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How to reference?
Prepared by: Muhammad Abdul Aleem
Plagiarism Avoidance
Outcome of this session will be:
¾Relate what plagiarism is
¾Identify and apply citation and references within project
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Plagiarism Avoidance
What is a reference?
Why reference?
When to reference?
How to reference?
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What is a reference?
Plagiarism Avoidance
• You are expected to acknowledge any material in books
etc that you have used in reports/dissertations etc
• British Standards BS1629: 1976 and BS5605: 1990 define
a bibliographical reference as:
" a set of data or elements describing a document, or part
of a document, and sufficiently precise and detailed to
enable a potential reader to identify and locate it".
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Why Reference?
Plagiarism Avoidance
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To avoid plagiarism
To show you have read a piece of work and understood it
To show courtesy to the original author
To track your reading/note-taking
To back up an argument
Plagiarism Avoidance
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What is it Plagiarism
Plagiarism Avoidance
Did You Know? The word plagiarism
comes from the Latin plagiarius meaning
"kidnapper"
San Jose State University, Plagiarism Tutorial,
http://130.65.109.143/plagiarism/tutorial/introduction.php.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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What is it Plagiarism
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Identifying Plagiarism
Plagiarism Avoidance
There are many sites that will sell or make available to
you an essay, articles or perhaps even an assignment.
Presenting this material as your own is plagiarism.
REMEMBER, IF YOU CAN FIND
IT, SO CAN YOUR EVALUATER !
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When to reference?
Plagiarism Avoidance
• To quote an individual directly
• To identify an authors thought/ideas
• To use specific information from an author, such as
tables or statistics
• Referencing is used so that the reader can locate the
source of information solely from the reference provided
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How to reference?
Plagiarism Avoidance
• Many methods exist
• Harvard, IEEE etc
• Citing: acknowledging within your text the document
from which you have obtained your information
• Reference: the detailed description of the document
from which you have obtained your information
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing - Books
Plagiarism Avoidance
Single author
Citation
The theory was first propounded in 1993
(In-Text (Comfort 1997, p. 58)
Example) OR
The theory was first propounded in 1993. [1]
Reference [1] Comfort, A 1997, A good age, Mitchell
Beazley, London.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing - Books
Plagiarism Avoidance
2 or 3 authors
Reference [1] Madden, R & Hogan, T 1997, The definition
of disability in Australia: moving towards
national consistency, Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare, Canberra.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing – E-Book
Plagiarism Avoidance
Reference
Plagiarism Avoidance
[1] Pettinger, R 2002, Global organizations,
Capstone Publishing, Oxford. Retrieved 28
September 2009, from Curtin University Library
&Information Service E-books:
http://opac.lis.curtin.edu.au
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Referencing – Encyclopedia/Dictionanary
Plagiarism Avoidance
Reference [1] The new Grove encyclopedia of music and
musicians 1980, Macmillan, London.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing – Document on WWW
Plagiarism Avoidance
Reference [1] Dawson, J, Smith, L, Deubert, K & GreySmith, S 2002, ‘S’ Trek 6: referencing, not
plagiarism. Retrieved October 31, 2009, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Referencing – Journal
Plagiarism Avoidance
Reference [1] M. A. Aleem, “A Web Services-based
System for Wireless Personal Area Network”,
proceedings
of
The
3rd
International
Symposium on Information Technology 2008
(ITSim2008),Kuala Lampur, Malaysia, Vol. IV,
pg. 2192-2197 (August 26-29, 2008)
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Bibliography
Plagiarism Avoidance
A Bibliography is any list of references at the end of a text,
whether cited or not. It includes texts you made use of, not
only texts you referred to in your paper, but your own
additional background reading, and any other articles you
think the reader might need as background reading.
Cuba, L. 1988, A Short Guide to Writing in the Social Sciences.
London: Scott Foresman.Chs. 2, 4 & 6.
Friedman, S. & S. Steinberg 1989, Writing and thinking in the
Social Sciences.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & K. Courter 1984, Research matters. Rowley,
Mass.: Newbury House.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Exercise 1
Plagiarism Avoidance
[1] states we need to establish good "communication at
the individual, research group and departmental level".
Comments:
This would constitute plagiarism. The citation marks
should begin with the word “we”. You should check all
citations carefully. This is called Misplaced citation
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Exercise 2
Plagiarism Avoidance
The Department of Information Science at City has
excellent communication at many levels, individually,
through research groups and at the departmental level.
Comments:
This would constitute plagiarism. You MUST
acknowledge your sources when you paraphrase. This is
called paraphrasing with no reference.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Exercise 3
Plagiarism Avoidance
[1] argues that "we need to establish good communication
at the individual, research group and departmental level".
Comments:
The citation is correctly referenced - Correct citation.
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Penalties & procedures
Plagiarism Avoidance
Cases of suspected
plagiarism are taken
very seriously by the
University and are
subject to a set of
formal procedures and
penalties.
Source: Plagiarism - University of Leeds Guide www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk
Office of academic appeals & regulation (OAAR)
Plagiarism Avoidance
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Plagiarism Avoidance
Eastern Kentucky University, From Today's Cartoon by Randy Glasbergen,
http://www.acts.eku.edu/cartoon/more.htm.
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Discussion….
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