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“How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) (A Basic Introduction)
0 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” (A Basic Introduction) Maryville Church of Christ (Maryville, TN) Fall 2011 Teacher: Jonathan Jones II Office Phone: 865-­‐983-­‐0370 (extension 103) Email: [email protected] Bible Translation used: Scripture quotations are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV ), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ©
©
Summary: Do you wish you could study your Bible and arrive at insightful and inspirational truths on a daily basis? “How to Study Your Bible for Yourself” is a basic introduction to Bible study. This class is in the format of a workshop where you will be equipped with the basic skills to study God’s Word on your own. You will learn how to be a confident and independent Bible student without relying on someone else’s interpretation. You will learn how to arrive at the truth, and it will set you free! Class Schedule and Procedure: This class will be an eight-­‐week study. The material will first be presented on Sunday (class #1) and repeated on Wednesday (class #2). Works Cited and Instructional Material: Arthur, Kay. How to Study Your Bible. Harvest House: Eugene, 1994. LaHaye, Tim. How to Study the Bible for Yourself. Revised Ed. Harvest House: Eugene, 1998. Mounce, William D. Greek for the Rest of Us. Zondervan: Grand Rapids, 2003. Fee, Gordon D. and Douglas Stuart. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth. Third Ed. Zondervan: Grand Rapids, 2003. (* See full bibliography at the end of the notes) Disclaimer to the student: Anything written or taught by man is susceptible to error. My heart’s intent is to correctly represent and expound upon the text of God’s word, the Bible, in these studies. However, each Christian is personally responsible to be a student of the Word (read Acts 17:11). Preachers, authors and even “biblical scholars”, no matter how well intentioned, can be wrong. Please study the following comments with an eye of discernment and have your senses exercised to determine right from wrong (cf. Heb. 5:14). We must accept all the words of God’s revelation. But when it comes to man’s comments on the Word, “take the good and leave the bad.” 1 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Class Outline (An eight week course) PART 1: “SOUL FOOD: THE JOY OF DEVOTIONAL READING”
1. The Importance and Discipline of Bible Reading
PART 2: “SOUL GROWTH: STEPPING UP TO PERSONAL STUDY”
2. Basics of Bible Study: Observation, Interpretation, and Application
3. The First Step is Observation
4. Outlining a Text by Phrasing
PART 3: “DIGGING IN DEEP: USING BIBLE STUDY TOOLS”
5. Utilizing Some Basic Study Tools (A Good Bible and a Concordance)
PART 4: “PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: DOING BIBLE INTERPRETATION"
6. Literary Genres, Historical Context and Figures of Speech
7. Basic Rules of Interpretation
PART 5: “DOERS OF THE WORD: FROM BIBLE STUDY TO BIBLE LIVING”
8. Applying God’s Word to Your Life
2 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 1: “Soul Food: The Joy of Devotional Reading” Importance of Bible Reading Thought
Questions:
1. Is daily Bible reading an
important activity for
Christians? Explain.
I.
THE NEED TO BE A BIBLE READER  Salvation depends upon it! • The Bible is the “word(s) of eternal life” (John 6:68). • The Bible teaches us to be able to tell good from evil (Hebrews 5:14). • We will finally be judged by the words of the Bible (John 12:48).  True conversion insists upon it! • Conversion is a total change of life. It means a change of habits and a change of lifestyle. • Even if you were “raised up” in the church, you must be converted to a new walk of life—this means a different course of life. • In order to be a true disciple of Christ, one must take up the “cross of commitment” daily (Luke 9:23).  Spiritual survival demands it! • Man was created with both a physical and a spiritual nature. • We know that in order for our physical bodies to survive we must receive nourishment. • However, it is also true that our spirits must receive nourishment in order to survive (Matthew 5:6; Jeremiah 17:5-­‐8).  Evangelism requires it! • In order to be like Jesus, we must be good students of the word (cf. Luke 4:16-­‐17). • In order to be able to make a “defense of the hope within us,” we must be good Bible students (1 Peter 3:15). • In order to spread the words of eternal life, we must know them!  The Future of the church depends upon it! • When light appears, darkness is scattered away. • To combat the forces of darkness, we must have the “sword of the Spirit” (Ephesians 6:17). • Truth is the answer! It is the answer to religious unity, the answer to church problems, the answer to family dysfunction, the answer to false teaching, etc. II. THE PROBLEM OF BIBLICAL ILLITERACY  A Problem in Our Churches. Tim LaHaye shares the following story which may be more common than we realize: “A 17-­year-­old young man went to church for the first time because a shoe salesman who had led him to Christ told him he needed to learn more about the Savior he had just received. 3 2. How often do I read my
Bible outside of church
services?
3. What changes happened
in my life when I became
a Christian?
4. What did Jesus mean
when he said that I must
deny myself (Luke
9:23)?
5. What is the number one
excuse that I use for not
reading my Bible
everyday?
6. What are some things I
may have to “deny”
myself in order to make
time for Bible reading?
“How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) After the song service the minister said, “Turn to First Timothy 5:12.” The young convert turned to the first page of the Bible which his friend had given him and thumbed through Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joshua, and a number of other books but could not find Timothy. Turning to the table of contents he found that First Timothy was on page 325, but when he found that page number he was in the book of Joshua. Again looking into the table of contents he discovered that there were two basic sections of the Bible, and that First Timothy was in the second section! By the time the young Christian had found the text the minister was finished with his sermon. Needless to say, the young man was embarrassed and a little befuddled (7-­8) 
A Problem Among the “Educated.” The words of a college professor written in a newspaper editorial illustrate that Biblical illiteracy is evident even among the “educated”: “Frankly, I was never one to worry much about my ultimate fate. I knew that God was fond of King David, that David slew a thousand Philistines with the jawbone of an ass and that he sent Beersheba’s husband into battle hoping to woo the grieving widow” (emphasis mine, J.J.) 
A Wide-­Spread Problem. The following statistics were collected by the Barna Research Group by polling American adults:  62% knew Isaiah is in the Old Testament; 11% said the NT; 27% didn’t know.  12% of adults believe that the name of Noah’s wife was Joan of Arc.  Half of all adults (49%) believe that the Bible teaches that money is the root of all evil.  16% believe that one of the books of the NT is the Book of Thomas.  Three-­quarters of Americans (75%) believe that the Bible teaches that God helps those who help themselves.  Less than 1 out of every 10 believers possesses a biblical worldview as the basis for his/her decision-­making or behavior. III. BARRIERS TO DAILY BIBLE READING  “I don’t have the time.” We make time for the things that are important to us. Even when we don’t have time, we make time for things that are a priority to us. The Christian commitment takes a “daily” commitment (Luke 9:32).  “The Bible is not relevant to my life.” Unfortunately, some preachers have presented the Bible as being an ancient history lesson. The gap between the “then and there” and the “here and now” must be bridged. The Bible is a message designed by God to be relevant to our daily lives (2 Timothy 3:16-­‐17).  “I can’t understand the Bible.” It is interesting that Jesus and the apostles quoted from a modern translation of the Old Testament—
the Greek Septuagint (LXX). Jesus message was one designed for ordinary people to understand. With the many good standard 4 Thought Questions:
1. Have you ever felt like the
young man in this
story?
2. It is possible to be highly
educated and yet be
biblically illiterate?
3. Exercise: Check the
quotation that is not in
the Bible.
 Cleanliness is next to
godliness.
 God helps those who help
themselves.
 Idle hands are the devil’s
workshop.
 Speak where the Bible
speaks; be silent where the
Bible is silent.
 Confession is good for the
soul.
 We are as prone to sin as
sparks fly upward.
 A crowing rooster and a
whistling woman are an
abomination.
 Money is the root of all evil.
 Honesty is the best policy
4. What are some things
that prevent me from
reading my Bible?
“How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) translations that are available today, anyone should be able to understand the Bible. While no translation of the Bible is perfect (the original autographs were infallible), anyone can learn the truth from any standard translation if they study the Bible correctly and reason correctly from what is discovered. Jesus promised that we could understand the truth (John 8:32). IV.


DEVOTIONAL READING CONTRASTED TO BIBLE STUDY The following is a bit subjective, but this author is convinced that there are two forms of “Bible reading.” “Soul Food” (Devotional Reading). Reading large portions of Scripture without getting bogged down in the complexities of the verses. Devotional reading is “soul food,” or daily spiritual nourishment that our souls long for (cf. Matt. 5:6; Jer. 17:5-­‐6). Devotional reading is getting the “big picture” of the biblical story. “Soul Growth” (Personal Bible Study). When an individual does a thorough investigation into the meaning of a localized text by doing word studies, cultural background research, cross-­‐referencing with other passages, etc. Bible study is “soul growth” where one spends time in deep meditation and study to stretch your spiritual understanding. It is a discovery of intended message of the original author and the precise meaning of a specific Biblical text. “I have never met a person who enjoyed
studying the Bible who had not first
developed the habit of regularly reading it”
–Tim LaHaye V.
See the Need!
1. What does Job 23:12
reveal about our need for
Bible study?
2. How many years have
you been a Christian?
__________________________
3. How many times have
you read the entire Bible
through?
__________________________
4. Are you willing to make
the commitment of being
a better Bible student?
 Yes
 No
A STEP-­BY-­STEP PLAN FOR DEVOTIONAL READING (LaHaye) 5. Is your spiritual
Step 1- “Read Daily”
development worth at
Whether we realize it or not, our souls cry out for spiritual food. least 15 minutes a day
Just like the physical body must be fed, the spiritual man must be of devotional reading?
regularly fed also. During this course we want to make a pledge to set aside 15 minutes per day for devotional reading. Step 2- “Set a Regular Reading Time.”
If something is important to you, you will make time for it. Most of us spend more than 15 minutes per day reading the newspaper, surfing the web, or watching television. We all spend more than 15 minutes per day feeding our bodies; surely we can dedicate 15 minutes per day to feeding our souls. Many people find that the morning is the best time to read the Bible devotionally; others prefer night. Tim LaHaye has noted, “Whatever the time, if has been my observation that if you don’t set one, your good intentions will never be realized and you will only occasionally read your Bible.” Step 3- “Set a Regular Place.”
It helps concentration and consistency to have a regular place to read. Ideally, you should be sitting and preferably at a desk (helps concentration). Everyone can “make” their own “devotional place.” 5  Yes
 No
6. I will pledge to dedicate
15 minutes per day to
Bible reading during
this course.
 Yes
 No
“How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Even Jesus needed his own private “devotional place” (Luke 6:21; 22:39). Step 4- “Read with Pen at Hand.”
The biggest danger to devotional Bible reading is “letting your eyes run across the words and assuming you have read the material” (LaHaye 29). It is possible to let your eyes run across the page while your brain is turned off. Taking notes helps keep your brain “turned on.” When you see something noteworthy, write it down. This helps to provide a record of your progress and help you remember what you read. Step 5- “Read Devotionally.”
God’s word is a guide for daily living. It contains practical “tips and techniques” for “abundant living” (John 10:10). As you read devotionally, look for messages from God that speak directly to you and make notes of them (cf. 2 Timothy 3:16-­‐17). Step 6- “Keep a Daily Spiritual Journal”
Perhaps the most effective tool for devotional Bible reading is a spiritual journal. Get a notebook of some type and allow one page for each day’s reading. Write the day of the week and date at the top of the page. Write the Scripture passage you will be reading. As you discover significant things, make notes of them. Develop your own personal format and make the journal your own! There are several things you might include in your journal: (1) God’s message for my life today, (2) A promise from God, (3) A command to keep, (4) A timeless principle, (5) An application for my life. VI.
A “GUARANTEED FORMULA” FOR LEARNING SELF-­
DISCIPLINE (LaHaye 47-­‐50)  “Read when you feel like it; read when you don’t.” There will be times you don’t feel like reading. Satan will plant excuses in your mind to break this habit. Pray and admit to God you don’t feel like reading and ask him to help you focus.  “Make a sacred vow with God.” One vow might be “no Bible, no breakfast.” If you don’t eat breakfast, “no Bible, no lunch.” Keep yourself accountable to the discipline of reading.  Make no exceptions. If you make exceptions, the habit will be easily broken. Anyone who is serious about any discipline (losing weight, physical training, staying sober, etc.). Making exceptions (inconsistency) will destroy any effort at self-­‐discipline. VII.
WHAT SHOULD I READ? (LaHaye 51-­‐66)  Avoid the “hunt and peck” technique. This approach will cause you to be inconsistent and can be dangerous to proper biblical understanding.  Start with the New Testament. You are a Christian and the New Testament is God’s message to you. While there is application for Christians in the Old Testament, it was written first to Israel.  Certain books are particularly important for Christians. The book of 1 John is more of an immediate need to you than Revelation. 6 For Your Thought
1. Depending upon what is
currently happening in
our lives, certain
passages seem to speak to
us at certain times.
God’s word does not
change in meaning, but
our lives are continually
changing.
Consider: Psalm 23
2. When noting promises
make sure that they are
universal promises and
pay careful attention to
the conditions attached to
the promise.
Consider: 1 John 1:9
3. Commands are God’s
“user-manual” for
human beings to operate
at peak performance. We
must follow the manual.
Consider: 1 Cor. 5:11
4. Timeless principles
provide nuggets of truth
that help to guide us in
making right life
decisions.
Consider: 2 Cor. 6:14
5. Pick out one of your
“finds” in Scripture and
write how you intend to
apply it to your life.
Consider: Eph. 5:22, 25
“How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Daily Spiritual Diary “I have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food” (Job 23:12) Week of ____________________________________________________ to _______________________________________________ Sunday: Passage ______________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Monday: Passage ______________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tuesday: Passage _____________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Wednesday: Passage _________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Tim LaHaye How to Study the Bible for Yourself pages 39-­‐40 7 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Thursday: Passage ____________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Friday: Passage ______________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Saturday: Passage ____________________________________________ Date: _______________________ God’s message to me today: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Promise from God: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Command to Keep: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Timeless Principle: __________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Tim LaHaye How to Study the Bible for Yourself pages 39-­‐40 8 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) A Suggested Pattern of Devotional Reading (LaHaye 65) The First Year: 1. Read First John—seven times.  Written to assure the Christian of salvation.  Five chapters—read it every day for one week. 2. Read the Gospel of John—twice.  Written to increase the Christian’s faith.  Read four chapters a day; you will read John twice in 11 days.  In your journal, note the seven miracles of Jesus that John records. 3. Read the Gospel of Mark—twice.  Mark gives a compressed summary of Jesus life; it is a snapshot of the gospel designed for “busy” people.  The only way to really follow Christ is to know all about Him.  Read four chapters a day; you will read Mark twice in 8 days. 4. Read the short epistles of Paul.  Read the ten short epistles of Paul (Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon).  Try to read each entire epistle in a daily period.  Allow 2 days for Galatians, Ephesians, and Timothy. 5. Read the Gospel of Luke  Luke is a very detailed record of Jesus’ life.  Many things in Luke about Jesus are not found in other gospels.  Read four chapters a day. 6. Read the book of Acts  Acts is the sequel to Luke.  After finishing Luke, go right into Acts.  Read four chapters a day. 7. Read the book of Romans.  The best “doctrinal book” of the New Testament.  The many deep things in this book will require you to re-­‐read things often.  Read three chapters a day, and get a “bird’s eye” view of the book. 8. Read the entire New Testament—twice  If you read 3 chapters a day, you will read the entire NT twice in 6 months. The Second Year: 1. Read the wisdom literature of the Old Testament  This material contains timeless principles for living.  These books include: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon.  Read one chapter from the Proverbs—daily. [Proverbs has 31 chapters, one for each day of the calendar (double up when month has 30 days)]  Read 2 chapters from the other wisdom books—daily.  In less than 4 months you will have read Proverbs 4 times and the other wisdom books once. 2. Read selected books repeatedly for a month: 1 John, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, James, Romans 5-­‐8, John 14-­‐17 The Third Year: (Read the entire Bible in one year)  If you read 3 chapters a day, and 5 chapters on Sunday—you will read the Bible through in a year (362 days). 1. Read 1 New Testament chapter daily. 2. Read 2 Old Testament chapters daily. 3. Read 5 Old Testament chapters each Sunday. 9 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” I.
II.
Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 2: “Soul Growth: Stepping Up to Personal Study” Basics of Bible Study LET THE BIBLE SPEAK FOR ITSELF A. Deductive reasoning—you start with a conclusion and then evaluate the evidence to see if there is support for your hypothesis or belief. Used correctly, this type of reasoning can be helpful in checking to see if your beliefs are consistent with Scripture. However, you must guard against the danger of misinterpreting a text by reading your own ideas into the text (called eisegesis). B. Inductive reasoning—you start with the evidence and then draw conclusions based only upon the evidence. This type of reasoning in Bible study attempts to “draw out” the meaning from the text (called exegesis). This process of Bible study attempts to draw out the meaning of the text by gathering all the evidence, reasoning correctly from the evidence, and drawing only conclusions based upon the evidence itself (the evidence found forms your beliefs). NOT SO FAST! Most of us approach the Bible and immediately want to know what the Bible means for us—and rightly so. But we cannot make the Bible mean anything we please and give the Holy Spirit credit for it (Fee 30). If we rush to ask the question “what does this mean for my life” before observing what the text meant to the first readers, we will draw false conclusions that are only colored by our own presuppositions. A. “Then and there” must always come first. Before rushing to how the Bible applies today we must first lay the “vital foundation of observation” (Arthur 25). We must first put on our “first century glasses” (for the NT) and hear the Word that the first reader’s heard. God’s word to us was “first of all his Word to them” (Fee 23). The Bible is “the Word of God given in human words in history” (Fee 21). We have to observe the historical, cultural, and literary context. Drawing out the original meaning in its context must be the “first step in reading every text” (Fee 24). B. “Here and now” comes second. The only proper control for making application of the Bible to our lives today is found in discovering “the original intent of the biblical text” (Fee 29). If we don’t start with the “then and there” Bible application is totally subjective and each person is left to their “own interpretation” (cf. 2 Peter 1:20-­‐21) and essentially anything can be proved with the Bible. Our aim must first be to get at the “plain meaning of the text” (Fee 18). A text “cannot mean what it never meant” (Fee 30). After coming to an understanding of the original intent of the author, we must now proceed to making relevant application to our current context. With control of proper observation of the context, we can determine what are proper and improper interpretations (and 10 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) applications) of the Bible. To apply the text to the “here and now” we must find a contemporary situation that is parallel in principle to the historical situation of the “then and there” described in the Bible. III.
IV.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL OBSERVATION (Arthur 10-­11) Kay Arthur gives this helpful illustration that demonstrates how we need to personally go through the process of discovering truth from the Bible and not relying upon others to tell us what it means. “…if you have ever taken any biology courses, you have studied frogs, and you have probably done so through observation. To thoroughly study the frog, you first go to the river or creek bank where frogs live. You watch their eggs hatch and the tadpoles emerge. You see their back and front legs develop and grow, until they look like frogs and leave the water. After observing how the frogs respond to their new life on land, you catch one and observe it more closely. Eventually you take it to the biology lab where you dissect it to see how it looks on the inside. Afterward, you read what other biologists have learned about frogs to see if your conclusions match. Inductive study of the Bible involves the same process: You begin with the Bible, observe it in its environment, and then take it apart so that you can understand it firsthand. Then, when you’ve seen or discovered all you can on your own, you compare your observations with those of godly men and women who have written about the Word down through the ages. Now, it would be much easier to just sit down and read a book about frogs in the first place and forget about traipsing through the marsh, wouldn’t it? But you would end up with only secondhand knowledge. You would know what others have said about frogs, which might be interesting and—you hope—true. But you never would have a personal encounter with a frog.” THE BASICS OF BIBLE STUDY (Arthur 12-­13) To properly understand the Bible, we must follow these steps in the correct order. A. Step 1—OBSERVATION: Discover what it says 1. Observation answers the question “What does the passage say?” 2. We often read the Bible and then cannot remember what we read because we read with our eyes but not with our minds. 3. We sometimes think God’s word will magically make an impression on us without any effort on our part (the Bible is not a Ouija board). 4. We sometimes might believe that we can’t really understand what we read in the Bible. 5. We often wait for a preacher or Bible class teacher to teach the section of Scripture so we’ll know what it means. 6. In order to learn what a passage says and remember it, we must learn what to look for in the text. Discovering what a passage says takes time and practice. 7. The more that you read and get to know a book of the Bible the more its truths will become obvious to you. 8. We will explore practical ways of outlining the text which will help you properly observe the statements of Scripture in their context and “natural environment.” B. Step 2—INTERPRETATION: Discover what it means 1. Interpretation answers the question “what does the passage mean?” 2. The basis for accurate interpretation is always careful observation. 3. By carefully observing Scripture in its context, the meaning will become apparent. 11 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) 4.
5.
6.
7.
C.
If you rush into interpretation before laying the foundation of accurate observation, your conclusions will be colored by presuppositions (what you think, what you feel, what you’ve been told) rather than formed by what God’s word says. To arrive at a proper interpretation you must investigate cross-­‐references and let Scripture interpret Scripture. There are many Bible study tools (word studies, Bible dictionaries, commentaries), which will help you check your conclusions or help your understanding of the historical or cultural context of the text. We will explore some basic principles of proper Bible interpretation, focus on various figures of speech used in the Bible, and demonstrate how to do word studies and use essential Bible study tools. Step 3—Application: Discover how it works 1. Application answers the question “how does the meaning of this passage apply to me?” 2. We are often tempted to skip to this third step because observation and interpretation are time-­‐consuming and require skill and hard work. 3. Without proper observation and interpretation we can easily misapply the Bible. 4. After learning the skills of observation and interpretation, soon the approach because natural and almost second nature every time you study the Bible. 5. Application is what happens when you are confronted with truth and decide to respond to it. 6. The basis for application is 2 Timothy 3:16-­‐17 which promises that Scripture can equip you for every circumstance in life. 7. Bible knowledge is useless if we never get around to applying what we learn to our daily lives. We must be more than hearers of the word; we must be doers (James 1:22). 12 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Observation Worksheet Ephesians 5 Analyze a chapter of the Bible. Directions: Read this chapter 5 times. Following is the chapter divided into individual sentences (from the ESV) of verses 1-­‐21. Ask the question “who?” and circle the words that answer this question. Underline all of the verbs (action words). Read each sentence, and give a heading for each section. This is an exercise to practice outlining a chapter to understand how it all fits together. Try to use action words—as with a newspaper headline. (Vss. 1-2) Children of God______
imitate Him by walking in______
sacrificial love
5:1 Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children. 2 And walk in love, as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us, a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God. 3 But sexual immorality and all impurity or covetousness must not even be named among you, as is proper among saints. 4 Let there be no filthiness nor foolish talk nor crude joking, which are out of place, but instead let there be thanksgiving. 5 For you may be sure of this, that everyone who is sexually immoral or impure, or who is covetous (that is, an idolater), has no inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God. 6 Let no one deceive you with empty words, for because of these things the wrath of God comes upon the sons of disobedience. 7 Therefore do not become partners with them; 8 for at one time you were darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light 9 (for the fruit of light is found in all that is good and right and true), 10 and try to discern what is pleasing to the Lord. 11 Take no part in the unfruitful works of darkness, but instead expose them. 12 For it is shameful even to speak of the things that they do in secret. 13 But when anything is exposed by the light, it becomes visible, 14 for anything that becomes visible is light. Therefore it says, “Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you.” 15 Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, 16 making the best use of the time, because the days are evil. 17 Therefore do not be foolish, but understand what the will of the Lord is. 18 And do not get drunk with wine, for that is debauchery, but be filled with the Spirit, 19 addressing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody to the Lord with your heart, 20 giving thanks always and for everything to God the Father in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, 21 submitting to one another out of reverence for Christ. 13 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 2: “Soul Growth: Stepping Up to Personal Study” Step 1: Observation Introduction and Review: 1. The first step of studying every text must be drawing out the original meaning in its context. 2. Long before asking what the Bible means for me, I must first observe the text in its original environment. 3. It is best to start your study of the Bible book by book. Choose a book of the Bible and then work the following principles of observation. (These principles are from Kay Arthur’s book How to Study Your Bible pages 19-­‐26). Step 1: Begin with Prayer 1.
2.
Scripture is literally God’s breath (2 Timothy 3:16-­‐17). When we approach the Bible our desire should be to hear some message from God. Begin your study with a prayer asking God to speak to you powerfully from his word. Your prayer might be similar to Psalm 119:18-­‐ “Open my eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of your law.” Step 2: Identify the Context 1.
2.
3.
4.
Context means “that which goes with the text.” The context is the words, phrases, and sentences that surround the passage you are reading. Context can be expanded to paragraphs, chapters, books, and eventually the whole Bible. Example: The English word “trunk” has meaning meanings (luggage compartment of a car, snout of an elephant, rigid piece of luggage, main stem of a tree, shorts for swimming). How would you know which is the correct meaning of the word in the following paragraph: “I remember seeing this huge trunk appear before the window of our car. We had been informed to always line up our car in the same direction in which the elephant was going, in case he charged at our vehicle. As we saw his trunk swinging back and forth and the elephant’s face coming closer, we knew it was time to leave!” Step 3: Observe the Obvious 1.
2.
3.
Begin by looking for things that are obvious (easy to see). Look for people, places, events, and repeated words or ideas. When putting a puzzle together, where do you start? Why? What is the next thing you do? Step 4: Deal with the Text Objectively 1.
2.
3.
Let the text speak for itself; let the text itself show you its emphasis. God’s word will speak to your heart, but first you must let the text speak. Our primary goal should be to know the truth and then adjust our lives accordingly. 14 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) 4.
God’s word is objective, absolute truth (John 17:17) and while our circumstances change as we study the Bible, the truth and context never change (Psalm 119:89). Step 5: Read with a Purpose 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Investigate the text as a detective would a witness. To get the whole story a journalist will ask the key questions of “5 W’s and an H.” Who? Who wrote this text? Who said it? Who are the major characters? Who are the people mentioned? To whom is the author writing or speaking? What? What are the main events? What are the major ideas? What are the major teachings? What does the author talk about the most? When? When was this written? When did the event take place? When will it happen? Where? Where will it be done? Where was it said? Why? What did this need to be written? Why was this mentioned? Why is so little (or much) space devoted to this topic? Why is this reference mentioned? How? How was it done? Who did this happen? How is this truth illustrated? Note: Every passage WILL NOT answer each of these questions. But these are the types of questions you ask to observe the text in its original environment. 15 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 2: “Soul Growth: Stepping Up to Personal Study” An Observation Method: Phrasing Introduction to Phrasing (from: William D. Mounce, Greek for the Rest of Us 55-­‐79) A. Phrasing is a way of slowing down and observing what the text says by outlining the phrases and uncovering the author’s flow of thought. B. This approach is a unique method of arranging the text of Scripture onto a page so that you can easily see the flow of thought. C. Phrasing begins by placing the main thought of the passage all the way to the left of the page. D. Next, you place ideas related to the main point under or over it on the page. E. For example notice this basic phrasing of Mark 8:34: If anyone wishes to come after Me, He must {1} deny himself, and {2} take up his cross and {3} follow Me. I. Step 1: Find the Beginning and the End of the Passage A. What verses provide a context? B. A “passage” is all the verses that make up a complete idea. C. Find the limits of a passage by reading and rereading the text until the limits become apparent. D. Look for natural breaks in the passage (change in topic, shift in audience, change in key words and repeated themes, transitional phrases such as “the next day” or “after this”). E. Do not trust the chapter, paragraph, and verse divisions in your Bible. F. Now write out a passage heading that identifies the main point of the passage in a concise way. If you are not sure, make a guess; you can change it later. Exercise: Read 1 Peter 1 several times and find the first natural break. Next, write a “passage heading” that identifies the main point. II.
Step 2: Identify the Sections A. Next, identify the sections by reading and rereading the passage until the sections naturally suggest themselves to you. B. Next label each section with the main point being made. C. Don’t get into a hurry to get into the details of the passage without first getting into the “big picture.” D. Don’t be consumed with the meaning of the verses yet. Concentrate on the structure of the passage (the author’s “flow of thought”). E. The goal here is to break up the passage into manageable sections and experience the joy of discovering the truth of Scripture for yourself. 16 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Peter’s Greeting Writer 1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, Recipients to those who are elect exiles of the dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, 1:2 according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in the sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood: Personal Greeting May grace and peace be multiplied to you. III.
Step 3: Identify the Phrases A. After identifying the passage (step 1) and dividing it into sections (step 2), you can divide each section into its phrases. B. By phrasing we are not talking about grammatical sentence diagramming. Diagramming sentences can be helpful, but it usually subdivides the phrases too far to follow the “flow of thought.” C. To divide the section into phrases ask yourself, “how many words does it take until you have a phrase that has real meaning?” Example: In the sentence, “I want to go to the park but I must study first,” when do you sense a phrase that has real meaning?” IV.
Peter’s Greeting Writer 1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, Recipients to those who are elect exiles of the dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, 1:2 according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in the sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood: Personal Greeting May grace and peace be multiplied to you. Step 4: Identify the Main Phrase(s) and Modifying Phrases A. Now it is time to make a commitment as to the main point (or points) of the passage. B. When you identify the main point(s) in each section place its phrase furthest to the left of the page. C. The “main” phrases will be stating the main points the author is making and will likely have a subject and a verb and will usually be making some type of statement. 17 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) D. Indent the other phrases under or over the word they modify. E. Underline or highlight words or themes that run throughout the discussion. Peter’s Greeting Writer 1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, Recipients to those who are elect exiles of the dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, 1:2 {1} according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, {2} in the sanctification of the Spirit, {3} for obedience to Jesus Christ and {4} for sprinkling with his blood: Personal Greeting May grace and peace be multiplied to you. Tips for Phrasing: 1.
2.
One of the problems with phrasing is that words can get in the way. It can be helpful to number things (especially numerous descriptions). It might be helpful to put the numbers in bracket to distinguish them as being something added by you and not in the text itself. Due to the nature of our thoughts are constructed, your visual phrasing will keep moving to the right of the page and you will soon run out of room. Use a line to pull the discussion back to the left. The line should connect a word with what it is modifying. he has given us new birth {1} into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, {2} and into an inheritance that can never perish, spoil or fade— kept in heaven for you, Exercise to Work on Yourself 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Continue reading 1 Peter 1. Read it and reread it several times. Step 1: Find the Passage. Beginning at verse 3, decide where Peter stops his discussion and the next passage naturally ends. This is sometimes difficult because each new subject is directly related to the previous one. Look for key words (especially transitional statements) that might be a natural breaking point. Step 2: Identify the Sections. Now that you have identified the next passage, now break this passage down into its sections and put a heading with each. Step 3: Identify the Phrases. Now take the first section and focus on breaking it down into its phrases. Step 4: Identify the main Phrase(s) and modifying phrases. Move the main phrase(s) to the left. Place the modifying phrases under the word they modify. Keep parallel phrases equally indented from the left margin. 18 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Phrasing Exercise (A) 1 Peter 1 Salvation
1:3
Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! According to his great
mercy, he has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the
resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
1:4
to an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for
you,
1:5
who by God’s power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be
revealed in the last time.
Salvation and Suffering
1:6
In this you rejoice, though now for a little while, if necessary, you have been
grieved by various trials,
1:7
so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious than gold that
perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and
honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ.
1:8
Though you have not seen him, you love him. Though you do not now see him,
you believe in him and rejoice with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory
1:9
obtaining the outcome of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
Salvation and the Prophets
1:10 Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was
to be yours searched and inquired carefully,
1:11
inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he
predicted the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories.
1:12
It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the
things that have now been announced to you through those who preached the
good news to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels
long to look.
19 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Phrasing Exercise (B) 1 Peter 1 Salvation
1:3
Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ!
According to his great mercy,
he has caused us to be born again
{1} to a living hope ->
-> through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,
1:4
{2} to an inheritance that is ->
{a} imperishable,
{b} undefiled, and
{c} unfading,
-> kept in heaven for you,
1:5
1:6a
who by God’s power
are being guarded through faith
for a salvation
ready to be revealed
in the last time.
In this you rejoice,
Salvation and Suffering
1:6b
though now for a little while, if necessary,
you have been grieved by various trials,
1:7
so that the tested genuineness of your faith
—more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—
may be found to result in praise and glory and honor
at the revelation of Jesus Christ.
1:8
Though you have not seen him,
{1} you love him.
Though you do not now see him,
{2} you believe in him and
{3} rejoice with joy that is inexpressible and
filled with glory
obtaining the outcome of your faith,
the salvation of your souls.
1:9
Salvation and the Prophets
1:10
Concerning this salvation,
the prophets
who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours
searched and inquired carefully,
1:11 inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them
was indicating when he predicted
{a} the sufferings of Christ and
{b} the subsequent glories.
1:12
It was revealed to them that they were serving not themselves but you, in the
things that have now been announced to you through those who preached the
good news to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels
long to look.
20 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 3: “Digging in Deep: Using Study Tools” Introduction: The key to Bible Knowledge is…
Not knowing the answers
-BUT Knowing where to find the answers.
“Most young Bible students tend to make one of two mistakes
when it comes to Bible study aids. They either reject them
altogether and study only the Bible, or they read so many books
about the Bible that they rarely read the Bible itself. Both
approaches are wrong”
–Tim LaHaye
I.
First Basic Tool: A Good Bible A. The Translation Issue 1. There are three basic philosophies of Bible translation: literal (formal equivalence), dynamic equivalence, and paraphrase (functional eqivalence). 2. Literal translation (formal equivalence) attempts to represent the original Greek and Hebrew Scriptures in more of a word for word manner. A strictly literal translation is impossible, but this type of translation tries to be essentially literal by capturing the precise wording of the original text (“word for word”) as much as possible. This type of translation focuses on accuracy of the original text and sometimes sacrifices readability in English. Examples of this type of translation include: the KJV (King James Version), the NKJV (New King James Version), the RSV (Revised Standard Bible), the NASB (New American Standard Bible), and the ESV (English Standard Version). 3. Dynamic Equivalent is a manner of translation that seeks to follow a “thought-­‐for-­‐
thought” translation philosophy rather than a “word-­‐for word.” This type of translation is less concerned with the precise wording of the original text and is more concerned with capturing the intent and thought behind the words. This type of translation focuses upon readability in English and sometimes sacrifices accuracy of the original text. This type of translation is more inclined to reflect the interpretive opinions of the translator and the influences of contemporary culture. Examples of this type of translation include: the NIV (New International Version), the NRSV (New Revised Standard Version), the NAB (New American Bible) and the HCSB (Holman Christian Standard Bible). 4. Paraphrase is most concerned with putting the meaning of a passage in the familiar common language of the reader. A paraphrase is highly readable and understandable. Many paraphrases are not actually translations but are instead more of an interpretive commentary on the text. A paraphrase can be helpful in devotional reading to get the “big picture” and storyline of the Bible. However, one should use a paraphrase with great caution since it is a very loose representation of the original text of the Bible. Examples of a paraphrase include: the LB (The Living Bible), the NLB Basic Bible Study Tools 21 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) (New Living Bible), The Philips New Testament in Modern English, and the Message (by Eugene Peterson). Note: Crossway, the publishers of the ESV, claims that reading tests have shown that the ESV is at a 7th grade reading level. B. Translation Comparison 1. While the original autographs of Scripture were flawless, there is no perfect English translation. Every translation has its strengths and its weaknesses. 2. When doing deep study of God’s word accuracy is important. For this reason it is likely best to use a more “essentially literal” translation like the NASB, ESV, or NKJV. 3. However, it can be extremely helpful to compare various translations in your study. 4. Many parallel Bibles are available that contain numerous translations printed in parallel columns for comparison. C. Reference Bible 1. It is extremely helpful to have a Bible that has a reference system. 2. Most Bibles now have a center column reference system. 3. Within the text, you will see superscript letters which will lead you to the same superscript letter in the margin. 4. Beside that letter there will be other key passages listed that deal with the same topic discussed in the verse you are reading. 5. Looking at the other remote passages that deal with the topic allows the Bible to interpret itself to a large degree. Notice the superscript See
the letter “a” beside the word “in” at
John 1:1? In the margin, beside letter
“a”, there is a list of verses that deal
with the same phrase, “in the
beginning.” These include Gen. 1:1;
Col. 1:17 and 1 John 1:1. This
referencing system helps you to find
other verses in the Bible that deal with
the same idea within the verse you are
reading.
22 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) II.
D. A Note on Study Bibles 1. Study Bibles have becoming increasingly popular over the past few years. A study Bible will have commentary on scripture at the bottom of the page. 2. One should remember that any commentary in a study Bible is only a man’s explanation of the verses and are not immune from error and personal opinion. 3. Many study Bibles include doctrinal and theological bias that present obstacles (not help) in understanding the plain meaning of the text (The Scofield Reference Bible, for instance, is heavily influenced by premillennial, dispensationalism theology). 4. Some Study Bibles provide a handy resource of basic literary, cultural, and contextual background for study of the text. 5. One of the best study Bibles available is the NASB Study Bible published by Zondervan. The same study notes have been available for years in the NIV Study Bible, and is available in the KJV as well. The notes are biblical, concise, and for the most part theologically balanced. 6. The ESV Study Bible published by Crossway is a very comprehensive study Bible that is more involved than the average student will desire. There is quite a bit of theological bias present in this study Bible. An Exhaustive Concordance: The Bible Student’s Best Friend A. What is a “Exhaustive Concordance” 1. A concordance is particularly helpful when you are studying a particular topic addressed by the Bible or when you are trying to find a specific passage. 2. A “complete” concordance will contain most all of the major words contained in the particular English Bible version to which it is coded. 3. An “exhaustive” concordance will contain every word that appears (and all of its occurrences) in the particular English version to which it is coded. B. Using a Concordance: Suppose we you are doing a personal Bible study of 2 Timothy 1:14. “Guard, through the Holy Spirit who dwells in us, the treasure which has been
entrusted to you” (NASB).
Let’s say that we want to do a word study of the original word translated “guard” here in the New American Standard Version. STEP 1: Choose a concordance based upon the particular Bible version you are using. Bible concordances are coded to particular versions. Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance is keyed to the King James Version. Zondervan publishes a New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance. STEP 2: Find the word “guard” in the main section of the 23 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) concordance. Concordances are arranged alphabetically like a dictionary. Since we are reading from the New American Standard, we need to look this word up in the NASB Exhaustive Concordance. All of the Scripture references that use the word “guard” are listed. They are listed in order of the books of the Bible, then chapter and verse numbers. Look down until you find 2 Timothy 1:14. The letter “g” here stands for the word “guard.” To the right is a number: 5442. This number will help you use a variety of Bible reference tools. If you are using the Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance, you will need to look in the King James Version for the word that is translated there. “That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost which
dwelleth in us” (KJV).
In the Strong’s Concordance, you would not look up “guard.” Instead, you would look up the word “keep.” Be aware that this is the same Greek word, but translated using two different English words. You will notice that Strong’s will use the same number for this word: 5442. That is because it is the same Greek word. STEP 3: Now you will turn to the back of the concordance to the Greek dictionary. If you are reading an Old Testament passage, you will look in the Hebrew dictionary. If you are reading a New Testament passage, you will look in the Greek dictionary. Since 2 Timothy is in the New Testament, we will look in the Greek dictionary. In the Greek dictionary, we find the number “5442” and we find the entry for this Greek word: 24 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) NASB Exhaustive Concordance Entry: Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance Entry (KJV): 25 There is no number count of the translated words in the Strong’s as with the NASB concordance. “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 4: “Putting it All Together: Doing Bible Interpretation” Context, Genres & Figures I.
II.
Basic Bible Understanding Begins with: “Context, Context, Context” A. Logical Context – It is a grievous error to interpret a single verse of Scripture in a way that does not consider the immediate context. The “immediate context” is comprised of the flow of thought in the paragraph, chapter, and book where the statement is found. One must also consider the “remote context.” The remote context includes other passages throughout the Bible that discuss the same topic. One should not interpret a statement in the Bible in such a way that clearly contradicts a clear statement on the same topic elsewhere in the Bible. God is not the author of confusion (1 Cor. 14:33), and we therefore expect his message to be harmonious and consistent. [Example: One might conclude that belief is only necessary for salvation by reading Acts 2:21. However, one should take into account the immediate context of Acts 2:38 and the remote context of Acts 22:16]. B. Literary Context – The literary context involves the type of literature (genre) in which the statement is contained. One would not read a poem the same as a newspaper article; fiction is not interpreted the same as non-­‐fiction. The Bible contains a wide variety of literary genres (poetry, narrative, law, gospel, apocalyptic, proverbial statements, etc.). It is a good practice to assume that Scripture normally is meant to be read in a direct and literal way. However, one should read the statements within the context of the literary type in which it is written. [Example: Many have mistakenly read Proverbs 22:6 as though it is a moral certainty. The nature of a proverb, however, is a general axiomatic truth that usually occurs but admits there are exceptions. The remote context of Isaiah 1:2 demonstrates there are exceptions to this proverbial statement]. C. Historical Context – The historical context involves the setting, circumstances and cultural background behind the particular writing of Scripture. The correct interpretation of a biblical passage is greatly dependant upon a correct understanding of the situation of the author, recipients and setting of the writing. Much misinterpretation of the Bible occurs when a passage is applied in a way that does not consider the particular historical context of the statement. [Example: Some have drawn the conclusion that tattooing of the body (or cornering the beard) is sinful based simply upon Leviticus 19:27-­‐28. One should take into account the historical context that these are pagan practices of the Canaanites in worship to a false god. Example: It is a mistake to take the statements of Job’s friends as being absolute statements when God says that spoke incorrectly, Job 42:7]. Types of Literature in the Bible (Biblical Genres) A. Narrative-­‐-­‐ Narratives are stories. Some narratives are fictional others are actual accounts. Narratives have plot and characters. They often do not teach directly, often they illustrate important truths that must be gleaned from the account. Each individual narrative may or may not have a specific moral to the story. Example: The narrative of Joseph and his brothers (Gen. 37-­‐50). 26 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) B.
Poetry—Passionate feelings expressed in imaginative and colorful language. Often these words cannot be understood literally (cf. Psalm 6:6). Almost 1/3 of the Old Testament is Hebrew poetry. While the identifying mark of English poetry is rhyme, the mark of Hebrew poetry is parallelism. Two comparing or contrasting ideas are examined in parallel. Examples: Synonymous-­‐-­‐ Psalm 51:2-­‐3; Antithetic-­‐-­‐ Psalm 34:10 C. Didactic—Moral instruction. Not all Scripture is directly moral instruction. Large portions however are. Examples: The book of Deuteronomy; Sermon on Mount D. Gospel—Good news story about God and Salvation. While Law primarily describes what man must do for God, Gospel describes what God has done for man (although there is a sense in which Gospel is also Law—Gal. 6:2). The four Gospel accounts come from four different perspectives with four different aims and four separate audiences. Each account tells a unified story emphasizing different aspects of the story some being specific, others being general. Gospel is a mixture of narrative and didactic. E. Parables—A short, simple story designed to communicate usually only one main spiritual truth or moral lesson. The word parable (Greek—“parabole”) means “to throw beside.” To correctly understand a parable one MUST identify (1) the audience of the parable (2) the main characters/items of the parable (3) the main point of the parable (4) the application to the reader’s personal life. Each detail of a parable does not necessarily stand for something—it is not an allegory. The parable is usually designed to make ONE major point. The point of the story is usually in the intended response of the audience. Examples: Luke 15:11-­‐32; Luke 10:30-­‐37. F. Apocalyptic—This is a distinctive type of Jewish and Christian literature. Apocalypse means “revelation.” Apocalyptic often contains visions with bizarre characters and places. The literature is characterized by highly symbolic language. Often the language is designed to paint an overall portrait and is not intended to send a message in the bizarre details. Often Apocalyptic is written in cryptic language designed to be understood by the intended recipients but mysterious to an outside enemy. Examples: Ezekiel, Revelation G. Epistles & Letters—A letter of correspondence between individuals. The Bible contains epistles from one individual to another; from one individual to a single church; from one individual to a group of churches (circular correspondence). Writers of epistles would often employ the use of an amanuensis (secretary) who would dictate the words of the writer (cf. Rom. 16:22). There may be a distinction between an epistle and a letter, the former being a formal correspondence (cf. Romans), the latter more personal (cf. Philemon). Epistles and letters normally followed a set pattern (1) introduction, including name of writer and recipients; and inquiry of health of recipients and a giving of thanks (2) body, the main material and reason for writing (3) conclusion; appropriate remarks and a farewell. Often letters and epistles would close with the personal handwriting of the sender as a seal of authenticity (cf. 2 Thes. 3:17). Examples: Romans, Philemon, 1 Peter, Rev. 2-­‐3, et al. H. Laments & Imprecatory Psalms—Extreme language expressing struggles, suffering, or even disappointment in God. God condemns distrustful complaining (1 Cor. 10:10), but he welcomes us to outpour our emotion to him as long as we also exclaim our trust in Him. Laments and Imprecatory Psalms always end in a statement of trust. Examples: Lament-­‐-­‐
Psalm 3, The book of Lamentations; Imprecatory Psalm—Psalm 137:7-­‐9; note also Psalm 51:5-­‐6 and the debate over the NIV translation. I. Hymns & Psalms—Songs of praise and/or thanksgiving to God. “Halal” is the Hebrew term for praise from which we get the words “Hallelujah!” and “Alleluia!” Hymns and psalms give praise to God for his nature and his works. Hymns often address God directly—prayers set to music. The Psalm will often contain musical notations such as: (1) “Selah”—pause, crescendo, or musical interlude (2) “Maskil”—didactic or teaching psalm (3) “Mikhtam”—atonement psalm. There are many types of Psalms such as: (1) royal psalms—Psalm 2, 18 (2) dedication psalms—Psalm 30 (3) Ascent psalms—Psalms 120-­‐134 (4) Acrostic psalm—Psalm 119. Many psalms will give instructions such as “for the choir director”—the book of Psalms was the “hymnal of the Jewish temple.” 27 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) J.
Proverbial Statements—Proverbial statements are generally accepted axiom of life. Proverbial statements are not truisms—they admit exceptions. Proverbs are practical guidelines for life. The word “proverb” (Hebrew—“mashal”) means “to be like, to represent.” Proverbs state generalizations of things that are true “more times than not.” Proverbs are not mathematical rules. Contemporary proverbs: (1) “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks” (sometimes you can, however) (2) “Beauty is only skin deep” (3) “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” (4) Compare the modern proverbs, “Fools rush in where angels fear to trod” with “Carpe diem.” Sometimes is it is wise to be cautious, sometimes you should “seize the day!” Examples: Proverbs 26:4-­‐5; Proverbs 22:6 (compare with Isaiah 1:2); NOTE THE RULE FOR PROVERBS—Prov. 26:7. K. Wisdom Literature—Good practical wisdom for living—maxims for life. Wisdom is commonsense insight into life. There is an extreme danger of misunderstanding wisdom literature by taking passages out of context. One must follow the line of thought of wisdom insight (a major example is Ecclesiastes). There is wisdom literature contained in: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon. L. History (Historical Precedent) History, especially as it applies to the history of the church in the book of Acts, is intended to be a pattern for the church to follow—a normative model to the church for all times. History contains accounts of action. Some of these accounts of action are approved as an example to us (cf. Acts 2:37-­‐47) others are not approved as examples for us (cf. Acts 5:1-­‐11). Examples are not binding upon Christians by themselves (Luke 22:12; Acts 1:13; Acts 20:8). Examples are binding when they are supported by explicit statements (compare Acts 20:7 & Matt. 26:26-­‐29; 1 Cor. 11:24-­‐26). M. Prophecy—Prophecy is the task of a prophet and includes the foretelling of future events and also the forth-­‐telling of God’s revelation. Not all prophecy is about the future, some is simply a proclamation of God’s will. Prophecy came in various forms-­‐-­‐dreams, visions, angels, theophany, direct discourse from God, etc. Sometimes a prophet would proclaim his message and at other times he would act it out (cf. Isaiah 20). Sometimes futuristic prophecy will have a dual meaning—application in the present and in the future (cf. Psalm 55:13). III.
Figures of Speech in the Bible A. Simile-­‐ This is a writing device of comparison. Two things or ideas are shown to be similar by connecting the two with the words like, as, such or as…so. (Rev. 1:14b—“His eyes were like a flame of fire”). B. Metaphor -­‐ This is a writing device of comparison. Unlike a simile, the comparison is not stated it is implied. The comparison words of like, as, or such are NOT used. (John 15:5—
“I am the vine, you are the branches). C. Hyperbole-­‐ This is a deliberate exaggeration for effect of emphasis. (Matt. 23:24—“You blind guides, who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel”). D. Metonymy -­‐ This is a writing device of association. One name or object is used for another to which it is related. (Mark 1:5—“All the country of Judea was going out to him.” “Country” here is metonymy and is describing the people not the region itself). E. Synecdoche-­‐ This is a writing device of association where the whole can refer to part of the whole. Often the term “the law” is used to simply refer just the Pentateuch (first five books of the Old Testament). F. Personification -­‐ An object is given characteristics that belong to people. (Isaiah 55:12—
“The trees of the fields will clap their hands...”). G. Irony (i.e. Sarcasm) -­‐ A statement that says the opposite of what is meant (used for emphasis or effect). (1 Cor. 4:8—“You have become kings without us”) If a statement doesn’t make sense in the context, it may be irony. H. Anthropomorphism -­‐ Physical human features are applied to God. (“eyes of the Lord”—1 Pt. 3:12; “Jehovah’s arm”—John 12:38). I. Anthropopathism -­‐ Human emotions are attributed to God. (“God repented” or “God was grieved”—Gen. 6:6). 28 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 4: “Putting it All Together: Doing Bible Interpretation” Bible Understanding Basic Principles of Bible Understanding
1. CONTEXT! CONTEXT! CONTEXT! Correct understanding of a single Bible passage must be guided by the logical context (author’s flow of thought), the historical context (the specific situation and circumstances behind the original message), and the literary context (the literary genre from which the statement comes). 2. Always begin by putting on “first-­century glasses.” A text cannot mean what it never meant. Always ask, “How did the first people who read this understand it?” Before you can understand what a passage means you must understand what it first meant. 3. Discover who is doing the speaking in the passage. Who is doing the speaking? (Examples: John 18:38; John 9:31; Matt. 2:7, 8). Within the inspired record of Scripture there are the words of both inspired and uninspired men (Examples: 1 Kings 13:18ff; Job 22:7-­‐11, 31:16-­‐23, 42:7). 4. Discover to whom the words are being spoken. To whom are the words being spoken? (Examples: Luke 10:1-­‐12; John 14:25-­‐26) 5. What circumstances, in the context, might change the meaning? (Examples: John 2:13-­‐20; 2:21, 22 & 1 Cor. 1:14, 17; 1:15; John 3:22, 26, 4:1-­‐2). 6. Understand the type of literary material (genre) you are reading. A poem or a newspaper does not read the same as a novel. The Bible contains various literary types: gospels, epistles, apocalyptic, poetry, etc. (Examples: Gospels read literally, numbers are literal cf. John 21:11; Apocalyptic reads figuratively, numbers are figurative cf. Rev. 14:1). 7. Is the language to be understood in a literal or figurative sense? We should normally expect Scripture to be understood in a direct and literal way. However, sometimes the context naturally demands a figurative meaning (Examples: John 10:9; John 1:29; 2 Corinthians 11:5). 8. A better understanding of a Bible truth occurs when all verses on a subject and their contexts are considered (Examples: Acts 2:21; Joel 2:28-­‐32; Acts 2:38; Acts 22:16; 1 Peter 3:21). 9. Easy to understand passages should always guide a proper understanding of more difficult passages (Examples: 1 Peter 3:19; 1 Cor. 10:4; 2 Peter 2:5; Heb. 9:27). 10. One must study any Biblical subject with an open mind, without having your mind already settled on the matter (Examples: Eph. 1:4-­‐5; Eph. 1:1; Acts 10:34; 2 Peter 3:9). 11. Don’t study the Bible to prove what you do is right, rather study the Bible seeking God’s definition of what is right. For example, Jesus opponents valued Scripture but missed the heart of God’s message (cf. John 5:39-­‐42). 12. Be willing to go in whatever direction the evidence of Scripture leads you, even if it leads you away from what you have always believed to be true. A total commitment to God’s revealed will in Scripture will often challenge your traditional beliefs (cf. Mark 7:1-­‐13). We must allow Scripture to function like a surgeon’s scalpel and remove any wrong belief or behavior from our lives (cf. Hebrews 4:12). 29 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) 13. When the Bible does not answer a question, one person’s answer is as good as another. The Bible does not state why Nicodemus came to Jesus at night (John 3:1-­‐2), nor does it reveal the precise identity of Paul’s thorn in the flesh (2 Corinthians 12:7). While we might make educated guesses about these things, we cannot know for certain and must not be dogmatic. 14. Use common sense when reading; read the Bible like any other book. God revealed his Word in a manner that is accessible and attainable to everyone (John 8:31-­‐32). Contrary to the opinion of some, the Bible is not a cryptic book that only the highly trained can understand (cf. Acts 4:13; John 7:17). 15. If your explanation of a passage is extremely complicated it is most likely wrong! Admittedly, some passages of Scripture are more complex than others (cf. 2 Peter 3:15-­‐16). However, many first-­‐century hearers could neither read nor write. Many of them heard a letter read one time (cf. Col. 4:16). If the gospel message were really as difficult as some people make it, it would have never gotten outside the city walls of Jerusalem. 16. Assemble the evidence on a topic, reason correctly about the evidence, and only come to conclusions based upon the evidence. Some people come to a wrong understanding of Scripture because they do not gather all of the evidence on the topic. Satan quoted Scripture to Jesus (Matthew 4:6). However, Satan did not reason correctly from those verses in their context. Also, he did not consider other passages that would clarify the topic (Matthew 4:7). 17. The Bible does not contradict itself. God is not the author of confusion. We would expect that God would reveal a harmonious message. Passages that seem contradictory at first often prove to be harmonious after further examination (cf. see KJV of Acts 9:7 and Acts 22:9). 18. Always ask the question: “What is the point?” Some well-­‐intentioned people will come to conclusions based upon a desire to do what Scripture literally says. While this is a correct and noble pursuit, we must not only be concerned with what a passage of Scripture says but we must discover the intent behind the passage. It is possible to follow the “letter of the law” yet miss the Spirit behind the passage (cf. Romans 7:6). For example, Jesus washed his disciples feet and then told them to do likewise. But when we look at the context and the intent behind Jesus’ instruction, it becomes apparent that his teaching is not specifically about foot washing, per say, but about serving one another (John 13:5-­‐17). 30 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Part 5: “Doers of the Word: From Bible Study to Bible Living” Applying the Bible to Life Introduction: 1. The Bible was written first to “them.” Originally the Bible was written to address the specific concerns and situations of “long-­‐ago people in faraway places” who faced problems, many of which no longer exist (ESVSB 2572). Certainly, the first readers had no problem seeing the application for their lives. Much of what was written was direct personal application written specifically to them. However, nothing in the Bible was written directly to us or to specific situations that we face. It is like we are “reading someone else’s mail” (ESVSB 2572). 2. The Bible is intended for “us.” Yet, the Bible states that the words written long ago were written for us (Rom. 15:4; cf. Deut. 29:29; 1 Cor. 10:11; 2 Timothy 3:15-­‐17). The challenge of applying the Bible to our lives today is that we must first study the message to the first audience, find the general principles, and then reapply the teaching to parallel situations in our contemporary setting. We must not be simply “hearers of the word” (and treat the Bible simply like a history book), we must be “doers of the word” as well (James 1:22). We must not simply read the Bible passively; we must read with the intention to allow God’s word to change us. 3. Types of application. Sometimes application is some specific, measurable action. Sometimes application is some theological truth that affirms a spiritual reality that needs to be reflected upon and believed rather than some action. In this lesson, however, we will focus on concrete, specific ways that we can put the Bible into action in our daily lives. Principles for Bible Application: (from Dr. George Guthrie) STEP 1: Do the work of observation and interpretation before application. Our tendency is to rush to application first in our Bible study. We must resist this temptation and understand the foundation of the text, rather than building our spiritual lives on “impressions” about the text. We must first do the work of observation and interpretation before moving to application. After observing what the text says and processing it’s meaning, we are now ready to make practical life application. STEP 2: Get the specific points of application from the passage you are focusing upon. We must avoid “springboard study.” We must not jump into some random application from a single verse. Instead, we must make applications that are faithful to the context of the passage. We need to let the points of application come from the text itself. Several steps will help you do this: 1. Write a summary. Write a summary of the original situation or problem being addressed by the passage. 2. Write down the general principles of the passage. Several things should guide us as we try to discover the general principles of a passage: (1) It should be reflected in the text. (2) It should be universal, timeless, not culturally bound. (3) It should correspond with the rest of Scripture. (4) It should be relevant to the biblical and contemporary audience. STEP 3: Apply the text to your own life before you apply it to others. We need to work at being specific in our applications of Scripture for our own lives. Authenticity means that we must personally embrace the word in our own lives before sharing it with others. STEP 4: Lead others to apply the Bible to their own lives. We should not deal in vague, idealistic concepts. We need to make specific applications that change how we live. 31 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) 1 Corinthians 13 Exercises in Bible Application
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Write a summary of this chapter. When Paul wrote this, what was the original situation he was addressing in the context? What is the historical situation he is dealing with? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.
Summarize the main principles. What are the main spiritual principles that come directly out of this context? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the modern application? What might be a current situation (in my life or in the church) that is parallel to this principle? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.
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______________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the specific application for my life? What is something I can do for someone this week to show love as being more important than my abilities or gifts? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Philippians 2:1-­11 1.
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Write a summary of this chapter. When Paul wrote this, what was the original situation he was addressing in the context? What is the historical situation he is dealing with? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Summarize the main principles. What are the main spiritual principles that come directly out of this context? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the modern application? What might be a current situation (in my life or in the church) that is parallel to this principle? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the specific application for my life? How might I resolve some conflict or disunity in my life by taking on the form of a servant toward them? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 32 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) 1 Corinthians 13 1.
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Exercises in Bible Application
Write a summary of this chapter. When Paul wrote this, what was the original situation he was addressing in the context? What is the historical situation he is dealing with? The Corinthians were abusing their spiritual gifts in the church; love toward one another should be of first importance even over the use of spiritual gifts in the church. Summarize the main principles. What are the main spiritual principles that come directly out of this context? In the context of the church, love needs to be paramount even over spiritual gifts. What is the modern application? What might be a current situation in the church today that is parallel to this principle? When might I excuse my lack of love toward other Christians because I’m exercising my spiritual gifts? Are there times when there is “fallout” in my ministry because I’m not acting in love? It is possible for me to be “right” but be “wrong”? What is the specific application for my life? What is something I can do for someone this week to show love as being more important than my abilities or gifts? Philippians 2:1-­11 1.
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Write a summary of this chapter. When Paul wrote this, what was the original situation he was addressing in the context? What is the historical situation he is dealing with? Paul is addressing the need for unity and servant hood among the Philippians and he is using Christ as an example. Summarize the main principles. What are the main spiritual principles that come directly out of this context? Christians need to have humility toward one another. In situations of conflict or disunity, seek to be a servant. (If every time I find myself having friction with someone else, what if I stopped and asked, “what would servant hood look like here?”) What is the modern application? What might be a current situation in the church today that is parallel to this principle? In the context of the church, when we face situations of friction and disunity we need to think about how humility and servant hood manifest itself. A lot of church problems are caused because of selfishness and arrogance. Many problems in the church dissolve when we are humble and serving toward each other. 4.
What is the specific application for my life? What is something I can do for someone this week to show love as being more important than my abilities or gifts? Can we then apply this principle to the family? In the midst of anger we don’t like to act this way—but the Word convicts us to act differently and diffuse the situation. 33 “How to Study the Bible for Yourself” Teacher: Jonathan B. Jones II (Fall 2011) Bibliography ESVSB (ESV Study Bible). Crossway: Wheaton, 2008. Guthrie, George. “Application.” How to Study Your Bible Lectures. “Application.” 14 Sept. 2011 <http://www.biblicaltraining.org/inductive-­‐bible-­‐study/george-­‐guthrie/foundations>. Jackson, Wayne. Biblical Figures of Speech. Courier Publications: Stockton, 2005. Thomas, J.D. Harmonizing Hermeneutics. Gospel Advocate: Nashville, 1991. 34