1. home and garden
2. appliances
3. stoves

THE
FIRE
KITCHEN
AND
TO
HOW
A
Manual
to
for
Coal,
save
the
IT.
RUN
showing
Housewife
and
Labor
Gas,
BY
SAMUEL
SEWARD
WRIGHT
FEATURES
ECONOMY
OF
FUEL
EFFICIENCY
OF
STOVE
CONVENIENCE
SAFETY
OF
AND
OPERATION
SANITATION
Health
how
Copyright
By
Samuel
Seward
CCU327715
1912
Wright
1.
PART
CONTENTS.
Page
Preface
4
Introduction
7
Air
Water
Chapter
1.
Chapter
2.
Fuel"Wood"
Chapter
8.
Oxygen
Chapter
4.
Stoves
Chapter
5.
Chapter
6.
Fuel
Chapter
7.
Safety
Chapter
8.
Fuel
Chapter
9.
12
Fire
"
"
of
Friend
the
16
Etc
Peat,
^^Coal
Wood^
24
Carbon
27
Gas
"
"
"
Chimneys
34
Drafts
Dampers
"
"
41
Smoke
Gases
"
46
Sanitation
and
"
Super-Heated
52
Saving
Fuel
Burning
Oxygen
Fuel
and
58
Savino-
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Pa2:e
Fioure
Cabinet
1
32
Ranse
Dockash
"
i!5
Figure
2
Figure
3
Transit
Gases
of
to
"
Transit
of
Gases
Around
Oven
to
the
"
40
Chimney
Figure
39
Chimney
Dockash
4
"
Gas
Range
51
THE
KITCHEIN
FIRE
PREFACE
Author's
The
form
the
facts
of
questions
pubHc
in
simple
The
of
even
in
of
offer
to
to
all
the
present
ers
housekeep-
in
and
the
more
in
the
extravagant
and
of
the
life than
a
sity
neces-
fuel
of
than
deplored
and
preparation
the
Economists
consumption
be
to
more
in
food, is
like
Fuel,
profligacy
our
Kitchen.
necessaries
the
Occurs
World
far
are
nation.
other
marked
wastefulness
in the
we
of
use
life,and
which
Nation's
the
nation
a
any
been
not
book
a
with
experience
dissertation, but
or
terms
in
our
more
has
of all Waste
as
decade's
readable
understand.
Food
that
people
is
and
of
wasteful
treatise
in
presenting
a
Economy
day
every
Greatest
Cooking
assert
Fuel
read
can
from
gathered
scientific
a
in
conception
our
of
consumption
food.
The
aggregate
millions
of
computed
the
to
The
fact
painstaking
of
waste
three
twenty-five
at
dollars.
and
ten
per
of
annual
dollars, which
Cooking
in
food
our
is the
country.
hundred
in
Ten
the
per
The
])roduct is far greater
is
cooking
of
of the
is
spoilage
value
food
total
than
in
any
for
or
the
of
value
millions
waste.
or
of
ful
care-
spoilage
a
general manufacturing
money
billions
most
hundred
eight
vidual,
indi-
each
eight
there
cent,
for
after
deduced
that
consumption
represents
of
sum
been
sixty-fivedays,
day only
enormous
cent,
by ninety-three
and
per
research
most
consumed
cents
has
family consumption.
the
of food
for
people
amounts
of
value
the
other
output
business
of
industry.
the
The
HOW
TO
RUN
^
value
in the
loss
IT
only loss," great
This
food
food
of the
it is in
as
in the
spoiled
where
It
be
can
coal, gas
demonstrated
that
than
greater
the
ten
approximately forty
annual
Our
bill,shown
fuel
statistics, is
Forty
nation's
the
It
in
five years
each
kitchen
in
fuel
methods
correct
fire.
of
Author
The
demonstrations
in
East
West,
where,
maintaining
fires,
of
and
of fuel
better
sustained
has
stove
kitchen
produce
the
supply
to
him
Upon
of
A
one
thousands
States
ment
Govern-
millions
is
of
lars.
dol-
of
hundred
two
fuel
loss
one
billion
lions
milin
waste
or
dollars
of
observed
and
approximately
has
and
one-half
saved
been
greater
South,
North,
homes,
methods
by practicing improved
stove
with
the
usual
more
and
efficiency from
motive
the
her
product,
while
power,
mechanic
rests
who
the
hundreds
a
far-off
the
fuel
the
a
letter
follows:
used
to
is necessary
cook
operates
Northwestern
received,
the
machine
is the
the
received
state,
neer
engi-
machine.
the
responsibilityfor
from
from
is the
range
or
single quotation
of
that
demonstrated
process.
Author
is
waste,
ing
by adopting and practicmaintaining the
operating and
manufacturing
the
far
is
value
manufactured
or
hundred
save
has
heat,
skilled
or
fuel
secured.
been
The
United
amount
to
consumed
amount
fuel.
as
stoves.
possible,therefore,
is
or
cent.
which represents
cooking
stoves
of
food
of
five
in
waste
by
of this
cent,
per
dollars,
of
nearly
in the
and
cooked
the
fifty per
or
the
not
oil is consumed
or
cent,
per
of homes
is
etc.,
wood,
is
aggregate.
millions
eighteen
hotels, clubs, restaurants,
ranges
the
wasted
or
success
by
being
the
only
6
THE
''If
could
I
have
have
that
I
heat
problem
could
in
astonished
old
yet
above
being
find
so
important
the
have
of
in
average
thousand
about
the
and
is
so
control
letter
the
am
sixty
over
little
as
who
I
be
so
I
that
one
to
experience
builder
the
housekeeping.
matter
a
ago
believe
of
knew
I
years
controlling
honestly
lived
writer
and
and
to
that
The
architect
an
I
I
that
to
fire."
kitchen
the
using
went
FIRE
thirty-five
neighborhood
wq
think
and
and
simple
the
since
to
in
cookstove,
in
fuel
lesson
the
week,
the
saved
in
years
this
had
have
dollars
had
KITCHEN
is
of
man
gentle-
a
intelligence,
successful
his
in
vocation.
Having
made
prescribed
that
hope
order
to
this
the
small
to
diagnosis,
secure
of
information
volume
an
comforts
be
the
submits
this
to
and
the
practical
SFAVARD
tion
producthe
covers
test
certain
conveniences
follow.
SAMUEL
and
with
the
between
put
trouble,
public
interested
furnished
may
the
located
Author
the
remedy,
consideration
the
to
of
the
the
WRTG?IT.
in
TO
HOW
RUN
IT
INTRODUCTION
FLAME.
civilization, after
modern
In
is
nothing
and
prosperityof
the
artificial
means
of
ated
and
barbarism
would
close,
Those
first kindled
who
made
did
flame,
succeeded
have
has
invention,
of
heroes
ancient
what
earth.
or
air
water
but
a
known
two
is
a
be
compound
composed of
All
the
and
all
that
and
is
any
that
of
is not
air,
understand
water
that
elements,
for
air
is
now
elements-
two
Nitrogen:
that
Oxygen
as
mixture
It
of
water
and
gases
many
elements.
solid
matter-substance-something
a
all.
themselves
known
gases
earth
and
in
not
mixture
a
being simple
gaseous
than
success
like
of elements,
Oxygen
two
did
not
were
at
element
an
early Greeks
as
their
really nothing
or
gases-known
of
compound
solids"
is
thought,
earth
welfare
was
who
were,
FLAME?
IS
fire
the
But
mixture
to
a
Greeks
and
Hydrogen,
and
of
they
possible.
all progress
flame
it
without
supreme.
whoever
for
them,
WHAT
The
reign
for human
more
into
railroads
desolate
become
would
chaos
relapse
operated, manufactories
be
not
obliter.
were
transacted,
be
would
homes
our
light, and
and
heat
could
lines
edge
present knowl-
civilization would
not
happiness
the
producing- fire
could
Food,
and
to
If all
race.
of
Business
steamboat
and
human
rediscovered,
not
Fire,
than
important
more
Water
Air,
elements
that
can
are
be
known
as
weighed,
KITCHEN
THE
8
measured,
in
form
some
The
flame
It is
simply
they
are
stored
A
WHY
IS
from
Carbon,
Oxygen
released,
the
communicates
continues
hot, and
the
to
to
is
stored
there
of
mineral
or
as
fuel
become
It appears
in
earth
is
has
for
and
the
solid
of
Oxygen
and
is
energy
Oxygen.
to
union
a
locked
of
Carbon
in
up
in
itself
is
both
rapid motion,
air,
it
making
radiant
heat.
CARBON?
in
in
mass
liquid
form
All
gas.
which
until
earth,
in
like
being
the
form
petroleum,
vegetation springing
largely
immense
stored
the
of mankind
use
composed
necessities
of heat.
of
carbonaceous
quantities
our
ancestors
our
nation's
of
have
bon
car-
drawn
wood
supply
seriously depleted.
is the
burned
or
natural
FUEL
Fuel
the
forests, upon
our
their
for
coal,
Nature
in
has
ages
so-called
the
matter.
for
like
the
from
for
nature.
the
mostly
producing
move,
lying
like when
surrounding
IS
solid
a
look
power
energy
WHAT
Carbon
of
active, shows
itself
is
fuels, and
applied
wonderful
becomes
which
Carbon
is
"
or
HOT?
amount
fire
"
kind
influence
the
FIRE
in
gases
under
other
or
dormant
flame
the
"
glowing
wonderful
lying
When
and
and
Coal, Wood
air.
of different
elements
the
utilized
be
may
needs.
element
an
what
comes
of
the
is not
which
and
tasted,
or
human
for
burning
Heat
part
felt
seen,
FIRE
name
domestic
in many
AND
give
ITS
to
purposes,
different
KINDS.
material
any
or
forms
in
the
and
which
arts
under
or
may
be
sciences.
many
dif-
HOW
TO
ferent
convenience
for
and
names,
follows
9
IT
RUN
will
classified
be
as
:
First
Solid
"
charcoal, peat, coal
fuels, including wood,
coke.
and
Second
Third
and
gas
amount
water
of
Carbon
of
heat
quantity
the
to
will
fuels
in
is
desired
in
healthful
a
of
fuel
which
the
is,
inmates.
The
Carbon,
which
right
which
is
wrong
way
stoves
are
of
the
and
as
in
a
result
the
nearly
average
burn
fuel
condition
family
a
the
fuel
as
sideration.
con-
of
its
little
as
Oxygen
in
manner
proper
fire
as
expense.
families.
are
The
tion
operagener--
nigh universal,
dollars
many
and
ducive
con-
lives
without
is well
for
first
burn
to
all
the
manner
burning,
of
it with
sanitary
a
ordinary
nearly
fuel
secure
much
had
or
as
to
the
is
as
be
correct
twice
burn
in
and
management
This
to
be, the
home
common
of
burning
it in
burned
in
of
possible,
can
operated
RANGES.
is
way
burn
be
to
is the
ally disregarded.
the
prevalent
more
way
should
or
.free,and
and
stove
the
dollars, and
simple principles
most
and
fire.
or
AND
as
the
way
costs
possible, which
The
of
safety
flame
of
to
Also, it should
to
of
wrong
of heat, and
way,
the
it is subjected
when
generated
right
The
consumption
upon
substance
STOVES
and
ranges.
volume
ducer
pro-
following chapters.
IN
way
depends
the
composition
right
a
and
little
be
may
FUEL
stoves
as
that
treated
be
oil gas,
gas,
named
in
stored
and
BURNING
There
fuels
of the
high temperature
nature
etc.
tar,
gas.
of any
value
The
fuels, including coal
Gaseous
"
The
fuels, including petroleum,
Liquid
"
i
are
s
ed
expendnecessary.
10
THE
with
is written
book
This
of the
WHERE
often
of
cinders
sifting of
controlled,
and
ing
before
"
of
drafts
in other
the
smoke
chimney
kitchen
which
pipe
which
flue
is
and
might
be
is very
pipe
must
take
correct
a
and
through the
not
properly
occurs
fire be
of
the
smoke
in
the
"
ash
obviated
which
pipe
has
burning
been
box
and
reduced
or
information
correct
by
being generated
wholly
AND
CHIMNEY.
connects
the
very
but
concern-,
will
also
be
fire troubles
readily obviated.
important,
from
its flues
understanding
the
are
and
The
and
the
stove
with
a
stove
or
to
range
important feature of the
its importance
is frequently
and
stoves
susceptible to change
chimney
loss
dampers,
PIPE
heating system,
overlooked,
reclaimed
directions
and
of
sometimes
process
almost
form
the
parts of this book.
SMOKE
The
in
through
escape
by acquiring
use
discussed
be
may
box
after
gases
in both
that
burning is
large quantities
if the
as,
the
Losses
minimum
the
to
ash
great
the
allowed
are
chimney
a
of
many
chimney
the
A
Its
ways.
are
chimney
and
completed.
to
ashes.
the
pipe
fire
the
its
GOES.
imperfect
in
of
reading
information.
two
clinkers, which
and
smoke
and
found
are
in
rect
cor-
ance
mainten-
and
care
WASTE
lost
or
incomplete
so
Carbon
the
THE
is wasted
Fuel
such
FIRE
supplying
consecutive
a
furnish
chapters will
several
the
on
fire, and
kitchen
of
purpose
information
needed
and
the
KITCHEN
most
to
study
care
flue
proper
the
chimney
much
is often
results.
in themselves
nection
con-
smoke
the
course
beneficial
of
endured
are
and
consequence.
The
their
HOW
The
at
TO
proper
manipulation
of
and
solved
be
to
Author
the
paid
great
Some
to
will
to
appear
practical
communicate
all
its
lems
probwith
the
actual
inventors
and
have
coal
of
and
gas
of
at
the
end
application
of
Part
of
the
the
be
used
which
as
stoves.
A
brief
involved
principles
information
lems.
Prob-
heating
worthless.
Second,
has
Saving
to
and
are
and
them
Fuel
invented
ranges
others
attention
more
to
been
merit
some
STOVES.
1902
in
"
description
in
peculiar
or
TO
strike
devices
to
have
invited
coal
writers
by
Many
accessories
is
ment
manage-
discussed
unusual
has
not
favorable
are
practical
be
ACCESSORIES
NEW
been
conditions
will
is
range
letter.
by
Since
who
or
The
fire
reader
stove
a
burning.
and
stove
any
of
where
fuel
the
PROPERLY.
FUEL
BURN
irksome
or
satisfactory
detail,
11
HOW
difficult
all
for
IT
iRUN
TO
is
herein
devoted
mitted.
sub-
12
THE
KITCHEN
FIRE
_
CHAPTER
WATER"
Well
informed
that
concerning
the
prevalent
liquid
Oxygen
in
mixture
and
that
continue
other
The
all His
All
creatures
Creator,
costs
of
like air, is
a
gas
in
and
by
few
a
made
all
not
a
regions
of
individuals,
and
sold
housekeeper
who
pays
air
the
by
"
being
are
is
a
supers
earth,
and
existence.
for
All- Wise
liquid instead
a
ized,
easily mobil-
communities
for
air
Oxygen
an
more
is controlled
artificial
through
and
of
prevalent, provided
animal
densely populated
gases,
exist
to
animal
and
controllable,
more
in
atmospheric
and
Water
penny.
commodity
a
the
water
and
most
prevalent
proportions
all
being
the
combination
a
in order
human
to
human
"
that
of
matters
that
most
or
that
in
breathe
we
two
fixed
know
is
"
breathe
certain
essential
are
air
of
to
co-existing
"
both
Water
"
simple
explain
prise
sur-
illy informed
so
very
can
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen.
abundant
known
and
must
we
few
How
their
express
remains
yet
proportions
exact
which
frequently
important
life.
viz.,
FIRE.
general public
everyday
certain
AIR"
people
the
I.
the
to
money
is
means
general
public.
The
his
family
must
and
faucets
and
other
dollars
shall
or
By
gas,
has
find
company
similar
oil
become
therefore
means
their
a
a
who
the
commodity
fixed
charge
into
way
supply
and
controlled,
and
upon
must
the
that
to
waste
for
be
income
of
water
for
means
fewer
cofifers of
water
the
using
by
so
the
the
has
and
ways
waste
devices
necessary
electricityare
or
its
conserving
for
dollars
provides
consume,
controlling
his
the
meters,
of his
cipality
muni-
sell.
light,either
light,like
purchased,
of every
water,
and
is
family.
HOW
TO
13
IT
RUN
FIRE.
all know
Likewise
generate
to
heat, and
that
hre
burn
cause
a
All
produced.
its
"
to
transforming
wood
in
the
of
category
civilization
how
costly
like
sources,
the
on
afire
set
fire
of
and
bamboo
a
birds,
been
gained
is
them
to
burning
like
those
of
the
a
flamed
have
meteorite
stems
tion
fricsuch
animals
and
might
cooking
of
the
fire from
burning
flesh
a
setting
imtil
other
saw
or
observed
driving
each
of
knowledge
feast
ural
nat-
storm
forests,
a
knew
man
have
doubt,
no
man
from
must
a
to
coming
Sea, which
against
a
process
necessary
Before
fire
He
He,
from
fire
prehistoric
oil wells
underbrush,
first
or
of
remains
more
lightning stroke,
through
his
and
actual
to
was
Caspian
flame.
sweep
is
observed
groove
excited
causes
heat
precarious.
and
the
by
leaves
to
into
centuries.
for
smouldered
tree
coal
nothing
the
evolved
phenomena
the
volcanoes,
of
shores
is necessary
unknown.
fire he
produce
the
and
burn
be
can
what
Fire, which
than
both
to
the
heat
will
air"
"
but
"
or
ignited
with
by fire,that
produced
so-called
before
is commoner,
Nothing
luxury
draft
purposes
in
is
when
familiar
are
and
uses
heat
fuel
other
and
coal, wood
that
have
primitive
such
cooking.
ARTIFICIAL
How
and
artificial
of
sticks
probably
stone
or
when
agencies
of
the
other
passed
plktsphorous
first
man
will
wood
match
be
until
known
mineral
which
revealed.
flame
method.
knew
was
how
fire
and
The
pieces
employed.
to
strike
perfected
as
by
rubbing
produced
was
Then
doubtless
were
man
flame
produced
never
together
oldest
before
FIRE.
the
is
of
turies
Cen-
cheap
recently as
14
TPTE
In
1840.
fact,
until
not
understood
flame
actual
of
process
until
It
then
discovered
gases
instead
of two
It
without
the
existence
chemistry
came
be-
control
and
and
the
and
primarily
be
heat,
flame, and
a
of
elements.
two
which
in
together
proper
fire, which
a
is gas
flame
the
The
By ignitionwe
burn.
be
may
Carbon.
ignition before
can
out
with-
burn.
is called
brought
to
cannot
burned,
and
under
placed
union
be
to
that
and
fire
inert
an
is essential
animals,
a
is
the
"
gen.
Nitro-
four-fifths
Nitrogen
a
composed
Nitrogen
and
Oxygen
Oxygen
must
produces light and
producing
of
gaseous,
Carbon
and
that
and
substance
solid, liquid or
proportion
that
Century.
air is
and
not
was
Eighteenth
Oxygen
qualiiy,
fire is
a
the
Oxygen
"
of all humans
Therefore
Oxygen
one
discovered
supply
combustion
or
atmospheric
that
one-'lifth
definite
sufficient
Oxygen
of
part
of
also
was
gas
either
of
produce
to
burning
latter
the
proportion being
a
able
man
was
known
was
principles
FIRE
will.
at
The
the
KITOT-TEN
in
mean
of
process
burning.
As
of
Oxygen
to
and
and
Oxygen
effect
burning
is
water
pure
in
of
and
in
exact
fire
the
proper
substance
the
preserved
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen
a
in certain
composed
air
pure
is
of
composed
proportion,
in
so
order
or
economical
combustion
or
to
be
there
be
burned,
proportion
necessary
proportion
exact
of
must
and
Oxygen
Carbon.
It is because
by
often
and
men
stated,
of
that
fuel.
which
of
women
such
experienced
fires, and
lamentable
the
in
great
general
the
results
in
principles
trouble.
maintaining
the
lack
and
the
enormous
edge
of knowlfacts
and
is
annoyance
kitchen
waste
fore
be-
and
of
so
other
sive
expen-
TO
HOW
Fire
RUN
IT
combustion
"
elements
under
of
fuel"
mixing
in
mix
bread
several
certain
fail of
and
proportion, by weight
salt, sugar,
mixed
food
the
and
butter
will
neither
be
kitchen
Every
is
Even
of
of
knowledge
or
wash
the
in
soda, bluing, and
in the
makes
ways,
If the
kitchen
and
baking
troubles
would
labor
fire that
would
take
must
the
place
is
families.
and
The
often
11iis
practical
is
in
water,
be
given
of
the
use
and
starch
the
in
work,
control
or
ing
cook-
fire and
in
economy
gence
dili-
same
successful
to
the
and
important
very
kitchen
a
and
stove
of fuel
use
and
waste,
in
the
to
will be
in the
the
practice
health
treated
other
in
of
are
and
and
a
domestic
our
fire uncontrolled
menace
feature
manner
the
uses
operation
of extravagance
afifairs,sanitary conditions
too
consciously
un-
greatly diminished.
be
economy
importance.
the
kitchen
other
cook,
or
exercised
in
largely vanish,
involved
While
and
care
"
principles of chemistry.
maid,
or
painstaking
and
of the
cook
of
use
erly
prop-
baked
daily avocation.
in her
preparation
of the
use
housewife,
her
not
every
practices
be,
tain
cer-
wholesome.
and
chemist
the
if
well
how
matter
in
flour, water,
ingredients, for
laboratory,
woman
other
the
measure,
it may
though
arts
combine
palatable nor
a
housewife,
baking,
or
proper
mixture
the
The
no
"
else
its purpose.
other
combined
or
economical
ingredients in
must
the
compounding
in
conditions,
for
cake
or
air and
of the
druggist,
the
quantities
satisfactory or
a
tain
Cer-
process.
certain
in
Oxygen
The
under
and
useless
be
the
"
before
prescriptions,must
will
combined
maintained.
proportion
simple chemical
a
be
conditions
the
be
can
is
"
must
certain
Carbon
fire
15
greater
aged
misman-
lives
of
our
plain,thiM'ough
portions
of
this
book.
THE
16
FIRE
KITOHEIN
II
CHAPTER
FUEL.
The
in
coal
kitchens
and
All
gas.
with
and
are
in
is
will
material.
heat-giving quality, and
its
in
Carbon
of
is
flame
when
burn
proportion
ties
quanti-
lesser
or
combustible
the
poses
pur-
peat, lignite,
wood,
greater
which
the
higher
The
fuel, the greater
the
therefore
the
like
oak,
value.
its money
greater
stored
that
means
applied.
include
which
Carbon,
Combustible
homes
domestic
for
burned
fuels
important
more
WOOD.
include
woods
Hard
Freshly chopped
sometimes
and
of about
twenty
wood
will
great
amount
burn
before
requires
it has
while
the
ninety-eight
less
than
two
anthracite
per
heat
greeij
moisture
to
for
must
be
be
first
that
wood,
wood
can
more,
economical
to
the
pelled
ex-
and
burned,
ture.
mois-
the
expel
dry
wood
burn
seasoned.
anthracite
cent.
contains
wood
only fiftyper
of
best
often
moisture,
green
it is not
well
contains-
Wood
of
deal
reason
become
than
in the
carbon
great
this
For
until
the
a
in
moisture
of
tains
soft, con-
or
plain, therefore,
It is
readily
more
hard
wood
dry
cent.
per
of
cent,
Even
less.
either
wood,
green
forty-five per
about
of
and
others.
many
it
poplar, willow,
pine, hemlock,
include
woods
walnut.
and
hickory, beech, birch, elm, ash, maple
Soft
woods
heavy, compact
The
cent,
coal
residue
per
cent.,
while
the
coal
varies
from
three
contains
or
ash
ash
or
to
of
less
or
four
as
Carbon,
much
wood
from
earthy
per
matter
cent.
as
is
KJTOllKN
THE
18
owinj^
the
to
of
quality
coal.
In
superior heating
and
cheapness
for
it is used
countries
European
domestic
than
other
a])Undance,
FIKE
also.
purposes
LIGNITE.
is classed
This
bituminous
its
and
river
importance
as
in
It is lower
contains
to
obtain
exposed
good quality.
and
crumbles
fuel
a
as
must
it is mined
where
near
coals, but
It
matter.
and
state
Lignite
soft
the
weather,
the
greater
results.
best
the
of
most
of
not
-that
as
of
become
is
gaseous
to
its natural
in
used
than
but
consumption.
product
and
water
when
be
the
its carbon
more
rapidly
domestic
for
though
coked,
be
fuel
a
limited,
will
it
developed
Mississippi
of the
been
has
to
sive
Exten-
heat.
moderate
territory west
far
thus
use
becomes
territory
can
in the
exist
inferior
being
coals
yielding only
coal,
deposits
mineral
among
COAL.
is classified
Coal
soft
or
of hardness,
or
eight per
as
semi-anthracite,
per
cent,
of volatile
fire is
flame
or
coal.
Other
coal?,
from
drive
which
off the
the
solid
much
as
that
matter
applied,
coals
of the
coke
volatile
carbon,
this
seven
as
is known
matter
the
matter
gaseous
(juickly
in("re
contains
coal
When
of
much
degrees
burns
and
more
anthracite.
hard
the
than
as
gaseous
or
ijecausc
kindles
semi-anthracite
rapidly
of volatile
cent,
in
varies
contains
that
coal
minous,
Bitu-
coal, and
hard
or
anthracite
The
coal.
hard
and
Anthracite,
as
or
eighteen
as
is
changed
is
known
are
produced.
gaseous
which
kinds
The
portion
is called
coke.
or
as
process
of the
when
gas
bituminous
it is called
soft
into
twenty
or
soft
coking
is to
ing
coal, leavIt
is used
HOW
'RUN
TO
^'"^
IT
largely for melting
and
heat
minating
It
not
preceding
sections
some
coke
it is
but
the
than
and
Bituminous
hard
and
and
coal
is
more
generally used
anthracite,
quickly
than
by using the
is used,
domestic
to
with
domestic
for
Bituminous
Solid
analysis
from
matter"
matter
Sulphur
The
from
the
volatile
therefore,
as
having
and
matter,
gaseous
or
for
country
It is not
homes.
is not,
is
fiftyto
so
able
desir-
follows:
as
eighty-four per
twelve
from
gaseous"
-ash"
Allegheny
of the
from
bituminous
Mountains
and
Mississippi
seem
River
cent.
forty-eight
to
richer
almost
in carbon,
free from
the
twenty
cent.
cent.
coal
region
in the
extending
and
per
to
of
distance
some
in Southern
west
and
western
South-
inexhaustible.
almost
ANTHRACITE
Being
to
two
tliree per
to
one
deposits of
states
and
of
It
cent.
Earthy
west
and
and
more
use.
coal
Carbon
Volatile
the
smoke
more
of
free
more
produced
solid anthracite,
the
as
it is
burning anthracite.
slower
larger proportion
much
per
handle
results.
in manufacturing
be
can
large section
a
in
heat.
steam
in kitchens
purposes
convenient
burns
in
however,
and
used
excellent
intense
than
solid
the
largely
is
with
burning
illu^
easily ignited
with
fuel
of
more
transportationenterprises because
and
a
residue
coke
This
domestic
for
freely
burns
the
coke.
furnishes
process,
is also
so
of air.
blast
strong
a
yields intense
for it
furnaces,
another
coal, under
gas,
carbon,
in
freely under
burns
Bituminous
iron
COAL
more
compact
light,volatile
than
gas,
all others,
and
having
20
THE
little
SO
kitchen
earthy
is the
FIRE
ideal
coal
for
use.
contains
frequently
It
anthracite
matter,
KITOHEIN
of carbon.
Being
sanitary
burned
and
slowly
the
other
ash
and
free from
so
burn, and
to
volatile
fire retained
a
without
ninety-five per
as
much
wood.
or
it
more
be
can
longer
than
burns
to
It also
cent,
it is also
gas,
although kindling slowly
fuels
coal
much
as
with
fine
a
smoke.
BRIQUETTES.
This
is
fuel
new
a
have
briquettes
been
manufacturing
and
countries
for
1908
in
made,
sold
and
domestic
use
in
seventy
than
mor^
Briquettes are
fine particles of
made
by
anthracite
in
the
being
dirt
after
it
which
other
which
or
is distilled
soft coal
to
into
in the
hard
product which
pitch
used
(pure coal)
easeous
and
matter.
to
be
consists
and
coal
cooled
transported
per
and
they
without
cent,
pitch,
or
jected
sub-
is then
or
fifty-tseven
per
forty-three
fine
of bituminous
pressure
when
move
re-
dried,
the
tar
It
chestnut
to
hold
to
either
cite
anthra-
and
matter
severe
of
of
is
often
so
washed
of coke.
coal, and
can
sizes
of
the
from
matter
by-products
manufacture
corresponding
of anthracite
The
of the
heat
sizes
binder
duced
pro-
culm, which
as
order
pean
Euro-
alone
process
carefully
in
a
one
as
extreme
sizes
mixed
for
tons.
bony
or
foreign
with
particles together
is
both
principal
million
domestic
It
is
the
known
all slate
prepared
and
consumed
patented
a
coal
removed.
public, although
Germany
years.
eighteen
practically solid carbon,
found
American
the
to
the
formed
larger
result
in
a
breakage.
cent,
of
of
volatile
bon
caror
HlOW
TO
As
RUN
IT
fuel
a
freedom
it
and
which
ignites more
gives
it is made.
clinkers, and
The
manufactured
the
burns
and
Possessing
so
desirable
in
only
has
wasted
in
that
of
the
soft
ultimate
of
price
in
upward
sections
As
and
will
the
prudent
is and
is
cord
per
so
and
like
supply,
Because
mining,
the
product,
ton
per
of wood
in the
of life
"
greatly
Food,
or
economize
food
doubled
be
fuel
of
and
the
tendency
will
continue
already
or
learn
the
to
in
all
it
how
that
end
be
now
in cost,
to
in
most
to
the
for
purchased
probability they
behooves
certainly
utilize
annual
all the
luel
heat
expense
reduced.
economy
in the
Clothing
and
distinction.
or
cannot
cord, and
or
consumer
Concerning
less
its
of
expense
and
mined
been
that
of the
named
ton
per
ultimately
be
may
price
fuels
two
price
units
fuel
consumed,
anthracite
exists
use,
Pennsylvania,
valuable
most
domestic
is far
prohibitive.
the
less
the
as
become
to
which
coal,
for
Eastern
exhaustion
of
an
future.
coal
increasing difficultyand
certain
of
tons
qualities of
is already seriously depleted.
wood,
the
500,000
destined
anthracite
or
counties
mining
has
WASTE.
hard,
this
Company
the
seem
fuels 'in the
than
few
a
rapidly
a
of
of
many
without
and
fuel.
than
more
greater
coal, from
fine ash
a
Briquette
briquettes
leading
deposit
more
to
sold
with
anthracite
economical
an
FUEL
The
than
Anthracite
fuel, anthracite
of
heat
more
is, therefore
briquettes.
ideal
quickly, burns
It also
Scranton
already
one
.21
lessen
food
An
food
of
a
of tlie three
use
Fuel
"
there
individual
cost
or
cheaper
or
a
a
notable
family
except
expense
price
is
necessities
or
poorer
ference
dif-
cannot
by eating
quality.
'
with
Likewise
purchased
clothing
volume
of the
any
conveniences
i\nother
money
prompt
all
welfare
of
it is
their
forth
annual
fattened
are
skins
and
supply
of nature
when
But
lost
totally
to
year
rain
of
the
that
waste
than
"
of any
the
throw
cotton
other
and
and
visions
pro-
it is
burned
from
replaced
induced
the
by
fertile
the
frequently
value
fire at
of
waste
will
of
the
fuel
is
restored
be
not
ous
copi-
soil
of
plorable
de-
more
natural
by
necessities
other
that
of demonstration
of
reckless, foolish
the
ennially
per-
The
be
action
wanton
waste
a
the
its value
greater
and
needlessly burned,
money
nature
life
of
luxury.
It is easy
"
mined
cannot
animals
The
and
bring
clothing.
filteringthrough
reason
a
"
half
and
"
chemical
the
Heaven
this
For
or
is
is produced
Earth.
Mother
forces
destroyed
"
by
year
coal
of
ton
a
for
and
fields
The
mankind.
needs
our
food
animals,
of
the
is purchased
food
more
fields
for
wools
and
When
kinds.
of the
subsistence
provides
plant,
herbage
should
children
our
year.
divers
of
costs
is for
It
"
but
every
crops
the
on
and
generation,
us
course,
and
each
"
ing
sacrific-
which
"
conservation.
follow
of
fuel
present
posterity.
our
consumed,
grown
"
fuel
will
"
may,
comforts
of the
any
saving
of the
who
children
or
family
without
expense
than
practice
to
A
be
must
enjoyed.
welfare
those
childrens'
of heat
other
reason
for the
"
fuel
present
at
clothing
cheaper price.
a
decrease
greatly
however,
of
clothing
or
less
expense,
FIRE
KITCHEN
THE
22
one
or
dollar
the
of coal
or
end
coal
to
of
pail
to
one-
is
consumed
one-third
week, it would
per
or
"
one-half
extravagant
beginning
from
quantity
if that
one-third
from
be
has
no
more
throw
the
dollar
every
week
than
into
the
fire
a
in
to
day by
HiOW
TO
day.
The
RUN
loss,
into
tire
the
one-third
It
fuel,
and
secure
dollars,
of
the
also
that
is
in
same
thrown
needlessly
in
either
that
handling
lost.
who
housekeeper
learn
actually
the
spent
a
and
other
is
fuel
effort
is
weekly,
would
in
and
therefore,
money
labor
and
time
the
follows,
of
more
one-third
unnecessarily
the
burn
measured
when
but
event,
23
IT
to
benefits
one-third
save
practice
would
of
economy
which
can
or
time
be
readily
named.
How
burn
to
will
be
fuel
])resented
economically
in
Part
and
Two.
in
a
healthful
ner
man-
24
THE
CHAPTER
OXYGEN
It has
union
already
of the
heat
the
THE
of flame.
without
both
be
producing
and
all
of water
is
has
is
in
greater
and
fifths of
is called
jar
a
and
the iron will be
its
any
burned,
either
Man
is the
Eighttity
quan-
fuels, particularly
odor.
heavier
It is the
when
Oxygen
than
spheric
atmo-
abundant
most
coal
it
could
breathe
and
of
solid
burn
to
of
The
Oxygen.
iron
is
If pure
a
fire of
fuels, the grate itself would
would
be
combustible
more
it,
out
with-
Oxygen
to
fined
con-
in
placed
supplied
were
fouris
Oxygen
"
gen
Oxy-
remaining
If pure
burning
carbon
be
than
wood.
himself
stimulated
air.
Nitrogen.
piece
order"
supply
constant
Nitrogen,
ordinary
or
in
from
of combustion,
supporter
a
entirely consumed.
because
to
organs
a
companion.
of the
a
separated
air
in
is called
present
be
can
of
Oxygen,
without
part.
a
existence
in lesser
all the
one-tenth
it is
in
Oxygen.
degree.
and
it is necessary
have
to
in
no
essential
Oxygen
it is found
less
is about
in science
means
"
air is
to
elements.
Oxygen
fuel
of
a
other, and
Carbon
as
it is to the
exists
or
solid
just
source
and
It also
air,of which
of all the
is
of
exposed
the
as
the
part of the
colorless, tasteless
weight,
which
The
Oxygen,
earth.
wood,
pure,
and
Oxygen
maintaining fire as
One-fifth
in the
Gas
life.
Carbon
and
important
as
Oxygen
animal
atmosphere.
ninths
is
result
fire is the
produced.
and
plant
that
Oxygen
Each
the
fire could
of
CARBON
OF
shown
elements
FIRE
III.
FRIEND
been
KITOHEiN
that
senses.
not
only
he
exist
pure
would
very
Oxygen,
lose
long
for
control
if he
were
he
would
of
all
his
pelled
com-
be
so
vital
THE
26
KITCHEN
EIRE
HYDROGEN.
This
is
gas
important
an
Like
be
may
much
faint
is
in
found
in
three
well
inhaling
described
their
some
Their
quality.
be
the
fuels
the
natural
is
greatest
in
the
the
fuel
practical
following
Hydrogen,
We
use
pages.
in
as
continually
are
they
gases,
fire
tasteless
benefit
with
are
of
colorless,
are
state.
them
of
and
phenomena
All
swallowing
Unlike
injury.
in
existence.
in
and
heat
more
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
elements
human
odorless
off
a
fact.
In
"
Oxygen,
gases,
in
as
with
burns
heat.
the
all
without
not
gives
a
water,
pure
but
substance.
in
in
gases.
important
most
other
quantities
and
of
intense
It
less,
color-
found
not
Hydrogen
known.
any
varying
oils
the
The
and
burning
by
fuel
best
the
ranges.
pure,
part
Oxygen,
off
gives
but
is
one-ninth
Pure
and
when
It
performs
but
stoves
also,
is
the
effort.
light,
Hydrogen
is
from
and
blue
than
it
separated
trouble
it
odor.
although
and
state,
in
burning
fuel
without
and
known,
substance
Nitrogen,
and
tasteless
it
in
part
Oxygen
free
lightest
the
instead
have
burning
of
no
gerous
dan-
fuel
will
HOW
RUN
TO
IT
27
CHAPTER
STOVES"
It
would
describe
centuries
little
but
reader
number
and
the
and
Europe
conclude
that
ignited
in
and
the
the
burned
process
of
made
in
were
burning.
France
stove
and
shape,
for wood
countries
of Russia
heat
were
in
popular
in
well
after
the
date
is said
round
of
America
to
was
that
Franklin
was
not
with
a
or
for
a
hundred
the
ple
peo-
light
to
soon
The
exact
but
a
as
have
Mass.,
years
1745, invented
Pennsylvania
a
of
Rock.
stove,
iron
small
cover.
one
in
fireplaceor
designed
a
not
colder
of
furnished
Lynn,
was
greater
for fire known
in
box
became
prejudice
Plymouth
It is
than
more
Stove,
of
more
1642.
Franklin,
Benjamin
was
at
the
and
stoves
also
cast
was
kettle
little
a
the
covered
dis-
the
In
mentioned
of
Europe
climates,
fires.
in
Holland
of
and
patterns
receptacle
landed
be
bottomed
It
first
The
constructed
fires, wiiich
open
Pilgrims
the
because
The
in
made
It
of
heat.
as
been
the
Neither
in
were
they
it is
Columbus
milder
larger
sede
super-
required
later.
the
Sweden
and
favor
in
to
where
used
small
of the
ii is burned
that
moderate
and
and
England
time
requires
part
is
stoves
was
only
fuel
air
Holland
and
required,
brick.
and
in
used
designed
the
the
when
less
five
past
It
required
than
the
stoves
States.
on
to
pages
designed
first
about
later
being
the
is
and
The
and
much
came
fuel
inclosed
when
America,
during
were
less
atmosphere,
open
of
United
stoves
of
variety
imagination
and
fireplaces because
GAS.
hundreds
constructed
speculation
to
of
has
man
in
volume
a
immense
of
ingenuity
COAL"
WOOD"
require
the
IV.
hot
cooking
what
Fire
air furnace
but
for
thereafter
he
called
Place, which
than
heating
a
stove.
purposes
THE
28
for
and
then
The
Franklin
Stove
and
devices,
offered
refused
the
the
of any
Franklin
smoke
the
and
flue
control
to
lost
the
and
the
time
but
a
did
one
its
1771,
for
intended
with
was
of
wood
heat
had
for
movable
the
bars
same
at
the
of
fuel.
saving
which
was
able
used
be
be
not
strate
demon-
to
saved
be
a
and
ing
controll-
by properly
Nitrogen
and
composition
the
quantity of
the
air
that
of the
of
was
and
"
fuels,
air necessary
fuel
is limited
controlled.
bituminous
had
of
should
heat
could
burning
be
and
he
means
should
discovered
not
later, Franklin
burning
but
and
combustion
of
thus
Oxygen
that
the
air.
of
economical
and
smoke
own
He
"
control
and
directed
much
understand
should
therefore
In
gases
not
and
proper
and
two
the
exit
of
purpose
he
had
deprive
wood
ways
Register,
so
egress
early recognized
he
to
and
Priestly
of
composed
Franklin
that
so
sustained
ingress
that
At
which
chimney.
better
the
a
for
the
products
called
to
burning
controlling
air with
Franklin
being
it is to
provided
large quantities
that
more
draft
the
through
He
and
pipe damper
or
of
This
the
invention.
necessary
the
of
control
the
right
of the
waste
he
what
be
to
vania
Pennsyl-
improvement
not
how
of
State
for
the
benefits
other
the
invention.
that
necessity
the
provided
his
of
supplied
be
to
having
in heating
improvement
patent
a
it would
through the chimney.
ingress and egress of
He
of
understood
knew
also
Governor
ground
of the
of air
amount
great
sale
benefit
public
public
the
and
on
a
was
Franklin
manufacture
coal
fuel, no
as
PIKE
in America.
discovered
been
of wood
consumption
the
KITCHEN
invented
coal
a
downward
top
would
and
stoves
bottom.
a
"
consume
draft, and
having
purpose
the
which
other
basket
After
another
grate
being
mow
TO
RUN
kindled
filled and
made
29
IT
from
burn
to
the
first manufacturers
of
it could
top,
public
for
the
distributed, teaching housekeepers
of
fire control
to
educate
heating
Philadelphia
N.
the
and
his
purchased
of
Y., where
they
saving,
tried
lie
how
stove
box
shipped
were
widely
was
get the
to
investment.
money
stoves
wrote
general principles
fuel
consequent
their
from
1786
Troy,
the
who
those
full benefit
In
and
the
of
he
and
which
use,
and
one
was
America,
in
inverted
be
Franklin
base.
stoves
treatise
elaborate
an
the
at
shape
Providence,
to
R.
P, and
in
sold
and
together
put
were
in
made
were
trade.
1795
From
the
construction
for
fuel
in
and
nut
of
material
no
construction.
stove
sizes
pea
Union
Mott
in
stoves
President
anthracite
burned
strated
demon-
little later
a
great
a
maintained
be
of coal, and
College,
1833
In
fire could
created
coal
in
used
universally
was
Anthracite
1830.
made
was
progress
Wood
stoves.
anthracite
that
Nott,
of
till about
revolution
with
1825
to
in
heating
stoves.
CONSTRUCTION
STOVE
"There
have
construction,"
sales, such
the
Company's
as
made
where
Jeremiah
have
Filley's Gauge
as
various
methods
of
brilliant
they
are
with
tlie other
door
his
Door,
called
door
was
and
are
each
Buck's
the
formerly.
pipe
more
The
on
struction,
con-
and
Stove
doors.
oven
year
that
flue
reservoirs
and
the
increase
to
enameled
and
of
return
of
ventilation
oven
now
made
been
stove
"since
Mich.,
arrangements
glass
one
President
Dwyer,
Detroit,
changes
cook
in
important changes
Company,
the
Ranges
says
Minor
(1850).
grates,
no
Stove
Michigan
date
been
the
erally
genside
only change
T[TE
30
in ten
of
has
years
aluminum
there
has
of
cost
been
be
claim
that
the
in
it
as
the
fiftyor
present
time
viz., cooking
coal,
wood
According
they
in
largely
whereas
The
the
for
used
popular
fuel
exists
very
of coal
and
wood
manufacturers
gas
shows
cheaply
by
gas
the
coal
circulating printed
to
the
the
and
matter
stove
indifference
dealer
and
the
burned
gas
stoves
or
very
range,
cipally
prin-
into
coming
more
This
range.
dition
con-
turers
manufac-
that
producers
for
coal
of the
their
outstripped by
be
public patronage
of the
apparent
and
be
stoves
gas
housekeepers
demonstrations.
supine
to
gas
reason
and
fuel.
as
stove
or
of
coal,
char-
supplanted
coal
properly operating
its convenience
private
oil
the
to
tinues
con-
which
stoves,
been
distributors
teaches
The
purposes,
in
fuel
are
stoves
and
of
of
has
the
for
themselves
old-
classes
consumed
coal
enterprising competitor^;
manufacturer
even
kind
of the
expense
more
stoves
domestic
are
gas
by
in
stoves,
purposes
largely
allowing
are
more
the
the
at
use
or
time
makes
the
was
general
for
stove
cooking
the
is
range
than
two
stoves,
present
while
ago.
are
sold
cities
or
heat
years
heating
wood
large
the
at
sixty
wood
price,
grandfather's day.
our
particular
as
oil stoves.
fuel
coke, oil
the
known
are
of
producing
and
or
to
stove
and
stoves
and
door
oven
authority
cooking
there
manufactured
stoves
or
of
was
in
eminent
the
in
used
the
increased."
consumption
method
general
At
has
that
stove
of
lining
WUIV]
substitution
the
reduction
modern
its
cooking
same
the
general
a
observed
economical
time
in
tin
manufacturing
It will
no
in ornamentation,
been
for
KITCIIBN
the
The
to
burn
This
is
of
the
free
in
He
stove.
cheapness,
giving
coal
fuel.
how
gas
operator
by
etc.,
public
striking
stove
"
and
trast
con-
turer,
manufacor
dealer
TO
.HOW
who
RUN
could
IT
(lemoiistrate
burned
properly
in
lurks
always
31
one-third
of
the
that
than
gas
the
shadow
is
gas
coal
is
oil, that
or
of
death
the
the
when
sickness
or
because
range
gas
of
composed
fuel
cheaper
a
Carbonic
deadly
Oxide.
Cooking
coke
fuel
as
and
stoves
lines, although
of
weight
and
the
heat
cases
is known
fire
box,
the
tlie
of
disadvantages
convenience
to
her
to
kitchen
at
use
conditions
least
requirements
and
certain
to
being
and
those
and
consistent
in
and
a
safe
the
to
her
care
what
to
the
arc
to
boiling
but
within
the
and
her
chines
ma-
needed
thereby
manner,
health
is
suited
such
operate
the
It
better
with
life and
the
boiler
them.
it is
sanitary
and
of
advantages
-fuels
expense
conserve
entrusted
the
how
other
mentioned,
machines
wliich
"
In
circulating
to
concerning
for
accomplished
water
be
respective
the
which
for
upright
is heated
understand
to
tion
construc-
oven.
an
the
could
drafts,
is attached
with
fire box
in
accessory
which
general knowledge
housekeeper
the
the
and
features
other
point. Many
has
in the
pipes
the
with
connected
stove
is
around
center
reservoirs
have
which
brick
and
purpose
ranges
of
slide
vary
general
Back,
Water
the
near
through
public
equipped
lids
doors,
ovens,
water,
convenience
linings
ashes,
size
shape,
general
all may
is diverted
pipes being
standing
for
ihe
heating
are
as
lids,
Some
which
ranges
of
parts, yet
perform
and
containing
by the
of
constructed.
are
of
or
general
same
in
grates, fire box
receiver
or
other
still
and
they
pit
different
be
features
have
supporters
and
dampers
in
the
along
may
and
All
ash
metal,
pieces,
they
casting
comfort.
or
consiructed
are
coal, wood
consuming
ranges
of
protection.
herself
THE
32
THE
The
wood
no
above
is
kitchen
excellent
an
range.
fire box
The
the
has
large capacity
air
coal
Hypocaust
enters
to
wood
Oven,
the
RANGE.
type
Dockash
of
the
modern
grate
is
is constructed
and
cold
from
DOCKASH
CABINET
and
The
instantly.
It
can
be
supplied
is ventilated, and
or
easily operated
ples,
princi-
tightly so
fuel
is
coal
scientific
on
is cemented
fire box.
which
FIRE
KITCHEN
food
that
changed
with
the
roasted
34
THE
CHAPTER
metal
smoke
carried
from
inside
the
for
the
of
function
are
It may
the
it also
and
of
it receives
which
through
furnace.
dwelling,
a
flue
or
combustion
of
gases
brick
stone,
or
fireplace or
important
very
fire from
the
waste
outside
or
of
passageway
stove,
a
DRAFTS.
structure
internal
an
and
off
built
vertical
a
containing
which
be
is
chimney
FIRE
V.
DAMPERS"
CHIMNEYS"
A
KITC'HEiN
forms
per-
draft
supplying
smoke
and
waste
gases.
The
action
that
principle
column
air
of
rises
The
roof.
of
The
the
the
and
a
heated
as
of
weight
the
upwar'cis
air
warm
is
simple
lighter than
greater
current
from
is
This
produced.
of the
wall
the
in
the
in the
of
traces
culaneum.
a
low
a
curtain
table
gases.
the
had
chimney
house.
was
earthquake
of
still retain
in
earthen
floors
placed directly over,
covered
and
no
holes
means
Chimneys
t welfth
in
provided
were
century,
and
common
25, 1347.
in
of
custom
the
escape
Her-
or
iron
an
to
in
for
being
Pompeii
for the
unknown
funnel
short
ancient
the
in the
number
January
found
were
hole
were
a
was
chimneys
a
a
Chimneys
century,
chimneys
and
no
escaped through
a
fireplaceto
or
invention,
fourteenth
Persians
fires in
of
hearth
Greeks
The
fires
of the
the
modern
a
ancients.
the
overthrown
making
is
house
first form
Venice
than
is
height,
the
the
upon
air
same
forces
bottom
ascending
smoke
through
and
the
to
the
No
the
chimney extending
unknown
in
of
heated
unconfined,
air
roof
and
of
based
draft.
called
the
air
cooler
at
thus
and
column
a
is
chimney
a
when
air
cooler
of
vessel,
floor with
of smoke
Enp-l""d
centuries
earlier
after
MOW
KUN
TO
remained
35
luxuries
as
the
at
IT
of
beginning
almost
for
the
houses
of
sixteenth
the
the
Even
great.
they
century
were
unknown.
In
time
our
important
which
is
there
comfort
the
to
furnishes
in
detail
no
construction
house
of its occupants
draft
the
to
the
as
chimney
in
devices
heating
so
their
home.
CHIMNEY
As
draft
good
a
efficiency is
and
of the
houses
furnaces
or
less
are
such
size
straighter
and
If
in,
the
that
the
12x16
used
is
cleaning
the
inches,
of
absolutely
true
flue
chimney
in
and
inches, especially if
part
as
struction
con-
proper
The
8x12
or
machine,
stove
the
to
service
best
flues
heating system,
but
necessary,
of
the
the
more
flue.
to
The
powerful
draft.
slight bends
as
8x8
and
more
from
its flue.
than
boilers
if the
given
and
than
less
roughness
be
be
chimney
overcome
will
realized
must
not
because
not
indispensable
be
to
be
never
large
is
attention
particular
should
CONSTRUCTION.
would
the
smoke
A
round
flue
be
less friction
lessen
and
is
the
in
gases
the
should
capacity
their
desirable
more
for
inside
the
occur,
exit
tend
the
to
also,
of the
escape
and
drawn
be
not
atmosphere.
will
there
because
in their
gases
cept
inter-
to
travel
upward.
If brick
only
greatly
the
be
affect
the
still
heat, and
of
to
the
used
the
use
next
to
and
brick
inside
tile flue
of
the
flue, for the
the
not
flue
est
hard-
coal
gases
fuel
wood
beyond
it would
it does
would
the
extend,
flue, and
lining, for
the
while
mortar,
should
mortar
inside
in construction,
used
brick
The
not.
surface
better
material
should
do
gases
is the
be
not
be
absorb
tight
and
THIE
.-!";
smooth
and
Another
thus
important
of
the
be
not
the
It
would
would
be
the
at
area
be
to
of
the
top
exit
of
increase
the
gases.
tion
construc-
which
made
smaller,
the
impede
rather
tends
ex-
should
chimney
flue
liability to
the
part
the
the
PIRiE
of
in
that
of
top
exit
a
better
and
top
The
the
or
the
consider
to
is the
roof.
in
drawn
there
as
point
chimney
above
facilitate
greatly
KITOHIEN
than
draft.
diminish
the
above
the
flue.
DRAFTS.
The
chimney
roof
obviate
to
wind
eddies
there
if proper
and
be
In
the
arched
or
for
quick
and
stone
or
slab
the
of
Down
rain
to
exit
easy
iron
drafts
is also
in
where
other
l)uild-
of
few
a
such
the
feev
character.
drafts
impeded
to
is made
of
point.
a
nioistuie
and
due
custom
sort
some
extend
like
occur
should
cause
remedied.
and
it is the
with
chimney
frequently
addition
from
result
might
difficultyof
a
diagnosis
discovered
countries
some
that
fireplaces are
chimney
quickly
draft
L'sually the
obviate
and
stoves
high enough
higher objects
hills, etc.
will
built
of air that
whirls
height
Smoky
down
any
or
trees,
the
to
be
surrounding
are
ings,
should
this
of
to
roof
a
which
frequently used
precluded
as
a
A
ing.
cover-
and
prevented
are
from
left
aijd gases.
smoke
manner
be
may
nfiust be
Openings
the
to]) of
the
cover
falling
into
the
attached
to
chimney.
A
the
m.echanical
top, is
chimney
purpose
of
preventing
contrivance
smoke.
fan, it being
so
It
the
that
of
cowl,
great
chimney
consists
constructed
a
with
used
now
increasing
called
a
the
draft
hood
fan
for
success
and
in
faces
the
thereby
which
the
is
wind.
a
it, and
with
changing
of
suction
upward
37
IT
RUN
TO
HOW
revolution
its
by
an
increases
greatly
air, which
the
produces
the
draft.
One
strips
weather
furnace
or
thus
with
prevent
a
air
draft
the
have
to
of
inlets
Such
air.
poorly
a
provided
and
it is desirable
if
allowed
be
tight
of
supply
fresh
and
constant
air
nearly
stove
when
windows
and
are
the
which
is
draft
weak
or
in
room
or
Doors
located.
should
defective
a
kitchen
ventilated
is
for
cause
ilnimpeded.
Still
another
waste
decreasing
exist
fires
also
from
smoke
and
chimney,
by
there-
chimney
sooty
a
ney
chim-
of
danger
and
causes,
air that
the
fire.
construction
stove
present
heated
It is thus
all the
passing through
combustion
increased
its
to
the
when
all
bottom
of
by
highest temperature
fire is stimulated
the
fire, and
by
the
at
enters
results
best
secured
are
flue
the
up
passes
the
favorable,
conditions
chimney
the
to
such
or
lightning.
attracts
With
from
the
up
sooty
a
the
Great
draft.
its natural
is
prevents
quickly passing
from
gases
condition
This
dirty chimney.
drafts
weak
for
cause
blast
thus
used
to
obtained.
DAMPERS.
A
air from
it
to
or
is
damper
entering
in
enter
draft.
and
waste
the
firebox
into
the
Stoves
other
of the
chimney
of combustion
are
into
large
diminish
the
obstruction
an
pass
a
small
or
below
stove
volume
Dampers
also
stove
through
the
from
whence
these
upward
into
usually provided
needed
used
passing
from
gases
the
with
fire
the
as
are
either
too
smoke
or
to
to
prevent
to
increase
prevent
quickly
pipe
allow
from
flue and
escaping products
general atmosphere.
one
or
more
doors
TIIK
\i^
which
therefore
and
slide
slide
when
a
tive
in
slide
draft
Also
the
in
or
is
above
fuel
the
the
arise
below
their
Cooking
or
fire
to
the
and
smoke
heat
burn
the
smoke
cooler
their
point
and
gases)
pipe
which
also
stoves
sometimes
which
from
flue
are
then
come
bemany
ignite and
eflfectuallyprevented.
can
dampers
oven
designed
from
as
gases
thus
to
passing directly
and
phere
atmos-
or
the
fire to
usually supplied
called
are
air
is
is
burning
the
gases
they
the
air admitted
are
temperature
of the
draft, thereby
the
The
or
fuel.
under
causes
than
fuel.
at
or
the
is that
burning
dampers,
(waste
admitted
surface
reason
wholly
directly opposite
quickly, while
its top
heating
dampers,
Air
and
burning
is
fuel, and
the
more
The
as
is defec-
rapidity
the
fire increases
combustion
internal
the
the
the
diminish
or
of
upon
and
more
over
either
open,
process.
the
for
open
dampers
directly upon
pass
is much
from
necessary
chimney
or
check
when
check
room
chilled,
burn,
which,
slowly.
of
degrees
to
slide
have
to
wide
fire.
the
condition.
bad
to
fire and
more
they
stove
through
the
burn
the
first named
the
causing
unless
burning
or
and
grate
air
designed
combustion
to
stand
fire box,
partiallyallow
This
to
sary,
neces-
into
fire, it is seldom
new
a
burning
than
more
damper
open
damper
stoves
many
above
this
the
cook, fireman
every
air, far
much
regulate
to
of
tain
con-
properly
are
bed
of
tendency
too
minutes
few
than
the
grate,
usually
intended
draft
to
the
doors
which
are
the
starting
this
allow
wSuch
dampers
through
pass
Except
with
or
allow
to
to
to
air
It is, however,
stoker,
fire.
is below
called, but
so
These
of
which
pan,
the
drafts,
amount
fuel.
ash
under
dampers.
the
r"r
the
into
Open
i''I'U.K
IvITOLlWN
thence
])revent
from
into
the
the
H'UW
RUN
TO
Such
chimney.
of
pipe
the
around
and
pipe
flue
:'"""
\T
and
the
after
dampers
close
the
and
heat
and
oven
their
gases
must
then
way
into
their
find
journey
tortuous
into
opening
the
at
the
the
base
over
pass
smoke
the
back
of
the
is open
and
the
stove.
ILLUSTRATION
The
oven
heat
and
gases
they
are
lost.
or
pass
Still another
smoke
form
the
usually oblong
in
of
be
the
face
the
either
stove.
ot
first
a
length
rectangular
short
dampers,
slides
or
of
1
illustration
smoke
damper
sha])e. a
These
the
in
damper
directly into the
of
in
No
pipe and
is
chimney
frequently
smoke
pipe,
distance
above
or
check
circular
in
installed
which
the
drafts,
form,
where
and
is
top
may
are
THE
40
II.LUSTRATION
In this
heat
and
They
gases
designed
to
The
above
pass
their
Large
of
oven.
the
draft
fire
Every
would
poisonous
uses
and
quantities
be
coal
flue.
and
of
from
the
benefits
greatly reduced,
gas
would
be
of
under
while
gives
stoker
drafts
saved
the
complete.
and
by
kinds, there-
varying
be
stalled
in-
installed
and
several
would
used
be
damper
be
fireman
the
to
damper
subjects
w^ith
fuel
This
should
cook,
the
master
damper
fire, is the
the
pipe
by experimenting
learning
labor
of
the
of
thoroughly
dampers
the
efficient
most
smoke
possible.
should
damper is closed and the
going into the chimney.
before
extinguish
surface
of the
control
whenever
heat
or
and
upper
inside
better
smoke
oven
chimney.
oldest, best
the
N(
or
oven
the
intercept
to
the
around
utilized to better
thus
are
fire
illustration the
PliRE
KITCHEiN
tions.
condi-
and
the
elimination
KiTU'llEiN
THE
42
the
chimney
or
Where
wood
is the
to
the
enter
the
of
atmosphere
I'l'lfE
living
rooms.
life and
to
health.
soft
times
The
from
same
One
gas.
it will
when
carbonic
has
no
to
until
burn
not
color, taste
almost
dioxide
in
atmosphere
life with
small
which
gas
All
stoves
in
emit
Other
process
others
acid
of
condition
poisonous
in
burning,
to
life and
our
benefit
but
the
health,
if
we
The
of
Some
which,
but
of oxygen,
Carbonic
oxide
ous
insidi-
most
breathed
pure
are
however,
exercise
bon
Carin the
combustion.
lids
where
those
fire
the
is
monoxide
carbon
imperfect
are
hardly
can
quantity.
some
which
or
supplies vegetable
check
monoxide
carbon
will
of
quantities
some
incombustible.
harmless,
in
gas
small
to
will
gas
always present
and
and
night
portion
dioxide,
carbon
When
is
gas
product
at
portion
the
to
unconsciousness.
"
carbon.
poor
gases
coma
quantities
is the
partially removed
to
instant
like
is,therefore,
life.
human
its necessary
the
fail
to
carbon
as
This
burn.
not
smell, and
or
carbonic
or
will
which
deadly,
most
one
eral
sev-
fuels.
other
monoxide.
like
is
referring
and
is called
what
commonly
known
terms
oxygen
ated
gener-
Gas,
the
is
another
on
to
dangerous
produces
of
carbon
it takes
gas,
coal
oxide, both
form
burn
acid
and
therefore
portion
unite
of carbon
and
of
any
gases
Gas,
the
burning
erated
gen-
from
deadly
Water
gases
Manufactured
or
burning
carbonic
or
than
less
from
poisonous
most
monoxide,
it
derived
that
produced
gas
Gas
deleterious
so
poisonous
of
so-called
burning the
Illuminating
as
of
volume
the
not
are
is far
coal
while
coals,
by
known
volume
The
anthracite
from
the
fuel the gases
are
produced
are
combustible
deleterious
is the
may
our
in
and
others
and
great
be
the
menace
utilized
privilege
to
to
be-
HiUW
iT
43
with
acquainted
come
life
and
end
of
IWN
TO
destroying
it be
that
properties
be
to
information
our
for
agent
our
beneficial
both
"
utilize
and
"
compelled
mortal
our
its
to
the
instead
good
enemy.
SMOKE.
When
it is evidence
and
is
that
not
real
is marked
from
arises
that
of unconsumed
if the
burn
nitrous
and
water
and
duty
the
"
The
and
unfit
of
do
injurious
not,
other
as
becomes
the
coated
have
surface
trees,
is
such
increased
sonous
poi-
injure
the
of
membranes
important
most
the
against
animal
organisms
well
for
acted
efifect appears
with
(l)reathing)
coniferous
on
rule, become
a
darkened
or
blood,
their
body
densed
con-
inhaled, the
mucous
for
with
of
germs
diseases.
inflicted
influences
vegetation
the
visible
the
on
them
which,
to
ous
sulphur-
and
when
lungs
delicate
the
and
injuries
soot
In
irritate
and
the
will
is furnished
soot,
the
chemically
protection
tuberculosis
The
sist
con-
which
ammonia
also
ties
impuri-
of various
and
oxygen
constitute
clogs
act
air passages
and
the
impurities
Monoxide,
of
escape.
vapor,
gases
nerves
acids
smoke,
of
portion
Carbon
amount
of the
soot
as
there
itself, but
These
known
chiefly
proper
smoke
smoke.
its combustion,
support
the
the
progress
Probably
non-combustion
carbon
gases,
the
stove,
a
is in
fuel.
of
in
the
with
escape
poisonous
fuel
from
or
combustion
w^aste
of
waste
great
chimney
a
imperfect
that
there
waste
from
issues
smoke
and
as
by
the
soot,
a
pine,
fir and
sub-division
considerable
rapidly.
which
hinders
the
spruce,
into
smoke
until
marked
more
suffocates
by
the
time.
age
Folipiration
trans-
plants.
whose
myriads
The
leaf
of
THE
44
slender
is
injury
have
needles,
in
existence
for
struggle
The
like
points
acrid
by
with
deposited
hard
a
soot-laden
the
increased
KITCHEN
the
and
air
and
soot
doubtful
of
cities.
our
poisonous
in
acting
or
FTRE
stances
sub-
gaseous
forms.
By
proper
other
parts
fuel
with
construction
of
of
employment
and
suitable
Both
should
in
on
economical
be
prohibited
of
the
death
It is estimated
neys
of
the
United
the
fall
thousands
it is
States
of tons
of
cause
The
the
loss
of
two
days' fog
described
to
twenty-six
as
become
from
the
a
sponding
corre-
a
those
on
of
of
which
soot
disease
l:)reed
hundred
and
and
of
cities.
As
and
City
epidemic
and
of
dollars
of
in
from
in
and
ten
this
cities
ten
tons
and
is
a
tar,
direct
troubles.
lung
London
suffered
($26,000,000)
nuisance.
and
years,
to
be
of
contains
soot
and
and
soot
deaths
chim-^
the
thousand
people,
catarrhal
smoke
sand
fiftythou-
chloride, carbon
the
the
blackest
that
hundred
by
millions
the
sands
thou-
plants daily
tons
;o
one
ammonia,
of
smoke
of
power
four
than
frequency
shopkeepers
and
York,
inhaled
necessarily
with
hundreds
deposited annually
New
of
efifect
to
inhabitants.
nearly
more
yearly
the
absorption
grounds,
where
tend
and
the
of
the
nuisance
hundreds
are
City
for
quite possible
dwellings
that
of soot
tons
of soot
of
of
of
firingand
or
humanitarian
cities
atmosphere
the
cause
in
aggregate
the
pollute
selection
fuel.
and
chimneys
in
emit
it is
of smoke
abatement
economy
stoking
and
passages
careful
apparatus
of smoke
consumption
considerable
of
methods
air
grates,
furnaces,
and
stoves
rational
of
It
caused
increased.
a
in
a
was
enza
influ-
THOVV
KUN
TO
financial
Great
loss
1)uildings
of
the
City
five
dollars
furnace
on
of
the
the
is
for
of
in
from
and
offense,
diminution
great
a
the
twenty-
emission
second
in
acted
en-
operation
fines
smoke
resulted
has
Carbon
IMeanwhile
devices
complete
volatile
anthracite
its
coal,
is
not
burned
if
so
burned,
The
oft'enders.
coal,
softer,
in
our
its
wiuild
or
of
fuel,
or
gaseous
is
smoke
cities
smoke
not
to
not
he
bituminous
a
nuisance
mately
ulti-
will
will
charge
dis-
combustion,
Vapor.
for
means
suppression.
smoke
complete
the
minimizing
burning
little
very
of
for
furnishing
smoke,
of
Water
poisonous
chimneys
our
products
and
from
the
that
and
final
Dioxide
for
ened
awak-
cities,
property
that
hope
to
the
and
American
ordinances
suppressed
only
in
life
to
passing
reason
be
gases
dollars
danger
are
There
As
fifty
authorities
municipal
gases,
more
of
progression,
to
:
offense
been
prohibit
in
money
first
the
has
to
x\ct
is
loss
nuisance.
The
fuel
comprising
London
chimneys,
in
so
Health
Public
A
for
bodies
men,
shop-
by
proi)erty
legislation
no
legislative
nuisance.
smoke
of
because
cities
our
the
and
damaged,
municipal
by
in
sustained
is
are
computable
hardly
viz.
45
TT
producing
an
is
matter
appreciable
to
menace
coals
interest.
extent,
the
life
are
and
the
in
stored
perceptil:)le.
containing
and
better
great
possess
hardly
action
injurious
Wood
and
poisonous
property.
principal
KITOHBN
THE
46
VII.
CHAPTER
of
health
and
imperfect
the
burned
in
If
fire
the
is
the
burned
;
nearly
realized.
at
in
coal
oxide
is and
"
in
fuel
the
The
home.
the
sewer
is realized
nuisance.
intruder
The
not
be
can
deadly
herald
As
or
and
has
condition
carbonic
burned
been
problem
the
as
measures
are
is called
taken
be
too
tight
lows
fol-
visitor
obnoxious
the
to
a
of
sewer
the
remove
disinfectants
and
of
atmosphere
presence
atmosphere
the
to
than
means
which
frequent
more
solve,
to
Good,
odor
the
poor
soon
purify
be
of
the
are
home.
great, if only the
foul
expelled.
coal
gas.
Carbon
give premonition
tasteless
extremely
rich
is considered
expense
will
gases.
into
is far
the
to
coal
fuel
the
gas
plumber
liberally used
No
sewer
prompt
The
proper
properly
be
deadly
disagreeable
the
gas
gas.
the
"
difficult
of
coal
of
homes
smelling
of
the
combustion
since
more
burning
intrusion
will
the
and
stove
only possible by providing
w^ill obviate
the
gas
is
gas
been
a
is
gas
eliminated.
be
coal
has
home,
complete
plumbing
in
always
its elimination
for the
the
of
by
sanitation.
unsanitary
the
case
will
gas
elimination
The
and
such
or
fire in
fuel
the
perfect
words,
In
the
the
to
time,
proper
other
poisonous
in
confined
coal
follows
Safety
air admitted
of
which
in
ranges.
affected
seriously
manner
properly
and
for
and
stoves
place
of
careless
or
often
are
lives
the
that
preceding chapter
a
family
a
quantity
proper
in
stated
been
It has
SANITATION.
AND
SAFETY
FTRE
and
dangerous.
without
Chemists
Monoxide,
of
its
odor,
however,
coming.
and
assert
does
orless,
It is col-
is, therefore,
that
carbonic
HJOW
TO
oxide
gas
known
RUN
47
IT
is the
who
Physicians
have
and
investigation
monoxide
blood
constant
sufferers
Some
of the
drowsiness,
When
the
other
but
coal
the
can
It has
because
expected.
heart, brain
in
France
use
it seemed
shrivel
would
constantly
of
the
tion,
objec-
inhalation
the
and
plexion
com-
trivial
a
the
as
land,
Eng-
the
inhalation
the
and
from
that
was
complexion
less,
course,
be
and
often
of
corpuscles
of
countenance
fail
its
betray
to
presence?
been
of
stated
the
monoxide
in
always
been,
general
a
the
poisoning
it is very
as
is, of
that
deplete
to
it
time
doubt
now
is known
inhaling
that
causes,
palpitation,
the
its
to
The
gas.
in
injured by
At
gases.
poisonous
into
objection
blood, that
those
to
are
of
strength.
made
are
dren
chil-
gas.
other
breath,
inhaled
oxygen
was
who
gas
and
the
effects
this blood
of
first introduced
was
women
and
of
small
coal
to
deadly
is inhaled,
lesions
and
serious
of
smoke
of
changes
coal
one
the
energy
monoxide
supply
organs,
When
of
impaired
of
of
many
baleful
ailment
dizziness, shortness
serious
and
of
presence
carbon
daily,
their
of
symptoms
and
the
to
typical symptoms
headache,
are
poison
protracted
attribute
inhalation
attribute
usually
the
women
indoors,
unrealized
yet
and
with
poisoning
much
realizing the
not
extensive
particularly of
remain
who
made
familiar
are
physical ills,more
the
blood
deadly
science.
to
carbon
and
dangerous
most
fires
wood
comparatively
that
a
use
smaller
that
that
fuel, and
life and
to
menace
for
slight
fuel.
Also
proportion
of
are
carbon
is
and
since
it
gas,
health
carbon
of
presence
coal
that
healthful
more
anthracite
monoxide
coal
has
came
tains
con-
in
its
TII'E
48
composition
smoke
than
contain
follows
necessarily
in coal
the
the
that
coal
housewife.
or
flues
draft
is
chimney.or
pipe,
pipe
liable
more
the
enters
The
ashes
when
kitchen
occur
is
gas
of
soot
or
in
the
elbows
greatly
in the
for
increased
if its
ordinary
will
generally
foul
A
in the
smoke
where
or
the
similar
produce
may
cook
or
its
ashes
fact
its purpose.
the
by
that
factor
a
aimosphere.
flue,
chimney
be
to
fire box.
so
coal
un1:)urned
to
danger
smoke
mismanaged
or
accumulation
an
It
contend
always
not
repair, exposed
the
to
and
illyconstructed
or
soot
the
escape
they
gases.
must
proves
is
danger
been
of
with
impeded,
its
find
If out
choked
are
the
it has
Frequently
because
housekeeper
monoxide
and
gases
volatile
frequently
range
is defective
stove
More
burning
the
PTR^K
coal.
poisoning,
gas
the
bituminous
the
While
of
carbon
deadly
more
burning
that
coals.
their
large proportion
a
against
from
generated
are
soft
of the
any
KITCIIDN
both
where
sults.
reditions
con-
exist.
\\ liile the
quite
have
j)rovince
tlic
cover
gas
the
greater
the
gas
An
prol)lcm
it may
danger
this
of
burning
or
small
from
gas
as
combination
desirable
for
fuel, yet
and
gas
such
not
many
coal
understand
to
in
monoxide
carbon
does
volume
operating
range.
emJnent
authority
has
connected
witli
is
no
a
deadly poison
industry
as
be
BURNED?
of
also,
ranges
and
ranges,
IS
GAS
WHEN
the
gas
so
little
written
the
subject
industry."
as
follows
production
to
control
:
and
and
"There
sale
of
tion
regula-
THE
50
monoxide
boil
vitiate
is
of
atmosphere
the
poison
and
it
consumed
wholly
not
KITC-HBN
the
FTRE3
is
certain
in
room
to
Avhich
it is burned.
The
flatiron
with
the
becomes
soon
of
often
requires
being
an
becomes
as
a
less
immediately
after
would,
one
that
is
really unimportant
of
of
leakage
Air
containing
monoxide
in
death
in
in
gas
carbon
cause
would
quantity
oxide
mon-
defective
and
leaky
cent,
time,
it often
carbon
quantities.
per
sufficient
a
one-half
even
of
gas
instead
else
machine,
health
fatal
nections
con-
The
long.
from
from
upon
the
at
disaster.
and
fact
or
constructed,
care,
result
that
efifect
inch
and
death
burner
or
held
producing
result
but
with
four-tenths
match
an
deaths
many
plate
cheaply
attention
of
the
often
flame
a
instrument
do
the
lighted
a
light
compared
only
is
and
fixtures,
than
pipe
constant
poisoning
and
connect
heat
only
pipes
to
economical
an
Not
gas
leaky,
will
range
used
tubing
gas
cases
many
and
man,
prove
fatal.
It
is
range
a
It
family.
any
device
indifferent
or
and
Too
chapter
careful
on
be
may
both
machine,
a
important
most
of
either
that
therefore,
follows,
economical
great
careless
atention
combustion
but
cannot
or
coal
almost
an
in
tion,
opera-
1)urning
not
prove
given
fuel
of
ing
work-
destructive
be
gas
health
its
convenience;
it may
a
perfectly
sanitary
and
or
range
life and
the
and
comfort
unsanitary,
attention
in
factor
made
a
of
to
in
or
only
human
the
stoves.
by
travagant
ex-
life.
following
RUN
TO
HOW
51
IT
DOCKASH
THE
The
the
features
desirable
possess
if the
burned
in
furnished
burn
The
Gas
Dockash
a
to
sanitary
burn
artificial
Scranton
or
Range,
and
shown
be
can
natural
Works,
above,
done
economical
gasoline,
Stove
as
all efficient
which
cooking
best
RANGE.
GAS
but
gas.
has
It
gas
ranges
and
the
manner.
been
is
Scranton,
possesses
fuel
gas
can
be
constructed
to
It
manufactured
Pa.
must
by
KTTr'HEIN
TU"\^:
.,2
VIII.
CHAPTER
FUEL
The
Nation
is
quoted
"AVhen
hard
coal
the
study
heating
of the
be
fuel
road
It
cook
their
dinners."
is
true
that
the
in
that
when
utilized
be
can
fuel
as
is
of
one-half
to
It will
saved.
not
will
Americans
dried
the
pods along
condition
that
and
range
husbanding
able-bodied
named
will
many
one-quarter
and
The
kitchen
and
be
in
already
of wood
twig
every
ists
ex-
for
carefully preserved
use
needed.
Anthracite
soft
coal
A
coal
is
is
large saving
the
It either
volume
chimney
into
making
which
is
the
ten
the
same
burn
too
air where
its
it necessary
conditions
to
in
result
the
only
to
rekindle
shirk
for
or
smoke
itself.
pipe
is to
purpose
and
warm
die out,
and
smoulder
light afresh,
of
both
of
expenditure
wasteful
a
fire is
the
because
fast, thereby forcing the
through
it is allowed
price.
by simply
home
to
and
ton,
a
excessive
allowed
heat
or
dollars
any
is wasted
usually
to
of
atmosphere,
Fuel
to
in
made
be
tire.
is allowed
largest
toward
can
but
controlled,
not
its way
on
advancing
controlling
the
last
ton
a
careful
can
countries,
European
dollars
with
leaves
to
editorial
furnaces
before
dead
SAVING.
an
ten
consumed
formerly
up
is
fires, from
cooking
picking
from
that
generations
seen
FUEL
their
found
be
and
many
be
of
mysteries
it will
and
AND
BURNING
following
:
FTTtiE
fuel.
The
great
through
the
the
volume
smoke
housewife.
measuring
the
No
of
heat
pipe
lost
and
chimney
thermometer
temperature
is
of
because
used
its escape
is not
realized
by
in
home
for
graduated
the
or
marked
in
HOW
RUN
TO
IT
53
degrees
nearly high enough
degrees
of
of
perature
and
for
enough
the
fire
This
degrees.
it is
than
with
range
the
both
useful
of
volumes
in
from
heat
to
far
its
as
A
pipe,
through
but
in
without
is
ney
chim-
and
rooms
pass,
it
where
pipe
other
escape
more
smoke
oven,
is served
purpose
inside
concerned.
smoke
to
hot
or
so
the
the
chance
may
loss
inside
than
tern-,
oven
an
hundred
is
baking
exists
the
temperature
total
a
partially warm
to
no
is
radiated
heat
from
aside
such
allowing
to
attempt
any
its exit.
possible
were
the
of
top
that
room
any
room
thrive.
would,
after
is dcMie
by
damper
inside
has
a
chimney
the
and
and
such
been
its
smoke
been
shown
a
certain
of
fuel
in
from
and
warmer
and
grow
lies in
heat
the
the
den
gar-
stove
chine
ma-
This
stove.
properly
installed
flue.
in
that
proportion
which
conditions,
ing,
dwell-
summer
waste
economically
burning- fuel,
a
would
exit
pipe
therefore,
be
generated
free
be
plants
gross
dwelling
top of the
weather,
zero
It would
fruits
it has
the
practical results,
to
in
escapes
ordinary
of the
area
which
heat
an
pr(^])erlyconstructed
already
properly, and,
of
house.
for
pre\xmting
by
the
even
in the
remedy
all the
chimneys
tropical
The
its control
the
confine
to
covering
room
one
in which
ft
heat
needed,
or
benefit
If it
into
and
not
either
from
cooking
serve
may
control
When
ninety degrees only,
or
roasting,
and
of
The
needed.
large
the
heat
volume
greater
this
in
burning
escaping
for
usefulness
which
eighty
at
the
measure
or
pipe.
pipe frequently registers five
smoke
where
is
baking
smoke
the
kitchen
a
brisk
a
inside
heat
register
to
order
to
and
with
of
air
is, under
with
proper
must
fuel
burn
the
best
be
perfect
nished
fur-
stove,
attention
to
twelve
control,
fire
is
which
each
oxygen)
of
pound
those
consequently
draft,
or
called, is
so
It is not
air
the
is, however,
fact
that
from
a
a
admitted
air
fire and
of the
control
better
This
secured
be
by exercising
have
attention
of
control
heat
the
of
control
same
careful
more
means
the
after
all the
upon
Better
better
and
It
fn-e.
the
may
machine.
weigh
or
fuel
expensive
stove
combustion
of
products
service
stove
of
fire
the
to
measure
forcibly impress
consumption
less
air
of
housewife
any
maintaining
in
to
necessary
far better
exist,
never
that
could,
if she
consumed
fuel
the
or
domestic
larger quantity
expected
nor
would
or
to
say,
necessary.
anticipated
could,
cook
or
us
our
conditions
considerably
a
let
In
coal.
perfect
of
(one-fifth part
of carbon,
pound
anthracite
best
alTairs, however,
and
each
to
air
of
pounds
Fl'RiE
KITOHBN
THE
r,4
been
erated.
gen-
drafts
to
and
dampers.
prevailing practice
The
the
wide
the
open,
fire, but
also
the
through
the
smoke
a
this
the
in
combustion
and
It
purposes.
because
needed
less
has
air
of
or
been
the
draft
stated
slide
will
the
and
of the
to
for
stove
chimney
is necessary
fuel
so
under
is
only
that
If
the
and
oven
cooking
less
fire is
largely reduced
the
carbon
a
retained
be
that
is
waste
escape
all heatini:-,
found
be
the
rapidly by
it will
heat
better
to
of
is utilized.
escaping
It will
that
driven
heat
pipe damper,
remain
to
flue, so
chimney
from
fire under
the
intensity
be
heat
air to
much
dampers
the
be
desired
the
utilized
chamber
baking
and
to
will
smoke
and
stove
admitted
lower
pipe
of the
use
proper
air
greater
prevented
be
heat
far too
the
faster
proportion
small
allow
more
by allowing
grate
long
The
fire.
the
enter
is to
grate.
and
that
the
mow
HUN
TO
the
larger
viz., solid
a
of
ash, and
the
through
and
burn
in
large
air
carries
through
The
just
the
free
which
gases
are
in
form
supplied
so
action
of
another
the
gas
even
producing
in
its
times
fire, the
deal
of
as
extra
heat
it in its
to
gas,
the
and
journey
quantity
heat.
This
burn
from
of oxygen
is at
the
the
the
fuel
the
carbon
has
is
bottom
carbon
of
oxygen
exposed
gas
dioxide
been
the
to
mixes
carbon
gas
supplied,
of
bon
car-
quantity
producing
carbon
causes
the
quantity
the
solid
in small
thus
to
in
heat
Directly
oxygen,
oxygen,
separately
processes
steam,
of
atom
will
burn
fire the
if proper
and
heated
which
a
separate
vapor,
every
with
to
consumed.
released,
that
carbon
separate
is added
mostly
quantity
monoxide
tlie
is often
heat
the
with
is
through
three
or
great
not
Nitrogen
much
to
heat
two
of water,
is
also
even
does
It, however,
free
the
being
coal
carbon,
only,
escape
nitrogen
oxygen
if two
a
of the
and
there
When
in the
the
carbon
distinct,
the
up
bustible
incom-
to
The
escaping
is admitted
takes
carbon
is also
gases.
gases
that
solid
chimney.
solid
burning.
there
allowed
it absorbs
that
much
so
for
the
the
waste
fire, so
nitrogen
off
fire with
the
is necessary
as
of
amount
and
the
heat.
flue.
chimney
poisonous.
not
produce
gas
be
must
the
of
quantity
through
passage
much
it is
but
and
with
escapes
chimney,
and
the
enters
of the
both
gas,
entirely consumed,
of
kinds,
two
or
to
remainder
"
pipe
largest quantity
tlie
is
smoke
carbon
able
valu-
more
is of
order
portion
a
the
carbon
free
in
or
burn
not
air which
the
so
residue
will
and
be
can
small
form
the
burned
however,
"
of
be
fuel
in the
carbon
coke,
or
may
l)e
in the
of
Also, that
carbon
which
will
fuel.
as
Neither,
55
quantity
it is
of
IT
if
thus
layer
of
THE
56
fuel
the
directly at
than
oxygen
there
is
fuel
consequently
has
as
the
has
found
not
to
oxygen
its
the
into
kitchen
the
In
chimney.
In
order
known
as
oxygen
the
burning
The
will
oxygen
or
of
all the
should
near
of
be
readily furnished
of
the
would
be
It
will
to
surface
that
fuel
is
quantity,
and
burn
of
gas
the
a
it
needed
find
will
escape
through
it is also
its
understood
to
a
is
always
to
gas
be
still is necessary.
of
the
fire.
wholly
Oxygen
that
the
heated
air
completely
seeking
to
not
would
the
could
partiallyone
or
take
gen
oxy-
temperature
admitted
not
the
at
Cold
the
so
gas,
that
complete.
supplied
carbon
nish
fur-
to
fire,so
may
air under
furnish
order
the
temperature
would
furnish
to
then
of
be
quantity
union
be
combustible
high degree
upon
the
but
fire in
which
More
hot
enter
but
the
therefore
its
it
must
and
gas
by removing
excessive,
cooler
much
the
atmosphere
must
oxygen
to
to
lids,
stove
of
or
surface
top
with
heated
it is allowed
before
finds
because
It then
this
combustible
unite
be
is not
gas
it is necessary
right place.
not
the
the
monoxide,
This
fire
burn
to
the
at
and
carbon
it is waste,
case,
monoxide,
right quantity
right time
into
certain
carbon
There
quantity
the
of
layer
carbon.
burn.
is less
fire increases
upper
the
these
life.
and
be
to
the
As
unconsumed,
it to
or
either
health
to
menace
fire there
burn.
equal
above
"
the
as
with
fuel
help
or
oxygen
"
either
another
support
affinity
mix
of
bed
coals.
the
free
more
stated, will
been
through
way
from
FIRE
live
grate, and
to
oxygen
of
through
produced
gas
enough
which,
the
nearer
more
and
then
place
or
working upward
are
gases
seat
KITOHE)N
only
be
so
place.
ner
man-
proper
grate
to
burn
escape.
in
the
the
lated
reguupper
bustible
com-
CHAPTER
principle long
The
the
freshly
years
in
combustion
heated
air
marked
United
States
the
employed
air
hot
fire
the
upon
of
box
expansive
fuel
save
of
the
allowing
fire.
the
hot
and
steam
supplying
by
reaches
the
Mr.
the
Fifty
follows
dollars
hot
the
create
marily
pri-
to
tinue.
con-
before
heated
of
cessories
ac-
constructed
it
air furnaces,
this
air
Railway
Cent.
Now
heating engineer,
a
Club
Spent
a
on
principle
before
it
"How^
on
paper
Coal."
His
before
read
to
remarks
Save
were
:
COMBUSTION
"Each
Also
instead
fuel
have
be
the
to
units
heat
adopting
are
to
of the
super-heat
to
Livingstone,
Louis
Per
manufacturers
boilers
order
instances
the
can
in
of
with
equipped
stoves
Also
fuel
engines.
combustion
air
blast
a
burning
both
of
the
means
furnish
in
in
of
with
fire box.
John
St.
the
that
water
engineers
to
steam
and
power,
imperfect
Heating
experiments
been
by utilizing all
so
ranges
reaches
the
manufacturers
Many
their
have
engines
super-heat
engineers
locomotive
and
few
a
large manufactur-^
and
designed
of
for
has
heating
numerous
surface
stationary
to
greater
made
by projecting
fire
by
companies
top
locomotive
many
of
top
ing
materially aid-
gases
Europe.
devices
mechanical
many
and
have
ing corporations
fuel
attention
railroad
by
the
upon
received
of
established
of
SAVING.
FUEL
AND
since
perfect
l-UliiE
IX.
OXYGEN
SUPER-HEATED
as
K1TC!HE"N
TH'E
58
locomotive
worth
of
coal
FUEL.
OF
will
each
about
consume
year
on
the
five
average.
thousand
If
1{jUN
the
union
combustible
of
is
the
with
oxygen
the
perfect
union,
the
In
59
it
TO
HOW
result
burns
oxygen
the
of
carbon
is Carbonic
Acid.
well
carbon
as
the
as
the
of
fuel.
the
When
combustion
if the
of
of
; that
heat
and
into
units
21,343 units
of heat
has
combustible)
obtain
those
burned
well
as
would
be
of air would
be
combining
In
the
act
will
unite, and
Carbonic
results
In
of
the
if
Oxide
from
act
combustible
of
instead
burning
with
the
on
oxygen
will
the
fuel.
Those
cubic
to
deliver
air will
carbon
be
was
perfect burning
feet
those
air
lower
and
for
Carbonic
the
air
the
fire box.
of
which
of
to
the
coal
insufficiency of
perfect union,
of
of
excess
at
that
thousand
in the
an
of
And
in
heat
ton
pound
of
of
thirty
oxygen
that
an
per
the
one
oxygen
of
and
burning,
below
temperature
units
required
portions
the
produced
sulphur (of
heat.
combustibles
the
hundred
seven
of
bicar-
entered
has
with
union
duced
pro-
of
and
of
pound
tered
en-
and
pound
oxygen
gen
oxy-
has
oxygen
every
of
units
heat,
resulting
the
about
of
of
of
pound
every
combustible)
into
of
pounds
; that
union
ible)
combust-
combustible)
that
every
4,032
as
;
pounds
entered
units
the
the
that
;
producing
oxygen
and
3.43
with
of heat
the
units
the
(of
of
a
62,032
2.66
pounds
heat
(of
hydrogen
union
into
of
into
with
(of
four
with
union
entered
carbon
union
a
hydrogen
23,313
buretted
the
14,500 units
produced
carburetted
of
into
entered
has
of
that
means
pound
producing
oxygen
pound
every
has
it
every
perfect
combustible)
eight pounds
burned
be
to
been
has
the
(of
hydrogen
is said
of coal
ton
a
that
the
oxygen
union,
Acid
which
union
of the
evolved.
grate
coming
by the
in
air up
through
THE
60
Acid
grate, Carbonic
the
the
through
one-third
and
14,500
is
resolved
units
of
and
carbon
Oxide
the
is
for
carbon,
the
fuel
Carbonic
of the
that
when
equal
it into
Carbonic
into
fire
the
how
with
the
Acid
with
problem
to
without
box
with
emerges
unite
heat; the
is
by
Carbonic
Oxide
will
maker
steam
the
perature
igniting tem-
oxygen
of
of
oxygen
the
to
effect
of heat
the
be
Carbonic
10,000 units
the
oxygen
if there
the
reconvert
lost
for
stage
bed
bed, the
Oxide,
recovery
the
over
4,452 units
bonic
Car-
in
;
union
But
one
the
Oxide
Oxide.
Gas, and
coming
of
and
perfect
to
Carbonic
of the
temperature
through
reduced
in
is robbed
Carbonic
the
FIRE
that
its oxygen
from
combustible
a
of
into
are
but
surface
the
to
heat
oxygen
formation
the
fuel
(1 1-3) part
Acid
the
of
bed
is formed,
KITOHBN
at
the
get
quired
re-
the
lowering
temperature.
As
fire burns
the
in
The
air
The
principles governing
rushes
economical
solid
The
burn
in the
same
in
and
The
saving
maintaining
device
alteration
one
of
the
to
of
fire is
made
in
stove
fuel
large,
to
while
put
to
be
page.
gas
"
"
tive.
locomothe
ciple
prin-
for
in
the
An
occupying
another
the
the
to
reduced.
form,
simply
in
is burned
accessories
is the
systems
successful
are
is
therefore
carbon
as
required
greatly
on
free
the
devices
and
heating
where
circular
stove,
lids, appears
all
are
fuel
the
the
in
valuable
vacuum.
complete
in the
Such
are
the
only
a
vacuum."
and
practical operation
operation
a
carbon
devices
purposes.
stove.
fuel
manner
Different
create
to
fill the
to
of
burning
same.
of
it tends
mestic
dotheir
range
labor
or
of
illustration
used
the
without
place
of
PART
real
appreciate
people
"Few
the
with
fuel
of
saving
II
range.""
coal
a
that
fact
there
Good
can
be
a
keeping
House-
Magazine.
CONTENTS.
Page
Conditions
for
62
Saving
Fuel
1.
Necessary
2.
Of
3.
Starting
4.
Fire
5.
How
6.
Burning
7.
The
8.
Coal
Range
Accessories
84
9.
Gas
Range
Accessories
89
First
at
Importance
67
Fires
69
in
and
Night
Coal
Much
Is
Mornnig
'^
Necessary
j^
Illuminatinor
Gas
and
Stove
Gas
l^
78
Heater
Water
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Fig
Wonder
2.
Vulcan
8.
Dome
Shaped
4.
Uncle
Sam
Iron
Pot
86
Cover
87
Damper
The
American
6.
The
Economic
Vulcan
86
Heater
5.
7.
^^-?5
Disc
1.
=
Damper
Top
"
.
.
=
92
Griddle
Cake
^b
"J
=
=
8.
Vulcan
Waffle
93
Iron
"
9.
The
Lady
10.
The
Safety
IL
The
Androck
12.
The
Coke
Elgin
Gas
Oven
94
Lighter
95
96
Oven
97
Burner
"
First
FOR
CONDITIONS
NECESSARY
A
"
good
in
good
attention
by
stove
FIRE
KITOHBN
THE
62
SAVING.
FUEL
with
repair
ney
chim-
proper
connections.
Second
Good
"
Third
fuel.
Proper
"
A
A
good
or
coke.
to
the
is
stove
A
kind
of
to
fuel
the
fuel
boiler
is
equipped
with
of
fire box
from
the
of the
chamber
be
The
pipe
stove
stove
or
chimney
The
flue with
general
the
it should
pipe
when
with
be
a
closely
pipe
flue.
Where
made
thimble
tight
so
and
no
can
will
with
as
tortuous
enters
of
the
enter
the
the
the
possible.
tions
conneccourse
chimney
by surrounding
close
and
combustion
direct
by
a
be
lining
at
collar
angles
pipe
air
should
connected
follow
the
roasting
manipulated.
the
upon
sustained
must
that
when
and
range
slides should
damper
be
elbows
is better
the
general
easily
should
few
as
draft
chimney
it
and
excluded
be
and
or
tightly fitted
be
and
draft
fit
and
range,
than
to
should
hot
or
fire brick
proper
can
oven
work
and
stove
baking
should
air
All
stove.
fitted
closely
outside
baking
is attached
satisfactorily. It
pit, fire box,
ash
for
acting grate,
that
so
for
oven
cooking
any
heat
all its parts
fire
a
satisfactorily. Usually
water
functions
free
and
assembled
the
sufficient
all other
the
have
three-fourths
when
reservoir
if water
according
It should
heat
coal
wood,
necessary
hold,
to
sufficient,for
performs
be
burned.
properly
to
furnishes
which
be
heat
to
test
oven
who
person
either
burn
to
may
capacity
roasting. Also,
water
suited
one
in grate
full, enough
and
or
STOVE.
GOOD
change
sufficient
of
box
cook
fire.
the
operates
the
the
chimney
TO
now
RiUN
the
flue
around
the
chimney
the
side
of
the
with
same
the
could
flue
be
closed
could
of
the
be
pipe
and
the
could
upper
tend
below,
or
in
stove
to
and
question,
with
made
the
connection
pipe
opposite
draft
the
the
would
another
exists, either
with
it unless
meet
slantingly, which
If
into
extend
not
strong, when
draft.
strong
application
same
only
very
ofif
cut
interferes
which
should
be
should
pipe
its end
and
pipe
decrease
the
The
pipe.
should
flue
the
63
flue, but
draft
chimney
enter
IT
beneficial
results.
PIPE
SMOKE
cut-off
A
the
stove
operator
standing
damper
quite
It
be
other
hand
it
when
needed.
exit
This
for
which
of
the
is
in
and
other
a
center
"closed,
escaping
other
feet
The
second.
per
inside
spirally,and
it should
of
the
be
smoke
gases
at
do
the
pipe
of
should
with
so
the
draft
is perforated,
a
that
in
two
or
allow
to
of
the
bustion.
com-
is unscientific,
ascend
not
rate
damper
installed
upon
products
nitrogen
and
vent
pre-
strong
inch
an
altlu^ugh long used,
the
and
or
to
pipe damper
when
supposed,
pipe
used
chimney
smoke
the
smoke
be
can
moderate
to
stove
partially closed,
or
it
the
by
No
the
construction,
but
the
wholly
used
hole
reached
be
above
point
a
floor.
efficiency
ordinary
a
nitrogen
dicularly, but
ten
in
conditions
be
high
as
kitchen
of air from
The
having
diameter,
the
used
can
at
should
oblong,
or
conveniently
upon
draft
down
a
be
certain
Under
open.
pipe
equals
can
DAMPER.
round
smoke
the
it could
as
damper.
either
damper,
inside
installed
AND
j.^erpen-
from
not
three
be
to
ated,
perfor-
less
diameter
the
incombustible
than
64
THE
which
gases
the
is
damper
and
damper
closed
the
all around
the
sixteenths
of
allowed
be
must
between
inside
of
inch
incombustible
is
to
gases
the
fuel
best
obtainable
best
opening
the
allow
to
escape.
GOOD
The
An
the
closed, of three-
is
sufficient
usually
of
edge
pipe.
same
when
pass
outer
smoke
FIRE
can
escape
the
the
when
damper,
an
to
KITOHKN
FUEL.
cannot
always
should
be
be
obtained,
the
only
but
purchased.
WOOD.
If wood
only
inch
an
fire box
the
well
be
in
which
it is to
preferably
of the
if
birch, maple, etc., and
more
rapidly
than
wood
will
be
not
be
containing
seasoned,
and
than
shorter
two
or
it should
burned
be
must
the
so
inside
lengths
It should
varieties
like
will
as
also
as
sible
pos-
oak, beech,
be
consumed
and
larger pieces,
quickly
of
length
little moisture
splitfinely it
in
in
cut
burned.
as
hard
when
burned
be
when
round
split.
COAL.
The
with
burned
units
all
satisfactory
most
of
heat,
of
parts
limited
field
expense
the
less
limited
additional
fuel
the
the
to
remote
quantity
for
purchase,
labor,
owing
consequent
and
its
to
of
gaseous
matter
it is considered
consumption.
which
more
in
in
a
tion
transporta-
cleanliness
it contains
the
is
accessible
production
excessive
Its
and
furnishing
is not
It
distances.
why
domestic
to
anthracite.
country
and
reasons
less
waste,
is hard
coal
most
and
are
able
desir-
66
THE
the
South,
less
than
and
fact
States
and
its volatile
ash
and
also
from
earthy
contains
fuels
the
gases,
and
the
very
be
remembered
is first produced,
be
instead
of
and
machine
a
fuels
the
to
chine
ma-
it will
operating
when
their
Hydrogen
incident
that
this
If
and
and
large
or
man
servant".
very
of
any
be
may
Nitrogen
being
to
be
allowed
used
provide
this
then
inside
burned
chimney
to
second,
a
tionable.
objec-
convert
of
of
sulphur.
is not
being
or
it
FIRE.
stove
labor
Its
reduction
be
made
consumption.
should
should
and
of
cent,
to
dampers
the
sons
rea-
cent., and
per
THE
nature
and
stove,
greatly,
ten
percentage
Oxygen,
drafts
call the
reduced
It
of
use
we
in fuel
elements
the
cent.,
maid,
the
understands
for
forty-eight per
per
The
United
cent.,
used
cook,
the
A
accessible.
engineer, who
an
analysis.
in
so
TO
heat.
housekeeper,
engineer
pipe
into
its
clean
so
per
to
three
to
not
eighty-four
two
machines
operated by
woman,
being
is much
abundance
purposes
to
its low
are
named
be
must
its
from
one
its
population
ATTENTION
stoves
in
FIRE
price
gaseous,
twelve
burn,
PROPER
the
of
matter
will
to
domestic
from
from
sulphur
owing
fifty-two to
matter
Modern
for
Its
carbon
the
because
varies
carbon
coal
soft
burn
given
gas
of
West.
more
less
having
large proportion
very
As
it is
that
and
handle,
to
anthracite
of
that
the
to
Central
and
West,
KITOHBN
the
to
stove
first to
means
burn
the
the
machine
the
fuel
the
gas.
utilized
heat
through
The
convert
to
and
escape
unconsumed.
is combustible
that
gas
is burned
coal
into
smoke
is
gas,
tended
in-
and
HOW
Specific
67
IT
RUN
TO
OF
First
the
enters
soot
must
and
chimney
flue
the
stove
pipe
or
without
good
will
be
not
Second
Do
long
smoke
cut-off
add
large quantities
be
may
nearly
not
allow
not
slide
indefinitely. Try
to
closed
as
smoke
pipe damper
be
can
it is
Generally
not
entirely closed.
or
It
be
can
entirely opened,
allow
fire
is
as
too
stopped
air
much
the
grate.
in the
of
Operate
fire box.
the
the
any
at
below
"
at
to
fire
Never
fire bricks.
to
the
closed
closed
angle.
The
stop
any
at
it must
of
enter
oven
entirely
is
able.
adjust-
inch,
an
slide
by keeping
the
draft
in
it
low
as
fuel
to
or
jxjint.
the
below
onepletely.
com-
intermediate
any.
The
angle.
be
draft
main
re-
with
stove
or
or
slide
permit
open
possible.
as
only one-eighth
quantity by using
top
any
a
carry
the
opened
lower
the
the
at
pipe dampers
opened
that
The
opened
or
much
adjustable
Limit
Fourth
stove
remain
to
operate
or
constructed
so
the
be
can
adjusted
is
however,
damper,
not
coal
to
drafts
should
nor
pipe damper
It
Do
the
is necessary
much
fourth, one-half, three-fourths,
open
of
necessary
so
lower
time,
one
any
open
the
not
but
Do
"
at
draft, and
efficiency of
complete
with
pipe
believed.
commonly
Third
the
of
part
any
impedes
the
larger quantity
night,
over
of
and
realized.
"
A
time.
connection
pipe
Ashes
in
accumulate
to
the
clean.
kept
be
accumulation
draft
where
and
pipe
must
the
at
Such
flue.
chimney
the
allowed
be
not
:
IMPORTANCE.
FIRST
stove
^The
"
follow
directions
grate.
the
as
be
door
sible
pos-
above
THE
fiS
Fifth
Shake
"
will
There
burn
to
be
If the
"
the
oven
the
smoke
clinkers
no
and
is
follow
necessary,
EXPERIMENTS
and
of
the
Second
the
fire
slide
lower
smoke
the
close
and
draft
open.
When
Watch
Again
the
result.
the
leaving
damper,
oven
where,
else-
damper
oven
determine
the
of
DAMPERS.
pipe damper.
also
aid
given
AND
to
open
draft.
slide
drafts
long enough
Then
"
slide
lower
close
wholly
action
the
Open
allowed
the
directions
the
ashes.
been
with
stove
lower
loose
medium,
or
DRAFTS
WITH
"
the
FIRE
cooled.
is weak
the
and
fire has
suddenly
operate
pipe damper
baking
the
draft
chimney
damper
First
then
of
dispose
unless
fiercelyand
too
Sixth
lightly to
grate
KITCHEN
carefully
observe
results.
Third
Now
"
Fourth
After
"
leaving
the
closed.
allow
more
or
much
Fifth
"
air
It
those
found
hold
by opening
will
occasion
be
also
smoke
fire may
extreme
necessary
excepted).
be
cases
to
of
also
fire
If
the
and
serve
ob-
slide
with
needed,
drafts
little
as
require.
the
lower
controlled
close
drafts
time
is
heat
pipe damper
very
slide
long
a
damper,
oven
lower
more
lower
may
the
the
good
that
seen
the
and
a
consumption.
the
as
the
^e
drafts
open
and
pipe damper
should
fuel
adjustable
in
slide
experiment,
that
smoke
This
little
as
lower
before.
as
but
the
close
at
being
will.
draft
strong
the
drafts
oven
being
also
It is
that
damper
justable
ad-
only
it will
ing
(bak-
TO
HOW
IT
RUN
69
the
from
of
top
the
choke
might
be
can
Either
the
or
them.
freely through
pass
the
light wood,
larger pieces
use
air
The
and
lighted,
from
taper
The
also
"
After
close
the
lower
fire
wholly
the
or
If
started
damper
in
also
closed.
or
closing
be
lower
the
draft.
partially opened
fuel
and
settled,
there
above
to
in
damper
closed
or
grate.
partially
If
pipe
times
wide
is strong,
It is better
At
place.
the
closed.
that
in
draft
smoke
wood
be
below
chimney
it is
or
must
damper
entirely
after
lids
the
then
possible.
paper
and
oven
the
be
may
drafts
and
fuel
stove
can
kindling
as
the
tom
bot-
air
small
dampers
the
the
either
is
the
control
tion
connec-
may
independently
be
of
other.
The
wooJ
close
slide.
cut-off
the
well
the
much
or
the
oven
stove
in the
other,
as
match
slide
been
by opening
with
the
and
it should
stove,
the
a
having
lower
drafts
installed
after
the
lower
the
with
and
wood
more
light
pipe
fire has
the
add
now
the
ashes,
so
"
lay
freely through
pass
left,
frequently
and
each
cro.-swise
of wood
if
and
placed
this
Upon
pieces crossing
below
smoke
open
then
can
be
packed,
not
"
ash
allowed
cleaner
soot
the
not
be
also
normal.
should
paper
loosely,
grate
of
remain
then
and
should
The
oven.
chambers
will
draft
shavings
of
of
all its
in
The
better.
the
into
heat,
ashes
Also,
under
kept
absorb
and
grate
them
daily
they
draft.
the
from
removed
removed
be
the
brush
and
because
accumulate,
lo
from
a.-hes
oven
should
Ashes
pan.
and
all tlie dust
Remove
FIRE.
WOOD
A
STARTING
same
STARTING
A
process
should
fire except
to
place
COAL
be
a
FIRE.
followed
shovel
or
two
as
of
with
fine
the
coal
TUB
70
top of the
on
two
three
or
the
top
red
hot
and
be
and
fuel
wasted.
draft
will
be
impeded
done
and
no
benefit
When
the
drafts
Add
small
have
of
blue
the
it
and
one
end
end
is
Do
it
of
covers
remove
by using
smoke
a
is very
seek
Always
air
forcing
such
fire will
to
dampen
the
be
before.
certain
fire.
The
for
be
not
to
top
if fuel
is
uniform
and
the
other
out
when
the
fire,but
top
and
if
air
burns
not
readily
of
the
other
by
fire
and
the
by
fire.
than
means
lids.
removing
by
coal
chimney
checked
further
directly over
fire
is wasted
the
case
control
gas
allowed
to
room.
fire is
coke
In
be
can
draft
the
check
fuel
the
fire
slide
the
upon
less
fuels
will
be
kept level,
burned
FIRES.
COKE
heat
the
fire, close
the
and
of
be
the
the
to
means
in
escape
A
the
broken,
partially as
or
pipe damper.
strong,
partiallyopening
By
of
top
or
of
top
top
be
the
end
fire will
the
reaches
Damage
needed
as
all the
always
one
to
never
burning briskly.
not
draft
at
and
warped
on
wholly
of coal
over
should
placed only
lids
the
appears
dampers
quantities
fire
the
is burning
coal
the
add
realized.
flame
sprinkled
If
fire brick
become
coal
the
full, but
the
will
stove
when
bricks.
fire
tTRiE
nicely started
three-fourths
the
of
top
fire is
the
coal, and
fire box
above
or
the
above
of
shovels
fill the
red
When
wood.
KITCIIUN
operated
for
draft
out
grates
properly
and
should
in
the
than
and
same
coal.
be
It
fixtures
controlled.
stored
in
but
manner,
produces
more
than
Coke
absorbs
a
dry place.
quires
re-
more
other
ture
mois-
HOW
IT
IWN
TO
71
fuel
This
require
is burned
much
so
broken
with
burned
with
FIXING
First
If the
"
all the
out
ashes
the
Second
of
"
bottom
fire will
burn
burn
Put
supposed
of very
fire box
of
draft, the
weak
entirely
a
air
cases
strong
cannot
of the
coal
be
is such
grate, for
If
to
is
a
some
cause
the
to
into
slide
draft.
pipe damper
chimney
pack
the
necessary.
the
ous
sulphurbut
room,
Leave
the
above
damper
according
strong
be
tightly
Only
of
to
ney
chim-
closed,
it may
method
it.
of
top
the
fire
dampen
draft
draft
freely through
to
check
may
fuel
the
the
With
Another
tity
quan-
carry
lids
stove
escape
the
chimney
to
usual
partially closed
or
medium
the
is imperfect and
draft
closed
smoke
action
shake
it will
grate
partially opened.
the
circulate
the
quickly.
is admitted
will
gases
strong
draft
of
the
the
partially open.
or
strong, don't
necessary
remove
air
or
NIGHT.
one-^half
only
be
cold
pipe
strength
fire
to
not
may
smoke
a
the
poisonous
cases
If small
slowly.
on
Do
of
bottom
more
fire,combustion
with
the
or
fire, it may
the
to
too
out
stirred
be
to
THE
in the
fire,for when
the
FOR
ashes
the
in the
FIRE
is very
morning.
the
THE
draft
till
in
smoke.
in
fuel
and
less
loose
remain
fire to
much
not
soft
is added.
fuel
added
are
does
Sometimes
need
chimney
clean
and
new
fresh
coal
soft
of
coal.
top and
on
and
manner
hard
before
poker
a
similar
a
as
caked
quantities only
be
in
draft
fires become
coal
FIRES.
COAL
SOFT
be
and
left
ing
retard-
so
that
in
extreme
the
THE
72
If
fire is
the
much
or
ashes
there
has
used
and
the
a
out,
pipe damper
should
the
tire and
for
that
poker
is the
about
from
them
The
of
quantity
should
of
should
inside
will
l3e
the
opened
The
range).
cause
the
is incandescent
the
is
the
heat, instead
much
w^ould
gently
with
grate
a
to
red
"
is the
cut-ofT
that
of
must
burned
the
passing
the
damper
insist
close
previous
using
to
A
fuel
smoke
the
moderate
wood,
or
smoke
or
oven
inside
to
accessory
be
"
vigorous
the
cut-off
a
wide
rapidly.
up
by
ashes.
fire and
drafts
be
fire
bakers"
"good
as
loose
indispensable
lower
"
the
over
too
ashes
prepared
that
the
(we
an
fuel
be
when
upon
Also
pipe
drafts,
purpose.
remove
coal
"
opened.
all
grate
loose
of
the
must
to
grate
fuel
When
rebuilding
known
not
important
covered
be
damper
or
that
of the
draft,
ROASTING.
ranges
fire, therefore,
shaking
little
little coal
the
the
out
AND
and
for
oven
but
open
a
so
bottom
require special preparation
the
tioned
men-
treatment.
proper
stoves
fire
the
be
must
burned,
too
morning,
shaking
the
BAKING
All
been
sprinkle
Shaking
necessary.
raking
the
disarrange
might
become
or
careful
be
has
air
before
been
not
to
much
left entirely open.
be
and
pipe dampers,
and
has
too
burned
-too
"
expedients
there
in
low
be
to
all
pipe damper
the
coal
either
had
is
draft
smoke
of
some
the
coal
the
much
smothered
fire is found
oven
If
the
If
it has
morning,
too
case
also.
fire has
and
been
such
In
entirely closed,
the
the
little draft.
too
supplied.
in
out
FliRE
MORNING.
THE
IN
KITOHE'N
damper
stove
any
open,
When
pipe
which
the
pipe damper,
smoke
pipe
coal
and
and
74
TUB
control
of
fire and
the
it to
allowing
not
KITOIIB'N
t^IRB
burn
white
to
heat.
A
WHY
"
by using
with
lower
pipe
inside
from
the
the
the
around
better
smoke
be
may
Second
retard
the
the
smoke
three
the
better
to
"
It
open
and
control.
In
to
can
prevents
which
of
assists
the
be
rely
the
on
the
oven
chimney
into
closes
resume
in
up
the
in
the
at
pipe through
the
at
the
pipe
the
stove
and
at
producing
the
and
down
its direct
through
of
rate
atmosphere.
the
is deleterious
waste
and
way
is open
the
up
fuel
burning
in
pipe
other
and
base
must
several
journey
good
to
the
sifting unnecessary.
to
bustion.
com-
chimney.
slower
fuel, thereby burning
renders
derived
it would
the
are
and
across,
Its presence
greatly
the
long
too
the
heat
baking,
from
quickly
second
of
sending
nitrogen
they
into
it
before
allow
If the
pass
oven
necessary.
away
for
journey
combustion
fine ashes,
damper
damper
oven
It better
"
Fourth
will
per
atmosphere.
Third
time
pass
is retained
feet 'in distance
the
to
more
or
tortuous
a
the
thought
pipe damper
nitrogen
of
combustion.
nitrogen
feet
pursue
if
possible,
as
If, however,
the
for
used
complete
base
in
better
base
benefit
use
oven
gases
quickly
in
junction
con-
the
upon
its
is desirable
It
"
incombustible
as
the
pipe damper
damper
is
in
be
can
the
at
principal
Nine-tenths
oven.
have
to
by relying
The
damper
oven
STOVE.
fire
the
is located
stove.
IN
pipe damper
drafts
than
which
damper
THE
smoke
a
slide
controlled
and
smoke
or
the
INSTALLED
ABOVE
Because
regulated
BE
PIPE
SMOKE
THE
First
SHOULD
DAMPER
the
yet
fuel
HOW
Fifth
and
IT
nUN
TO
the
prevents
securing
in
It assists
"
75
-
stove
from
top
the
of
control
better
fire
and
overheated
being
injured.
Sixth
and
Seventh
burned
it will
"
Eighth
it
"
will
in
securing
hot
a
and
weather
with
weather,
hot
the
in
fuel.
longer,
maintaining
hot
of
for
heat
kitchen
warm
a
plentifulsupply
a
draft.
oven
will last
stove
frequent repairs, permits
need
in
the
fire control
better
By
"
fire
zero
is
wood
controlling strong
ironing by keeping
fire for
hot
in
thereby saving large quantities of
not
low
assists
assists
greatly
a
stove,
Tenth
chimney
fires where
chimney
prevent
greatly
It
"
and
baking
in the
draft
down
prevent
fuel.
as
Ninth
to
smoking.
from
stove
the
helps
It
"
a
in
even
all
at
water
times.
When
the
burning
coal
the
up
the
saving
six and
pipe
and
coal
is
six
"
thousand
This
"
as
and
equivalent
of
is utilized
persons
pounds
in
each
pounds
a
three
large
coal
one
sixty-
or
as
an
be, is often
it may
per
is
hods,
only
as
hours
twenty-four
seventy-five pounds
as
stove,
of
much
single month,
large though
escape
in the
as
consume
"
to
families
Many
enormous.
of
processes
is allowed
ranges
chimney
amount,
much
ordinary
the
in
which
stoves
two-thirds
average.
exceeded
of
size
of two
the
in
smoke
ordinary
ton
heat
HOURS?
TWENTY-FOUR
IN
COAL
MUCH
HOW
day,
or
frequently
consumed.
When
had
more
stove
with
than
the
conditions
proper
are
smoke
thirty-three pounds
favorable
and
pipe damper
of
anthracite
good
installed,
coal
fuel
not
should
76
TH'E
in
consumed
be
is that
assumption
One
day,
in
coal
months
cooks
with
demand
coal
or
been
dollar
THE
Gas
and
eighty
BURNING
OF
Fuel.
as
distillation
from
United
the
It
purposes.
one-tfourteenth
deadly
As
blood
the
and
public
which
to
consumer
Carlson
at
all
fuel
to
less
per
and
taking
pains-
their
extra
some
At
this
six
cents
l)ut
range
of
rate
daily,
montli.
per
GAS.
manufactured
gas
Coal
called
Gas
and
lighting
of Carbon
about
for
not
seven
by
first used
was
cooking
cent,
per
Monoxide
for
Gas, which
increased,
thirty
Monoxide.
gain
it is at
the
to
or
is
a
of
convenience,
risk
Water
forty
former
per
of the
gas,
gas
health
Gas
cent,
Gas
dollars
for
illuminating
manufacturers
gas
Water
economy
the
for
is called
This
than
in
both
gas
what
from
certain), and
burn,
pounds
ILLUMINATING
only
demand
cheaply
may
cents
for
manufacture
more
be
and
purposes
contains
deadly
quently
fre-
poison.
cooking
learned
would
coal
part
has
heat.
more
burned
Author
unless
daily
per
excessive
be
not
operate
can
cents
an
careful
illuminating
contained
ten
not
ten
more
of $6.00
rate
be
is
The
States
the
The
coal
cost
At
where
for
the
consumption
thirty-three pounds
will
year.
they
made
The
persons.
would
the
of
pounds
has
one
in
and
fuel
much
the
demonstrate
twenty
of
which
instances
consumed,
are
of
so
of
seven
PIRiE
intelligentattention.
rate
month,
although
the
or
sixty days.
cost
per
observed
day
the
in
the
of six
fire has
at
burned
expense,
all
the
coal
$3.00
or
fuel
be
for
ton
per
of
ton
daily will
family
a
KITOHEJN
of
the
is manufactured
so
while
(which
is
and
a
of
the
is not
convenient
the
family.
HOW
TO
BUN
following- is quoled
The
sel, Chief
of
the
the
to
life.
removed
added
In
is
stoves
In
certain
added
that
Dioxide
the
made
ventilation
extreme
water,
products
atmosphere
bustion
com-
they
It
rarity
a
of
health
to
is such
none
added.
ventilation.
for
of
products
and
the
of oil
case
the
being
as
water
Monoxide,
The
as
Monoxide
is oxygen
and
Carbon
Dioxide
Carbon
as
ous
danger-
only
added.
the
gases
even
not
inasumch
however,
is
all odds
inasmuch
times
of
ment,
Depart-
include
decidedly detrimental
as
provision
extreme
by
Carbon
given directly into
considered
are
stoves
is also
Carbon
instances,
Health
at
quantity
gas,
simply
dangerous
are
be
a
are
both
and
little different
a
combustion
the
air
deadly
and
of gas
case
the
it, but
to
extremely
an
the
from
health
to
the
themselves
in
Ben-
Dr.
by
heating apparatus
the
detrimental
are
of
stoves
combustion
of
products
that
of
bulletin
a
Bureau
"Gas
City:
detrimental
most
from
Sanitary
York
New
of
"^7
IT
must
unless
be
may
to
as
be
unusual."
Dioxide
Carbon
is the
combustion.
left
after
breathe
all other
and
constantly
parts
in
ten
containing
has
been
it
six
parts
in
is the
been
consumed.
the
air
their
of
proportion
product
by
It exists
of
four
humans
sanitary
the
plete
com-
Plants
life.
is inhaled
thousand,
ten
product
but
in
When
a
burn,
prolong
to
atmosphere
thousand.
is
limit
reached.
Monoxide
Carbon
incomplete
stoves
the
not
have
gases
have
must
in
will
It
which
gas
is the
combustion,
is seldom
poisoning
and
realized,
is
gas
always
as
the
which
is
complete
danger
imminent.
of
a
product
combustion
Carbonic
of
in
oxide
Mon-
78
THE
toxic
The
is
the
"
in
When
air
containing
is
thousand
two
Prolonged
to
Carbon
cooking
ofif the
carry
poisonous
It
that
for
gas
fuel.
cooking,
must
combustion
those
to
gas
be
connected
oft" by
thrown
a
also
hygienic
of
third
the
of
the
are
and
residue
of
Gas
gas
all
be
made
to
under
a
gases
harmless
will
Carbon
be
so
consumed
Dioxide
of
use
or
products
dirty, as
ical
econom-
the
tion
opera-
than
one-
all
When
be
except
and
gerous
dan-
fuel.
in
fail to
used
heating
more
deadly poison.
cannot
the
both
possible
idea
only
the
of solid
fuel
results
be
if not
notwithstanding
the
can
as
therefore
is
the
for
flue,
combustion
a
they
that
against
deleterious,
combustion
which
is not
used
a
of
are
lighting.
flue
proper
and
they
as
Range
perfect
is
should
burners
or
with
as
the
is
thousand
for
militates
Theoretically, complete
and
even
year
gas
fire, whether
just
ensues.
strongly
too
stoves
A
are
from
on
gas
health, but
to
much
as
the
conditions
different
attached
being
in
through
combustion,
the
of
forms
some
of
insisted
be
cannot
without
of
being
produced
are
absorbs
twenty
provision
and
nature
Monoxide
STOVE.
continuously
products
from
blood
is
health.
some
purposes,
the
death
in
GAS
is used
gas
It
'atmosphere containing
an
to
THE
When
and
Monoxide
dangerous
extremely
Dioxide.
Carbon
blood
oxygen,
exposure
of
part
one
as
of
the
oxide
Mon-
part in five thousand.
one
part
one
inhaled,
Monoxide
Carbon
in it
containing
FTRB
Carbon
Carbon
of
appreciable quantities by
atmosphere
an
that
of
power
"
times
sixty
absorbed
poisoning
KITOBDBN
water
ditions
con-
tory,
satisfaca
small
vapor,
TO
HOW
IT
RUN'
if there
even
be
is
It
of
out
such
with
gas
year,
ample
are
only
This
condition
A
been
hood
stove
the
and
for
if not
dows
win-
doors,
kitchen
a
the
whole
either
direct
when
doors
that
oven
makes
a
extinguish
the
When
oven
flue, the
waste
and
sets
greater
flue
in
the
a
up
gases
from
direct
flue
that
draft
would
flame,
of
draft, which
has
serious
nection
con-
draws
the
the
and
the
utilized.
be
with
connection
the
burners
expenditure
down
a
the
for
be
fuel
oven
been
accidents
result.
placed
about
connected
outside
fumes.
for
ter
win-
will
doors
provided
otherwise
direct
result
and
be
burners
oven
A
a
in the
ventilated, but
must
provided
not
months
windows
means
with
might, too,
have
or
the
necessary.
to
made
summer
well
as
some
the
from
in
poisonous
are
heat
known
exists
connected
with
burner
the
throughout
be
produce
which,
equipping
used
portion
pro-
changing
will
of
proper
wrong
hands
on
when
should
extreme,
the
top burners
gas
be
to
kitchen
and
of
are
condense
in
the
of which
any
several
to
not
and
per
burners
due
burners
gas
ninety
more
is
products
Therefore,
the
closed
escape
ofif,will
danger
is
danger
kept
Range
flue connections.
and
open
of
the
provision
little
But
if not
one
condition
shutter,
appliances
indirect
Gas
than
by inexperienced
air
walls.
and
the
more
burners,
combustion,
carried
properly
least
supply
caused
of the
position
incomplete
or
clogged
as
air
of
at
This
insufficient
condition,
the
have
stoves
adjustment.
causes,
between
that
probable, however,
of gas
cent,
connection
no
flue.
chimney
and
79
of the
three
either
feet
with
dwelling
above
the
ofttinies
the
top
chimney,
provides
of
the
the
the
attic
best
THE
so
KITOHIEN
FIRE
.
and
top
of
out
the
motion
burning
Carbon
of
in
burning
when
the
is
should
burner
vessel.
the
vessel
directly
If
it
the
be
For
any
condition,
a
or
have
been
deadly poison
whatsoever.
Philadelphia
The
show
qualities of
Water
not
Gas.
The
the
to
is
touch
a
space
no
be
sold
where
The
composed
without
statistics
strikingly the
since
but
an
should
fatalities resulting from
laws
of
of the
least
tion
restric-
New
in the
introduction
the
of
proper
of at
any
increase
the
burner
or
use
provided.
fuel
plete
incom-
atmosphere.
in
gas
the
as
ture
tempera-
of gas,
stove
gas
bustion
com-
no
products
outside
fuel
to
and
the
waste
waste
mortality
gas
witli
contact
burning,
a
allowed
municipality permit
one-third
and
the
be
erly
prop-
thereby giving
only
the
when
there
decreases
is not
The
is
space
as
burner.
there
is
gas
same
length
flame
only,
should
where
flame,
the
the
touch
in
that
is
that
not
that
so
vessel
one
the
the
on
flames
have
sufficient
vessel
to
reasons
description
in
set
a
should
come
observed
no
or
oxygen
flames
is of
and
access
sanitary
flue conditions
state
This
convenient
air
of
we
enough
this
extinguishes
unsanitary
have
or
heated
combustioTi.
the
carried
the
bottom
of
cannot
the
underneath
and
low
flame
may
becomes
be
of
burner
placed
flames
taking place
vessel
gas
from
as
when
condition
The
vessel
placed
the
for
and
current
supply
fires.
the
be
adjusted
the
hood
cool
the
this
In
back
of
bottom
the
formed
often
insufficient
an
v^ell
as
heated
strike
racks.
burner
a
oven
improperly adjusted
an
the
near
ventilation
gas.
burner
top
because
too
the
Monoxide
a
the
directly to
by
room
by
from
rise
will
burners
from
fumes
the
as
ranges,
of
method
practicable
most
York
sonous
poiof
accidental
THE
82
flue
connection
to
prevent
back
as
a
When
a
taken
drafts
draft
back
is made
be
prevented by placing
end
of
the
connection
a
of
preventing
damper
in
the
is
damper
has
pipe
with
clogged
the
The
take
is
heated
products
destroys
water
if
damper
and
will
ous
Seri-
conditions.
the
keeping
Gas
combustion
proper
of
place.
heater,
than
hygienic
combustion
of
dirty
similar
the
the
and
whatsoever.
by
is
that
danger
in the
stalling
in-
method
becomes
under
water
more
are
by
forgotten,
openings
that
so
instantaneous
gas,
the
clean
always
can
gas
more
flue
and
and
is
this
or
avoided
be
may
a
drafts
drafts
the
ventilation
no
outer
have
to
Back
While
closed
resulted
have
accidents
Range
small
giving
the
at
possible
back
present
neglected
soot, the
accidents
Such
always
been
obstructed,
be
flue.
accidentally
be
may
This
obviated.
method
effective, there
phere
atmos-
flame.
cap
attic.
the
completely
almost
Another
the
in
exhausting
thereby
it is
Ofttimes
pipe.
or
be
must
outside
the
hood
a
rFTTHEJ
care
the
smothers
can
flue
great
from
often
KITOHEN
the
circulating.
in
-coming
all germs
consuming
though
with
contact
therein, giving
a
The
bath
pure
water.
Keeping
keeping
flues
a
a
and
like
the
Gas
gas
range
supervision
more
dangerous
flues
and
burners
combustion
health
to
and
The
even
a
the
handle
become
in great
life.
coal
range.
The
than
the
fuel.
coal
clogged
be
to
The
connecting
detail
important
more
in
imperfect,
waste
holes
of gas
a
this
and
is
When
the
range
the
condition
ger
dan-
extreme
burner
than
fuel
gas
gas
and
in the
of
necessity
clean, especially the
of
is certain
positivelyresults
to
is
burners,
Clean.
Range
must
be
kept
open
from
the
there
so
poisonous
determine
if
small
in
the
for
brush
of
cause
its location.
Gas
the
To
less
or
more
the
several
parts of the
hours
of caustic
part
parts
of
the
afterwards
and
a
soda
stove
all
fire started
been
to
invented
in
be
and
being
air
will
show
by
tests
on
of
be
should
removed
a
in
this
fixed
lye
wiped
one
and
dry
minutes
to
pletely
com-
no
parts
will
rust.
GAS
of
number
stoves
for
few
that
manufactured
The
water,
AND
large
grease.
lye containing
water.
is
ing
becom-
stove
spatterings
warm
so
maid
or
gas
brushed
for
stove
give greater efficiencyto
of
way
housewife
parts of
COAL
very
this
insist
warm
clear
in
FOR
a
a
well
all moisture
years
can
twenty
in the
ACCESSORIES
recent
should
with
that
may
rinsed
remove
In
to
in
of
means
escaping
top of the
the
irrimersed
be
the
Every
stove
by
intervals.
stated
by
suds
will
and
clogged,
not
tant,
unimpor-
greatly pollutes
soap
leak
a
Stove.
annoyed
soiled, if
All
at
Gas
a
is
housekeeper
Company
to
whatever.
joints suspected
form
to
The
Clean
Apply
there
bubbles
soap
tested
appear
volume
ber
rub-
flues,
stoves,
quantity
may
its
fittings and
the
Whenever
leaky.
there
the
kitchen.
the
Pipes.
Leaky
to
and
phere
atmos-
with
frequently
any
fect
per-
pipes,
gas
with
be
in
aggregate
atmosphere
All
should
the
extent
some
connections
occurs
here
leakage
but
a
leakage
to
gas
and
usage
range,
combustion.
of
fixtures
and
gas
polluted
their
all
and
light burners
Test
the
products
hose
the
surrounding
of
egress
careful
most
is
full
steady,
a
the
kitchen
of the
be
can
Under
burner.
conditions
A
83
IT
[RUN
TO
HOW
designed
and
to
RANGES.
devices
have
to
fuel,
save
render
kitchen
cS4
THE
labor
less
their
ence,
articles
The
of
Good
the
readers
as
the
herein
Good
scientific
devices
possessing
stove
coke,
and
heated
where
all that
air
"
are
or
a
"
a
to
conducted
the
by
interest
under
simple yet
very
to
sanitary
the
to
save
its
of
with
burn.
conditions
The
from
coal
wood,
or
It furnishes
surface
the
able
practic-
very
manner.
upper
commingles
combustible
large, varying
tion
Sta-
Experiment
ACCESSORIES.
it in
oxygen
it mixes
in
to
merit.
designed
accessory,
burn
enjoyed
subjected
Institute
absolute
is
Disc
to
conveni^
hitherto
been
in the
Magazine
RANGE
Wonder
of
vices
de-
accepted, therefore, by housekeepers
be
COAL
The
test
Housekeeping
may
not
have
illustrated
Housekeeping
and
comforts
such
Many
marvels
are
FIRE
cook.
or
practical and
both
and
affording
use
housewife
the
by
merit
great
possess
irksome.
and
disagreeable
KITCHEN
of
gases
and
saving
one-third
fire
the
causes
of
fuel
to
is
one-
half.
The
indorsement
of the
Wonder
Disc
follows
the
tration.
illus-
85
IT
RUN
TO
HOW
iron
constructed
heat
and
]yy Cn)od
for
lid
to
as
saving
properly
use
on
range
the
gas
IS
FIRE
HEATED
SURFACE
Institute
using
gases,
an
follows:
as
coal
anthracite
so
thereby increasing
excellent
device
v\rhen
used,"
simple
range.
is
This
IRON
VULCAN
This
apart,
taken
OXYGEN
Housekeeping
consume
fuel.
Disc
THE
OVER
SPREAD
AND
"An
THE
HOW
SHOWING
Approved
"
WONDER
THE
It
device
heats
HEATER.
used
may
be
four
flat irons
w^ith
at
either
once,
a
coal
keeps
or
the
KITOHOE/N
THIB
86
irons
clean
The
irons
used
on
Vulcan
To
flat irons.
flat irons
or
Crane
surface
used
be
as
a
DOME
The
far
dome
better
SHAPED
on
the
stove.
sanitary
the
Good
and
than
cooking,
economical,
Housekeeping
plate
ordinary
sized
for
Made
by
heating;^
William
City."
FRYING
COVER.
on
a
flat
and
the
a
and
Institute,
boiler
It
cover.
spattering
meritorious
most
follows:
flat iron
stoves
gas
placed
cover
a
four
plate.
POT
AND
It is
a
PERFORATED
satisfaction
when
is
hold
York
when
flame
as
approves
or
hot
or
New
shaped
boiling over
to
the
easy.
bills.
gas
coal
on
griddle
PAN
with
Heater
made
Company,
THE
Iron
ironing
make
to
contact
Institute
Square
polished
helps
It reduces
Housekeeping
''The
H.
in
come
range.
gas
and
smooth,
never
a
Good
with
and
FIHiB
has
will
give
prevents
of
grease
ent,
device, convenibeen
approved
by
HOW
IT
TElUOSr
TO
87
SMOKE
principal use
The
the
exit
of the
installed
in
of
smoke
pipe
UNCLE
When
the
Uncle
pipe
Sam
as
it may
Damper
high
practicable
be
of the
draft
to
should
the
above
operate
it.
easily operated
smoke
pipe.
It is
accessory,
when
and
retard
to
an
ingly
exceed-
should
be
practicable.
DAMPER.
SAM
chimney
is
pipe damper
of combustion.
adjunct
stove
every
smoke
a
products
valuable
DAMPERS,
PIPE
is strong
be
stove
or
installed
as
It should
without
it is
be
strong
very
inside
the
smoke
convenient
installed
friction
with
the
and
so
the
that
side
in-
THE
above
The
Stamping
is
damper
Company,
KITC'HiEiN
manufactured
Sayre,
by
the
FIRE
Sayre
Pa.
1
AMERICAN
THE
This
very
use
is not
damper
strongly made,
in
cases
manufactured
of
a
and
medium
by
Griswold
PERFECTION
DAMPER.
solid
plate, but
is
easily operated.
weak
or
"
It
chimney
Co., Erie, Pa.
ASH
SIFTER.
perforated,
is of
draft
is
special
and
is
'I'EJE
90
the
unconfined
and
less
when
degree
in
burned
an
If
allowed
wick
is
of
quantity
so
in
burner
it may
diffusion
by
is to
for
is necessary
that
top
it
possible
are
used,
placed
to
use
while
used.
Cooking
time.
It
a
to
saves
sanitary
the
gas
manner
range.
a
cooking
much
with
and
ironing
and
at
in
of
kitchen.
the
fit
over
effect
and
quantity
gas
may
a
gas
to
so
of gas
three
be
kettles
done
consumption,
gives greater
makes
range
if two
time
one
burner
one
largely
escape
TOP.
burners
kettles
four
to
heat
purposes.
the
over
the
the
fuel
smaller
tact
con-
with
Their
gas
its
ited
unlim-
and
range.
the
ECONOMIC
THE
This
of
burning
heat
the
of
an
allowed
of
the
come
contact
atmosphere
is
have
prevent
being
of
in
into
concentrate
to
of
burners
gas
the
concentrate
instead
better
promote
also
the
devices
into
and
light
air
brought
it is to
coming
the
products
is
Several
lated.
regu-
ignited
the
scientificallyconstructed
are
the
around
and
and
is
wasted
air not
be
waste
air
much
of
a
fuel
mostly
chimney
or
the
and
range
through
devices
These
with
from
utilized
be
globe
purpose
air
a
lamp
oil.
whose
use
is
kerosene
produced,
too
burning
heat
In
other
or
gas
supply
a
polluted
the
public
a
FITRE
uncontrolled.
the
is
all because
with
gas
of
smoke
soon
burning,
into
and
without
burn
to
unsatisfactory,
room
fireplace,the
open
the
air
coal, natural
wood,
it is unconfined
because
of
quantity
KITC^IH'BN
at
burners
be
may
the
burns
same
it in
general efiiciency
FTOW
RiTTlsr
TO
It is
approved
ordinary
top made
possible
back
the
in
for
heat
coal
range,
so
and
dishes
kept
to
that
four
toasts
The
and
gas
the
as
Cooking
is done
Gas
lids
and
a
makes
it
ordinary
the
in
may
the
top of the
This
cooking
by
device
cannot
toasting
evenly without
distributed
lows:
fol-
as
accomplished
be
with
Stove
less
penditure
ex-
Improvement
Mass."
slices of
flame
entire
four
are
be
VULCAN
excellent
the
over
creating draft.
slow
THE
This
Jnstitute
for
Made
Boston,
fit
There
warm.
of gas.
Company,
to
stove.
gas
open
damper
Housekeeping
by Good
solid iron
"A
91
IT
TOASTER.
be
can
bread
come
is therefore
burning.
at
one
in
used
on
time
contact
hygienic.
any
in
two
with
Bread
stove
and
minutes.
the
bread,
is toasted
9^
THE
Good
Toaster
a
flat
is
designed
of
piece
toaster
is made
within
a
to
with
The
that
so
of
edge
device
in
Good
griddle
top
which
the
is
are
this
the
Manufactured
City."
top
gas
by
a
William
Wm.
at
the
Cake
time.
one
distributes
equally
at
Vulcan
cooked
be
a
for
the
well
as
at
This
center.
gas
the
is
a
perforated
over
H.
:
use
on
iron
sheet
one-half
evenly
and
hygienic.
having
is
hot
by
is the
Institute
and
inner
GRIDDLE.
cooked
and
cone
City."
device
as
This
red
of
The
stove.
Manufactured
griddle
griddle
round,
is eleven
Underneath
becomes
griddle designed
a
The
distributes
cakes
Housekeeping
is
flame
may
the
economical
both
''This
York
the
radiator.
York
cakes
consists
perforated
heat
CAKE
four
deflector
heat
extreme
By
which
on
flames
New
satisfactory
very
inner
an
rapidity.
VULCAN
THE
Griddle
the
the
on
Vulcan
and
stove
rests
FIRE
"The
says
gas
which
over
Company,
Another
a
perforated
square
Crane
on
double, having
is done
toasting
use
iron
sheet
being directly
cone
H.
Institute
Housekeeping
KITOHE'N
inches
inverted
the
Crane
entire
a
gas
side
in
stove.
and
steel
diameter.
cone
which
cooking
Company,
top.
New
HOW
TO
'RUN
IT
93
VULCAN
The
Iron
successfully on
has
meets
the
that
manner
the
removed
is saved
The
and
of
edges
gas
the
range
in
soft
iron
is
waffle
fully
such
so
being
evenly
brown
as
a
within
without
turned
heat
Waffle
and
purpose
on
the
the
Made
the
tributed
dis-
quickly
is
quality.
for
to
is
properly
because
operate
concentrated
of
the
plicity
sim-
cooking
article
which
the
meets
is the
results
best
dence
evi-
requirements
of the
most
cook.
W^illiani
by
range,
heat
the
convenient
improved
exacting
used
the
be
can
Vulcan
The
that
cannot
range
its construction.
that
This
It
stove
because
it is most
of
gas
the
of
coal
a
middle.
Gas
and
lies.
the
from
the
for
is centered
heat
waffle
on
range.
gas
burners
top
the
that
as
a
IRON.
used
constructed
been
over
which
Iron
Waffle
ordinary
used
be
WAFFLE
a
Crane
THE
LADY
very
valuable
both
It
H.
is
for
ELGIN
baking,
and
to
its convenience
it is
City.
OVEN.
accessory
quite possible
York
New
Company,
to
any
and
save
gas
its gas
one-half
entirely hygienic.
plate
or
saving
the
gas
THE
94
Good
By
"The
twelve
polished
blue
top, and
has
and
inches
high.
in the
The
of
a
gas
The
inches
square
is lined
of
wide
is suitable
and
for
It
meats.
Manufactured
Elgin,
is well
stoves,
device
for
the
to
be
door.
top burner
the
on
quarter
food
roasting
of
bag
paper
Hardware
poultry
cooking.
Company,
is
a
the
the
convenience
great
the
LIGHTER.
STOVE
GAS
for it avoids
clothing,
matches,
a
111."
SAFETY
This
for
Kimball-Dietrich
by
and
the
is
baking bread, puddings,
or
adapted
lined.
open
opening
use
ends
back,
when
permits
for
highly
asbestos
nine
without
cakes, pies, biscuits, potatoes,
and
and
door
cooking
of
made
rods
by
especiallydesigned
stove
and
is
glass door,
a
spreader,
supported
inches
has
throughout,
flame
glass drop
process
is
oven
is
quarter
a
which
V-shaped
a
eleven
Oven,
It
steel.
which
door,
seen
Elgin
one-half
and
The
Institute:
Housekeeping
Lady
OBTTHB
KUTCOEiBIN
danger
unsightly
of
scratch
disagreeable and
for
lighting gas
setting fire
marks
unhealthful
to
from
odor
in
women's
striking
of
burn-
HOW
TO
ing sulphur
also
made
of gas
ovens,
95
IT
rRim
and
nuisance
the
in different
store
THE
forms
window
SAFETY
of
for
burnt
the
lights and
LIGHTER.
matches.
convenient
other
It
is
lighting
general
uses.
Of)
THE
ROUND
Good
FILE
FTRE
POPULAR.
Institute
Housekeepinor
KITC'HiEN
in the
approves
following
description:
''This
is
operated by turning
the
lighter over
quickly.
The
burner
spark
old-ifashioned
flint
manipulated.
An
hands
inverted
kinds
of
with
used
When
It
irons
gas.
the
is also
so
will be
that
cool.
the
The
simple
gas
Gas
is
for
designed
is
gasoline
used
the
OVEN.
but
cover
by
the
principle
prevents
cone
Made
is
ANDROCK
( )ven
stoves,
device
on
the
handle
of
and
the
easily
from
ing
burn-
Safety Lighter
Mass."
Haverhill,
Androck
the
the
on
placing
gas,
down
pressing
produced
and
THE
The
is
fingers.
or
Company,
and
the
on
especially
or
is lifted
to
flame
can
Androck
be
the
turned
Oven
ti)p of
all
when
stoves.
baking
concentrate
on
recommended
kerosene
the
use
is
a
is in
heat
on
low
and
very
plain sight.
three
the
useful
sad
room
article
INDEX
Accessories
Coal
"
11
Stoves
SS
Accessories
Accessories
89
Stoves
Gas
"
S^
98
"
12"59
Air
Air
"
Air
"
Air
"
Nitrogen
Principal
Nitrogen
Dilutes
2-5
Constituent
25
of
Proportion
"
14
of
Composition
"
Air
Air
31
"
"
53
Carbon
to
56^
Super-heated
Anthracite
"
Anthracite
Anthracite
Value
"
21
Diminishing
Supply
"
l!*
Fuel
as
Ash
"
-0
1!"
:
:
58
52
Increasing
Cost
.
Ash
88"80
Sifter
Directions
Baking,
72
for
81
Heating
Bathroom
Coal
Bituminous
Bituminous
Bituminous
Coal,
Coke
Coal,
Deposits
19
from
19
of
46
Briquettes,
Anthracite
Briquettes,
Value
76
Gas
Illuminating
Burning
65
"
Properly
Fuel
Burning
19
Analysis
82
"
20
21
Fuel
as
8"16
Carbon
Carbon
Dioxide
Carbon
in
42
Gas
.*
Coal
18
55
"
66
"
.
16
Carbon
in
Wood
Carbon
Monoxide
Carbon
Monoxide,
How
42
Burn
to
Chimney,
Construction
Chimney,
Flues
35
34
7o
Formed
of
Necessity
a
36
of
Ancients
to
How
Clothing,
35
of
Prevention
Unknown
Clinkers,
35
of
Importance
Chimney,
21
Life
Coal,
Anthracite
18
Coal,
Bituminous
19
Coal,
Bituminous
Coal,
Coal
Fire,
Starting
Coal
Gas,
Danger
Coal
Gas,
How
Coal
Gas
in
Coal
Gas
Poisoning,
Coal,
Kinds
Coke,
How
Coke
for
46
Burn
"6
47
Coal
Symptoms
Chemical
Fuel
Oxygen
Combustion,
and
of
76
"
"
"
82
82
48
"
65
1"^
15
Process
41
oS
When
First
Understood
14
49
Incomplete
Combustion,
"
66
18
Use
Fuel
Combustion
"
47
Complete
Combustion
65
"
of
64
Domestic
a
20
"
69
of
Produced
Combustion,
Control
to
Soft
75
of
22
"
of
of
Combustion
Cook
19
Analysis
Consumption
Daily
34
"
of
Smoky,
Chimney
55
"
14
10
Chimney
Chimney,
31
"
Combustion
of
Chemistry
42
Gas
a
Supporter
of
24
Cooking
15
Fire
15
37
Dampers
Dampers,
Experiments
Dampers,
Kinds
Dampers,
Dampers,
Smokepipe
Smokepipe,
Dampers,
Use
37
of
the
Best
Why
to
Cause
Be
Used
Draft,
Experiment
to
Increase
to
Prevent
Draft,
How
Nitrogen
Draft,
What
It
75
"
68
"
37
"
67
with
How
Draft,
40
74
36
Draft,
39
"
37
Weak
of
68
"
.~.
of
Draft,
54
"
40
With
68
"
36
36
Down
Assists
25
Is
34
15
Druggist
Directions
for
Earth,
Economy
Economy
Elements
Many
67
Burning
Fuel
73
"
7
in
of
Fuel
21
in
Necessities
21
Life
of
23
"
22
"
7
Elements
Elements,
Mixture
Elements,
Oxygen
Experiments
Experiments
Dampers
67
with
Drafts
67
Artificial
Control
Fire,
of
Origin
Overnight
Attention
Proper
Coal
Starting
Coke
Starting
Wood
Starting
Is
It
Hot
Why
Fire,
Fire,
Fire,
Fire,
Flame,
13
It
Necessity
Food,
Economy
Benjamin
Franklin,
Franklin,
an
Franklin,
a
13
71
62
to
69
69
8
Is
7
of
Life
21
21
of
2"
27
Inventor
29
the
27
8
Fuel
Waste
Fuel,
Fuel,
28
"
Manufacturer
Stove,
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
22
"
,
Stove
Burning
Burning,
Economy
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Saving,
m
"
70
Fuel
Fuel
68
"
52
a
Franklin
68
"
of
What
Food,
9
Directions
"
for
Found
in
Gas,
22
"
All
26
Best
26
Conditions
for
62
10
21
"
46
for
Apparatus
Carbonic
Carbonic
Gas,
Coal
a
Escape
Gas,
Coal
Combustible
Gas,
Fuel
Gas
Gas,
Gas,
Fuel
Gas.
4!"
42"55
Oxide
Blood
Gas
42
Poison
from
46
Stove
41
Pipes,
Range
Gas
Range,
4S
"
Understood
How
Generated
as
Fuel
41
55
"
42
"
49
83
Leaky
45"
"
Keeping
56
42
Clean
82
"
Sewer
So
S3
4i6
Gas,
Volatile
18
Gas,
Water
42
Greeks
Si)
49
Incombustible
Gas
Grate
"
"
42
Not
Illuminating,
Gas
Gas,
Burning
Acid
Gas,
Gas
52
67
21
the
16
"
Gas
Gas
^S
"
24
with
Fire,
Fire,
7
of
Abundant
Most
Fire,
Fire,
Compound
and
31
"
"
"
19
i9
62
7
52"53
Heat
ry9
Units
Heat
"
Water
Heroes
of
60
81
Gas
Heater.
,
7
Invention
79
Hood
Chemistry
Practices
HouseAvife
15
7
Hydrogen
Fuel
Best
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
26
26
Fuels
All
in
"
20
Substance
I^ightest
26
Ignition
14
Kitchen
a
15
Kitchen
Fire
Its
Light.
Laboratory
In
Lignite,
Supply
Deposits
Lignite.
Value
and
12
Control
of
]9
18
Fuel
as
Laboratory
1.5
from
Quotation
The,
Nation
52
7
Nitrogen
Draft
Produces
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Dilutes
25
7
the
Source
Air
Oxygen,
Its
Importance
of
Proportion
Super-heated
of
Supporter
Oxygen,
Oxygen.
Coal
24
in
24
Combustion
24
Air
.58
.
17
47
Gas
"
Preface
Range
Called
Range
Coal,
.^2
Dockash
Stove
Cooking
Out
of
29
42
Order
51
Range,
Gas
Range,
Gas,
Clean
Keeping
"
S2
"
Sanitation
4fi
Smoke
4^"iS
"
Abatement
Smoke,
Its
Smoke,
44
of
Bad
Effect
"
Pipe
Pipe
45
6S
"
6?,
Damper
Prohibition
"
4R
27
"
Machines
as
Construction
Franklin
.50
"
27
of
"
Gas
Stoves,
Kinds
"
First
of
Poor
Condition
42
Oxygen
58
52
00
Vacuum
Volatile
18"45
Gas
of
10
Fuel
12
Water
Water,
Composition
24
of
Wood
Wood.
Wood
Wood,
SO
.30
Thermometer
Waste
.^l
27
Used
Super-heated
66
27
7!^
Stoves,
fi2
11
Accessories
Stoves,
Stoves.
7.5
4?"
4-3
of
Waste
Stoves,
Stoves
if"
10
Soot
Stoves
'^1
4?.
"
Stoves
Stoves.
88
.
Smoke,
Smoke
81
46
Safety
Smoke
50
4
Cabinet
Range.
Smoke
5^
24
of
Deposits
Poison
"
of
Oxygen,
Oxygen.
2.5
2.5
Air
Oxygen
Peat,
"
04
Kinds
16
of
09
Fires,
Starting
of
Proportion
Wood
Stoves
Wood
Supply
Carbon
in
"
70
16
27
Diminishing
17