
the
of
tion
construc-
Ransome
To
experimenter
the
any
neering
engi-
is indebted
truly
which
career
that,
"
active
Fate
its
pay
perhaps
concrete
first reinforced
the
well-known
a
to
and
to
the
was
built
this
ceive
con-
than
whole
very
can
perfection
construction.
having
his
at
present-day
]\Ir.
which
Co.
than
industry
Ransome
concrete
of
the
"
of his
years
L.
than
more
More
cement
spirit
Ernest
Alachinerj^
the
owe
machiner3\
concrete
died
Jersey.
whom,
to
man
person,
Ransomo
fitting place
more
to
New
L.
Concrete
Ransome
tribute
Ernest
5, 1917,
at
The
TRIBUTE
Pacific
time
to
in
the
construction,
to
had
his
was
made
character.
Coast,
connection
nor
with
His
even
manj^
TRIBUTE
A
societies
side
and
one
common
cold
are
so
was
twisted
stand
used
of
method
of
all had
his
his
to
of
and
attention
deep
than
contemporary
one
any
said,without
fear of
of his
years
Others
their
interest
who
the
which
Ransome
Mr.
behind
was
and
he
him
farsightedness.
called
time
of
has
there
mixing
was
a
strength
Mr.
The
quite ready
the
had
in
he
limit
Ransome
to
from
secured
for his
as
marked
designed
had
or
of
to
world
early
as
influence
the
mixing
1894
which
strength
with
standpoint
some
workers.
co-
forethought
of
accuracy,
confirmed, the
time
in the
early
of his
construction
determined
the
in the
discoveries
many
increasing
the
be
can
concrete,
example,
only recently been
profitableboth
the
made.
to
likewise
mortar.
that
attention
concrete
failed
possibilities,
of the
For
in
design,
It
advance
worth
not
"
him.
used
its
to
true
in
of
of
use
with
then
drawn
appreciate
the
to
far
was
his keen
Perhaps
contradiction,that
life he
systems,
methods
develop
etc., related
there
today,
profitedfrom
did
workmanship,
which
reinforcingmaterials,
his time
to
concrete.
Floor
extremely practicalnature.
more
veloped
de-
He
construction
insight and
he
a
world.
the
mixing
fertile mind.
reinforcing,types
name
credit.
for
in concrete
his
numerous
his
bar, for reinforcing,of
tons
patent
mechanical
throughout
first real machine
many
a
builders
patents
the
made
devised,
he
among
Numerous
the
to
industry through
concrete
which
inventions
The
contributions
his
the
of
vii
fact that
which
of economy
was
and
resultingconcrete.
of the
first collapsible
viii
steel forms
for concrete
contril)ute(l
similar
intc^rest
full
firm
Assisted
the
and
firms.
identified
more
bears
of
The
his name,
as
been
during
predict
even
not
L.
the
know
is
of
the
the
ten
years
dim
way
Ransome,
to
but
the
never
be
of
this
owe
was
company
years
feels that
founded
in the
As
velous
mar-
industry
will witness
us
thought
is due
a
to
should
Ernest
and
debt
tracting
con-
which
fullypaid.
The
Ransome
Concrete
Company.
has
confidently
engineering
professions will always
can
he
prestige and
can
which
the honor
whom
the
we
ahead
greater achievements;
in any
Co.
concrete
fiftyyears,
tracting
con-
otherwise.
Ransome.
last
helped
in the last few
than
at
and
the
deeply
the
that
founded
times
with
that
L.
Ernest
he
Company,
Machinery
enjoyed
growth
the
is the
away
of his death
actively
should
of
farsightedness
often
too
passed
and
building-
construction
although
it has
the*
to
the
various
at
day
Concrete
friends
in
Ransome,
advisory capacity
an
which
success
W.
the
less
or
any
discovered.
managed
Ransome
its man}^
faith
Machinery
Until
to
Hansomc^
has
Jersej^,and
New
ever
buiklinf";
purposes;
man
A.
son,
man
unselfishly
unfortunately
Concrete
organize
more
great
his
by
Dunellen,
which
is
As
a
Ransome
to
a
of his worth
measure
lining'. No
Mi*.
with
when
only
d\d
for
he loved.
material
case,
than
of concrete
contril)uted
he
tunnel
or
lai-"2;ely
more
advancc^nenl
in
TRIBUTE
A
Machinery
COJNCKETE
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
USE
IT
GENERAL
Many
Portland
the
is the
cement
standard
Portland
nevertheless
material
it is true
should
that
important,
responsible for
most
be
great
selecting and
proportioning the aggregates,
the
pebBTes^or
sand
and
bulk
main
of
Portland
concrete.
methods
after
absolutely controlled.
realize
the
truth
without
the
can
this
did
a
Portland
are
of
happen
to
improper
sensitive
the
particles
can
be
able
to
if Portland
make
not
the
a
they would
product
be
soon
business.
standard
mill
be
is,
factured
manu-
quality
because
statement,
in
form
is
should
one
specification requirements
to
All
Any
manufacturers
cement
up
of
that
some
that
"
cement
exact
so
is
taken
sTfttiewhich
broken
a
it
in
be
care
that
used,
and
important,
as
that
impression
While
cement
equally
more
the
work.
of concrete
success
cases
under
are
persons
care
to
function
together into
to
render
sand
what
If it
intended
of
and
pebbles
eventually
leave
that
only thing
them
worthless
is
cement
is
it would
not
were
1
they
Portland
_in_ storage.
wat^r.
of
The
high quality.
them
when
cements
that
it,
"
or
becomes
not
is, bind
bi-oken
stone.
form
per-
the
stone
2
THE
RAXSOME
STORAGE
Poi'thind
\hv
out
absorb
dampness.
on
spoilthe
to
to
unfit for
in
use
It will
of hours
that
be
be
kept in
should
be used
be
that
it
the
job
the
on
job
of doors
out
Any
other
near
the
will
tected
pro-
average
definite
a
can
will make
otherwise
piled
within
it
completely
Out
and
keep
to
necessary
that
On
w^orking day.
tight shed
a
boards
tlir
on
is necessarj^
parth^ if not
showers.
can
the
or
may
it from
as
TO
sIkmI where
mixture.
piled on
cement
the work
near
piled
Only little moisture
concrete
a
be
much
so
in any
jol),nor
against sudden
only
h(*
lu^'or
this moisture, and
should
cement
should
cement.
harden, due
HOW
"
REQUIREMENTS
('(MiKMit
ground
BOOK
period
quantity
job should
thoroughly protect
moisture.
AGGREGATES
Many
of
users
from
the
less
or
more
gravel pit, is
concrete.
Concrete
using such
unscreened
for several
reasons:
the
bank
or
out
becomes
mixed
No
the
with
the
clay
deposit was
concrete
contains
opened
can
or
as
from
Sometimes
use
is not
material
pit this soil falls down
bank
material.
silt due
to
the
originallyformed
be stronger than
less
or
more
for
in
use
suitable
It is not
foreign material.
of the face of the
for
or
comes
resulted
have
overlying soil,and
deposit contains
which
It often
it
as
material
material.
sand
of
mixture
suitable
deposit when
stripped of the
dug
a
bank-run
that
foreign material
failures
similar
loam, cla}^,or
think
natural
the
gravel, meaning
gravel with
concrete
is
and
Often
manner
the
in
in nature.
the materials
of
MAKE
I
HOW
AND
which
it is
loam,
or
with
the
particles,thus
other
words,
some
free
upon
the
as
forty-fiveper
order
to
of sand
If
desired
The
two
pebbles
or
thoroughly
to
coat
sand-cement
voids
in the
'these
in
mixed
sand
which
pebbles
are
filled
proportions
the
are
will
broken
or
by
the
the
in
feet of
all have
of
amount
thus
forming
practically fill
stone,
an
of Portland
proper
by
use
these
used
four cubic
cement.
reversed
to
uneconomical
an
particleof sand,
every
mortar
the
with
employed
concrete
when
stone, is sufficient,
broken
of
would
as
fill up
sack
one
and
feet of sand
cubic
is
of cement
example,
volume
used,
the
is
course,
In
concrete, the
to
give
the
air spaces.
is necessary
cement
/
contains
gravel
material
amount
as, for
about
half the
pit,it
much
as
concrete
be
this is
to
as
so
strength. This, of
mixture,
water,
than
the
from
twice
or
about
bank-run
the
air spaces
cement,
been
be
hardening.
dense
a
have
injuriously
acts
should
make
In
adulterate
to
it from
of voids
sand
more
of cement.
ideal
pebble
in the average
greater quantity of
or
acts
of bank
cent
should
when
case
much
and
together.
contains
run
in
coming
sand
which
while
and
fill these
exactly as coming
use
bonded
prevents
natural
about
voids
be
proportions
The
pebbles.
the
them
coarse,
these
amount
of
gravel usually
fine material
reverse.
in
and
cement
mixture
from
cement
cannot
chemical
Bank-run
a
the
foreign material
such
3
foreignmaterial,Hke clay,
surfaces
they
CONCRETE
Often, also,these foreignmaterials
the cement.
be the
and
composed,
prevents
silt,
contact
USE
TO
while
a
all
voids
If, however,
using
\\\\co
as
/
'^
THE
4
sand
much
volume.
The
inspection of
Mere
As
that
It is also true
in
uniform
are
pebbles
and
of fact
relative
material
such
from
ordinary gravel bank
or
digging from
the
face, as
the
are.
can
By
see
gravel
fine
how
and
made
looking
in
at
working
deposit the pebbles drift down
and
it were,
portions.
pro-
concrete
uniform.
one
tell any
in correct
proportions of
is not
an
concrete.
of bank-run
material, consequently the
coarse
in their
will not
are
suffici
in-
grains,
they hardlj^ever
loads
two
no
of sand
porous
gravel bank
matter
a
and
TO
naturally
air spaces
or
weak
a
a
the sand
whether
one
result is
number
voids
fill the
HOW
"
is
cement
the increased
mention
to
BOOK
pebbles, the
as
to coat
not
RANSOME
become
the
separated from
sand.
SCREEN
To
be
make
BANK
pass
screened
by separating them
from
The
finer
through
retained
3^ inch
a
such
upward
a
larger sizes will
from
other
perhaps
even
concrete
3
inches
if the volume
the
of them
^
inch
up
to
for work
floors and
foundations,where
is in
will
to
the
ranging
size
as
can
3 inch
in
for fence
1, 1}4 ^^d
posts
IJ^, or
ranging from
w^alls to
is not
large
in
job in question. The
the
products
concrete
two
w^hich
meshes
particles as
to
on
and
that
as
and
screen
conveniently be used
vary
least
at
material, called pebbles, is
coarser
on
must
material, which
having four
screen
The
materials
into
sand, is arbitrarilydefined
linear inch.
that
MATERIAL
good concrete, bank-run
grades of material.
the
-RUN
forced
rein-
heavy and massive
particlesmay
excess.
be
used
MAKE
AND
HOW
CONCRETE
USE
TO
PAYS
SCREENING
Many
do
persons
trouble
to
specificationscall
that
cubic
6
to
volume
one
just the
bank-run
for
of cement,
feet of sand
4 cubic
feet of
pebbles, so
2 cubic
feet of
sand,
broken
stone
feet
of
and
in
concrete
feet of the natural
sack
of
6
cubic
the
feet
mixture
1:2:4
about
third
one
and
in it than
cannot
be
of cement,
pebbles
about
the
other
with
the
the latter is
hear.
and
leaky
be
dense,
It is true
reproportion the
measured
to
economy
sand
aggregates
cent
of
they
should
mixture.
more
and
and
otherwise
what
duces
pro-
frequently
we
material
bank-run
screen
hence
in
pebbles
definitely
volumes.
WASHING
If
which
of
concrete
no
mixture, consequently
cannot
strong,
one
between
As
1 : 6 mixture
other
6
than
more
often than
water-tight. More
disregard of the essentials just stated is
the
hand,
material
concrete.
or
cubic
4.5
be
cannot
a
sack
greater in volume, yet has
cement
so
in the
little if any
the
is
air spaces
feet of
bank-run
compacted
of
material
2 cubic
one
On
will make
cement
think
the
make
place.
cubic
or
cubic
mixed
properly
they
of cement,
mixture
that
4
when
bank-run
1:2:4
a
the
and
sack
one
or
fillthe voids
to
goes
mixture
natural
In
thing.
it is worth
material^
1:2:4
a
feet of the
same
believe
not
separate
5
contain
AGGREGATES
sand, loam, silt,or
be
washed
than
more
other
before
Specificationsfor
certain
a
})(M'
foreign material,
used
concrete
in
a
work
concrete
some-
RAN
THE
6
times
in
vary
material
does
that
not
that
should
from
classes
of
troughs
be
screen.
shown
at
be
tumbled
the
A
suggestion
of
amount
end
will
be
a
washed
in
matter
will
by
water.
Just
trough
fixed
screen
More
at
sand
the
the
elaborate
commercial
jobs
at
and
it
washing
trough
is
pebbles
lower
washing
gravel
aggregates
than
just suggested.
which
arrange
are
device
is
trough
is
to
when
the
continuously
otherwise,
about
terial
ma-
and
the
away
leave
separated
of the
at
the
carried
contents
are
outfits
plants
to
necessary
end
and
aggregates
and
the
can
of washer
tumbling
before
troughs
the
supplied
or
Washing
This
in
wash
to
washing
a
most
strength.
so.
both
removed
be
final
such
cause
hose
through
foreign
the
is
not,
do
trough
water
in
sketch.
to
the
will
to
and
such
believed
employed
such
sufficient
down
upper
for
This
that
be
features
the
foreign
generally
the
devised
accompanying
an
an
right
be
combine
angle
set
necessary
to
in
cent
can
TO
aggregates.
it is
affect
such
desirable
all
per
methods
easily
can
the
but
work,
when
made
five
concrete
aggregates
in
HOW
"
of
amount
left
there,
to
of
BOOK
it is at
be
three
number
A
be
that
mean
material
the
stating
may
HOME
the
the
by
trough.
have
be
to
On
sometimes.
better
provided
installed
large
facilities
by
the
for
simple
MAKE
AND
HOW
TO
USE
CONCRETE
THE
RAN
SOME
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
THE
10
SOME
HAN
BILL
BOOK
"
TO
HOW
MATERIAL
OF
FOR
SEMIPORTABLE
GRAVEL
PLANT
MACHINERY
1 :32'-()" Inrl.
Bucket
l^lovator
()()" Gilbert
Screen,
Screen,
with
1
1
')4" Gilbert
1
22'-2
2
steel
no
inner
inner
"
50
tons
per
hour
skirt
skirt
shaft
i^" turned
(approx. length)
(i fixed post bearings
1 3'-("''xl H" dia. countershaft
(approx. length)
1 4'-0"
X
2iV dia. c()unt".^rshaft (approx. length)
and
() sprockets,
1 spur
pinion (see Table)
gear
70'-0"
S.B.R.
2.G1" pitch drive chain (approx.)
1 pulley 8" face, 30"
dia.
1 wood
1
wood
chutes
screen
eteel-lined
steel-lined
head
team
hopper
hopper
chute
H.P. gasoline engine
centrifugal pump
(cap. 300 gals, per minute, disch.
pipe
1 10 H.P.
gasoline engine for pump
St'd Quadrant,
12" x IG"
4 bin
gates
1 grizzly screen,
l^^" " openings (4'-8" x b'-A.")
1 8
1
pipe
4"
dia.) and
necessary
"
FRAMING
No.
Pes.
Dimensions
Material
SUBFRAMES
Bd.
Ft.
AND
MAKE
TO
HOW
USE
11
MATERIAL
OF
BILL
CONCRETE
FOR
GRAVEL
SEMIPORTABLE
Girts
No.
Pes.
4"
6
X
4
6"
6"
8"
X
V
X
X
6"
X
2
8"
X
X
6"
8"
8"
8"
X
4
8"
46
^"
68
fs" X
116
48
^"
^"
X
X
X
forward
3,628
Bd.
Ft.
lO'-O"
lO'-O"
20'-()"
W-iV
X
X
Brought
Material
Dimensions
"
7
4
Posts
and
PLANT
20'-()"
12'-0"
and
9^'' bolts
IV
bolts
13 K"
xl5}4"
X
and
washers
washers
bolts
and
washers
bolts
and
washers
4
12
28
48
72
7
144
108
56
78
120
42
21
54
144
280
32
Bolts
6
j^"x8";
8
M"xl5H'';
6
4
Washers
and
H"xl0";
^"xl53^'';
Mxl7"^2''
8
Total
0,675
THE
12
RANSOMS
5 5
r-'
f"
r
,^.r-
TZ-i.-.-.-
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
^1
MAKE
HOW
AND
TO
CONCRETE
WASHING
FOR
DESIGN
USE
PLANT
drawings
Accompanying
designed with
been
has
yards of washed
cubic
of
estimated
this
as
of
plant. Gasoline
the
advantages of the
concrete
be
can
done
effectively
compels the
suitable
if the
and
size sand
this
kind
minute
water
and
are
and
sity
neces-
be
can
in
use
anywhere that
made
screened.
required to thoroughly wash
mechanical
a
half
one
to
yard of material
cubic
design
pebbles for
washed
pebbles in
from
ular
partic-
in this
deposit that
a
materials
varies
per
of
use
quantity of
The
and
vary
city
capa-
adaptable. The
preparation of sand
that
and
is very
power
plant shown
list
build
design and
motive
convenient, economical, and
are
the
upon
An
a
required will
plant. Horsepower
considerably, depending
and
to
necessary
350
day.
per
a
plant.
producing
to
gives a bill of lumber
table
operate
view
a
for
washing
aggregates
accompanying
machinery
details
suggest
semiportable gravel-screening and
This
13
plant of
gallon
one
prepared
per
day.
per
is,if the capacity of the plant is 500 yards of
prepared material per day, water required per minute
That
will vary
from
is due
variations
matter
to
to
the
streams,
bank
500
gallons. Such
in the amount
out.
and
The
pebbles for
first of
consists
concrete
to
be washed
preparing sand
from
250
or
it is elevated
above
suitable
screens,
to
the
nature
use
as
the
the
washing
hopper located
dumping
of the
aggregate
excavating the
to
range
general operation of
elevating it from
transporting it
where
and
wide
il into these
in
material
beds
of
plant,
directly
screens
RANSOME
THE
14
and
the material
i)layiiig
upon
in connection
which
them
of
used
aggregates
the
commercial
other
often
in
circular
obtain
by
material
\]/2ii^ch
washed
and
will be retained
first conical
100
13^
cases
Material
from
discharged into
of material
grading
3^
inch
through
and
a
be
perforations.
or
is
wdth
retained
It should
large percentage
mesh
be
inch
cloth
from
to
the
holes
1 inch
or
screen
which
in the
in
Wherever
3^
inch
must
tions
perfora-
having -^
material
a
lies between
material
remembered
the
should
screen
which
the
to
tions
Perfora-
diameter
last
To
3^
to that
round
inch
of the
by
concrete
screen.
1 inch
a
on
made
some
inch
}^
required
}4.^^d
screen
for
settlingtank.
a
pit.
same
desired.
output
^
and
largely
in different
aggregate
No.
product
wire
or
sized
from
as
perforations being
of
of
cases
a
"
are
screens
sand
a
of
generally give
screens
coarse
screen,
screen.
be
on
in most
are
size
properly
involves
very
frees
that
is due
found
metal
grading
construction
a
securing
parts of the
sheet
the
the
all
qualities. This
Cylindrical
frames,
governed
pass
in
vibrating
attaching perforated
in
not
are
different
or
results.
14:and
and
generally proven
types
desirable
Reciprocating
then
screens
preparation
great variety of material
and
next
the
gravity,reciprocating,
as
has
Experience
possessing all
better
TO
pressure,
materials
of
be classified
satisfactory as
pits
agitationin
tumbHng
in
can
rotary.
the
under
water
the
gravity screening plants
to
HOW
"
foreign matter.
Screens
and
with
and
rolhng
causes
BOOK
that
ranges
inch
unless
from
3^
3^ inch
to
3^
from
or
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
inch, as it
1
to
15
from
comes
in
be secured
pit, the foregoing grading cannot
the same
operation that produces the coarse
gate
aggre-
the
3^
ranging from
refer
mesh
over
retained
material
to
frame
circular
a
the
under
material
the
used
screens
on
a
the
when
large scale
the hand-screen
aggregate
it is set and
the
screen
screenings
used
are
sizing as would
The
be
times
at
apply
removed
particulartrouble
to
with
cement
a
very
from
will
as
by
if the
in
may
by
the
be
washing
sometimes
instead
angle
made
are
coming
or
kinds
which
enough.
in
of
stone
place of sand.
have
the
In
same
sand.
considered
certain
dust
as
otherwise.
or
encountered
contact
of
aggregates
as
with
kinds
powder which
in
at
slow
particles themselves
fine dust
large
some
over
pass
natural
screenings, especially from
is that
and
sand
Various
particles which
should
in
obtained
those
to
screenings should
the
cases
the
openings
diameter
used
been
have
construction.
concrete
such
to
speed of travel
materials
Many
that
seen
3^ inch mesh
a
cause
through
pass
of such
made
be
can
to
test.
readily be
It will
through them,
screening materials
or
conforming
horizontal
a
perforations or
be
must
in
wire
diameter.
enough
to
washing
produce materials
through
by hand
3^ inch
openings; therefore
suitable
held
are
tions
specifica-
3^ inch
a
is screened
the material
being shaken
screen
on
of
Testing-screens of this kind
positionwhen
When
13^2inch.
to
with
stone
stone,
lime-
of
are
A
coated
prevents
tliom
the
and
sojiictiiiii's causes
mass
in the
kinds
of
coiisidci'ahlc
mixer.
The
is encountered
a
number
of
and
among
between
be drawn.
inch
one
these
smaller
spaces
in which
These
circles
with
sand
to the
voids
spaces
smaller
circles
circles have
been
still will be
be
drawn.
to
the
in their bulk.
It
lowest
or
quantity of smaller particles
reduce
to
as
percentage.
best
by the
air spaces
be
After
or
they have
grading possible,the
filled by
are
voids
these
using the
proper
of cement.
amount
Various
or
any
bulk
reduced
so
are
grading of the materials
the
to the
in the
air spaces
been
that
respect
contained
there
correspond
air spaces
or
draw
we
ing
diameter, touch-
circles maj^
spaces
for
therefore,that the largerparticlespredominate
and
such
the
If
there
ones,
still smaller
the voids
is necessary,
in
in which
touching the larger
pebbles and
some
reason
way.
that
seen
drawn
and
The
graded.
them
After
of
ho washed.
should
simple
a
another, it will be
one
may
in
circles,
say,
(lie
of
AGGREGATES
be well
be illustrated
can
TO
If this trouble
aggregates.
OF
Aggregates should
this
liolcls true
the aggregates
GRADING
HOW
"
"hailing uj)"
same
limestone
coarse
BOOK
/.WNSOME
THE
1()
volume
bulk
elaborate
tests
of
tests
ma}^
may
be made
of voids
material.
are
be
or
For
necessary.
made
as
to determine
air spaces
the quantity
contained
in
great precision rather
Fairly accurate
follows:
minations
deter-
THE
is
of
fine particles down
vessel
is level
overflow
of
the
voids
vertical sides.
with
other
Fill
the
vessel of water
surface
total
a
the
the vessel.
This
Proceed
=
vessels
^=
more
be
above
as
and
empt}^
into
the
the
vessel
added;
necessary
one
empty
sand
the
by the
gives
100
Say
have
we
operation
the top of
below
of voids
cent
start
and
containing the
third
voids,
dip
some
one
with
of
then
Dip
voids
water
sand
will have
water
third
sand
amount
If the
it
back
a
full
the
the
pour
smallest
more
of the
from
water
a
of the
one
full of water.
of the
one
if less than
to
and
working with
until it is level full of sand.
than
]\Ieasure
divided
per
when
other
third
one
the
a
the
on
w^ater.
multiplied by
indicate
the
33^%.
exactly
little less than
water
until it appears
distance
the
from
water
is six inches
aggregate, but with
coarse
into
would
and
and
deep and after the above
of the water
100
of
cent
water
in the aggregate.
the surface
1^times
voids
the
top of the vessel
This
of voids
cent
weight
net
and
spillany
to
not
water.
vessel 18 inches
vessel
Dip
depth of the vessel and
the per
all the
flat bottoms
with
aggregate.
between
of the
and
water
level full with
into the other
distance
the
equation, per
vessels
one
surface,being careful
the
When
METHOD
similar
two
the
TO
^x--
SECOND
Procure
and
is obtained
water
times
100
=
sand
above, from
as
minimum.
a
HOW
"
wiped off, the
carefull}'
and
determined
to
full of
of water
sand
BOOK
RAXSOMK
of
has
to
might be
into
the
HOW
other
vessel.
With
that
is
water
no
vessel into the
started
the
at
two
vessels.
vessel
the
with
many
small
the
aggregate
do
the
this
the
per
hundred
times
the
result
number
of
required
sand
small
than
using
one
you
the
number,
pour
the
sand
able
are
bringing
water
of water
to
started
with
the
vessel
the water
to
may
to
the
this; or
too
to
one
the
to
determine
the
to
of water
measures
much
be
place
times
100
case
vessel
with
on
water, dip
Note
of
few
less
fill the
sand
hand
without
manv
If
without
measures
you
enough
out
sel,
ves-
water.
enough
sand
how
a
the
the other
filled with
overflow.
add
to
in
number
vessel,say
into
voids
the
given
required
surface
if
a
slowly
fill the
to
do
equal
added
water
in the
third
then
to
by dividing
in this
first
of water
measures
level full of
measures
is
or,
this method
fine aggregate
or
into
poured
again
of small
how
note
voids.
=
When
of
vessel;
"^, "1^= 331%
is
obtained
measures
fillthe
to
be
of voids
cent
the number
by
aggregate
then
requires thirty small
the
small
the water, fill
out
can
Say,
of water
measures
Empty
vessel
then
"
small
of water
it
and
Measure
aggregate, and
measures
Suppose
water.
ninety
until
all the water
the vessel.
capacity of
vessel level full.
to fill the
one
METHOD
the
it takes
example,
from
above.
THIRD
for
the end
taken
be
water
that
exactly as
Carefully measure
19
must
care
lost; always dip
other, so
voids
figurefor
this method
is in
with
CONCRETE
USE
TO
AND
MAKE
so
have
that
causing
measui-es
of
RANSOM
THE
20
wiiirv
slar((Hl
you
dipped
or
pointed
willi and
and
out
tlie per
the
and
vessel
care
with
the
which
the
voids
deciding upon
little more
than
that
the
that
cent
of
half cubic
in
|^.
accurate, but
most
with
the others,
depending
is done.
should
At
be
the
upon
least three
and
made
of cement
and
cement
feet of
be mixed
the
a
mixture
in mind
that
cement
be
the
hand
contains
two
of
if the
with
and
four
will make
half
one
cubic
a
cubic
feet of
This
thirty-three
(one sack,
two
gravel or
voids, the mixture
a
little
a
stone.
foot of cement
be mixed
a
in the sand
must
gravel or
at
can
mortar
in the
sand, and
cent
with
sand
cubic
voids, one
and
bear
sufficient to fillthe voids
if the sand
forty-fiveper
Such
determining voids
per
times
100
requires that
ninety-four pounds)
can
net
of
mixture
a
fillthe voids
than
means
per
work
let the
the
be obtained
determination
for
and
B.
equal
cent
first is the
may
sand
of
Then
for
first-class concrete
more
A.
Fill the vessel
averaged.
When
and
water
of the
determinations
result
with
methods
approximate results
value
weight
equal
aggregate
the
net
^'WilF
above
the
coarse
as
determining voids applies
equal
water
equals 100
Of
of
let the
same
weight of the
voids
voids
of
cent
only and is probably the best.
sand
Fill
luUivd
wviv
METHOD
following method
with
iiian}^
TO
HOW
"
out.
sand
to
how
obtain
FOURTH
The
BOOK
K
of
and
stone
one
one
has
sack
feet of sand
gravel or
good concrete, but
stone.
if
an
MAKE
USE
TO
HOW
AND
exceptionally strong, dense
mixture
be
sack
one
concrete
feet of
kinds
them
pebbles
have
order
as
desired, the
to
feet of sand
rock
and
work.
preference in which
stand.
principal kinds
in which
The
that
they
substitutes
Different
certain
the
to
as
used
following table gives the
have
been
considered, in the
generally valued
are
for
ties
authori-
materials
:
Trap Rock
100
Granite
90
Quartz Gravel
Hard
and
stone.
or
or
in concrete
aggregates
should
"
given slightlyvarying opinions
of
order
is
AGGREGATES
of stone
used
are
cubic
to two
MISCELLANEOUS
Various
21
aggregates referred
of cement
cubic
three
the
with
"
CONCRETE
90
.......
Limestone
80
Soft Limestone
75
......
Slag
75
Slate
60
Shale
55
Cinder
50
Just
why slate and
hard
to
form
that
as
makes
concrete
them
sand-cement
The
materials
particles are
regardless of how
mortar
to
of these
be considered
are
particularlyunsuited
aggregate.
elongated, and
l)(^ uvddv
both
since
say,
shale should
of
a
well mixed
concix^lc^
for
it is
of
a
use
flat and
with
the
mixtuix^, c.'uinof
(l(Mis(^ ("()n(*r(M(\
pr()(lu(*(^
i\
\jI\\v \i
s\s
THE
22
that
show
seem
to
than
credited
iron
above
table.
blast furnace
FIRE
with
of
will have
borne
be
in
high heat.
the
not
are
intense
as
their
the
nection
con-
itself
very
will not
guard
safe-
of which
of
it is
fire-resisting
a
subjected
to
of
nature
high heat, and
Some
rock
is
regarded
and
pavements
or
crack.
converted
as
breaks
into
Some
lime,
stone.
b}'burning limeone
into
of
ideal
the
shapes that
should
used
to
which
from
the
nature
of
heavy traffic and inipact,
be tough and wear
resisting.
subjected
aggregates
are
to burst
by
concrete.
and
are
easily be affected
may
knows, is made
It is hard,
roads
Cinders
one
every
dense
use
cement
the very
become
soft and
are
aggregates.
For
in
great fire-
a
alone
aggregates
it tends
because
Trap
a
the
good fire-resisting
qualities.
heat
which,
is
slag,from
though hard,
limestones
use
cement.
good fire-resisting
aggregates.
gravels have
Granite,
and
subjected to
themselves
been
origin,have
therefore
make
in
Trap rock and
nature.
are
if the
concrete
composed
their
the cement
However,
for
mind
the
has been
of manufacture
ca^e
excessive
the
Concrete
aggregates.
Ust
AGGREGATES
resistingmaterial, partly because
in process
the
upon
OF
thing should
unsuited
they contain
RESISTANCE
Another
in the
up
operations in smelting
(juantity of free chemicals
injurious effect these
TO
Slag in this
because
aggregate
HOW
-^^
higher
Nearly all other slags are
ore.
concrete
as
BOOK
iAag stands
in the
slag from
means
SOME
RAX
to
some
extent
in concrete
work
reinforced
some
make
a
CONCRETE
than
floors.
ash
ever,
Cinders, how-
Whenever
concrete.
porous
23
strength is required, as
concrete
free from
be
should
USE
TO
lightnessrather
where
in
HOW
AND
MAKE
and
used
they
particlesof unburned
coal.
size of
maximum
The
AGGREGATES
OF
SIZE
by the thickness
of the section
Aggregate particlesshould
of the wall
the thickness
of
maximum
best.
In
the
and
the
containing
everywhere adhere
well
bond
or
MIXING
A
used
water
quality
from
good rule
very
to
for
contain
drinking
acid
or
a
whitish
be
probably
be
used,
embedded
in
cannot
to
large particles of
too
around
reinforcing and
to it.
observe
concrete
water.
animal
alkali.
in connection
it be
is that
It should
matter,
If water
used, the result is usually a
of
is
WATER
to
mixing
vegetable and
being placed. A
dimension
must
half
large particles. It is difficult
settle
to
aggregate
such
used.
position of such reinforcingprevent
of such
use
concrete
cause
section
or
reinforcingthat
the concrete
in which
always be less than
this maximum
cases
some
the
because
third
one
is determined
aggregate
coarse
be
and
wdth
equal in
clean, free
should
not
containing alkali
formation
on
is
the concrete
deposit calUnl efIl()r(\scenco. If alkali is
present in excessive
strength of the
quantitiesit
concrete.
may
attVct the iinal
THE
24
USUAL
work
after determinations
or
otherwise
been
make
be
mixture
the
work
such
made
dense
as
voids
Proportioning is ordinarilydone
which
is
used
mixtures
the commonest
w^ork.
depending
necessary,
grading of the materials
is lack of
or
the
follows
commonly
The
used
and
the
example, if there
pebbles,
or
water-tight, then
1 :2
a
in certain
: 4.
A
classes
a
table of
of w^ork
on
I'A'.VA Mixture
which
wearing
case
34
to
course
of two-course
trucking, such
warehouses,
The
MIXTURES
for
wearing
heavy
from
proportions is
of work
RECOMMENDED
OF
Mixture
to
be
crete
con-
:
TABLE
1:1:1
must
safer than
is much
mixture
mixtures
work
of
mixture,
1:2:4
of
On
One
reinforced
For
as
followed.
not
uniformity in grading of the sand
both, and
1:2:3
is the
used.
strong
by volume.
the kind
upon
sary
neces-
air spaces.
or
are
modification
Some
is
and
for most
largely employed
laboratory
a
which
or
methods
exact
in
quantitiesof each
used,
possible,that is,as free from
nmch
is proportioned
the exact
ingredient w^hich should
to
TO
MIXTURES
concrete
have
ascertain
to
HOW
"
METHODS
accurate
very
BOOK
CONCRETE
PROPORTIONING
For
SOME
RAN
the
as
floors
in
occurs
subject
factories,
loading platforms, etc.
for
course
of two-course
pebbles
}"2inch.
or
crushed
pavements,
stone
is
in
graded
HAN
THE
20
SOME
BOOK
HOW
"
TO
pits,dipping vats, hog wallows.
Manure
Backing of
Base
block.
concrete
road, street, and
of two-course
1:2"^:5 Mixture
for
above
Walls
alley pavements.
ground which
have
to
arc
stucco
finish.
Base
of
barnyard
sidewalks, feeding floors,
two-course
and
pavements,
plain
two-course
crete
con-
floors.
and
Abutments
wing walls
of
bridges and
verts,
cul-
dams, small retaining walls.
and
walls
Basement
conditions
1:3 :G Mixture
for small
essential.
engines.
1:13^ Mixture
large gravity retaining
as
walls,heavy foundations
Inside
not
ordinary
for
concrete, such
Mass
for
water-tightness is
where
Foundations
foundations
and
footings.
for
plastering of
required, and
walls, where
ground when
necessary
against the
tanks, silos,and
water
to
for
bin
facing walls below
afford
additional
tection
pro-
of moisture.
entrance
plasteringof gravity retaining walls.
Back
1 : 2 Mixture
for
Scratch
coat
exterior
of
plaster (cement and
stucco).
Facing l)lock and
Wearing
only
course
to
similar
concrete
of two-course
products.
jected
walks, floors sub-
lightloads,barnyard pavements,
etc.
AND
MAKE
HOW
1:23/^Mixture
TO
1:3
and
posts when
Mixture
CONCRETE
27
for
Intermediate
Fence
USE
finish stucco
coats.
aggregate is
coarse
not
used.
for
Concrete
block
when
coarse
aggregate
is not
used.
Concrete
brick.
Concrete
drain
is not
Ornamental
QUANTITIES
VARIOUS
tile and
pipe
when
coarse
gate
aggre-
used.
concrete
OF
products.
MATERIALS
MIXTURES
AND
CONCRETE
REQUIRED
OF
MORTAR
FOR
THE
28
SOME
1^AN
MIXING
However,
because
machine
more
uniformly
kinds
of concrete
Continuous
into
which
fed and
of mixed
well
which
is
good,
but
Difference
in
be
to
quantities
machines
in
of mixer
each
having
reference
it is most
to
its
own
some
suitable.
the
hopper
therefore
as
in
the
another
found
and
mixers
the
in
the
all of the
are
highest class
size
Every
Ransome
particular merits
particular class
the
of materials
supply
as
crete
con-
ured
separately meas-
dumped
are
Ransome
be
may
sand,
types of mixers.
particular field.
their
kind
batch
recognized
are
or
are
uniform.
materials
is put in the machine.
type and
tinuous
con-
mixers
invariably specify that
before
mixing completed
stream
varying quantities
cause
be
those
of the
in the
in the bin
into which
of
idea
practice such
of the
one
mixer
mixers.
MIXERS
almost
in
a
means
The
these
continuously
are
discharged, and
will not
now
batch
in moisture
BATCH
mixed
many
uninterrupted
an
of the cement
resulting concrete
batch
is
discharged.
materials
be
are
implies,are
materials
there
concrete
Engineers
produce
to
There
and
no
involved, and
is certain
name
contained, is likelyto
of the
This
the
as
separate
packing
as
labor
continuous
as
which
reliable.
not
of the
is
mixing
mixers, but broadly speaking
the
mixer
TO
machine.
or
hand
concrete.
mixers,
from
hand
today
mixing
mixed
classified
be
may
h}'
size
any
of because
longer thought
also
either
jobs of
on
JJOW
"
CONCRETE
is mixed
Concrete
BOOK
with
of work
of
and
line,
special
for which
MAKE
AND
and
convenient
most
pebbles
box
or
frame
or
into
this box
the
to
type
some
measuring
determine
water
then
one
may
the
as
resulting in
must
aggregates
to
in
adjust
much
In
times
was
the present time
the
produce
correct
a
dry
used
of
of
same
for
uniform
each
sistency.
con-
the
sand
varies
be
used,
it then
volume
the
are
the
used
be
if
or
comes
beused
of water
MIXTURES
is mixed
either
greatest fault of
In later
concrete.
mixtures.
of water
amount
water
concrete
of
For
''quaky"
can
whoi'o
is that
tlie section
and
is too
classes
most
sometimes
wet
concrete
days
that
or
too
of water
just the right amount
the fault is concrete
concrete
Less
foundation
is
past the
actually sloppy
work
OF
concrete
dry. Rarely
construction
"
to
batch.
far too
used.
the
for
amount
content
concrete
CONSISTENCY
too
Otherwise
the
being
may
moisture
fill
then
required consistency,
moisture
of water
feet
It is well
used.
aggregates
and
quality
necessary
or
level.
or
the
produce
to
porous
By
and
test batches
two
or
volume
for each
wheelbarrow
metal
required depth
If the
more
of cubic
be
thus
batch,
definite number
a
bottomless
a
aggregates
long
measured
set
particularly devised
by
in
same
is to
stone
sand
the
measuring
of wheelbarrow
necessary
as
broken
a
of
way
holding
of material
29
MATERIALS
MEASURING
The
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
which
at
wet
of
will
sistency.
jelly-likecon-
be
uSed
is massive
for
or
rilE
80
whoro
ikhhI
wall
the
NAXSOME
BOOK
be
not
HOW
"
TO
wator-ti^ht, but
quaky consistency is preferablewherever
tlie
possible to
it.
use
OF
QUANTITY
WATER
In hand
mixing, batches should not be larger than
the platform, nor
on
conveniently mixed
be
can
should
the batches
within
thirty minutes
essential
the
certain
with
make
the
differences
the
have
used
other
gives
mix
which
work.
is too
For
strength. This
within
the output
The
exact
short
of
time
to
effect
have
on
The
concrete.
of maximum
stiff to be
veniently
con-
pipe
sewer
profitableoutput
than
that
hence
to
which
permits molds
and
are
to
be
increases
plant.
amount
of
strength of
maximum
method
of the
a
are
example, in plants
tile,and
water
the
w^ater
concrete
containing less
removed
be added
to
as
properties of
block, drain
gives maximum
little
a
of water
amount
for
mix
when
cement
may
quantity of
which
in most
concrete
a
the
plastic. There
more
manufactured, it is desirable
use
accomplish
working,
mixtures, and
a
of
one
opinions that engineers and
in the
in
is
A
necessary
to the correct
as
in concrete
strength results
of
ease
Uttle
the
/of water
where
For
a
strength and
amount
to
placed
mixture.
concrete
a
quantity
mass
variations
which
Water
mixing.
necessary
water.
between
contractors
used
is
of the best
excess
be
after
be
can
change that takes place in the
combined
to
larger than
ingredients of
quantity
chemical
in
be
ever
handling and
water
concrete
for
necessary
varies
placing
with
concrete.
the
the
The
MAKE
and
the size and
and
of cement
somewhat
required
water
and
state
due
the
to
fact
will
a
have
in the
in
quaky,
but
such
to
better
be
handled
on
to
the
a
or
wdll be
a
is
is
and
physical
An
mation
approxi-
vary.
decision
to
mixture
for any
produce
quantity
The
be
in
given
Some
are
should
the
the sand-cement
quaky
the
to
or
causes
the
of water
moi-tai*.
which
which
pebbles
to
of
require
the
by
sloppy consistency
one
water
foot
concrete
quantity
as
jelly-like
cubic
one
described
the
required
by using
of
uses
described, perhaps,
shovel
of water
obtained
gallon
one
than
never
a
for
soft
are
water
content
way.
of
place.
mixtures
from
help
usually
can
wetter
as
of water
aggregates
stated
proportion
concrete
gate
aggre-
required
aggregates
moisture
slightlydifferent
consistency
that
stone
table.
accompanying
Others
that
of the
characteristics
that
crushed
from
If the
specificquantity
a
and
The
in attempting
principaldifficulty
The
necessary.
of the aggregates
greater quantity of
somewhat
a
porous
quantity
mixture, providing the aggregates
cement
similarlygraded.
are
in
sand
a
the
of the aggregates.
greatly different
is not
sand
for
31
with
grading
the nature
on
CONCRETE
will vary
of water
quantity
proper
USE
TO
HOW
AND
word
be
may
when
separate
THE
32
ILWSOME
OF
TIME
( )t'late years
tiiui^ of
the
have
the
of
time
of the
strength
is
mixing with
to
all concrete
one
half minutes
a
few
proved
sacrifice of
is
than
water
Before
needed
be
the
given
a
materials
amount
of
revolved
for
of water
by
for each
and
one
Frequently
quired
re-
at
by using
a
more
to
Then
dry.
added
be
or
required
the
and
drum
the
attached
to
measured
a
added
be
may
thoroughly
specificnumber
a
have
of which
batch
in the drum
materials
revolutions
few
should
means
for
obtained
often
to the
]\Iany mixers
tank
question,
produce the
concrete
specifiedtime
a
there
reducing the time of mixing.
while
water
revolutions.
water
and
is added
water
it should
mix
strength of the
in
less.
will
the
be devoted
can
or
drum
consistency, which
ing
increas-
course
if mixed
minute
of the
turns
more
Of
the work
to
one
trend.
greatly influences
very
be better
than
the
lusi\ cly that
cone
economy
would
increase
desirable
very
length of time which
true
but
a
to
resulting concrete.
limit to the
a
To
MIXING
is
mixing
HOW
"
tendency has been
niixin^i:. This
Experiments
BOOK
of
them
a
quantity
the
to
dry
materials.
C'are should
in
drum
the
as
be taken
than
drum.
mixing
proper
its volume
in
the batch
]\Iany
capacitj\
drum
the
third
one
of
the
contractors
They
place
recommended
than
AATien
to
not
do
not
turers,
manufac-
b}^ the
then
cannot
should
not
realize
plished.
accom-
represent
more
capacit}^of the
cubic
fail to
be
completely mixed
has been
total
materials
more
understand
how
much
mixer
greater
THE
34
other
circular
metal
forms
reference
There
struct
forms.
various
of which
most
Because
structures
forms
are
used
are
w^here
work
that
fact
rarely, if
ever,
often
than
desired,and
it is also advisable
the forms
they
of
portions
covered
different
inside with
thin
sheet
OF
siveness,and
hence
forms
inch
to
tw^o
the
to
posts
four
three
or
which
inches,tw^o by
six
brought
it has
forms
upon
hardened
and
pine,
Norway
spruce,
most
generally used
Short
leaf
pine
spruce
can
be
material
as
it is
to
use
tough
and
lined
its
work,
or
mas-
to be supported,
of concrete
varjdng
from
This
one
refers
Braces, studs,
be
may
any
the loads
or
the concrete
and
by
two
similar
sions
dimen-
strains that will
in
place before
self-supporting.
and
southern
economical
obtained
under
of the
is nailed
also makes
for
similar
are
in thickness.
become
the life of
FORMS
inches,or
by
finish is
steel.
itself.
sheathing
times
Some-
repeatedly on
of lumber
sheathing
concrete
surface
WOOD
inches
tems,
sys-
metal
forms.
prolong
to
the volume
that will w^ithstand
be
metal
nature
made
are
form
to
the
upon
form
two
buildings, they
REQUIREMENTS
Depending
mentioned.
exactly alike,wood
be used
may
special
involve
no
exceptionallysmooth
an
so
and
patented
the
more
above
TO
t\^pes of
with
types of so-called
are
of
devised
of
HOW
"
various
are
market
\\\c classes
also
BOOK
there
arcs,
the
on
to
are
RANSOME
good
it
is
form
pine
form
lumbers.
sheathing.
probably
the
studs, braces, joists,and
bending
strains.
the
are
Hemlock
If
best
posts,
is too
rehable
not
such
work
such
be
from
hidden
is better
swell and
bulge
it will shrink
will leak
placed.
Lumber
dressed
be
sometimes
that
sheathing
otherwise
of forms
making
and
each
the
be
and
as
lumber
without
boards.
there
nailed
Beveled
latter
to
which
water
is
concrete
and
edges
it is very
studs
irregularand
very
is green
of uniform
the
will
after forms
sides
because
be
finish
Air-seasoned
the
both
is
also because
The
when
boards
portant
im-
ness;
thick-
the
this
inside
larity
irregu-
in
the
concrete
Tongued
and
grooved
materials
used
for form
reproduced
Beveled
if the
other
because
mill
will be
is known
sheathing.
because
when
it unsightly.
what
surface
through
out
necessary,
lumber
planed
drying out,
on
surface
if the lumber
cracks
opening
the
importance.
concrete
dried.
in
quickly
cement
will
but
joints,while
at
carrying
face
the
smoother
kiln
than
very
thus
made^
is of
the concrete
on
imperfections,
will stick less to the forms.
the concrete
lumber
where
of the
be secured
can
from
work
view,
because
best
always
may
difficult to
too
knots, especiallywhere
will do
lumber
free
finished
the
of
Unplaned
is to
and
shakes, rot,
as
be
should
lumber
appearance
are
and
economically.
Form
that
35
sphts easily,so is
The hard woods,
high priced
too
are
and
work.
frame
for heavy
oak,
as
CONCRETE
sheathing
for
grained
coarse
USE
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
shiplap are
edge
stock
swells
the
often
its
has
edges
causing warping
edge
is less waste
stuff is
in
surface,
advantages,
will
or
slip past
bulging
of
usually cheaper,
manufacturing
at
the
THE
:;(i
SAFE
LOAD
and
Posts
and
strong
FOR
studs
stiff
maximum
and
for
enough
safe load
hold
to
sections
is
given
and
load
per
post
the
fourth
of the
that
load
side post carries
a
TABLE
Safe
Maximum
Example
Flat
Load
of
an
ported,
sup-
It should
over
side post and
a
half the load
one
be
of
posts, the
post carries
by
The
lengths
to
of
and
length
determined.
corner
carried
the
forms
number
readily be
remembered
hne
of concrete.
and
concrete
l)e
must
in true
Knowing
economical
can
forms
posts of various
below.
TO
POSTS
them
load
the
HOW
"
OR
supporting
for wood
post, total weight of
be
STUDS
])ro\'ont sagging under
to
HOOK
UASSOME
one
that
a
inside post.
I
in Pounds
for
Wood
Colimms
:
slab
14
feet
by
17
feet
approximately 60,000 pounds,
economically
in four
rows
posts, 8 side posts, and
16
of 4.
8
inches, weighing
posts
There
4 inside
be
can
spaced
will be 4
posts
"
16
ner
cor-
posts.
4
posts
corner
8 side
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
posts
load
carry
load
Maximum
Length of post
the table
=
of 4 inside posts
load
of 4 inside posts
post=^^^= 6,666
per
=
4
=
4
lb.
6 feet 0 inches.
find
we
of less than
this size will be
1
9
4 inch
by
4
one
post 6 feet
safely a load of 8,800 pounds.
carry
timbers
no
37
posts of equal load
Number
long will
CONCRETE
of 1 inside post
load
carry
4 inside posts carry
From
USE
by
4
4 inches
should
Since
be
used,
adopted.
ECONOMICALLY
FORMS
PLANNING
Considerable
in form
economy
work
results
from
carefullyplanning the forms before cutting lumber.
be planned that
units can
will serve
Often
form
repeated
the
than
use
similar
on
portions of
first made.
for which
one
in
final economy.
be
cutting may
and
ends
planned
so
on
that
hang
to
the
job.
them
together, less damage
when
knocked
Often
instead
apart than
can
screws
bo
used
forms
to
done
to
tightly nailed
to
decided
any
are
hold
lumber
together.
advantage
of nails.
Bolts, clamps, and
be
if
be used
necessary
will be
little
causing
Also, if the
nails will be
few
but
lengths can
without
over
thought
fore-
will therefore
work
some
required. Stock
allowed
inconvenience
For
such
Any
given the planning of forms
result
other
structures
used
permanent
on
some
various
types
kinds
of
of forms, Ihus
fastenings entirely
ties
can
making
unnecessary.
also
any
Such
RAX
THE
38
devices
hist
they
where
The
longer.
for other
work
BOOK
used
make
form
the hunber
or
and
job.
thus
often
results
with
reducing
from
the
bled
reassem-
on
a
ber
num-
of form
cost
in concrete
form
allowing carpenters
work
concrete
use
TO
himber
be
can
of lumber
Waste
HOW
"
forms, serving repeated
each
on
be
can
forms
of structures
work
SOME
to
make
familiar
un-
the forms.
For
important jobs quite a different kind of carpenter
skill is required than is usually possessed by a carpenter
experience has
whose
throughout
built
structures
be
designed
lumber
avoid
to
be
can
that
so
used
largeh'of
or
The
that
forms
and
of
most
Therefore
cutting
wood.
in mind
if not
some
again.
unnecessary
fine permanent
on
carpenter bears
experienced form
can
been
he
other
the
is careful
damage
to
lumber.
OF
COST
Straight
w^alls and
simplest tjpes
often
can
will
The
$25
times
can
S30
to
longer it
originalcost
As
to
S20
such
has
often
be
molded
be
must
in the
lumber
thousand
per
be used
will be
been
be
can
form
the
charged
mentioned,
brought
about
to
can
surface
lumber,
the cost of forms.
obtained
be
less the
economj^
many
similar
of
feet board
any
forms
are
concrete
cutting
more
the
thousand
per
If there
correspondingh' increase
normal
from
SIO
times
of Imnber.
measure
section, there
In
usually require
In normal
of forms.
to
irregularities,
which
flat floors
openings, offsets,projections, and
corners,
or
WORK
built for from
be
feet board
FORM
measure.
amount
one
of its
job.
in cost
by planning
for
of forms
unit sections
This
is
market
classes
building
both
the
used
used
of
forms
forms
for
permit
hollow
forms
and
on
walls.
those
are
box
culverts.
permit being
types mentioned, having
of the
to
as
set
should
be
a
GREASING
OR
are
other
and
up
either
time
be
thoroughly cleaned, and
be
wet
down
is
concrete
wiped
or
placed
in
faulty
of
form
were
not
position of
forms
will
not
the forms
should
used
should
again
immediately
BRACING
before
FORMS
work
arches.
while
the
This
their
is particularly
studs
Form
or
to
hold
the load
of
settlement
or
change
in
strong enough
gradual
had
have
construction.
of floors and
a
oil
kerosene, or
concrete
use
tion
posi-
slightly
or
oil and
before
concrete
true
concrete, and
after
with
OF
failures
down
wet
in
in them.
IMPORTANCE
Some
firmly braced
that
application, so
Each
FORMS
of linseed
mixture
stick to them.
supports
are
These
of unit
types
tion.
alteration,
construc-
unit
(monolithic) and
common
greased with
origin
of
types
reset
dimensions.
they
some
be
There
construction.
solid
WETTING
After
columns.
of
of
for structures
different
plain wall
silos,arches, sewers,
these are
adjustable so
for
Many
slabs,and
number
a
various
Among
in
especiallytrue
floor
beams,
the
39
as
the
on
CONCRETE
USE
possible,that is,panels which can
same
job in similar position without
far
so
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
concrete
early hardening produced
has
small
been
cracks
going
underin the
THE
40
as
the structure
followed.
has
BOOK
Tlie.se naturally increase
concrete.
soon
SOME
RAX
is
This
HOW
"
in
size
TO
just
as
loaded, and frequenth^ failure
leads
the
to
up
subject of form
removal.
FORM
failures
C'oncrete
removal
REMOVAL
have
It should
of forms.
hardens
concrete
weather
and
weather
is most
favorable
Cold
weather
depending
upon
the
to
place for
in
is
two
from
three
or
is to be
that
slabs,and
has
passed.
Forms
vertical walls
within
concrete
placed, but
slabs, and
week
or
not
that
several
are
which
be removed.
and
in cold
not
remove
to
in
warm
leave
forms
weather.
forms
often
It
from
floors,
as
forms
have
to
to
make
good judgment
upon
it
left in
certain
as
to
place for
that
be
that
able
the
a
crete
con-
to support
load
of any
be laid down
can
elapse before
forms
is something which
can
rings, roof
immediately after forms
specificrule
must
This
so
be
from
after the last
for arch
weight but
own
No
removed
be
twentj^-fourhours
placed
removed.
the time
weeks
maj^
weeks
onlj^its
be
twenty-four
to
necessary
properh^ hardened
may
example, it
arches, until all possibilityof failure
floors may
has
For
self-supporting,such
roof
was
hardening greatly,
piece of work
some
might be
different
warm
^Vloist,
in from
forms
particularlyimportant
concrete
that
rapid hardening of
retards
remove
it
the
to
early
too
remembered
degree of cold.
forty-eighthours
weather, while
be
conditions.
temperature
might be safe
from
quite differentlyunder
concrete.
to
resulted
determine.
may
for
safely
only experience
42
RAN
THE
is
placing ivinfoiviiig
in the
to
forms
with
accordance
reference
w
ith the
This
working.
the
to
which
from
is necessary
position that
that
the
the
several
when
blocked
them
position in
into
small
is
used
for
cubes
and
the
good,
Various
rods
when
that
is,steel
is used
are
they
and
used
square
other
projections molded
afterward
for the
be removed
filled with
be
for
a
crete,
reinforcing con-
rods,
forms.
twisted
deformed,
They
so
increase
the
There
square
and
types of round
to
have
in their surface, the
to
beneath
used
are
be
can
may
in various
manufactured.
deforming being
reinforcement
REINFORCEMENT
in different ways
are
deposited.
subsequently
AS
are
plain, round,
rods, aiKl various
placed
dis-
mortar.
materials
are
steel
be
shall not
they occupied
USED
that
forms
for
the
that
best
for it
concrete
blocks
rich sand-cement
MATERIALS
specifiedwill
placing
If wood
which
space
calculated
shown
which
should
"
pally
princi-
location
of concrete
they
purpose,
but
position by placing
proper
be left in the work.
same
the
is
reasons
"
important
concrete
mesh
up
in
it is very
the
and
in the
Therefore
work
laid in
Bars
size of steel
its purpose
plans.
reinforced
when
and
engineers^
contractor
engineer or designer has
quantity
accomplish
on
the
it is
exactly in
the
on
protection against fire,for example
because
is
the
for
TO
its location
work
concrete
HOW
"
that
sure
position shown
designers' plans
or
make
to
in the finished
occupy
BOOK
SOME
idea
mechanical
square
speak,
lugs
or
of this
bond
AND
MAKE
between
the
bars
when
be
may
has
concrete
spaded
steel.
also, when
for
the
the
consistency, and
bond
natural
square
rods
elastic
limit
square,
or
EXPANDED
Other
roof
work, such
various
for
deformed
used, and
great
cases
metals
fabrics.
have
unusual
providing the
substituted
is
net
sectional
equivalent
to
Generally speaking, the
consider
can
be
but
one
obtained
for
round,
obtain.
construction,
for stucco,
Most
of these
steel
that
of
if
of
or
In
use.
from
any
rods
or
the
bars,
materials
the
or
contractor
of
a
expanded
of the rods
average
forcing
rein-
properly
grade of reinforcing steel.
direct
the
metals, steel
range
area
are
sheet
merits
wide
substituted
or
FABRIC
of the fabrics
one
the
satisfactory
are
wall
expanded
some
be
can
or
largely for certain
ground work
a
work
easiest to
floor and
as
they also have
many
safeguard
is of correct
MESH
similar
materials
some
plain round
bars
or
AND
or
mesh, and
be;
workmanship
most
because
METAL
slabs, and
wire
used
or
advantage of the safe
types of reinforcingused
classes of
In
a
concrete
For
rods
square
commonly
most
are
and
take
to
steel.
the
twisted
it should
best.
the
concrete
enough
of
puddled
sufficientlyrich in cement,
is
between
is
safeguard
a
as
bars
If,however,
formed
de-
cases
are
be
in
against slight variations
placing concrete.
some
consistency of the
would
than
mechanically deformed
cases
and
bars,
reason
is drier
43
everywhere been
not
any
In
they
best, as
place around
to
concrete
and
concrete
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
steel
bars.
need
Tliis
coin-
THE
44
panies
building materials.
great variation
is
many
grades of it. Some
iron, while
others
in
be
regards brittleness.
as
realize
that
be
specificationswhich
This
should
for
strength from
inch.
stores, and
down
having other
that
requirements
CARE
contractor
the
be
square
bj^ hardware
shops,
in
strength or
is
using
a
make
should
the
meets
BEFORE
THE
the
on
rust
by brushing with
be
or
wire
then
USE
AND
JOB
other
or
should
placed all loose
and
tensile
builder
he
reinforcing materials
The
steel
in the
crete.
con-
job properly.
placed exactly where
bath
per
forth.
set
handled
Care
acid
or
material
Reinforcing steel
nmst
certain
a
REINFORCEMENT
OF
be
carried
tensile
particular qualitiesis called for in
ON
must
in
ranges
qualit\^for reinforcement
steel of
specificationthe
certain
of steel often
by engineering
Society for
70,000 pounds
to
desired
^^^len
concrete,
steel
certain
particularlyby local blacksmith
of the
not
are
55,000
stocks
The
Such
to
one
meet
laid
iron
reinforcing
societies,notably the American
Testing ^laterials.
are
cast
lead
should
been
have
that
quitp like wrought
conipared with
Reinforcing steel
concrete.
variety of
remembered
all steel is suitable
not
TO
steel,tha1" is,there
steel is
maj'
HOW
"
usual
the
should
It
there
a
BOOK
in
dealers
through
or
SOME
RAX
it
taken
mill
belongs
to
see
scale is removed
brushes
or
before
that
pickling in
washing thoroughly with
from
a
it
weak
clean
MAKE
AND
water;
also that
with
oil
TO
HOW
or
Various
types of machines
for
in
use
be bent
not
are
according
to
steel.
suddenly.
the market
on
cutting, bending, and
reinforcing bars
in part
or
and
concrete
should
Reinforcing material
wholly
foregoing will prevent
between
adhesion
or
of the
Any
grease.
good bond
covered
it is not
45
CONCRETE
USE
intended
otherwise
the
shaping
requirements of
members
of buildings
plans. Reinforcing for many
often furnished
that
so
are
completely assembled
they
has
be
can
readily
work
do
to
job, proper
and
the
on
in the
up
properly and
done
all been
set
job. If bars
the
should
machines
Bending
this leaves
be
but
be bent
must
be used
should
bending
forms.
little
the
on
for the purpose
done
steadily and
gradually, so that the steel is not subjected to sudden
jerks or twists that might tend
the
bent
point where
AND
to
fracture
weaken
is
concrete
sack
one
the
shows
pebbles (or crushed
of cement
a
the
ESTIMATING
requiring
following table
start
at
forcement
rein-
TABLES
EXAMPLES
convenience,
batches, each
sack
thus
CONCRETE
CONVENIENT
For
and
to
cubic
stone)
secure
to
usually mixed
of
feet
be
mixtures
The
cement.
of
mixed
of the
in
sand
with
and
one
different
The
last
proportions indicated in the first column.
in cubic
feet of
column
gives the resulting volume
compacted
mortar
or
concrete.
RANSOME
THE
TABLE
The
cement
BOOK
No.
cubic
requiredto make
feet of sand
HOW
TO
I
following table gives the number
and
"
and
of sacks
of
pebbles (orstone)
cubic yard (twentjxseven cubic
cated
concrete
proportioned as indi-
one
feet) of compacted
in first column.
TABLE
No.
II
MAKE
TO
HOW
AND
CONCRETE
USE
EXAMPLE
much
How
cement,
build
to
I
sand, and
feeding floor
a
47
pebbles will be
by
30
quired
re-
feet,5 inches
24
thick?
Multiplying the
(30 by 24) by the thickness
area
gives 300 cubic feet,and dividing this by 27
of
gives Hi cubic yards as the required volume
in feet
A
concrete.
Table
mixture.
II
sand, and
cubic
21
should
be
each
cubic
that
shows
required 7 sacks
this mixture
feet of
floor
one-course
of
of cement,
feet of
material
of
gravel
of
156
pebbles
in
a
pebbles in
a
cement
than
and
cubic
feet
cubic
9 cubic
yard,
there
27
cubic
of cement,
yards of pebbles
by
made
and
5 inches
from
at
one
sacks
of
sand
a
of
or
little less
yards of sand,
stone.
or
II
posts 3 by 3 inches
at
the
the
bottom, and
7 feet
long
sack
of cement?
How
much
top,
be
can
sand
pebbles will be needed?
Fence
shows
to
fence
many
cubic
4
are
need
cubic
6
EXAMPLE
5
78 sacks
233
feet
shall
we
stone.
or
quantities of
sand, and
of
As
stone.
or
barrel, and
barrels
20
How
the
gives
cubic
of cubic
required (eliminatingfractions)as
cement,
feet
(11i)
required
yard of
14
Multiplying these quantitiesby the number
yards
1:2:3
posts should
the volume
be 3vo
post, found
width
and
cubic
of
be of
a
feet.
1 :2:3
a
one-sack
The
mixture.
batch
volume
Table
I
of this mixture
of
one
concrete
by multiplying the length by the average
in feet (7 by I by \) is I cubic
breadth
RANSOME
TIIK
48
BOOK
,S/*"by
By (livi(lin"2;
foot.
1)0 niadc^
can
with
from
find
of
c(^ni(Mit
sack
]
(ail)ic fcn^t of
2
;, wo
sand
and
that
li
TO
IK )W
"
five posts
mixed
wlien
cubic
of
feet
])(4)bl(*s.
EXAMPLE
quantities of cement,
What
by
by
8
estimated
--
33^
as
foot; in
block
gives
will
blocks
100
As
the
concrete
block
II shows
that each
of cement,
22yV
feet of
cubic
feet of
of
feet.
|f
or
cubic
will be
being divided
cubic
by
27
Unfaced
yards.
feet
cubic
feet
6 foot
many
10 inches
1
of
Table
requires
sand, and
of
yards required (13^^)
required
as
sand, and
of
tities
quan-
8|
331
sacks
cubic
gravel.
How
a
of concrete
1:23/2-4mixture.
EXAMPLE
Use
usually
pebbles. Multiplying these
cubic
21
cement,
is
of concrete
gives the quantitiesof material
of
the
as
yard of this mixture
14
number
by the
of
cubic
5t\ sacks
or
13^2 cubic
be
foot
volume
|
be
feet,which
should
cubic
volume
little less than
a
thickness,all in
the air space
cent, the
per
393^2 cubic
or
blocks,each
concrete
f^)gives iy
solid block.
a
hollow
one
11
| by
of
contents
-'
unfaced
100
are
i)ebl)les
inches?
16
(I by
feet
sand, and
product of height, width,.and
The
in
make
to
necessary
8
III
a
high
1:2:3
sack
As
can
there
hog troughs
be made
mixture.
of
batch
are
IV
4
from
Table
1 barrel
I shows
this mixture
sacks
12 inches
in
1
to
wide
and
of cement?
the volume
3^^
be
barrel,
a
of
cubic
barrel
of
t;roun(l is "";onorally
dumped
in
the
spout
and
highway
of
c*[ise
of
means
1)}^
or
BOOK
])avoiiieiits and
for
i\)ncvv\v
SOME
RAN
THE
:"()
and
work
the concrete
Where
the
obtained
from
should
next
be
will not
spaded with
to form
faces
so
of aggregate
and
to
to the
next
come
denser, and
Where
the
back
of
means
metal
a
and
the
spading
or
a
either
of the
by hand
is withdrawn
the septum
by tamping
nearly the
as
by
or
accomplish this the
of
the
two
sistency
con-
same
possible.
as
be
should
through
than
6
or
taken
too
8
poor
to
not
great
feet
somew^hat
pebble pockets
the
a
dump
into
concrete
height. If it is dropped
materials
likely to
are
this
w^ill
w^ork has been
done
by placing
such
cases
elevators
in
falling and
cause
in the work.
concrete
concrete
through spouts.
are
up
run
smoother,
thoroughly unite wdth
be
Much
a
mortar
it w411
mixtures
separate
particles
it is necessary
consolidated
mass
best
more
concrete
coarse
used
Then
To
the forms
that
is
little in advance
w^ork
facing mixture.
Care
required
forms, the
are
septum.
center
should
so
water-tight surface.
that
so
be
of water.
form, thus producing
of the
center
street
placed,
fine sand-cement
the
surfacing mixtures
or
In
a
chisel-edged tool used
place the facing mixture
to
placed by
is
to force back
allow
hence
finish
some
as
or,
subgrade should
be robbed
with
contact
is
concrete
only surface
the
on
bucket.
the
thoroughly sprinkled before
TO
wheelbarrows
from
boom
highwa}^ pavement
that
floors
for
pavements,
a
HOW
"
towers,
the
In
concrete
dumped
into
a
AND
hopper
connected
flow down
of such
USE
with
the
make
placing is to
Spouts
are
made
to
the
that
they
with
range,
angle and
then
make
the
much
too
placing, but
plant frequently.
lie at
in the
should
therefore
flatter
angle
concrete
be
than
taken
will
This
consistency.
is
set
an
Spouting
Care
at
spouts
of the
about
usually
flat
sloppy.
concrete
carry
a
economical
and
to
never
wide
in the mixture
be
not
must
too
spout.
place permits rapid
the
too
cover
is used
water
travel
concrete
into
concrete
result
object
possible without
as
frequently
The
to
plant distribute
central
area
allowed
place.
of the central
the location
changing
an
51
and
spout
one
large
as
over
CONCRETE
the spout into
through
concrete
to
TO
HOW
MAKE
a
right
twenty-five
degrees.
Concrete
is also
Ransome
Concrete
pneumatic
has
placing
thus
places it with
practicallydoing
spading
or
machine
specialefficiencyin
and
Co.
Machinery
manufactures
it both
force at the
rightconsistency,
should
not
be
permit firmly consolidating it
should
the
previously placed. Nor
be
interrupted
has
two
Such
work,
conditions
which
not
to
is put
layers cannot
that
so
commenced
placed
the
of
tamping
placed in layersdeeper
will
placed
crete
con-
in the forms.
Concrete
placing
the
mixes
the need
with
away
a
which
for this purpose
that
The
air.
placed by compressed
be
made
it.
to
only
weaken
that
it but
case
thoroughly.
seams
are
sequently
sub-
is the
If such
pi'oduce construction
of
previously
before
unite
concrete
operation
concrete
harden
upon
with
than
in
the
(juilolikely
THE
52
be tlic
to
HANSOM
of
cause
E
BOOK
leakage. When
day,
for
scratching it with
with
the
the old concrete
with
thick
water, and
be
and
the
should
be
treated
have
before
to
as
work
CQncrete
any
be left
the
prevent
that has
construction
work
concrete
to
On
tank
embed
section
sheet iron half into the concrete
at
a
it is
Then
day.
roughened in the forms
it advisable
line of the
possible
concreting of tanks,
previously described.
found
center
mixture
a
wherever
some
However, on
suspend concreting each
should
as
of
washed
immediately
made
continuously the
to
work
mediatel
Im-
consistency of
mentioned.
necessary
good bond
a
painted with
being done
water-tight,so
seams
the
for
by
placed later.
about
of
reservoir walls,and
silos,
to
concrete
concrete.
on
carry
be
the
at
roughened
be well scrubbed
water
Arrangements
to
of the
be
continue
dis-
resuming concreting the surface
this
cream,
placing new^
is to
should
and
cement
should
stick to prepare
that
and
broom
a
forms
a
concrete
before
of
instance,the top
i)hiced in the
last
as
filled,
are
TO
to
necessary
concreting before forms
(Mid of the
HOW
"
work
and
some
along the
or
strip of tin
or
just placed, and half
exposed preparatory to being covered with concrete
this metal
the next day. Just before resuming work
well
strip as
with
the
as
the
creamy
old concrete
should
be
painted
paint previously
cement-water
mentioned.
PROTECTING
THE
Proper protection of
utmost
importance.
FINISHED
concrete
Concrete
after
WORK
placed
mixtures
is of the
may
have
MAKE
the
if the
out
in
or
other
any
combined
with
it, the
ingredientnecessary
people
some
exposed
water
necessary
to
and
walls
It is not
is to
so
retaining
material.
allowed
for
of
this
is
they
have
with
water.
Thin
needed
longer
wetting
than
down
road
floors
is
exposed.
work
protected by
be
concrete
wet
and
the
The
ideal
practice
ditions
con-
An
of
and
tion
illustra-
ponding
immediately
pavements
crete
con-
present
are
uniformly.
the
for
warmth
are
conditions
two
moisture-
kept
removed
a
or
after
to permit covering
sufficiently
sections
may
be
by leaving
forms
ordinarily
would
the
tion.
evaporaon
other
some
be
of
in
hardened
waU
of the
since such
be
should
most
seen
flooding concrete
by
area
naturally.
these
hardens
concrete
or
harden
When
being
much
is lost
should
it may
hardening
moisture.
the
to
the
process,
after
wind
work,
This
when
of
self-protecting.Floors, walks,
moist
days,
drying
a
surface
mass
on
earth
of
several
and
sun
like work
covering
was
the concrete
especially necessary
extent
and
pavements,
deprived
concrete
hardening
its
necessary
certain
a
dry
to
which
water
is not
considerable
where
is allowed
is
If
to
is
Protection
been
water-tightness.
suppose.
is left
placed
mixed
have
hardening, hence
of concrete
hardening
The
been
may
concrete
cement
to
strength and
will lack
and
lose the
way
53
have
may
consistency,
correct
properly placed, yet
as
CONCRETE
properly proportioned,
been
to
USE
TO
HOW
AND
entire
work
given part
in
place
Ix^
of
a
the
day
necessary
several
times
tection
pro-
or
two
and
daily.
RAN
THE
54
Silo and
tank
canvas
cloth
should
be
should
walls
HOW
"
same
this wet.
the
universal
almost
against
Until
and
contractors
of these
or
of
unjust
criticism
work
IN
in
practice that
makes
successful
The
warm
principlesunderlying
the
Sand
in cold
and
frost
is frost
frozen
not
or
a
are
their
plant
by taking
year
cold
observe
to
weather
just
of concrete
success
the
following:
used
stone
be
must
If there
materials.
in the materials
lumps
cerned.
con-
weather.
of frozen
lumps
itself is
work
broken
or
subject
they
must
be
out.
Sand
bulk
or
weather
pebbles
free from
thawed
months
concrete
done
will be
the
keep
now
concreting in
that
as
portance
full im-
WEATHER
in
done
work
their
will be
COLD
operating practicallytwelve
the
there
concrete
as
contractors
concrete
precautions
realize
that
far
as
CONCRETING
Many
others
protective measures
less concrete
more
water
is due
work
is finished.
work
as
a
practice of omitting tion
protecwind
immediately after the
and
sun
Stucco
Indeed
manner.
great deal of the hair-crackingin stucco
to
TO
protected by hanging
keeping
in the
protected
BOOK
be
and
them
over
SOME
and
must
pebbles
be
broken
or
Cement
heated.
of the materials
in
a
batch
stone
and
forms
only
of concrete
mixing
a
and
small
need
be heated.
It is necessary
to
mix, place, and
protect the
con-
AND
MAKE
that
so
before
the work
and
placed has
is
exposed
pebbles,
should
water
to
will
of
temperature
be
complete
stone, and
that
so
55
freezingtemperatures.
broken
or
heated
be
a
CONCRETE
early hardening
Crete,
Sand
USE
TO
HOW
the
mixing
when
concrete
seventy-five to eighty
degrees.
Adding
salt to the
common
freezing of
There
is
used, however,
strength of the
simply lowers
It does
warmth.
as
has
will
excess
an
hardened.
not
affect
Salt is not
concrete.
the
delays instead
final
desirable,as it
needed
is most
be
may
freezingpoint of the mixing
the
It
will prevent
water
quantity of salt which
supply what
not
that
concrete
limit to the
a
mixing
of hastens
water.
heat
"
and
hardening of
the concrete.
sands
Some
injured by
and
that
broken
or
none
will
are
not
ceeding
ex-
generally be
heating these materials.
be
must
stones
Temperature
degrees Fahrenheit
high enough when
so
heat.
much
too
150
Concrete
pebbles
of the
placed immediately after mixing,
will be lost before
heat
placing in
the forms.
Metal
warmed
frozen
and
forms
before
placing
work
warmed
by turning
wetting with
Unless
should
the
placed it will
hot
the
removed.
be
a
on
jet of
steam
and
Snow
concrete.
remaining
concrete
should
reinforcing steel
forms
ice and
from
Forms
against
l)e
ceding
pre-
l)e
can
them
oi*
by
water.
work
is
1()S(^inucii
inun(Mliat(^lyal"t(M'
jii'otcH'tcMl
of \\w
ing, sheathing, liousingin
Inwi.
Canvas
{\\v woi'Ik,oi*
hay
concm'or
straw
THE
50
BOOK
SOME
KAN
]MX)perly api)lied,will furnish
work.
oil
Small
used
are
enclosed
time.
which
Concrete
remains
for
stov^es
some
manders
sala-
or
heat
in
enough
to
necessary
for
load
when
its
for
afterward
some
is low^
temperature
time
soon
low
hardening
the
some
as
be
not
delay
may
low
will
not
though placed during
as
weather.
Concrete
which
been
completed
after
thawing
until
hardened.
concrete
as
Alternate
short
has
weather
will
again exposed
it is best
done
applies to
any
removed
be
during
cold
weather
work
too
regardless
particularl}^important
cold
in
concrete
has
thoroughly
is struck
carefullyexamined
of
a
with
ai)plied to the
merely frozen or
it
a
concrete
has
by thawing
a
hardened.
hammer
Work
will
hardened.
the water
jet,
should
The
forms.
removing
steam
When
it will often
concrete.
before
blowtorch,
resembles
closelj^
very
like i^roperly hardened
soften
that
concrete
not
concrete
freeze.
comparatively
at
must
sometimes
concrete
that
concrete
flame
freezing
to
it will not
thawing
Forms
is
that
if
protect the
to
seriouslydamage
work
has
concreting.
Frozen
ring
and
early hardening
permanently injured
placed, so
as
but
season,
frozen
it is not
hardened.
This
be
However,
soon
concrete
before
not
may
freezing
not
early.
freezes
out
intervals
from
be
the
may
placed
safe under
warmer
of
burning
supply
to
freeze the concrete
be
protection
TO
structures.
Temj^eratures
and
coke
or
HOW
"
or
hot
water
show
whether
If
frozen, heat
contained
in it.
it
is
will
which
been
has
Concrete
from
the
it should
TO
fillingsacks
to
be
mixed
of the
in
The
be
should
will retain
avoid
or
be
not
the
from
are
be
kept
formation
silt.
of
Freshly
disturbed.
surface
before
otherwise
or
will
is deposited
must
the
or
kept quiet.
deposited continuousl}^,all
removed
by pumping
be
water
sediment
should
concrete
material
concrete
always
possibleto
gate
cofferdams
the
under
the
the
opened
w^here
current
as
is not
concrete
should
level
when
so
deposited
into the water,
Sometimes
mass.
a
water
which
deposited
is
of the concrete
surface
pockets
dry enough
bucket
prevent
nearly
is to be
bj^ a receptaclelow^ered
discharged
used
the concrete
When
air
trap door
The
first
placed by
HOW
"
to the foundation.
through the water
This, however, is not good practice,as good
be secured
cannot
through different parts of
the foundation.
be
BOOK
lowered
were
bond
as
hWXSOME
THE
58
If the
sediment
of the
concrete
additional
resuming
concreting.
ACTION
WATER
SEA
OF
ON
CONCRETE
Opinions on this subject often seem
However, extensive investigationof
proved
that
the
if
depends largelj^,
defined
practice.
steel must
surface
with
so
it and
eventually
that
sea
start
cause
of
success
the
Concrete
be
must
subject
in
concrete
entirely,upon
not
be
contradictory.
will
oxidization
bursting
of
not
or
certain
w^ell
forcing
dense, reinfrom
in
come
rusting
the
water
sea
i)laced far enough
water
has
contact
which
concrete
the
on
will
the
MAKE
AND
Rich
face.
otherwise
rich
simultaneously
of
lacked
density,
marked
between
United
The
Paper
The
which
No.
yet
so,
failed; and
by
cement
and
Standards,
nologic
Tech-
it is also
from
used
was
cement
action
for
tures
struc-
of
will continue
which
structures
possible in
to
cement
almost
the
probably
are
of
users
are
when
phenomenon
attention
There
there
is a
material
such
and
or
not
universally believed
of the
the
rupture by
the
destroy
concrete.
The
have
laboratory
almost
cause
certain,though
that
it is the
sea
to
pletely
com-
briquette,or cube, or cylinder made
of
cating
indi-
entered
structures
water
withstood
have
disintegrationis
lime
of
cement
that
mortars
sulphate
more
marks,
water
cement
sea
artificial solutions
a
the concrete
evaporated.
the
and
for years,
water
do
with
construction.
which
served
ob-
12, says:
manufacturers
marine
that
integrat
dis-
been
has
caused
Bureau
attracted
first time
placed
Where
water
sea
the water
contact
has
low
and
disintegrationof
placed in
the
and
States
be
disintegrationwas
concrete
when
crystallizing
throughout,
should
proved
salts in the
lean
used
water
sea
that
also
high
the
of the
pores
in
concrete
59
concrete.
mass
generallybeen
it has
that
the
be
mixture
facing
with
CONCRETE
should
mixtures
a
USE
TO
HOW
of
of this
it is almost
reaction
of
with tlu^
magnesia of the sea water
cement
(formed during the setting)
the alumina
of the aluminates
of the cement,
THE
00
resultingin
and
The
cement
usually
are
that
both
chloride
Portland
be
can
both
sodium
rapidly
exerted
the
by
in its pores,
the
sufficient
a
and
crystals is brought
about
would
there
a
had.
were
structural
manner.
.
Properly
made
to
nesium
mag-
salt
any
of it is permitted
formation
and
by drying;
slow
the
of
as
tion,
crystallizaresults
same
in greater time, if slow
brick, and
stone,
disintegrated
are
other
in
the
.
Portland
totally inmiersed,
when
sea
.
to
forces
almost
rapid
a
by
Porous
materials
and
mechanical
obtained
larger scale, but
drying
same
be
drawn
silicates.
amount
formed
larger crystals are
being
the
of
crystallization
if
of little
concrete, if porous,
or
accumulate
to
on
is
water
sea
considered
attack
disintegratedby
of water.
chloride
mortar
cement
TO
lizes
crystal-
of the
though latelyattention
fact
which
of molecules
constituents
HOW
"
hydrated magnesia
sulpho-aluminate,
other
effect,
the
BOOK
of
large number
a
the
and
SOME
the formation
calcium
with
HAS
concrete,
cement
is
apparently
the chemical
decomposition by
ject
sub-
not
action
of
water.
AMiile
cement
chemical
these
tests
concrete
therefore
Marine
conditions
further
that
were
it is felt that
not
so
actual
and
reproduced,
investigationis
construction,in
the
as
satisfactorily
as
concrete,
Portland
tides resisted
between
exposed
decomposition
totally inunei^sed
service
indicated
far
desirable.
.
as
.
the concrete
.
MAKE
TO
HOW
AND
would
method
and
sets
in
undue
be
can
the
phere,
atmos-
without
while
water
sea
of
satisfactorily
in the
or
cerned,
con-
concrete
placed in the forms
to
exposure
the
as
in fresh water
is
problem
a
hardens
fil
water
materials, as
than
as
if it
the
be
to
permanently
water
sea
of
appear
rather
CONCRETE
surface
the
placed below
USE
being
deposited.
CONCRETE
FLOORS
GENERAL
Concrete
floors
they
floors
the
on
under
of pavement.
in
of the
order
or
must
too
dry.
be
gone
This
takes
wear
as
dust
spoken of.
the
too
wear,
In
of water
so
it
that
needed
not
being
dry
really is wIhmi
a
transform
as
the
surface.
resistent
causes
lacks
the
the cement
fii-m, diirahh^
uscmI.
i)i'()])(Mly
in
Repeated
off and
mixture
are
finishing
to the
so
or
times
finish.
fine cement
and
it will act
mixtures
through several
much
to
one
concrete
the first case,
comes
aggregate particles,
Too
observe
concrete
give the floor the desired
to
troweling draws
which
to
less.
or
more
requirements of
Usually the
wet
for
cause
objections to them
common
fundamental
construction.
operations
been
heavy traffic they '^dust"
of the
either too
aboveground.
are
instances
Dusting is the result of neglect
more
times
Some-
ground, and in others,as in
buildings,
have
One
complaint.
type
a
concrete
Concrete
is that
laid
are
reinforced
are
to
the
tity
quan-
cally,
chemihindtM"
THE
02
SOME
RAN
CAUSES
'I'he
("oiiiinon
OF
HOW
"
TO
DUSTING
of
causes
BOOK
dusting of
floors
concrete
:
are
Too
fine, dirty,or
otherwise
Too
little cement
in the
Too
much
and
allowed
time
unsuitable
sand.
mixture.
elapse between
to
mixing
finishing.
Troweling
several
at
intervals
after
hardening has
commenced.
The
of
use
Neglect
several
driers,and, finally
protect the
to
Like
other
either
one
two
heavy
to
floors
concrete
If the
course.
wear,
floors
building
In
pavements.
mixture
is used
1:3:5
a
top
mixture.
comes
Much
from
mixture
In
throughout.
is used
concrete
of the
other
trouble
concrete
a
for the
of
in
a
struction
con-
base, while
1:13^
1:2
or
work
two-course
mediatel
im-
not
is that
It should
will have
wheelbarrows.
1:2:3
two-course
consists
course
the
be
to
top
mixed
be
Other
coat
is
stiff
be
to
that follow^ed
placing the wearing course
after the base is placed. Another
of trouble
wet.
unlike
construction
one-course
wearing
or
are
In other respects
w^alks,roads, or
concrete
be
may
construction
one-course
is not
floor construction
finished.
FLOORS
hard, tough aggregates is best.
concrete
the
OF
pavements,
or
subjected
in
(keep it moist) for
days after concreting has been
TYPES
with
floor
cause
usually placed
enough
scraped from
so
the
that
the buckets
objections that
have
too
or
been
MAKE
advanced
USE
TO
HOW
AND
against
floors
Concrete
acids,but such floors
to
seems
is
concrete
have
kinds
is secured.
successfullyin dairies,
that
that
withstand
be
General
etc.
will
dense
as
of
none
injure
the
concrete
a
density of
crete
con-
floors,especiallyabove-
water-tight. The
water-tight construction
strong
inasmuch
maximum
Concrete
ground, should
spilled on
used
solutions
so
facturing
manu-
not
practically impervious,
floor if it is built
with
will
prove
ordinary industrial
do
to
are
factories,salt works,
creameries, soap
experience
are
G3
plants where
some
of various
solutions
them.
floors
concrete
disintegration in
their
CONCRETE
principles of
been
have
given
where.
else-
They consist merely of properly proportioned
mixtures
placed
protection of the
work
has
been
the
at
right consistency and
for several
concrete
to
principlesof
made
floor construction
Frequently
thin; also, they
too
poorly drained
are
beneath
the
apply
walks
concrete
frequently laid
soil,then upheaval, due
retained
water
WALKS
concrete
walks.
concrete
days after the
finished.
CONCRETE
Th^
proper
to
are
on
freezingof
slabs, will
mar
the
destroy it in part.
laid on
the ground
Walks, floors,and pavements
should be on a firmly compacted soil. If drainage is
of the
appearance
not
good,
may
be
must
merely
sub-base
a
necessary,
be
as
walk, if
drained
a
sump
not
of clean material
but
in such
cases
well compacted
the
by tile lines,otliorwise
to
collect and
sub-bas(^
it will act
I'otain water
which
THE
()4
will then
disastrous
as
i)1'()A'(^
BOOK
SOME
RAN
as
the
were
TO
HOW
"
whole
area
uiulrained.
Specifications for
streets, and
alleys,issued
Association,and
into
SO
details
so
by the Portland
obtainable
of several
these
floors^ walks, roads,
concrete
Concrete
be
Tanks
TANKS
Uquids but
similar
structures, all of w^hich
hold
to
are
water-tight. It is best that
be
continuous,
in
standard
to
prevent
leakage.
accordance
rules
Each
The
as
either
apply
to
the
for the
w^ater
be
forced
rein-
that
so
tank
storage
or
structure.
rectangular.
to the
practiceapply
or
no
quantity
such
cylindricalor
concrete
large
which
must
in any
w^ateringtrough
concrete
them
on
seams
capacity,
laid dow^n
principlesof
same
small
be
can
tank
w^ith its
be
can
concreting
construction
spacing of reinforcingmaterial
Tanks
can
of course,
liquids must,
be
cause
silos,grain bins,
as
tanks.
as
which
might
given here.
successfullyin constructing
of tanks, employed
not
tainers
only as con-
pockets, and
regarded
be
struction,
con-
most
for various
coal
cost,
of pavement
classes
details will not
is used
kinds
many
request without
on
CONCRETE
Cement
on
the
farm
standpipe
or
reservoir.
Properly proportioned mixtures, proper
consistency,careful spading in forms, and protection
of the
finished
work
are
all vital to
success.
Small
watering troughs and tanks, such as used on the
farm, usually have the inside faces battered or sloped
so
as
to
relieve pressure
from
ice if the water
should
RANSOM
THE
GO
E
BOOK
TO
HOW
"
TYPES
is
Concrete
used
construction,
two
depends
the
laying
cement
block
the
good
and
be
and
tank,
by
using
estimating
silos
reinforcing
reinforcing
of
quantities
and
with
of
rods.
be
found
materials,
sizes
silos
making
and
block
and
if
according
to
should
staves
of
form
a
are
made
be
should
mixture
various
stave
structures
silos
This
will
and
in
and
contents
proper
tables
Accompanying
for
Block
airtight.
the
essentially
made
been
the
are
excellent
Concrete
preserve
and
water-tight
secured
have
staves.
Concrete
both
are
cured.
to
used
care
monolithic
cement
block
units.
practice.
steam
and
of
the
staves
of
form
construction
success
upon
silos
concrete
both
of
particular
stave
the
l)lock,
The
entirely
in
silos
types
work.
masonry
for
concrete
last
The
SILOS
OF
be
readily
can
placed.
properly
convenient
also
both
as
wdth
for
a
guide
mesh
MAKE
AND
CAPACITY
HOW
TO
OF
ROUND
USE
CONCRETE
SILOS
07
IN
TONS
Tlll":
()S
TABLE
OF
SOME
HAN
DIMENSIONS
ROOFS
FOR
8
AND
SILOS
FEET
BOOK
22
DIAMETERS
FEET
14 Inch
Diam-
TO
FOR
MATERIALS
WITH
TO
HOW
"
Reinforcing
Rods
Stone
eter
of
Required
yds.
cu.
Silo
No.
I
Rods
of
j
[Required
Stock
No.
of
Length
Lbs.
of
of
Rods
Rods
10
ft.
1.20
62
12
ft.
1.70
^8
14
ft.
2.20
120
1() ft.
2.90
146
15
ft.
3.50
187
20
ft.
4.20
226
22
ft.
4.90
265
TABLE
OF
MATERIALS
AND
FOR
FLOORS
SILO
FOOTING
MAKE
AND
HOW
TO
USE
CONCRETE
69
70
THE
O
O
H
"-)
o
o
o
CO
o
o
o
H
"
H
RAN
SOME
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
HOW
TO
USE
CONCRETE
71
72
THE
o
-
Si
^
RAN
SOME
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
74
TIII'J
TABLE
LINEAL
GIVINQ
MESH
NoTK.
Vav
38
in.
K"'inforc,eni('nl
widths
RANSOME
BOOK
FEET
HOW
"
OF
TO
TRIANGLE
REINFORCEMENT
of
nu'.sh
fiirnish:'d
only
and
in
laj) 2 in.
rolls
or
ii.se
l.")() ft., 20:)
42
in. widths
ft. and
300
and
lap
ft. lon".
0
in.
MAKE
AND
TABLE
HOW
GIVING
MESH
NoTfc'..
Uae
38
TO
LINEAL
furni.'-hod
CONCRETE
FEET
OF
75
TRIANGLE
REINFORCEMENT
in. ^^'i(^tll^'of niosh
HoinforceMiont
USE
only
and
in
hip 2 in.
rolls
150
or
ii.""o
ft., 200
42
in. widths
ft., :in"l 300
and
lap
ft. hm^;.
li in.
THE
7()
RAN
PRACTICE
RECOMMENDED
STRUCTION
for monolithic
rcHiuir(Mn(Mils
as
a
THE
of
SILOS
construction
silos will
concrete
j
CON
CONCRETE
summary
TO
HOW
"
FOR
MONOLITHIC
OF
following- brief
The
BOOK
SOME
serve
guide for specifications.
EXCAVATION
should
Excavations
be to firm
bearing soil always
below
possiblefrost penetration. Roots, sod, or
other
perishable material
spots should
spongy
be
be
must
removed.
excavated
and
any
Soft,
refilled with
well-compacted gravel.
FILLING
BACK
back
When
the
after
fillingis
footings have
hardened
thoroughly
finished
to
silo and
for
and
filling
be built upon
the
and
these
should
four
inches
inches
wired
mesh
on
may
on
vertical
horizontal
together.
laps and
draining the
stated
to
in
instead
area
not
not
less than
re-
another
of rods
to the
lapped
for
elsewhere
Quality of
described
be
been
Requirements
be used
It should
have
serting
provided for by in-
been
eciualin cross-sectional
substituted.
which
been
also
done
tank, if such is
a
be
have
for
to silo construction.
has
Wire
be
have
aggregates
infoi'cement
section.
emptying
plumbing.
necessary
apply
walls
the
be
and
completed
Provisions
the top, should
and
cement
been
and
ground line.
it should
necessary
but
rods for
less than
eighteen
laps, all laps being securely
AND
MAKE
TO
HOW
AND
FORMS
All silos
are
market.
footings should
foot.
square
thick
1 foot
silos not
For
one
on
width
feet
high
a
the
that
3^000 pounds
40
will
some
now
be of such
over
2 feet wide
and
forms
exceed
the soil will not
on
pressure
FOOTINGS
commercial
excellent
Wall
77
usually built by using
now
of the several
CONCRETE
USE
per
footing
usually be sufficient.
MIXTURES
Wall
footings should
should
proper
and
be
1
a
:
be
a
Walls
Roofs, floors and walls,
2}/^: 4.
should
floors of tanks
mixture.
1:3:5
be
mixture.
1:2:3
a
A
quaky consistency is best.
PLACING
CONCRETE
AND
STEEL
REINFORCEMENT
steel
If
rods
embedded
used
are
less than
not
footings. If wire mesh
of the
first
layer and
should
Concrete
be
should
smooth
a
secure
six inches
is
the
bars,
wires, should
the
spaded
surface.
Walls
outer
or
At
if mesh
be bent
around
of the
next
the forms
to
should
be
to
uniformly
way
placed mid-
be
of the wall and
openings the
doorway
used, the
vertical
ticals
ver-
footings.
concrete
surfaces
is
concrete
six inches
foot
one
Reinforcing should
and
the
be
bars
horizontal
alongside
doorways.
It is best
but
lower
in the
thoroughly embedded.
horizontal
in
used, the lower
be well
inner
should
verticals
foot
one
embedded
thick.
between
the
that
concreting of silos bo continuous,
frequently this is
to
discontinue
not
woi'k
practicable.
on
\\\o walls,
AMion
as
at
sary
neces-
niti;ht,
the
easily seciu'ed
be
may
that
and
concrete,
the surface
as
then
When
first section
time
same
to
the
as
until
Each
tank
tank
tank
be
the
is
weather
injury
protected
by
in
the
before
paint
should
to
be
a
placed
prevent
Care
leak
a
should
at
the
at
the
taken
tank
the
collapse
be
has
floor
passed.
subject of specialdesign
weather
warm
the concrete
hardening by
frequent
protective covering
If the
should
that
is done
work
be
from
concrete
described
methods
is w^ell washed,
beneath
while
some
protection
to
as
capacity.
rapid drying.
prevent
this
top of the silo walls the
possibility of
upon
sprinkling or
as
from
concreting is done
should
wall
of this kind
depending
in the
is resumed
grout
starts.
forms
all
on
floor,so
the
remove
slab
If
is to rest
of the
where
point
sheet
strip of
is continued.
tank
a
cement
a
and
embedded
of the old concrete
bond
concrete
a
partly
TO
good
a
fresh
concreting
with
painted
concreting
not
when
is
HOW
"
that
so
Sometimes
iron
galvanized
or
rough
between
previously placed.
steel
well
be left
should
concrete
BOOK
RANSOME
THK
78
given
will
in cold
to
prevent
freezing,according
to
elsewhere.
ROOFS
Many
should
be.
roof other
type
of
They
than
structures.
are
finished
concrete.
roofs
concrete
suited
small
buildings fall
concrete
to
small
Flat
to
short
wdth
some
roofs
are
build.
farm
of what
kind
the
They
buildings
they
of
a
simplest
are
and
ticularly
par-
other
roofs
Concrete
certain
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
tables
extent
be
must
CONCRETE
USE
properly designed.
be
can
79
used
for slabs
and
span
involved.
For
larger buildings^ involving
roofs
spans,
be
must
only small
designed
a
of various
thicknesses
where
To
buildings
for
the
are
greater
particular
structure.
following table
The
for
dimensions
roofs
concrete
from
four
thickness
shows
feet
slabs
roof
or
square
of
to
up
slab
quired
re-
various
of
sixteen
feet
:
square
TABLE
THICKNESS
OF
Length
in.
of Roof
2
SLABS
ROOF
in Feet
6 ft.
2
I
8
in.
2Kin.
ft.
between
10
IN
INCHES
Center
ft.
12
Lines
ft.
of Walls
ft.
14
in.
2H
in.
2^
in.
2^
in.
2K^
23/^ in.
2^
in.
3
in.
3
in.
3
3}^ in.
33^
in.
3}^
in.
4
33^ in.
4
in.
4)'2 ii^- 4}
4
in.
4}
2}^
3
in.
5
2
in.
;V
()
=
weight
of roof
+
50
pounds
per
square
foot.
2
ii^- 5
...
Load
ft.
16
2
THE
80
SOME
RAN
following table shows
The
sand, and
of \'arious
the
l)roken
or
i)el)l)les
and
area
Required
Each
1:2:3.
barrels
Concrete
cubic
of cement,
yard
.52
HOW
TO
of cement,
recjuiredfor roofs
thickness:
SAND,
for
-
amount
stone
TABLE
CEMENT,
BOOK
II
AND
Slab
of
cubic
STONE
Roofs.
1:2:3
OR
PEBBLES
Proportions
concrete
yards of sand, and
for
concrete
requires about
.77
cubic
yards of
stone.
WIDTH
OF
SLAB
IN
FEET
(BETWEEN
1.74
EAVES)
THE
82
feet
by
feet in outside
14
all sides.
eaves
on
the
center
The
the vertical
this dimension
the
horizontally
(13 feet
that
opposite
roof
the-
12
feet,
be
to
2
obtained.
feet
by
The
and
The
The
sand, and
hand
As
12
of
II
easily
are
is 14
eaves
into
three
of cement,
amounts
those
and
below
shown
feet
sacks
25
79 cubic
feet of
it
pebbles
we
sizes.
b}'
center
of cement,
pebbles
reinforcing rods
lines of walls, the
in the table should
14
vertical column
feet.
to
By
12
give the
or
stone
53
cubic
stone.
or
is shown
by
in
13 feet 6
larger
next
be used.
running down
feet,then
of
find that the
the roof is 11 feet 6 inches
between
dimension
are
feet of sand
require about
III.
inches
the
to Table
is divided
table
spacing of the
Table
In
in
horizontally
the
over
By referringto the table
necessary.
roof will
given
feet.
required
roof
required and
of cubic
feet of
14
slab
portion of the table gives the number
of cement
number
the
pebbles required for roofs of various
upper
sacks
across
required thickness
parts showing respectively the
sand,
take
we
this is not
materials
The
of
By reference
inches.
sion
dimen-
table
feet, and
the
size of the
feet.
16
down
run
Running
take
14
find
quantities of
feet.
must
we
we
4^
in the
find that
by
is 11 feet 6 inches.
case
is 12
inches) we
6
I, we
larger dimension
the
inch
feet (3 inches
13
Table
to
given
directly below
square
the
is not
to
table, but
the
will be
in this
larger,which
next
TO
12
the left to the smaller
at
of the slab, which
As
HOW
"
size of the roof slab between
Referring
column
BOOK
dimensions, with
lines of walls
feet 6 inches.
11
SOME
RAX
These
the
running
left
across
the
horizontallyto
column,
14 foot
should
house)
CONCRETE
USE
find that
the
inches
5%
be
83
we
(running parallelto
reinforcement
the
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
12 inches
apart.
be
as
used,
table.
over
feet
f
Round
in the
shown
The
roof
eaves,
will
rods
Farm
Cement
16 feet
The
Note.
Buildings
Company,
FIELD
column
of the
f
inch
to
the
the
long, parallelto
and
tables
Concrete,"
by
whom
acknowledgment
issued
PRACTICE
IN
CONCRETE
ALLEY
AND
wide,
14
seventeen
side.
long
^'
from
Small
Portland
Universal
is
the
rods
inch
taken
the
to
should
14 feet
the
are
house)
rods
sides,and
short
the
right of
feet
16
foregoing data
of
square
and
apart,
long and
require thirty-four |
being
long,parallelto
inch
or
sides of
short
longitudinalrods (running the long way
cross
made.
hereby
ROAD,
STREET,
CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS
Concrete*
from
1894;
has
years
in
pavements
yet only within
the
proportions.
there
of
yardage
On
United
the
the
States
past three
them
assumed
the first of
or
roads, streets,
concrete
and
four
siderable
con-
any
January, 1917,
approximately 75,000,000 square
were
date
in
alleys
yards
the
of
United
States.
Because
concrete
of the
pavements
relativelyshort
and
fact
engineers
that
have
Conferences
work
been
period, there
who
lack
construction.
concrete
methods
on
Concrete
on
the
of
constructing
developed during
are
However,
Road
part of the
contractors
many
experience
a
in
this
two
field of
National
Building,
and
American
Concrete
certed
con-
THE
84
RANSOMK
Institute, American
the Portland
insure
that
in
streets, and
Concrete
the
from
guide
latest
for
specifications
those
Institute
in 1917.
Portland
Cement
followed,
no
superior,
for any
the class of concrete
These
be
can
obtained
Association,
other
work
roads,
concrete
adopted by the American
Street, Chicago, and
basis
or
will have
pavement
alleysare
Washington
TO
if
specificationswhich,
concrete
if equal. The
HOW
"
Society for Testing Materials,
Association, and similar bodies,
Cement
resulted
have
BOOK
West
111
should
serve
as
a
specificationscovering
to which
they apply.
GRADING
For
concrete
roadbed
prepared
proved that
concrete
there
pavements
subgrade.
or
of the
many
pavements
drainage, or other unstable
which
on
the
be
is to
pavement
surface, this surface
inches
deep,
so
that
it
placed, material
layers eight
placed. If
be
to
twelve
density with
an
thick
eight or
ten
form
given uni-
fills are
should
inches
several
up
material
Where
for this purpose
road
old
and
fresh
any
concrete
a
an
broken
be leveled
can
grading is placed.
fillingor
uniform
should
poor
tion
of the founda-
directly upon
before
compactness
in
laid
settlement,
to
is
has
develop in
which
conditions
concrete
properly
a
Experience
cracks
due
are
be
must
be
to
be
deposited
rolled
and
ton
for
to
roller.
FILLS
Concrete
finished
must
not
settlement.
be
laid
on
fills that
Regardless of the
have
amount
not
of
HOW
AND
MAKE
will
rolling given fills,they
will result from
solidlyas
placed
in
EXCESS
highway pavement work
good practiceto leave enough
roadside
the
covering for
to
a
be
dampened
it will
usually be
of any
surplus material
later
use
the concrete
stand
MATERIALS
In
along
and
as
rolling.
to
OF
DISPOSING
to
for fills should
thickness
sprinkled preparatory
or
compacted
them
allowing
uniform
layers of
85
be
not
Material
of time.
length
proper
CONCRETE
USE
TO
as
found
protective
a
prevent rapid drying
to
out.
DRAINAGE
Proper drainage
of the
subgrade
slabs,due
either to settlement
freezingand
A
concrete.
heave
to
This
expansion
under
heaving
frequently
thus
causing unequal
of
is
streets
the
provided
striking off
the
required
than
well
to
drained.
slabs, and
level,
proper
surface
of
with
a
and
surface
the
strikeboard
Alley pavements
dished, that is,are lower in the center
sides, thus accomplishing the purpose
slabs.
roads
concrete
by crowning
the
likely
more
jointsof abutting
concrete
contour.
is
levels at
for
from
beneath
of the
return
cracked
heaving
one
cracking
will fail to
in
retained
subgrade
action
cause
may
slabs
Drainage
the
frost
to the
or
of water
drained
poorly
result
will
Faulty drainage
is of great importance
cut
to
usually
are
than
of
by
at
a
the
gutter
also.
Side
deep
to
dilch(^s
insure
on
free
concrete
roads
(h'ainagefrom
must
IVcMiucMitly
beneatli
h(^
th(^ slabs.
86
THE
deep ditches
but
It is therefore
and
trenches
RANSOM
sometinieis
are
the practice to
back
then
to
BOOK
E
dangerous
be
laid
from
beyond the edge of the concrete,
the
road
Such
street.
directly under
through tile joints will
the
from
the
at
hundred
one
properly
in the tile
sags
and
both
sides of
be
not
two
placed
finer
away
particles
subgrade, thus causing partialundermining
lay tile,grade stakes
marked
to
filtration of water
carry
edges of the slab.
every
lines for
one
on
lines should
slab, because
the
traffic.
to
Tile
feet
or
TO
lay tile drains in these
fillthem.
subgrade drainage should
HOW
"
render
Before
should
the
located
be
feet, the
on
digging
with
of
amount
stakes.
trench
a
level
a
being
cut
should
There
be
line,as these will quickly fillwith
the drain
to
no
silt
ineffective.
AGGREGATES
in all concrete
As
is
important
important
more
of concrete
to
in
and
grains. It
must
be
and
frost.
If
they contain
been
be washed
or
before
given details
w^ashing plant for
and
It
is
classes
concrete
portant
highly imof
composed
durable
"
hard
withstand
to
ture
weathering action of mois-
the
Cleanliness
loam, silt,clay,
should
be
used
in other
subjectsthe
abrasion.
tough and
of traffic and
wear
traffic
sand
the
construction
pavement
respects than
some
impact
severe
the
concrete
work, because
that
of
in
work, the selection of aggregates
more
other
used.
than
three
per
cent
foreign material, they
Elsewhere
descriptions of
concrete
portant.
is also im-
of aggregates
aggregates.
there have
a
suitable
This
is
a
adaptable plant
very
portable and
comes
make
use
job
one
these form
in
Economy
pit'soutput.
often
from
Sometimes
largeboulders.
of the
because
semi-
to another.
depositsof so-called gravel there
natural
In many
87
woodwork,
on
be moved
can
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
operating
from
of all material
a
that
are
largeportion
a
obtaining material
suitable
crusher
to
be
handled
in
must
excavating.
AGGREGATE
COARSE
Concrete
pavements
In
one-course
be
hard, tough material
and
abrasion
of
lumps
the
on
should
clay, as
these
the
has
later
used
so
the
hard
coarse
and
In
be
certain
are
nor
under
particles nor
to
weaken
the
Crushed
pavement.
coating of crusher
Where
as
aggregate
tough, but
for the
should
with
MIXED
concrete
This
clay, silt,or
other
construction
base
be
should
meet
wearing course
to toughness and hardness.
as
two-course
stone
dust.
two-course
the
Successful
well
up
soft
work
graded.
weather
Well-graded, hard
no
injurious effect
foreign material.
course.
elongated pieces, should
or
the
free from
same
two
develop small pit-holesor pockets
of
surface
be
stand
will
flat
should
and
concrete
or
aggregate should
coarse
impact of traffic.
There
used.
one
that will neither
hence
particles,free from
be
the
pavements
rapidly and
wear
either
are
need
clean
not
and
aggregates
all
is
be
well
of the
requirements
AGGREGATE
pavement
work,
among
ioncnl
things, requires accurately ])r()p()i'(
other
concriMc^
THE
88
mixtures,
will
not
The
same
of the different
occur
in
mixed
or
they
may
natural
plant
been
job the
to
that
used
sizes
fine aggregate
much
coarse
are
is certain
sizes
the
either
used,
M
class
No
to
of
too
best
3^ inch
or
intermediate
3^
to
sizes
1 inch
1 inch
in
suitable
is
this
are
for
is not
material
is
be
may
the
grading
use.
available,
grading
proves
the
There
trap rock.
material
available
for
pavements
material
which
upon
to
or
material
quality of
If the
OF
used
concrete
granite
such
qualitj^ the \i
remoN'cd.
contain
COURSE
commonly
most
depending
economical.
too
PAVEMENT
crushed
from
Where
to
so
have
to
will
WEARING
of two-course
course
two
pavements,
unmixed,
another
the
at
handling from
become
will
while
FOR
aggregates
obtained
though
even
concrete
otherwise
TWO-COURSE
wearing
Artificially
aggregate.
AGGREGATES
The
variations
gravel.
for
batch
is, one
much
volumes
properly proportioned
be
not
product
to
as
particles,just as such
transporting and
in
speak;
considerably
deposits of
have
proper
material
The
stone.
mixed-at-the-plant aggregates,
plant, should
because
varies
sized
TO
mixture,
Bank-run
of crusher-run
crushers
HOW
"
proportions of ingredients.
correct
is true
of stone
of
protection.
proper
insure
BOOK
consistency
i)r()per
placing and
SOME
RAN
more
of first-
preferable.
should
be
90
THE
QUANTITIES
OF
LINEAR
RANSOME
MATERIALS
FOOT
THE
OF
AND
AND
HOW
"
TO
REQUIRED
CONCRETE
WIDTHS
SIDES
BOOK
FOR
PAVING
FOR
THICKNESSES
CENTER
AS
AT
SHOWN
aggregate.
they
mentioned.
handling
of
dirt
from
broken
with
to
be
is
if
they
dirt
to
from
thus
In
are
cleaned
with
across
the
prevent
becoming
used
shoveling
if the
mixed
mixed
for
sand
piles are
up
there
not
is
sand.
the
subgrade
loss and
above
as
admixture
prevent
waste
some
lay planks
on
materials
and
work
commonly
are
aggregate.
coarse
some
contractors
materials
forks
stone
while
up,
the
piles along
Ballast
piles there
cleaned
in
dumped
are
also
tain
cer-
Some
dump
to
the
prevent
dirt.
with
WATER
Elsewhere,
the
Contractor/^
required
stated, as
concrete
may
under
be
the
the
in concrete
well
road
several
as
subject
quantity
work
miles
probable
the
only
distant
Estimating
of water
likelyto
construction
pavement
its
^^
of
Sometimes
cost.
source
from
has
of water
the
job.
for
be
been
on
supply
In such
MAKE
AND
case
the
economical
most
A
supply.
water
of
source
be
of the pump
must
device
will
dependable
a
is necessary.
If the
pond, the intake
or
protected by
a
similar
or
cage
pipe
weeds, sticks, and
prevent
foreign material
usually proves
securing
hour
stream
a
and
91
capable of delivering from
pump
supply is
that
CONCRETE
of
way
2,000 gallons per
to
1,500
USE
plant is necessary
pumping
a
TO
HOW
being drawn
into
the
other
pipe line and
clogging it.
JOINTS
Joints
placed in
are
for volume
changes
in
in
such
other.
Some
intervals,as
cracks
are
therefore
are
be
disposed
it
this
joints should
whether
that
is,whether
each
at
there
end
also
protected
should
of every
slab
the
plate should
be
prepared joint filler used.
l)e not
likelyto
more
cause
tired wheels
than
^^ inch
increased
wear
a
In
pavement
and
made
or
keep
between,
and
in
joint is
as
to
unprotected,
metal
omitted
at
these
placed in the
be
material
joint filling
to crack
in accord
not
made
However,
the
reason
be
a
difficult to
more
plate with
metal
the
across
are
spaced from
concrete
surely will.
unsightly and
preferable. Engineers
the
on
the
to
as
omit
to
tions
varia-
to
temperature.
joints should
straight
repair. For
good
in
accord
joint entirely,depending
not
and
thorough
are
certain
owing
concrete
provide
to
pavement
content
not
are
which
distance
each
in the
moisture
Engineers
concrete
crete
con-
protection
or
whether
merely the
general, joints should
wide.
due
crossingthe joints.
Clreater
to
widtli
is
impact of steel-
RAXSOME
THE
92
With
installingdevice.
device
set in
])rotectioii
plates are
Steel
an
BOOK
used
be
may
also
it is very
WTiere
pairs be of the same
jointswill be low or high or
that
the
in
difference
the
to
practice is
otherwise
out^^
ironed
by traffic.
strips of filler used
than
the
The
exactly the
also
consequent
be
by
with
the
strikeboard
finisher with
a
sides of the
concrete
on
will be
both
impact and
crossing the
sides.
joints where
at
first be
tested
lightstraightedgeabout
to
joint and
a
as
left
by
the
used, the surface
are
the
road,
four feet
to
the top of the
see
If
be
protection plate, if
concrete
should
joint,also
wider
joints should
by traffic when
is flush with
or
JOINTS
sides of
there
placed longitudinallywith
the concrete
inch
AT
at
the
finishingthe
protection plates
This
down
half
one
both
on
caused
mon
com-
of the slabs.
Otherwise
w^ear
used,
provide for this, the
pavement
flush
protection
not
SLABS
level
same
joint. When
steel
of the
used.
plates are
the
beaten
be
PAVEMENT
surface
should
should
owing
uneven
pavement.
soon
To
greatest thickness
FINISHING
used
joint fillerto extend
of the
projecting portion is then
^^
of
the felt
surface
the
slightlyabove
the
test
Otherwise
curvature.
curvature
allow
to
to
plates are
protection plates are
plates. Where
of
means
they be carefully set and
that
necessary
template
a
of its curvature.
correctness
place by
TO
types of plate this
some
as
HOW
"
whether
the
see
whether
plate on
there
plates
are
long,
is
both
enough
slightly
AND
MAKE
higher
than
should
be
the
should
they
be,
the
until
straightedge
above
the
sides
opposite
double
wood
float
into
project
the
off with
the filler is allowed
splitfloat
of
the
filler.
so
made
that
between
space
be
joint filler to
At
is correct.
to
is used
This
finish
to
is
ject
pro-
simply
the
felt filler may
the
two
halves
surface
piecesjofthe float,thus allowing the
side of the
concrete
extra
struck
surface
a
surface
93
httle
a
spread along the jointsand
unprotected jointswhere
on
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
finished
to
a
or
each
on
exactly
the
level.
same
REINFORCEMENT
Common
under
pavements
be
widths.
desirable
Mesh
The
to the
stripshould
full
that
of
be
strength
the surface
the
base
from
metal.
shall
shall not
curhng
to
it should
up
be
then
at
the
bulge upward
be struck
at
material
as
to
monly
com-
run
pendicular
per-
Each
develop
within
to
come
concrete, strips should
and
narrower
should
so
it
the
Specificationsrequire
less than
of the pavement.
concrete
in the
wires
width,
line of the pavement.
center
the
that
in
specified,and
even
carefullylapped
of
Over
is the
heavy
reinforcement
joints and
it
use
reinforcement
used.
be
should
to
reinforcement
omit
to
feet wide.
twenty
reinforcement
however,
would
is
practice
PAVEMENTS
CONCRETE
FOR
In
be
placing the
turned
over
ends.
To
to
out
has
with
j)()ints
from
mesh
across
prevent
prevent
after the mesh
various
inches
two
rolled
inches
two
any
been
the
in
the
them
dency
ten-
laid,
corner
04
of
to
the
pockets
sometimes
the
mesh
filled when
the top
spots then
become
placing
certain
the
a
wires,
also embed
it easier to
the
top, the
there
are
no
reinforcement, as
will prevent
these
is
concrete
course
TO
in the
making
to make
footprints beneath
or
kinks
thus
Before
be examined
HOW
"
lie flat and
to
course,
concrete.
top
BOOK
small
mesh
the base
should
work
the
cause
slightlyin
place
will put
This
shovel.
a
tending
it
RAXSOME
THE
from
being
placed.
These
of weakness.
source
^
FORMS
for concrete
Forms
steel.
or
There
metal
forms,
When
wood
pavement
work
various
types
are
all
certain
having
forms
used
are
be of wood
may
of
points
commercial
in
the}^ should
common.
be
made
stock, free from large knots
straight-grainedlumber, which will not tend
at
in
least two-inch
top edge of wood
The
use.
with
to
metal
side
forms
any
in
irregularities
as
serve
be
stiffen the
in line.
and
more
stakes
be
^
under
for
or
protection for
Iron
and
stakes
economical
holding
I
inch
hence
or
in
forms
stock.
repeated driving.
make
pins will
the
the
long
in line.
Lighter
to
warp
be protected
also
wear,
top edge of
to
wood
the
These
them
ment
pave-
tend
to
easier
to
be found
run
and
side forms
than
Steel stakes
ones
of
strikeboard
imparted
light steel angles.
of
planks
keep
for the
guide
it will be
Aletal
surface.
best
a
and
should
plates to prevent rapid
regularityof top line,as
preserve
may
forms
of
tend
to
better
wood
should
bend
MAKE
HOW
AND
MEASURING
Materials
carefully measured
proportions will always be
correct
measuring also results in
wheelbarrows
should
a
95
MATERIALS
be
must
CONCRETE
USE
TO
used
are
be of
definite
known
Careful
If
measuring materials
type intended
a
used.
of materials.
economy
for
that
so
for that
capacity when
they
and
purpose
of
properly struck
off
level full.
MIXING
other
No
work
is
single operation of
often
more
slighted than
Attempt
to
speed
shortening the time
of
mixing.
concrete.
is to
that
proved
being equal
the
time
increase
of
to
up
concrete
limit
claims
extravagant
is greater than
others
only for
a
of their
and
of
the
equivalent of
a
The
efficiencyof
mixer
mixing
number
or
on
desirable
turers
manufac-
that, owing
the
to
machine, its efficiency
time.
be
need
concrete
Statements
a
of revolutions
certain
is
the
interior
blades, vanes,
are
allowed
to
and
other
mixer
therefore
short
very
time
cleaned
things
of
likely to be misinterpreted. Definite
are
This
Some
concrete.
particularconstruction
this kind
other
been
longer mixing has great influence
"
properties of the
mixed
in
tendency
it has
"
the
results
the
mixing, since
strength, wearing qualities,and
make
work
Today
certain
a
of
mixing
the
up
pavement
become
means
washed
time
a
each
should
to be
govern.
considerably lowered
or
other
coated
that
known
mixer
time
with
if
stirringdevices
hardened
should
when
be
crete.
con-
carefully
leaving off
90
work.
Ev(Mi
hardened
THE
IMXSOME
with
such
sh )uld be removed
too
but
tendency
This
wet.
particularlyso
where
Concrete
be
difficult to
work
mixture
can
be
and
be struck
than
under
off and
its
subgrade
is
concrete
from
the
water
hardening.
Concrete
either
chute
with
depositing
the
should
at
a
is
paving
in
concrete
concrete
chute
angle
an
to
and
lie at
not
an
stiff
it from
drum
angle
so
too
bucket
not
must
to
that
flat to
to
use
the
placed
be
too
down
flow
carry
with
mixer
a
for
tj^pe will
Either
objection
high
equipped
are
Where
This
its proper
and
place.
mixture
absorbing
to
it is necessary
the
fore
sprinkled be-
mixers
the chute
place.
the
be
is
w^et
the
overcome
chute
concrete
need
of
consistency.
correct
In
that
cause
into
by mounting
be
boom
with
or
used, however,
flat
so
advantage
off.
necessary
give satisfactory results.
chute
a
CONCRETE
placed, to prevent
concrete
Such
should
struck
is
the roadbed
on
concrete
sub-base
or
work,
required.
strikeboard.
when
shape
PLACING
The
is
finished to better
The
crete
con-
consistency which
a
the
all
tion,
construc-
to abrasion
to
some
any
pavement
properly consolidated
to hold
enough
mixed
mixtures.
wetter
to mix
objectionable on
concrete
on
taken
drum, but it
regular intervals.
has been
highest resistance
should
can
is
TO
the
frequent and
at
the
in
HOW
"
precautions
will collect
concrete
Of late years
BOOK
planning
progress
work
will be made
involving paving, the greatest
is arranged so that
if the work
TIIK
98
of
type which
a
street
RAXSOMK
first used
was
become
conunercially known
Paving
Roller.
unfamiliar
concrete
its
particularadvantages.
knows
that
to
a
use
is
than
Until
water
of
method
of finishing
in the
any
construction
it is necessary
mixture
concrete
strength of
concrete.
but
with
roller method
the
Gaillard
the
from
at the
could
in the concrete
of w^ater
while
rolling,
knowing
roller,the objections
Macon
is removed
in
has had
road
or
finishingdeveloped by Captain
process
in the
concrete
time
same
of
much
the concrete
considerably compacted.
result
The
article
by
of
^^
of the
readily overcome,
excess
Concrete
who
one
the greatest
quantity
excess
Macon
manipulation
water
more
required for
be
the
is
httle
Any
street
of
ease
the advent
to this
not
for
the
as
will be interested
concrete
TO
in
the Macon
pavements
experience with
of
with
HOW
"
finishingconcrete
(Jeoi'gia. This roller has
in Macon,
pavement
Those
HOOK
A. N.
the
Concrete
Johnson
of
Portland
concrete
water.
uneven
At
places
water
Mr.
ceases
The
to
Johnson
in
the
practicallyall
the
has not
to
the
the
may
be continued
^'
Tests
of
of
plus
sur-
slight
by
a
until free
surface.''
described
a
occur,
struck
been
of
layer
of the
out
which
surfaces
rollingshould
also
it takes
time
same
come
top
the
Mr.
April.
consolidates
removes
in
for
in
roller is that
It
the
^^
an
neer
Engi-
effect of the
particularlyif the pavement
template.
described
Association,
Magazine
^^The
and
was
Cement
Highway
says:
roller
Johnson, Consulting Highway
rolling squeegee.
the
the
using
Concrete
Slabs
to
USE
Determine
the
Effect
Mixing/' in
in
experiments made
conducted
Lewis
supervision of
in
Professor
in
the
out
Charge
slabs
finished
with
increase
in
with
depth of the
not
finished.
disclosed
a
former
slab.
the
strength
of
between
finished
of the
with
distinctlydenser
a
least
at
half
engineers should
Highway
over
appearance
those
for
roller
made
disclosures
the
not
by
tests.
field
operations in
permit the
of
use
consistency with
a
concrete
concrete
much
highway work
particularreference
of
the
of
to
the
strength
finishing,which
water,
excess
do
desirable
of the most
of the concrete, the roller method
removes
brought
difference
had
extended
advantage
recent
marked
the
rated
collabo-
tests
The
the roller and
The
which
take
cent
per
hand
float.
were
Abrams,
laboratory,who
of
a
Research
A.
that
finished
Since
D.
fact
appearance,
these
the
at
and
results
slabs
fail to
Johnson
The
broken
hand
Materials
work.
merely
by
Tests
this
slabs
the
slabs
on
Institute, Chicago, under
Mr.
developed twenty
those
Structural
the
based
was
paper
at
Society
by finishingconcrete
the
at
Laboratory,
presented
by the roller method.
float and
Excess
Removing
paper
This
Testing Materials.
wood
a
of
99
meeting of the American
annual
twentieth
for
TO
Used
Water
CONCRETE
HOW
AND
MAKE
is
especially
desirable.
The
Macon
nearly 300,000
pavement
in
elsewhere
have
roller is not
square
Macon,
experiment,
an
yards
of
superior
there
the
concrete
Jilngineers
Georgia, show.
recognized that
as
is
something
RANSOM
THE
100
in the
slow
HOW
"
TO
and have
been
not
finishingmethods
the practice originated by Captain
Macon
follow
to
BOOK
K
(iaillard.
The
Ransonie
Concrete
Machinery
the Macon
Concrete
Paving Roller.
After
the roller has
three times,
or
been
depending
canvas
done
and
operated by seesawing it back
the
concrete
surface.
The
uniformit}^of surface and
that
methods.
of the
inches
or
forw^ard
belt used
pavement,
the
across
texture
which
concrete
surface.
the
out
to
their
OF
concrete
without
applied to
a
six
have
and
the
soon
as
attached
but
even
FINISHED
PAVEMENTS
pavements
has
not
the concrete
much
is allowed
be
can
gritty
to
to
two
inches
or
do
drj^
highly resistant
with
be covered
marring its surface, this should
depth of
to
non-skid
characteristic
more
and
kept wet b}^frequent sprinklingfor a week
and still better method, where
days. Another
be
the
ideal finish for
an
the
If the concrete
success.
As
longer than
workmen
produces
resultingsurface will
wear.
earth
that
namely,
makes
PROTECTION
with
little
a
larities
irregu-
hand-floating
by handles
concrete
pavement,
Curing of
so
of the belt
Use
concrete
is
a
secures
minor
by
across
plaj^in length to pull it backward
more
the belt.
obtained
wide,
forth
method
free from
belt,
a
inches
and
belt
one
be
cannot
The
width
with
rubber, eight to twelve
or
two
consistency of the
the
upon
concrete, final finishing is then
either
the surface
over
run
tures
manufac-
Co.
be
should
or
ten
avail-
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
CONCRETE
USE
method.
able,is the ponding
This
101
consists of
.the finished
pavement
by building dikes
the slabs
that
will stand
deep
so
the
over
water
when
weather
opened
old
and
weather
preferably
month
a
hardens
how
carried
on
are
should
pavements
they
determine
can
inches
freezing temperatures
to traffic until
concrete
be
not
on
Concrete
pavement.
Concrete
likely to prevail.
be
the
dams
or
least two
at
should
construction
pavement
during
of
crown
flooding
at least three
are
old.
not
weeks
cold
During
slowly, and only experience
long
be
traffic should
off the
kept
after finished.
pavement
ESTIMATING
FOR
CONTRACTOR
THE
GENERAL
accurate
work
estimating
data.
For
own
others
by
the
of
cost
always
make
lacking that
or
idea
as
the
the basis of
receiving a
an
contract
cost.
data
tables
of his
will
help
similar
to
jobs.
associated
with
an
some
Every
own
with
accurate
Contractors
is
likelyto
but
work,
details
some
else misleading
one
some
piled
com-
estimating
usually fail
They
estimate
been
in
are
accepts the figuresof
below
price
have
of concrete
there
his
compile
value
figuresof
insufficient.
who
that
some
that
true
of all conditions
contractor
of
particularpiece
a
it is almost
Figures
be
may
should
one
every
the
give
to
work,
an
so
a
one
else
find that
after
some
of his figin^esrepresent
contractor
should
details of the
comparison
are
a
keep
job, which
with
frequently
other
asked
to
102
THE
give an
approximate
of
piece
work.
estimate
a
be
finished
a
Most
the
of any
cost
location
of
weather,
that
the
price
of
per
this,approximate
fair idea
a
items
of work
work,
character
an.
Buildings
will furnish
among
piece
the
certain
a
from
certain
a
TO
of
w^ill cost.
structure
important
details.
Knowing
given
of
different
quite
in cost
average
of volume.
figurescan
what
is
HOW
"
of the cost
calls for exact
class
foot
BOOK
SOME
estimate
This
which
certain
cubic
RAN
that
influence
materials, labor,
are
transportation conditions,
of the
work, rapidity of
equipment required,incidentals,and
tion,
construc-
finances.
MATERIALS
used
Materials
from
to
twenty
in concrete
seventy
such
cost.
Forming
have
considerable
materials
and
durability,all the
and
the contractor
rebuild
of
than
his
been
responsiblefor
On
concrete
On
finished
largel}^,
the
contractor
work
is
use
and
where
steel
is
he
builder.
In
know
them
often
contractor.
a
wood
to
to combine
have
is the
and
and
loss greater
a
supplied
must
adversely
remove
conditions
contractor
mcrel}^ a
how
to
the financial ruin of
the
If
quality,strength,
involving
These
material
construction
concrete
he is to
work
in
compelled
it,thus
figuredprofit.
estimating
will be affected
be
total
probable profit.
on
work
may
portion
a
in
largeitem, errors
to standard
up
general
of the work's
cent
per
effect
not
are
a
wdll be in
work
figure
job
the
the
the
facturer.
manu-
case
and
of
materials
for best results.
is both
He
otherwise
he
Often
owner,
an
and
cannot
to
contractor
or
material
or
contractor
himself
the
against such
him
better
The
of
held
which
of
waste
to
wide
range;
should
in
in
care
Labor
and
cement
spite of
and
use
the
or
mating.
esti-
aggregate
best
handling.
handling will reduce
varies
be
must
in cost
exercised
Labor
efficient.
of work
amount
be
can
and
pro})lem
available
far
in
within
just at present it is particularlyvariable.
forces
given time
The
to
general recognized
considered
be
quantitiesof
supervision
the
a
properly
compelled
cost
can
accurately only by knowing from
is
safeguard
working
is in
must
minimum.
a
Constant
laborers
is not
responsible for the
is
he
what
waste
wasted
Economy
working
w^hich
a
practice.
item
be
work.
compels
method
contractor
from
Certain
will
see
used;
are
finished
responsibilitywhen
variations
follow
as
from
must
happenings by seeing that the
specificationsafter
relieve
be
The
the
standpoint of specifications,
may
resulting work.
practice
the
must
know
must
architect
engineer,
perhaps in favor from
yet the
good
guarantee
a
use
He
practice, and
concrete
materials
good
103
builder.
a
suitabihty of aggregates,
principlesof good
that
CONCRETE
and
manufacturer
a
the
know
USE
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
from
depended
under
in
various
itself from
su})plyof
the
disturbances, all
upon
must
be
of
perform within
labor
whether
(he
mated
esti-
classes
conditions.
the
men,
work,
to
be
keep
long experience
certain
which
to
Each
job
standpoint.
they live
possibilily of
discounted
a
in
near
labor
advance.
RAN
THE
an
SOME
BOOK
HOW
"
TO
LOCATION
of the
Progress
influenced
are
work
is in
obtained
completion, and
location
the
by
of
of
supplies of materials
to
respect
work, time
readily,there will be
If labor
figure upon.
and
supply is likelyto be variable
needed
labor
one
be
must
work
with
labor.
all labor
localitywhere
a
the
cost
If the
be
can
situation
imported, then
and
to
the
costly.
more
TRANSPORTATION
Distance
of roads
base
from
and
be taken
there
is
probably
dependable.
and
quantities before
work
be
must
With
good roads
motor
stored
-construction
of
uninterrupted supply
to
so
then
that
there
men
and
keep
is
materials
site in
the
on
commences,
carefullyplanned
portation
trans-
large quantitiesof
by transportationfacilities. Unless
delivered
trucks
motor
or
If
condition
the
question but that
no
required, speed
are
be
can
teams
into consideration.
is most
limited
supplies and
availabilityof
must
materials
of
large
deliveries
will be
an
equipment
always busy.
A
team
haul
a
a
certain
certain
results
kind
will
weather
of road
quickly
may
be moved.
to
be
can
certain
accordance
become
per
upon
hour
grades. The
with
that
bad
will rise
be
depended
given distance
If roads
costs
have
a
over
in
vary
transportation
cannot
tonnage
conditions.
average
work
truck
motor
or
are
in
variation
to
on
net
of
good in fair
bad
weather,
rapidly; in fact, the
suspended because
materials
THE
10()
proved durable
jxirt of
Forms
type of batch
should
form
charge
to
considered
be
known
it is
lumber
will
to
mixer
is
TO
able
indispens-
an
part of the
as
how
give, the
ment.
equip-
long service
forms
of form
amount
particular job
any
HOW
"
contracting equipment.
concrete
every
After
or
BOOK
SOME
RAN
cost
readily be
can
determined.
All
must
be
spiteof best
care,
equipment
In
depreciation, and
of
cost
methods
weekly
sum
contractors
of
cost
sufficient
funds
maintenance
from
job
in the
charged
to
each
the
accidents
incurred
insurance
should
protection
in this way.
classes
charge
Contractors
various
kinds
also be
must
day's work,
to
cover
about
of
the
job
erecting and
determined
and
LIABILITY
laws
by
be
of work,- but
the proper
total
estimate.
States
some
Cost
another.
to
EMPLOYERS'
In
Most
of the
accumulated
equipment
move
dismantling the plant
included
cent
be
certain
a
replacement.
to
mone}^
one
per
will
and
It costs
or
is
equipment
charging ofif
replacement.
if 0.17
that
agree
for
be
must
setting aside
for
monthly
or
used
are
and
equipment
tion.
condi-
however, there is constant
eventuallj^ equipment
replaced. Several
the
kept in serviceable
can
often
employers liable for
hold
their
employees.
carried
for
Its cost
should
be
be made
have
of commercial
to
contractor's
the
varies
Liability
for different
determined,
so
that
for it in estimates.
accept
paper,
as
such
payments
as
bonds,
securities
have
how
payments
instead
of
job
as
bonds
dollar
so
should
He
finance
be
to
be
therefore
would
would
for
disposing of
time
time
use
compelled
90
cents
on
only $4,500
capital he needs
credit
the
to
other
or
that
purchases, so
he
to
can
supplies,
he will at
temporarily, his
even
up,
only
a
profit.
no
respect
for
payments
If
receive
materials, equipment,
on
tractor
con-
might estimate
exactly what
job with
as
if securities
accepted the
sold for
have
bidding
made, and
contractor
can
know
the
secure
no
A
that
he
cash,
actual
and
be
$5,000, including a profitof $500.
at
the
to
An
value.
before
arrangements
necessary.
take
to
make
Frequently
market
reached
are
107
of cash.
be
are
currency
should
them
CONCRETE
variable
a
understanding should
to
USE
notes, etc., instead
warrants,
such
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
working
capital.
ESTIMATING
Cement
is not
for.
the
be
can
to
necessary
sacks.
cost
The
is safe to say
that
per
barrel
percentage
how
and
increase
per
upon
10 cents
accurately, therefore
they
are
in
for
something
the
cover
of sacks
the average
barrel
accounting
to
it
quantity estimated
the
should, however, be added
There
actual
estimated
handling of
pendent
largely de-
lost is
handled
the
on
to
loss amounts
job.
to
It
about
sacks, labor of handling them,
them.
This
inchidos
return
freight,etc.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates
yard.
A
unit
ai"(^
sold
weight
by
is
wcMght
adophMl
oi-
by
the
niul ordtM's
cnibic
ixmhmnimI
RANSOME
THE
108
in cubic
yards
The
unit
the
volume
converted
are
into
HOW
"
TO
equivalent weight.
weight is often
adopted by agreement,
be only approximately correct.
may
aggregates
hauled
are
transferred
be
BOOK
from
loss in
some
job because
railroad
into
figured as
not
to exceed
actual
Losses
ten
loss
will
the
on
with
or
generally be
can
for each
cent
per
and
there
getting mixed
dirt.
If
distance
wagons
some
materials
the
to
cars
weight and
of
tramped
considerable
a
so
class of
aggregate.
WATER
Often
fail to
contractors
it costs
estimating. Sometimes
but
frequently its
of water
required
cost
be
can
gallonsper cubic yard for
however,
include
in
ing,
comparatively noth-
is considerable.
Quantity
figured
40
from
at
to
50
only. In addition,
concrete
required
water
of water
cost
for
operating
mixers,
engines, wetting forms, sprinkling concrete, sprinkling
subgrade in pavement
the
quantity required
For
a
safe
estimate.
from
be
For
125
to
165
required, depending
Water
may
distance.
city
square
water
mains.
based
yard of
slab
upon
on
In
a
rate
concrete
can
such
cubic
gallons per
cubic
gallons per
yard.
yard is
floors,sidew^alks,pavements,
gallons per
to be hauled
have
Often
water
100
60 to 75
concrete
mass
to
work, etc., will increase
the
or
be
cubic
a
considerable
contracted
charges
case,
of from
pavement.
1
2
to
may
of the year.
season
piped
yard
for
are
1^/^cents
from
quently
freper
MAKE
CONCRETE
USE
TO
HOW
AND
109
FORMS
As
from
mentioned
elsewhere, foims
$15
per
$35
to
used.
lumber
The
of forms
cost
thousand
feet board
should
contractor
for many
approximate
classes of
cost
cost
may
be
can
to
erect
of
measure
keep
accurate
that
jobs, so
determined
ually
event-
for
any
job.
REINFORCING
STEEL
present steel is much
At
before.
Estimates
actual
over
should
cutting, shaping,
figured
actual
in
place,
of
cost
bending,
be
requirements,
where
and
the
this
unloading,
and
motion
there
be
reduced.
on
from
in
ten
hours
bad
occasional
en
route
so
that
other
A
from
two
one
time
or
much
be
of
up
If there
used
loading
as
time
the
less lost
The
actual
and
usually
distance
grades
difficult
are
should
be
with
places
together
run
^'snatch"
a
and
of team
is based
miles
roads
teams
more
can
generally
hauling charges
can
travel
average
spots.
of
in travel.
twenty-two
on
is
is made
waiting
of team
to
steel
cost
and
is,by just so
twenty
from
wastage
CHARGES
team
Rate
cent
per
placing, etc.
working
driver, and
ever
plus hauling, loading,
include
charges
ten
cover
of
material
necessary,
both
to
cost
HAULING
Hauling
increased
Cost
etc.
than
expensive
more
team
if the
gets stalled.
laborer
will
ground
of
car
load
into
loose
a
material
wagon
about
by shoveling
as
follows:
77/ /i" RAN
no
SOME
BOOK
HOW
"
TO
IiH'xiK'ritncod
(lood
Working
CoiHlitions
without
Shoveled,
Materials
From
ear
to
wagons
From
car
to
wagons
From
oar
to
wagons
From
ground
and
Chunks
From
to
ground
ground
ground
From
From
A
soft
per
hr.
D"lav.-
Tons
and
Delays.
Con-
i-orvative
mating
Esti-
Cu.
hr.
per
Yd.
Tons
Stone
.
.
hr.
per
hr.
per
2.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
2.5
3
.
Sand
"
75
.
wagonS'
Plowed
"
Clay,
some
Stones
to
wagons
to
wagons
to
wagons
Plowed
"
and
Stone
.
Sand
"
about
about
half that
to
team
cubic
two
amount
Sometimes
ground.
''snatch"
Loam
Crushed
"
will haul
team
road,
Crushed
Gravel
"
Yd.
aiKl
Continuously
Working
"
Cu.
Workman
yards
on
excavated
over
it is necessary
haul
material
good
a
to
economically
or
use
a
under
conditions.
some
A
in about
often
be
can
six minutes.
As
which
team
or
The
can
be
loaded
team
profitableto employ
wagons
and
of material
yard
a
time
loading
in
run
by
shovel
it is
high
runs
device
place by
gangs
a
or
extra
''snatch''
laboring gang.
following is
volume
loaded
based
of 1
on
yard
six-minute
loading
time
:
Slat wagons:
and
1.
Load
2.
Hitch, dump,
dump
(1 cubic yard), eight
and
unhitch
(1
cubic
minutes.
yard), four
minutes.
Contractor's
dump
1.
Load
2.
Hitch, dump,
minutes.
and
wagon:
dump
and
cubic
yard),
unhitch
(1
(1
six minutes.
cubic
yard),
two
MAKE
HOW
AND
TO
length
of 1,000 feet.
feet of loaded
time
haul
each
minutes
ten
minutes, giving
ten
For
111
a
1,000 additional
should
be
added
to
route.
en
HAULING
A
CONCRETE
will take
2,000 feet of travel
haul
USE
table
loads
will haul
team
ten
at
CEMENT
itemized
minutes
per
stock
pile takes
in the
foregoing
feet
1,000
of
loaded
haul.
Loading
of
a
near
minute
minutes
barrel.
per
takes
which
be
or
ends
cost
added
delayed
of the
of cement
a
when
of
charge
handling empty
loss of sacks
under
as
so
that
in
five
cents
sacks, shipping
which
cannot
per
fore
thereat
wagons
wagons
the
To
there
barrel
them
be redeemed.
one
will not
teams
minutes.
time
dependent
changing
in sacks
tions
condi-
It may
the
three
The
this is
additional
handled
ten
similar
employed.
have
quarters
or
time.
doing
consumed
taken
three
cement
of
while
haul,
Time
be
may
of
amount
same
of laborers
delayed.
twice
sack
per
Unloading
profitableto
both
be
is
number
the
on
the
team
a
labor
of
about
net
should
to
back,
be
cover
and
the
THE
112
SUMMARY
hours
time
team
minutes
time
Team
minutes
time
minutes
in
cubic
per
route
en
Total
S
at
hauling
for
expense
job
to
yard
for
and
hauling
job
to
overhead
to
be
added
to
estimate.)
EXCAVATING
Dirt
from
its
degree
to
ten
transferred
to
wdll increase
thirty-fiveper
in its natural
as
GRADING
loosened
originalvolume
as
much
AND
clay when
or
tw^enty
fill to
as
minute
hours
(Superintendence
total
assistingunloading
per
yards
Cost
minute
per
time
unloading,
in
consumed
wagons
minute
per
consumed
hour
per
changing
or
$
at
S
at
Team
hour
waiting
$
at
Labor
yards
per
of
Loss
TO
HOW
"
CHARGE
loading
$
at
BOOK
HAULING
in
Lal)()r time
SOME
RAN
per
if
compacted
condition.
cent
of its
back
go
the
to
Earth
it is
same
if when
compacted
with
roller.
Loosening
L
With
(a)
helper will
per
Material
Plow:
One
hour.
plow,
loosen
team
35
cubic
and
driver,
in
will shrink
originalvolume
location
another
and
cent
in volume
and
yards ordinary
one
earth
RAXSOME
THE
114
loadiiif;*
skip, 1
to
BOOK
1| cubic
materials
sui:)plyin^'
inaii
yards
TO
hour
per
mixer
to
HOW
"
and
per
ing
operat-
mixer.
Following
is shown
which
concrete
sistenc}^
wheelbarrows
from
mixer
cost
to
on
of
"quaky" contendency to slop over
amount
has
a
le\Tl
or
spade the
men
to
necessary
grades from
average
place of depositing,and
of extra
also includes
place and
labor
spread
or
concrete.
foot
haul
0.75
cubic
yards
per
man
per
hour
10(3 foot
haul
0.50
cubic
per
man
per
hour
150
foot
haul
0.40
cubic
yards
yards
per
man
per
hour
200
foot
haul
0.33g cubic
per
man
per
hour
225
foot
haul
0.30
yards
yards
per
man
per
hour
25
above
The
the
safe
are
cubic
where
estimates
the
is
crew
portion is materiallj^
delaj'ed.
be kept close to the place
the mixer
When
can
is being deposited the only labor
where
concrete
balanced
so
that
required is that
to
can
handle
can
generally do
man,
and
yards
per
When
the
to
four
men
spread the
2.5 cubic
can
concrete
difficult to
must
on
per
twice
handle
One
concrete.
yards
than
more
hour, depending
mixer
variation
up
no
hour;
that
from
12
the nature
be hoisted
above
done
to
man
two
men
by
16
one
cubic
of the work.
the level of
problem is simple to solve; but it is
give smy general cost data because of the
in
of plants and
the
character
many
the
the concrete
is raised.
heights to which
chosen
remains
The
once
plant, however, when
in daily operating cost, while its output is
constant
dependent upon time of operation.
different
4
MAKIE
HOW
AND
example
For
in silo work.
hoist concrete
to
deposited each
must
hoist
increases,the
the time
with
of
raising the
is
gang
kept
work
must
and
follow.
deposited in
unless
will vary
cost
height of
accordingly. Even
to be
concrete
the
of concrete
results
same
quantity of
the
in
amount
same
given period is variable,the
size
the
crete
con-
as
same,
As
day.
is lengthened
engine hoist the
the
the
consumed
time
to raise the
of the gang
When
be
each
is used
quantity of
increases; the horse
of concrete
hours
more
The
must
be filled once
forms
bucket
day
115
operated winch
one-horse
A
:
CONCRETE
USE
TO
adjusted
to
a
the
working
conditions.
Several
available.
Their
dividing
minute
output
the
the barrow
chain
wheel
or
empties in the
the output may
the
number
hoist
and
the
set
would
be
here
or
carts
the
by
per
operating. There
with
liigswhich
them
to the
off, and
cost
required
the
equipment
by adjusting
the
then
of
catch
return
this
constant
barrows;
or
are
estimated
With
manner.
cost
operating the
the
from
delivered
hoist
the
by gravity spout
is the
problem
conveying
the elevator
to
same,
of concrete
place where
deposited.
For
of
accessories.
spout substitutes
by barrows
them
hoists
speed in feet
which
hoist
is sometimes
chute, but
to
be maintained
together with
Concrete
or
same
of carts
raising concrete
loaded
carts, carry
height, automatically
be
may
the
height
endless
an
ordinary elevator
fourth
one
into
is also
of
types
general estimating the following cost
of
con-
THE
116
work
Crete
SOME
may
be
complete
figures include
These
in
Concrete
where
BOOK
used
HOW
"
TO
in normal
forms, profit,and
times.
all other
items.
necessary
large masses
few^ forms
example:
For
RAN
enclose
cubic
$4 to $6 per
large quantity of
a
yard
concrete.
Engine foundations, pavement
dations,
foun-
building foundations,bridge abutments, and
walls
feet
two
Plain
or
other
plain
eight
and
sixteen
to
inches
quiring
re-
steel reinforcement
some
stresses, $6
temperature
height.
construction
concrete
w^ork
simple form
for
from
walls
concrete
thick, and
thick,of medium
more
to
$8
per
cubic
j^ard.
The
work, but
class of
same
complicated, up
more
$12.
to
Reinforced
work, including bridge floors,
concrete
building construction, etc., $12
sidewalks, $7
*Concrete
cubic
street
There
the
cost
items, such
known
the
"Note:
As
concrete.
contractor
are
cubic
$7.50
pavements,
TREATMENT
naturally the
the
$9 per
to
a
to
yard.
$9.50
per
For
his
will then
of
as
often
to
concrete
resolve
materials
the
own
information
specificationsmay
reduce
his
usually expressed in this
the
cubic-yard
way.
cost
surfaces,
the
required,scaffolding,
must
be
must
figure the volume of
required,
stating the thickness
basis, as paving
to a square-yard
contractor
vary
variation
itself into
quantity of labor, which
unknown
pavement
limit
treatment
must
CONCRETE
OF
being practicallyno
possible in
costs
with
yard.
SURFACE
and
$20,
figureof $15.
general average
"^Concrete
to
in
AND
MAKE
TO
HOW
USE
conservativelyestimated
surface
of the
by the
given time
of the
certain
that
available.
actually do
will
who
men
he
be
can
treated
in
the
Hence
a
tractor
con-
personal knowledge of the ability
have
must
that
men
ledge
know-
the contractor's
from
area
117
CONCRETE
can
teach
to
men
the
do
w(3rk
feel
or
it for the
cost
estimated.
following table
The
gives the
Portland
required for
materials
quantities of
exterior
cement
plasteringof varying thicknesses:
NUMBER
OF
COVERED
PER
DIFFERENT
SACK
in
OF
scratch
coat
WALL
AND
OF
SURFACE
FOR
CEMENT,
PROPORTIONS
THICKNESS
*Used
OF
FEET
SQUARE
VARYING
PLASTERING
only.
Note.
These
figures are based on
either way,
according to the quality
conditions
average
of the
sand
used.
and
No
may
vary
allowance
10 per
is made
cent
for
waste.
After
wall
plaster and
determine
a
having
the
decided
upon
the mixture
totiil materials
the
thickness
be
used, it
to
feet of surface
the
is easy
to
recjuiredfor coveriui;
given wall surface, since the table shows
of square
of
covered
by the
the number
mortar
re-
THE
ILS
RAN
SOME
suiting
from
reduced
by placing a plank
of the
wall
should
never
be
remixed
with
larger than
be
can
and
per
wood
metal
or
lath, the
more
than
the
work
often
costs
less than
other
raise the
used
the
the
extra
colored
form
and
solution
of
five to ten
Concrete
cement
surfaces
The
widely
are
five cents
known.
This
materials
with
regular
removed,
washed
dash
or
per
surface
work
granite or
or
may
chips
wall
with
or
crete,
con-
surface
the
a
generally runs
treated
are
frequently tooled
tooth-axed
smooth
a
weak
from
foot of surface.
square
smooth
mortar,
two-coat
such
cost
extra
surfaces
costing
When
the
by
or
per
lath
plastered
is brushed
wall
approximately
is
are
cents
paper
slightlymore.
or
forms
acid, the
it
$1.50
rough exposed dry
of
cost
face
after the
of cement
before
from
costs
$1.50.
backed
pebbles
batches
otherwise
harden
metal
The
in the
price to $1.75
When
film
are
chips
dash,
wood.
to
away.
generally
little
marble
in
yard, including building
square
to
promptly
up
use,
to
thrown
work
allowed
mixed
begin
be
begun
be
for immediate
must
plaster
already prepared.
be
not
may
stucco
$1.75
and
mortar
used
Cement
to
should
Such
gathered
mortar
needed
are
of the
some
be
be
can
once
not
TO
at the base
ground
falls.
should
the
Waste
it has
after
should
plaster
the
on
HOW
"
cement.
plaster that
used
but
Cement
of
therefore
accumulate
and
catch
to
and
harden,
sack
one
BOOK
by one
finish,at
square
to
is
is done
foot.
reveal
a
coat
of
cost
of
Concrete
the aggregate.
probably
the
most
by lightlychipping
.
MAKE
a
skin
of
panels
the
pointed
The
six
from
to
treated
angles
at
preferable for this
80
100
to
per
building with
of the
area
approximately
work
150
generally done
borders
surfaces
rubbed
surface.
and
to
areas
cutters
are
will
cut
from
eight hours
or
over,
feet
square
at
exposed
of all
man
of
for
of
Stone
one
day
per
and
stone
addition
in
certain
or
are
foot
square
the
the
to
feet
square
surface
generally is contracted
cents
seven
the
carborundum
a
work
The
119
away
is
smooth
and
grout
up.
work
designs with
produce
cement
CONCRETE
breaking
The
left smooth.
with
USE
thus
concrete.
to
or
areas
be
and
tooth-ax
with
TO
HOW
AND
of
surface
in
like
cu.
ft. of
time.
BRICKWORK"
8
f in.
mortar
per
brick.
by
per
1,000
2
f
in.
by
1,000 brick.
brick.
1,000
CONCRETE
brick
4
in.
{\- in. joints
brick
With
Allowing
will lay
WALLS
a
for
475
1 cement
3
waste
1.25
square
feet
FOUNDATIONS"
requires
sand
mix,
barrels
of
12
12
1 barrel
cement
cement
per
in. wall.
WALLS,
ETC.
1,000
120
THE
RANSOMS
BOOK
HOW
"
TO
"K
Q
^
!5
I
^
^c^
!f^
t
I
IT)
122
THE
O)
'
o
RANSOM
E
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
MAKE
AND
HOW
TO
USE
CONCRETE
123
:3
m
o
"
g
COM
w
.O
HO
"3C0
"s
li
12-i
THE
RAN
SOME
HOOK
HOW
"
"
c
a^
"^
^
Cj
C
^
:3 o
t;
2
TO
MAKE
HOW
AND
OF
QUANTITIES
PEBBLES
FEET
TO
USE
CONCRETE
PORTLAND
CRUSHED
OF
CONCRETE
cent
used
or
This
of uniform
such
table
25
been
has
not
quantities given
readily
can
be
thickness
over
to
than
more
prove
quantity
Actual
ten
per
in the table.
used
be measured
can
check
a
used.
vary
estimating,
for
for
and
which
considerable
area,
in
any
concrete
any
area
walks.
illustrate
the
use
of
the
12
inch
:
1..
basement
feet
wide
work
following examples
Example
thick
safely used
is done, as
be
should
walls, floors,and
as
The
the
which
structures
are
in the concrete
below
table
THICK,
Quantities
quantities can
ordering materials, and, after the
that the required quantity of cement
above
SQUARE
YARDS
CUBIC
These
of materials
100
INCHES
Proportions
Note.
AND
SAND,
FOR
10
3.08
TO
EQUAL
CEMENT,
STONE
OR
125
by
and
40
the
Required
wall, 6. feet
feet outside
(" inclu^s thick.
of
quantity
5 inches
dimensions.
ConcnHt^
high
matorinls
al)ovc
The
for
a
footing, for
footing
1 foot
1:3:5.
|)r()p()rti()iied
a
hous(^
() inches
THE
12()
RANSOME
BOOK
TO
HOW
"
Wall:
Length of wall 25+254-39+39
of wall
Area
128X6.417
=
of wall
Thickness
for wall
821.4
=
8.214X1.2=0.S5("8;
=
"
100
10
Take
of cement
9.86
14.2X9.86
=
Cu.
yd. of sand
Cu.
yd. of pebbles
Footing
concrete:
12
X
Sacks
ft.
multiplying units in
for
table
ft.
in.
12
=
(Quantitiesof materials
Factor
=GiV =6.417
=82*^1.4
sq.
0 ft. 5 in.
Height of wall
ft.
128
=
1.58X9.86
=
140.0
=
15.6
=
crushed
or
stone
2.04X9.80
=
=26.0
:
of
Length
footing
of footing
Width
footing
of
Area
Thickness
of
25.5+25.5+37.5+37.5
=
1 ft. 6 in.
=
126X1.5
=
footing
Factor
for
table
ft.
1''^ ft.
=
ft.
footing:
in the
6
-X
"
1.89 X.6
=
"
100
Sacks
for
multiplying units
=189
120
6 in.
=
Quantities of materials
1y*V
=
189
=
=
=
1.134
1.13
=
10
of cement
14.2 X 1 13
=
=
16.0
=
1.8
.
Cu.
yd.
yd.
Cu.
Total
of sand
of
=1.58X1.13
pebbles
=3.0
quantities of materials:
Sacks
of cement
140 + 16
=
Cu.
3^d.of sand
Cu.
yd. of pebbles =26.0+3
Example
5
=15.6
Interior
inches
thick
1:2J^:5,
and
proportioned
mortar
over
Factor
for
base
=
17.4
or
17.5
=29.0
quantities for
of the
all,with
1 inch
basement
4 inch
wearing
a
base
course
1:2.
of floor =23X38=874
Area
the
dimensions
156.0
=
+ 1.8
Required
2.
basement.
Floor
=2.64X1.13
stone
or
sq. ft.
multiplying quantities in table for
4
=874
"
100
=8.74X.4=3.5
X"
10
concrete
23
of
feet
floor
a
by 38 feet.
concrete
composed
for
tioned
propor-
of
cement
Quantitiesof
Sacks
Cu.
yd.
of sand
Cu.
yd.
of
for
Factor
for base
materials
of cement
=
Cu.
pebbles
Total
=
of materials
874
of sand
of cement
Cu.
yd.
of sand
Cu.
yd.
of
SURFACE
SLABS
AND
=
for
=2.92
X. 9 =2.6
materials
pebbles
AREA
OR
stone
=89.5
7.6
=
=
or
7.5
10.0
OF
FEET)
VARIOUS
PROPORTIONS
WITH
yd.
cu.
(IN SQUARE
WALLS
ONE
mortar:
for floor:
54.0+35.4
or
surface
wearing
=5.0+2.6
for
1
X. 9 =35.5
=
table
10.0
X-=8.74X.1=.9
10
=39.4
quantitiesof
Sacks
:
=2.86X3.5
stone
or
multiplying quantitiesin
of cement
yd.
concrete
127
=1.43X3.5=5.0
100
Sacks
CONCRETE
=54.0
15.4X3.5
surface
wearine;
^
Quantities
USE
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
THAT
SACK
OF
THICKNESSES
CAN
OF
CONCRETE
CEMENT
BE
MADE
TIIK
I2S
ILWSOME
WEIGHTS
BOOK
VOLUMES
AND
Porllaiul
('(MiKMit
\veiji;lis
jkt
barrel,
Portland
cement
weighs
per
bag,
Natural
cement
weighs
per
barrel,
Natural
cement
weighs
per
bag,
Loose
\\'eight
Portland
cement
of
of
cubic
paste
foot
Volume
of
of
2J/^
1:
Weight
of
foot
Cinder
Gravel
made
from
100
averages
cement
per
Portland
concrete
averages
of
neat
concrete
cement
concrete
averages
averages
concrete
averages
Sandstone
concrete
averages
averages
in
averages
lb.
92
lb.
per
lb.
Portland
cu.
proportions
foot
cubic
averages
concrete
lb.
mortar
about
concrete
cement
lb.
11).
0.86
Limestone
Trap
about
foot
about
Portland
Conglomerate
cubic
lb.
94
137
averages
Weight
282
net
about
paste
cement
94
net
per
Portland
neat
376
lu^t
net
averages
TO
IJOW
per
135
lb.
130
1b.
112
lb.
150
lb.
150
lb.
148
lb.
143
lb.
155
lb.
cubic
ft.
THE
i:^o
h'AXSOME
BOOK
BANTAM
SENIOR
RANSOME
Ransome
Bantam
general lines
same
furnished
with
a
Senior
Mixer
gasoline engine. The output
lYi c'u. j'ds.of concrete
per hour.
WRITE
TO
FOR
is built along the
as the Bantam,
except that it is regularly
side loader, automatic
water
tank, and
4 H.P.
to
HOW
'\"
\
The
"
RANSOME
BANTAM
is therefore
increased
BOOKLET
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
RANSOME
USE
BANTAM
Ransome
furnished
frame
with
and
Contractors'
mixer
material
WRITE
23/2
trucks,
miscellaneous
on
Bantam
that
so
Type
batch
FOR
the
of this machine
Capacity
or
3
cu.
RANSOME
JUNIOR
of the
Mixer
gasoUne
about
purposes
frame.
per
Junior
H.P.
131
TYPE
FARMERS'
The
CONCRETE
engine
engine
the
has
the
of this mixer
yd.
of concn^tt^
BANTAM
on
used
estate.
or
engine
is 5
pvv
is
separate
a
be
may
farm
Farmers
for
The
mounted
cu.
ft. loose
liour.
BOOKLET
RANSOME
BANTAM
Bantam
Ransome
The
type, having
per
batch.
It is
Paver
a
equipped
The
and
of 10
with
are
TO
cu.
end
load, end
ft. loose
material
6 H.P.
gasoHne engine, chain
as
attractive
well
as
the
features
machine.
WRITE
FOR
''RANSOME
charge
dis-
open-end pivot hopper,
traction
self-propelling
light weight
HOW
"
PAVER
is of the
capacity
10 ft. distributingchute, and
drive.
BOOK
UAXSOME
THE
\:V2
ROADS''
BOOKLET
bility
portaof
this
I
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
RANSOME
STREET
BUCKET
a
PAVER
"
BOOM
AND
with
automatic
steam
20 ft.
dumping
power
one
a
size
and
for
10-E
This
Boom
mixer
on
is
14
cu.
ft. loose
is
It
is
which
FOR
''RANSOME
ROADS
'
an
with
It is made
material
batch.
WRITE
runs
equipped
self-propeUingtraction.
only, capacity
Type,
work.
heavy
distributingboom,
bucket.
has
MODEL
and
Bucket
Paver,
133
TYPE
distinctlyhigh grade machine
equipped
in
Road
Ransome
The
CONCRETE
USE
HOOKLET
per
THE
134
RAN
SOME
^'^
RANSOME
The
the
same
it is
equipped
made
in two
material
r
WRITE
per
as
STREET
the Bucket
with
a
and
FOR
Boom
distributingchute
sizes only, namely
batch,
HOW
with
"RANSOME
TO
PAVER
Paver, Spout Type, is made
Road
lines
~
-.x^,
SPOUT
Ransome
BOOK
steam
14 and
Type, except that
15 ft.
30
cu.
long.
It is
ft. of loose
power.
ROADS"
along
BOOKLET
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
CONCRETE
USE
135
J
RANSOME
MIXER
DIRECT-GEARED
WITH
ENGINE
WITH
The
above
Ransome
These
machines
of
steam, and
WRITE
illustration
Mixers
capacity
FIXED
10
shows
with
made
in sizes
80
-RAN
Fixed
SOME
MIXERiS'
as
of
Hopper.
from
material.
is furnished
Type
Batch
ranging
ft. of loose
cu.
gasolinepow(^r
FOR
Standard
the
equipped
are
to
HOPPER
BATCH
a
batch
Electric,
desircnl.
BOOKLET
RANSOME
THE
RANSOM
MIXER
WITH
BOOK
E
HOW
"
COMPLETE
TO
STEAM
PLANT
DISCHARGE
The
a])Ove
Ransome
illustration
with
cut
steel gears
rings have
WRITE
shows
Mixer, Standard
complete steam-power
FOR
plant.
and
heavy
SIDE
the
Type,
These
on
steel
Mixers
of
frame,
are
welded
MIXERS''
and
the
with
equipped
spUt adjustable bearings.
steel bands
-RAXSOME
discharge side
shrunk
BOOKLET
tion
Tracon.
THE
138
A
COMPLETE
u"ocl
the
'Power,
Irons.
l)arge plant is
following Ransonie
Bucket,
Hoist
This
type
E
RANSOM
Tower
shown
BOOK
HOW
"
a1)ove,
which
on
Mixer,
equipment
Bin, Spoutinf!;and
:
lavout
of s])oulintt
is known
as
a
Plant."
WRITE
FOR
RAXSOME
srolTIXd
TO
CATALOG
was
Steel
Boom
"Boom
MAKE
HOW
AND
TO
USE
CONCRETE
O
Oi
w
o
CO
WRITE
FOR
RANSOM
F
Sroi
TlXd
CATAUHf
139
140
THE
RAN
SOME
BOOK
"
HOW
TO
a
c
C3
Tr/?/7'A^ FOR
RAX
SOME
SPOUTING
CATALOG
CD
MAKE
AND
USE
TO
HOW
GROUT
RANSOME-CANNIFF
and
sand
door,
the
the
bottom,
prevents sand
outlet
grout tank
proportion
proper
grout is mixed
at
to the
designed
are
placing grout by compressed
delivered
are
141
INJECTORS
Injectors
Grout
Ransome-Canniff
mixing
CONCRETE
air.
through
of water
Cement
the
which
and
keeps
cement
pipe. During
this
the
mixture
settlinginto
operation th(^
to
and
charging
being added
by allowing the compressed air
.^
FOR
RAN
SOME
PNEUMATIC
The
blow
in
^'boiling" and
and
choking
blow-off
valve
open.
WRITE
for
BOOKLET
the
is
THE
142
SOME
RAN
far
reaching.
aggregates
can
The
forms
is
and
"
needs
no
of any
sort.
in
through
a
a
minimum
short
FOR
of
length
RAN
or
and
many
point
where
and
the
cally.
economito
concrete
conveying pipe
feature
It takes
The
the
time.
any
can
subway
be
or
concrete
hose
of the
pared
pre-
elevated
tance
dis-
reasonable
The
PNEUMATIC
and
laid
little
but
supports
concrete
conveyed
be
can
up
in tunnel
foundation
of rubber
SOME
a
are
least possible expenditure
the
heavy
at
mixed
required.
required height
any
of the
The
direction
runways
WRITE
with
highly essential
a
machinery
conveniently
most
of material.
any
"
work
be handled
TO
MACHINE
is located
mixer
transportation
and
in almost
room
The
pneumatic
accomplished
of power
to
of
advantages
HOW
"
PNEUMATIC
RANSOME-CANNIFF
The
BOOK
is
placed
same
BOOKLET
inside
TO
HOW
AND
MAKE
RANSOME-CANNIFF
diameter
the
as
necessary,
PLACER
pipe.
the
as
hand
No
concrete
it is needed.
All labor
forms
is eliminated
except the
the
cost
that
subway
WRITE
is found
for any
of course,
cubic
is the
only
work
other
upon
the
of concrete
FOR
RANSOME
to the
exact
the
two
handling
men
be
to
The
particulartype
it has
tamping
or
between
cases
method.
construction
yard
spreading
accomplished
in most
143
ASSEMBLY
be directed
can
where
Not
CONCRETE
USE
mixer
and
the
is
spot
the
hose.
rapidly, but
more
considerably under
savings effected depend,
of work.
amounted
to
In tunnel
over
$2.50
placed.
PNEUMATIC
BOOKLET
and
per
THE
144
RANSOME
RANSOME
Ransome
where
The
Hoist
the work
bucket
HOIST
Buckets
is too
high
is constructed
are
BOOK
HOW
"
TO
BUCKETS
designed
for
to be reached
by
the
most
along
in towers
use
wheeling.
simple lines,
easy
A substantial
trips having been eliminated.
two
bail,built up of angle irons,operates between
5% in.
wooden
end with
at the lower
guides, and is furnished
journals,in which rests the trunnion of the bucket proper.
charge
disBy removing a front guide at any point, automatic
will take place through the space
of the bucket
so
catches
and
left.
WRITE
FOR
RANSOME
EQUIPMENT
BOOKLET
THE
1^""
RAN
RANSOME
SOME
BOOK
BIN
Of
three
Kansome
uill
one
Bin
any
for
of
for
the
view
side
lower
gate
the
illustration shows
the
other;
attaching
side
instead
of the
bin.
quality
of
the
to
of
the
Not
material
only
used
^HBB^
^^^^^^
^^^"fc^*^^
^^^H
^ir^
WRITE
FOR
through
the
the
gate
bottom
tom
botthe
in
^^^
Bin
shows
tical
ver-
i1il^"^
Front
The
one
and
for
the
on
the
deliveringon
the
or
position
able
suit-
center, gate
discharging through
and
sand
and
dischargingstone
bin; the
bottom
some
Gate
upper
used
Gates
storage bins.
aggregate
Bin
different styles
always be found
for
Vertical
TO
GATES
the
of
HOW
"
sures
feet
severe
Bin
Bottom
Bin
Ransome
^^
^^^^
easy
Gate
Gates,
workmanship,
in-
operation and
per-
under
the
closure, even
conditions
of
work.
Gate
RANSOME
but
EQUIPMENT
BOOKLET
this
AND
MAKE
TO
HOW
CONCRETE
USE
147
^
-rjzz:^""'^
RANSOME
CONCRETE
Concrete
Eansome
for
number
Carts,
of wheelers
third
of
the
water
measure.
for end.
The
without
WRITE
handles.
round
legs.
FOR
about
These
These
contour
The
Ransome
legs are
RANSOME
place
of wheelbarrows
down
cut
half, sometimes
one
may
in
concrete,
hold
carts
feature
specialRansome
quick, clean dumping.
or
of
original force.
A
of the
to
used
when
distribution
the
CARTS
to
6
is the
cu.
one
ft.,
bility
reversi-
quickly changed end
be
of the
the
cart
Carts
necessary
EQUIPMENT
bodies
are
facilitates
furnished
for elevator
with
work.
BOOKLET
THE
148
RANSOME
BAR
RANSOME
Raxsome
"
l)it
iron
cast
no
round
and
The
heavier
and
flat iron
power
WRITE
cutter
FOR
end.
stock
up
to
%
they
The
up
will cut
cutter
CUTTERS
solid steel
from
being used.
start, but
in the
economical
made
are
whatever
the
at
more
square
Cutters
Bar
BOOK
to
are
They
13^
by 3}/2 i^^-
For
the most
flat iron
in. round
or
3f by
square
heavier
2 in.
stock,
stocks
a
4
is advisal^le.
RANSOME
a
will handle
lightweight cutter
% in.,and
cost
may
all odds
by
forgings
EQUIPMENT
BOOKLET
INDEX
PAGE
Introduction
A
v
ix
Tribute
Action
Sea
of
Water
Concrete
on
58
2
Aggregates
Aggregates
86
'
.
.
89
Aggregates
107
Aggregates
Aggregates
Course
Wearing
for
Two-Course
of
88
Pavement
Back
Filling
76
Mixers
28
Batch
Brickwork
Care
Reinforcement
of
Causes
119
Walls
"
44
Use
before
62
Dusting
of
Cement
89
Character
Coarse
87
Aggregate
Concrete
Estimating
Concrete
Floors
Concrete
How
"
Concrete
Tanks
Concrete
Walks
Concreting
of
Form
of
Dimensions
Disi"osing
to
"
Walls,
Make
and
1
it
63
54
29
Mixtures
38
13
Plant
Matkrlvls
for
lOxcioss Matiokials
Poofs
ok
Silos
()S
S;")
Sf)
Employers'
Estimating
119
etc
Use
Weather
Drainage
Estimates
....
Work
and
of
45
Examples
64
Washing
for
and
61
Cold
in
Consistency
Design
Tables
Foundations
Concrete
Cost
105
Work
of
Liability
on
Specific
10("
Contracts
120
107
INDEX
150
PAGE
Estimating
for
Excavating
Contractor
the
101
Grading
and
112
Excavation
7()
Expanded
Field
Metal
Practice
Mesh
and
Fabric
Concrete
in
4:^
Road, Street,
and
Alley
Construction
8:^
Fills
84
Finishing
Fire
Slabs
Pavement
Resistance
Joints
at
92
Aggregates
of
22
Forms
94
Forms
109
Forms
and
Footings
77
Forms
for
Concrete
33
Form
Removal
40
General
1
Grading
84
Grading
Aggregates
of
Handling
16
Materials
on
the
Job
89
Hauling
Cement
Ill
Hauling
Charges
109
Importance
of
Bracing
39
Forms
Joints
91
104
Location
Location
41
Reinforcement
of
102
Materials
Materials
Required
Materials
Required
Materials
Used
as
Materials
for
Materials
Required
Material
Silo
Walls
for
for
Concrete
125
for
Plaster
124
Reinforcement
42
Footing
68
Floors
and
for
Sidewalks
of
Monolithic
and
Silo
.
.
70
Measuring
Materials
29
Measuring
Materials
95
Placing
49
Methods
Mixed
of
87
Aggregate
95
Mixing
Mlxing
Ml\in(;
;:-^5^^?^^,
'^
2S
Concrete
Ml\in(j, Placing,
%
122
Floors
Water
and
Handlin(j
Concrete
113
23
INDEX
151
PAGE
77
Mixtures
Silos
Monolithic
76
Placing
Concrete
49
Placing
Concrete
96
Placing
Concrete
Steel
and
Reinforcement
77
...
Placing
Concrete
Planning
Forms
Principles
57
Economically
37
Reinforcing
of
Proportioning
41
Concrete
Protecting
Finished
Protection
of
Quantities
Quantity
Water
under
Mixtures
Work
Finished
52
Pavements
Materials
of
24
100
Paving
for
90
Water
of
Ransome
Products
Rapidity
of
30
129-148
Construction
Reinforcing
105
Concrete
Reinforcement
Concrete
for
Reinforcing
41
Pavements
93
Steel
Requirements
109
Wood
of
Forms
34
Roofs
79
Safe
Load
Screen
Studs
for
Bank-
Screening
Run
Posts
or
36
Material
4
Pays
5
Silos
Size
66
Aggregates
of
23
Specifications
Square
Feet
Storage
83
Sack
per
Cement
of
Plastering
Wall
for
117
Requirements
Striking
Off
and
2
Finishing
Pavement
Surface
97
.
Summary
Hauling
Surface
Area
of
Charge
112
Concrete
Slabs
or
Walls
127
...
Surface
Table
Treatment
Giving
Silos
.
Table
Civincj
of
Concrete
Horizontal
116
Reinforcement
for
Bloc^k
73
r
Lineal
Vv.vvv
of
Tklxngle
Mesh
forcement
Rein71
Table
of
M.ateiu.xls
Ke(m;ihi'^i)
27
.
Table
of
Mateiilm^s
Table
of
Recommkndi^d
i-^oii
Koof
Mixtuihos
Slabs
SO
lM
L\Dl!:X
152
PAGE
Table
of
Rein
Table
of
Tiuangle
Table
Showing
Capacity
Table
Showing
Concrete
Table
Showing
Method
Table
Showincj
Thickness
Time
forcing
I^oof
fou
Mesh
Slabs
81
Helnfokcemext
Silos
of
Blocks
G9
Tons
in
Required
Reinforcing
of
of
Roof
(i?
72
Silos
71
Slabs
79
Mixing
of
32
Transportatiox
104
Types
of
Floors
()2
Types
of
Forms
3o
Washing
Aggregates
5
Water
90
108
Water
.
Weather
105
Conditions
Weights
and
Wetting
or
128
Volumes
Greasing
Forms
38
W
7S4