1. science
2. geology
3. seismology
4. earthquakes

BOOK
FIELD
of
Mineralogy
Practical
Ho"w
and
Examine
to
Report
Designed
Mines
on
for the
Ment
Prospectors, Mining
of
Use
Engineers,
Others
and
BY
G.
W.
E.
MILLER,
EDITION
SECOND
THE
PRESS
PUBLISHERS
1742-1748
M.,
STOUT
ROOM
STREET
COLO.
DENVER,
1902
COMPANY,
C.
E
The
copyeighted
Publishers
Pbess
Denver,
by
Room
Colorado
Company
1901
AUG
'
3
1967
QtSlTY
T0*?"
OF
'
Preface
The
of
plan; although
long cherished
a
of
its discussion
the
subject
intention, these
for
compensated
subject
have
observed
been
carefully compared
of
System
and
Other
J. F.
H.
by
V.
consulted
Where
due
it
a
favor
that
a
future
order
and
F.
A
Furman.
The
mentioned
to have
be
are
edition
be able to take
be
render
called
the
for.
States
saying,
As-
of all authorities
occurred
have
would
to the
advantage
It will
of
and
esteem
neglect. He
criticisms
information
and
foot notes.
called
receive
Deposits,
of Practical
given, the author
to
" Penfield.
Ore
:
names
in the
his attention
pleased
he may
to
been
not
mineralogy:
Brush
Manual
were
following
of the United
Deposits
Kemp,
are
has
also
so
Ore
consulted
all
Determinative
Dana;
inadvertently omissions
credit
would
in
authorities
Phillips ;
Canada, by
S.
Blowpipe Analysis,by
valuable
J. A.
by
E.
by
tables
of
subject
end
this
the
in
given
the
on
Mineralogy,
Mineralogy
those
the
information
the
the
with
of
precautions
in
appearing
the
blow-pipe
due
to
works
standard
and
render
been
to
compilation
all
inal
orig-
space
trustworthy, and
descriptions of minerals
named
and
to
ination
exam-
have
to
more
mineralogy
order
and
perfectly reliable
thought
are
in
complete
as
the author's
were
contained,
in
result
deposits,the
ore
composition
herein
matter
not
part by giving
in
the
In
analysis.
omissions
determinative
of
subjects
of
mines, assaying,etc., as
of
is the
little volume
this
of
publication
on
the
of them
should
be observed
this
work
little
that
book
6.
the benefit of
compendiousand comprehensivefor
more
generalreader,the
the
and
this
the
in
is
the
its appearance
necessary.
for the benefit of
is intended
littlework
apologyfor
it
(the design and object
observed that
It will be further
of
aim
form
present simple
ated
elabor-
more
followed,and
the
other
fullyunderstood,no
littlework
of) this
with
that
seem
the
be
could not
scientifictext books
would
plan of
usual
practical
prospectors,mining
mining engineers,mineralogists,
of
compendium
and who
of
feel the want
etc.,who
men,
have
not
the time
complicatedformulas.
field
mineralogicalinformation,
and
mining
ready reference
a
to
grapplewith
is divided
work
The
theories
into
or
four
parts:
Part
These
by
nine
in
making
The
several
under
graphicillustrations
Under
veins,and
other
Faults,with
portionof veins,are
he meet
to aid the young
the title "The
of
for the
to
similar
rules for
four
finding
fullydiscussed;or
enough has
with
classes
given; then
briefly
are
the correct idea of how
vein should
cuts, showing the
his observation.
veins
of
least it is believed that
novice
Deposits.
Theories, claiming to account
of metalliferous
filling
the faulted
Ore
classification of all forms
the proper
depositscoming
wood
intended
and they are
deposits,
ore
subjectof
the
of mineral
typicalclasses
miner
ore
of
briefly
illustrated
are
more
of
I treats
said to
been
at
give the
proceedin findingthe
problemsin practice.
of
Examination
Mines/' after
brieflydefiningthe objectof mining examination, the
method
of
sampling
illustrated by
the
estimatingthe
drawings,and
other hints and
render
and
instructions
even
in
sightis
it is believed that this with
given on
undertaking of making
quite easy,
ore
in the hands
a
this
subjectwill
mining
tion
examina-
of the young
miner.
7.
of
Form
"The
universal
Mining Keport"
next
application.It
is
a
in its
and
by mining engineers,
used
form
a
extensively
be modified
may
one
so
as
to
case.
particular
suit any
and
method
gives the
II
Part
Gold. Silver, Lead
and
formulae
Copper
Cyanide,Chlorination
described.
with
Then
silver ores,
by
the
are
sis
subjectof Blowpipe Analy-
list
descriptive
metallic
common
for
Processes
Amalgamation
follows the
full
a
and
for assaying
Methods
ores.
making Laboratory Tests of gold and
more
followingis
of
blowpipe tests
of the
and
minerals
the
subjectof
substances
met
with.
Part
is devoted
III
wholly to
After
Mineralogy."
of
properties
for their
system of grouping minerals
metal
prominent
compositionhas
common
such
a
with
in nature.
made
Mr.
tables is
SeligOlcovich
to fit the
sides of all pages
of each page
is
second
are
and
utilized.
names
out
names
with the
they
cost
the
their
by
plate
cal
analyti-
of the book
In
the
umns
col-
of the minerals;
column, their chemical
the
(in part)
Denver, Colo.
singlepage
the
given,first,
(not in formula?; but
written
of
met
which
tables is that
of the minerals
names
of the
described,and in
are
considerable
a
of these
is made
description
are
of 345
the
their
of identification wherever
prepared at
were
in the
entering into
design of these
peculiarfeature
elements
of minerals
accordingto
author,and the platesfrom
the skilled engraver,
both
element
useful minerals
The
the
containingthe
or
to admit
as
way
originalwith
and
rules
necessary
adapted. Upwards
been
and
more
One
giving all
given.
The
were
discussingthe physical
determination,the AnalyticalTables
are
most
and
minerals
terminative
"De-
tion
composi-
of all metals
and
percentage of each ele-
when
ment
; in the
known)
third,lustre; fourth,color;
fifth,hardness; sixth, streak; seventh, fracture
and
cleavage; eighth,tenacity;ninth, crystallinesystem;
eleventh,specific
gravity.
and
tenth, fusibility,
be
at
seen
that with
once
these
identification of any mineral
Part
IV
The
more
common
way
as
treats
rocks
in most
forms
the next
of mineral
outfits.
This
G.
of
Miller's
has
realized
follows
collections,
models, assay
from
Rocks."
and
in such
a
approximate
an
and
ment
arrange-
blowpipe
the work.
NOTE
work,
Field
for
exceeded
far
the
tain.
quitecer-
Glossaryof Mining
A
subject,then
ON
placing before
Mr.
of at least
Miller, Butte, Mont., May
PUBLISHERS'
In
described
with.
concludes
W.
is made
subjectof "Naming
only are
met
the
propertiesknown,
described
to admit
cases
identification when
Terms
the
on
It will
the
the second
to state that
edition
the demand
of Practical
Mineralogy
expectations. Though we
that the work
filleda recognized
Book
our
1901.
EDITION
public
desire
we
the start
SECOND
1st,
not premining literature, we were
pared
for the widespread interest with which it was
but
greeted, not only in America
throughout the
entire
world
the mining industry thrives.
where
book
almost invariably
One
sent to a localityhas
is
been followed by a shower
of orders, so immediate
the appreciation of the value of Mr.
Miller's labors
practical miners and prospectors everywhere.
among
and
As a time saver, presenting in concrete
ient
conventhe
miner's
the
form
facts of mineralogy from
gap
in
standpoint, this little volume
appears
to occupy
PRESS
ROOM
a
fieldpeculiarlyits own.
THE
PUBLISHERS'
Denver, Colorado, May
1, 1902.
CO.
TO
INDEX
SUBJECTS
I.
PAET
Page.
Ore
13
Deposits
20
Faults
Vein
of
Theories
of
Examination
24
Filling
25
Mines
30
Report
Mining
II.
PART
Notes
Gold
Lead
37
Assaying
on
and
37
Assaying
Silver
.
38
Assaying
Copper
39
Assaying
Laboratory
Tests
Gold
of
Silver
and
42
Ores
43
Process
Cyanide
Process
Amalgamation
45
.*.
.
Analysis
Blowpipe
45
Process
Chlorination
46
Minerals
of
Blowpipe Operations
48
Qualitative Tests
54
PART
Physical Properties
Introduction
Gold
Cobalt
Analytical
of
Minerals
Minerals
93
Minerals
...
Division
1
95
97
100
103
;
107
Minerals
Nickel
"
of
96
Minerals
Minerals
and
Tables
Minerals
Minerals
Mercury
Iron
Tables
86
Minerals
of
Minerals
Copper
Zinc
to
Telluride
Silver
Lead
85
Mineralogy
Determinative
Analytical
III.
Minerals
108
110
Ill
"
Manganese
Minerals
Tin
Cadmium,
Uranium
and
Cerium,
1 1:5
and
Titanum
Tungsten
114
Minerals
Erbium,
Yttrium,
Didymium
Minerals
114
Lanthanum
and
Minerals
116
Aluminium
Minerals
117
Magnesium
Minerals
120
Calcium
Minerals
Barium,
120
Strontium,
Ammonium
Potassium,
Sodium
and
Minerals
122
Boron
Sulphur, Tellurium,
and
and
Bismuth
Arsenic, Antimony,
Molybdenum
124
Carbon
124
Minerals
Hydrocarbon
126
Coal
Mineral
Silica
and
Silicia
or
12G
the
Silicates
Division
"
II
128
Quartz
129
Bisilicates
131
TJnisilicates
133
Scapolite Group
135
Feldspar Group
136
Mica
137
Group
Subsilicates
138
Hydrous
Subsilicates"
Hydrous
Silicates
Hydrous
Silicates
"
-Chlorite
Zeolite
142
Group
143
PART
IV.
149
Rocks
Naming
Unstratified, Metamorphic
Stratified,Sedimentary
Glossary
Collection
of
Mining
of
Blowpipe
Index
140
Group
to
Eruptive
Aqueous
Rocks
Terms
Minerals,
Outfits
Minerals
or
and
Rocks.
150
.
157
162
Models, Assay and
182
187
PART
Examination
L
of
cMines
PART
L
DEPOSITS.
ORE
CLASSIFICATION.
Ore
Deposits,
in
nature, may
all their
in
brieflydefined
be
in
The
depend
class
the
upon
the
and
ore,
to the
sum
and
nature
mining
many
I.
II.
III.
IV.
revealed
VI.
Gash
VII.
as
extensive
proper
of
the
ore
of the
deposit
ore
they
exhibited
are
excavations
in
the
ing
follow-
:
Beds.
or
Veins.
Fissure
Veins.
Veins
Deposits.
or
Chamber
or
Deposits.
Veins.
Stochworh
IX.
Fahlband
several
classes of
the
nature
will
Inpregnation Deposits.
VIII.
The
tion)
deposi-
forms belong
relation
StratifiedVeins,
Massive
of
throughout the globe, the
seems
True
time
temporaneous
con-
receptacle containing
or
classes
by
districts
Contact
ferous
metalli-
rocks.
Segregation
V.
cavity
position and
classification
on
of
the several
up
several
of filling,the
enclosing country
To
or
the
mode
kind
the
rence
occur-
crust.
which
to
itself,the
mass
in
earth's
the
being
as
the
previous to,
or
of
receptacles (made
aggregations occupying
with,
forms
various
ore
Deposits.
Deposits.
sketches
of
depositsas
following pages
are
the
more
outlined
intended
typical
above
to
and
convey
varieties
exhibited
to
the
Ore
14.
miner
young
with, and
wherever
In
bear
to
afford him
in mind
Fig.
on
depend
examinations
in
the nature
a
1
great
mining the
lie
the
measure
mine, and
aggregations
to
every
stratification
parallelto the
to
posits
de-
ore
tinuity
probable con-
the
method
to
ore.
sedimentary rocks, belonging
They
met
important
class of the
representsa StratifiedVein,
metalliferous
are
forms
identifyingthem
it is
and
of the
permanency
in
all
in nature.
that
employed
of
of
means
a
making mining
or
These
conception
proper
observed
will
be
the
Deposits.
Bed
Deposit.
or
inclosed
between
geological age.
of
the
enclosing
"ttt
FIG.
Stratified
rocks,and
follow
beds form
Synclinals or
When
this
nearly so, they are
1.
Vein
all their
or
Bed.
contortions.
basins, and
class
of
called
by miners,
In
this way
Anticlinals
or
ore
dles.
sad-
deposit lies horizontal,
"Blanket
Veins."
or
FIG.
2.
Vein.
Contact
Fig.
this
2
class
represents
of
vein, is found
or
is
slate,and
and
Dip Angle
along
vein.
the
forms
forms
of
the
the
the
plane
of
the
tions
accumula-
vein, while
contact, and
their
Wall, while
Wall;
of
of contact
mineral-
figurethe portion A,
in the
Hanging
Foot
planes
in
In
Deposit.
or
metalliferous
unlike
are
Thus
ogicalcharacteristics.
Vein
Contact
between
rocks, which
dissimilar
a
deposits the
ore
15.
Deposits.
Ore
a,
o,
c,
its Strike
C
is the
B
stone,
is limethe
measures
is the
Apex
course
of
th*3
16.
Ore
Deposits.
FIG.
True
3
Fig
representsa
of the
frrther
not
are
True
the rocks
:"fveins traverse
and
Fissure
enclosing rocks.
along the walls; ore
strikingin
They
have
a
the
in banded
believed to extend
Fissure
Vein.
This
the
foliation
Veins
of
their structure,
or
tion
stratifica-
this
of
presence
class
class
mud
structure, and
by
are
seams
ally
gener-
northerly direction.
originatedin
movement
Vein.
independentlyof
parallelto
distinguishedby
3.
dislocations
of the earth's crust
and
in depth.
indefinitely
caused
are
by
tensive
ex-
therefore
Ore
Fig.
4
$8%t-
class
deposites
ore
known
gation
Segre-
as
Veins
or
Deposits.
This
class of
its
depos-
ore
differ
the
from
fissure
in
their
dip
strike
vein
that
type,
with
and
conforms
the
bedding
planes of
the
closing
en-
FIG.
rocks.
Segregation
The
are
may
17
sents
repre-
that
of
Deposits.
ore
more
not
Vein
4.
or
Deposit.
masses
or
less lenticular in
outcropat
the surface
shape,
The
ore
or
may
C.
Fig. 5
repthat
resents
class
of
ore
deposits
designated
sive
Mas-
as
ber
Cham-
or
deposits.
this
To
of
class
long
depositsbesuch
FIG.
Massive
or
occur
5.
Chamber
Deposit.
in
They
are
great chambers
for
receptacles
the
source
of much
the
ores
mineral
in limestone
of various
wealth.
Bis-
reka,
bee,Ariz.,EuN
etc.
as
e
v.,
rocks forming
metals, and
are
18
Ore
Fig.
of
typicalvarietyof
a
depositsknown
ore
tme
illustrates
6
Deposits.
cracks
filled with
mineral
fissure
veins,from
which
and
thin out
in
want
of
Veins.
Gash
as
gash
veins is what
the absence
of
is called
selvageor
them
generallydistinguish
The
gash vein
met
face
sur-
continuityin strike,and dip. They
will
are
are
they differ by their irregularity
sharp taperingpoints,divide
togetherwith
and
These
class
matter, often taken for
A
altogetherat inconsiderable depths.
in
that
class of veins
with in all
are
from
of
a
and
disappear
rence
occur-
common
(H)
horse
gouge
on
;
this,
the walls
true fissure veins.
common
mining countries.
occurrence,
Faults.
20
8a
Fig.
class of
ore
is
depositsknown
for the silver
S
representingthat
Fahlbands.
class of
At
rocks
of micaceous
Kongsberg,
is
deposits
contained in the Fahlbands
ores
parallelbelts
section
as
this
vicinity,
and
Norway,
horizontal
a
worked
; these
of considerable
are
width
CAf/ST
FAHLB/WDS
Sqmis
/-/7//^./?/T/Vtf"
FIG
8a.
Deposit.
Fahlband
and
a
length.
a,b
b, are
and
Fahlbands
The
east and
narrow
highlyproductivewhen
when
non-productive
rocks
igneour or crystalline
of this
on
they intersect
they pass
either side.
knowledge, occurs
class,to my
fissure veins
west
No
the
into the
deposit
in America.
FAULTS.
Fig. 9
vein D
exhibits
a
has moved
D
B, from
C
distance
a
to D. The
b, and
Normal
Fault.
downward
portionof
vertical dislocation is
9."
Normal
the
along the faultplane A
is called the throw
FIG.
The
Fault.
equal to
the
of the fault. The
Faults.
dislocation
horizontal
b
21
is called
c,
the
heave
of
the
fault.
of Normal
Law
of the
Faults
vein,in this
case,
we
figurehas
plane AB,
the motion
downward
thus
would
the fault
plane in -the
C, the direction of the
D,
in
or
general. Rule.
plane. If
where
where
some-
If lost at
the
the direction
point where
the
foot; to find the
vein, drive upwards
Fault-planelies
we
overhead
on
the Faultthe
at
along the
point
Fault-
B.
Fig.
fault
the
the vein is lost,drive downward
plane A
The
the
of
the
sought in
Fault-planelies under
vein is lost the
continuation
If at
"
C.
D,
being downward,
be
of
the law
lost at
was
direction
movement
of the vein should
continuation
to
find its continuation
naturallyexpect to
on
vein
fault
along the
conforming
gravitation;if,therefore,the
righthand
that the
assume
moved
side of the
find the continuation
To
:
10
exhibits
portion C
plane A
has
B.
of
Reversed
a
slippedfrom
The
D
Overlap Fault.
upwards along
direction of this movement
the
reverse
rule
given for findingthe
that
or
of
normal
continuation
FIG
Reverse
faults; and
10.
Fault.
hence
the
being
the
of the vein gov-
Faults.
22
erningnormal
must
faults,
class of faults
are
be reversed in this
of very
not
the fault met
engineercan
study of
which
with
reversed
or
this
a
by making
eroded
careful
a
of the district in
movements
figurewere
whether
fault,the
normal
It will be observed
occurs.
veins would
only one
a
the earth's crust
in the
of two
is
only determine
the fault
stratum
In order to determine
uncommon.
try,
coun-
in South Africa,
district,
while in the Witwatersrand
they are
in this
occurrence
rare
This
case.
that if the
off at 0
the
outcrop
apparentlybe shown, when
in fact
does exist.
Figure
is
the
of
plan
faulted
a
vein.
A
y
11
On
ing
driv-
the
drift
B,
fault
a
A.
was
met
at
The
fault
plane
found
was
dip
to
degrees
50
in the direction
M
L, and
rection AF.
is the strike of the vein and
direction B
or
K.
It is
portionof
faulted
fault
along the
any
+
Tan.
then
100
draw
the line D
100
+
Tan.
50"
75"
the
find the continuation
where
vein,which is evidentlysome-
the
plane G
convenient
AB
dips 75 degreesin
it
requiredto
Lay off the workings to
Assume
to
F.
scale in horizontal section.
vertical
depth, say,
equalsthe
to
C, parallel
equalsthe
A
distance
B.
distance MN.
In
B
D.
like
At N
feet,
100
At
D
manner
draw
the
23
Faults.
sects
to F G, and produce it till it interC, parallel
line E
C
C
D,
at C.
The
H, then
at I
planeof
:
the
plane of
the
the intersection
plane of the fault,or
in the above
J, since angle H A F, is largerthan G A H.
Veins
12.
Faulted
By
Dike.
a
the
a dike faulting
Fig.12, C C, represents
veins
B.
A,
In
If the fault has
find the heaved
if in another
been
faulted
by
the
equal 200
feet,then
feet and
may
same
be
in the last
dike C
is
same
expectedof
B
at
Now,
case.
C, it is evident that
equalto
the distance
heave A
A', is
B' will also be found
amount
to
ing
B, this vein hav-
displacementor
the heave
the
encountered
vein is lost at
displacementBB'
If the horizontal
say, 200
been
portion,
proceedas
working the
the horizontal
A\
Hence, Rule
makes
the
FIG
and
the vein.
that
largerangle with
A
the line C
part of the vein should be looked fof on
which
on
the
planewith
heaved
side
A
C, draw
A, is the horizontal projectionof the intersection of
the fault
case
A
Through
of horizontal
to
placement
dis-
all other veins intersected
Theories.
24
by
the
dike
C; the
C
always being
movement
in the
direction.
same
Note
If
"
than
younger
it would
case
C
C
is
vein, it is evident
a
the veins
through which
be called
that it is
it cuts.
In
this
Cross-Course.
a
THEOEIES.
The
for the
popular theories
most
of
filling
metalliferous
(a) Theory of
veins
dissolved
vein
has
been
through
of the minerals
(b)
from
in solution
Lateral
fissures
of the earth.
This
Secretion.
and
the material
cavity.
This
"
theory
other
natural
vents,
sol-
forming
now
filled
derived
According
"
to
this
the volatilization of
by
the
from
ignitedinterior
theoryis fast losingits advocates.
This
is
one
of the
theories
discussed of late.
contents
of
that is,there
cally,
contained
promulgated,and it has been much
This theory claims that the metalliferous
obtained
metasomatidepositswere
were
a
molecular
substitution
of the
waters
for particirculating
cles
Thus
the interchangewas
atom
of the fissure were
impregnated
in the
of the wall rocks.
with
of
veins.
"
for atom
horizon
the walls of the
(d) Theory of Replacement.
minerals
erals
min-
subsequentprecipitation
Sublimation.
were
minerals
recent
part only of
portionof
acid
of mineral
metalliferous
most
theory supposes
of it all the material
Theory of
theoryvein
:
percolatingthrough the countryrocks
dissolved out
(c)
on
aid of carbonic
the constituents
in
to account
lating
greater depth by solvents circu-
Theory of
by the
formed
the fissure and
teaches that water
has
are
This
"
that the chief
derived
claim
of rocks in the immediate
out
and
fissures,
veins
Ascension.
lodes to have been
or
which
until the walls
the metalliferous
substances
ore
deposits.(See Fig. 7).
"Ore
"Ore
Deposits," by J. A. Phillips.
Deposits of the United States
and
which
Canada,"
now
form
by J. F. Kemp.
the
Examination
MINES.
OF
EXAMINATION
THE
25
Mines.
of
VALUATION.
determine
mining properties.The
accurate
by making
tests and
of the
and
of the
should
exposed,cost
ore
In
the
case
any
be
governedby
encountered
in the
property,and
his
of
the
on
as
OF
a
mine
ESTIMATING
they are
as
of
of his examination
course
but
locality,
examination
the facts in the matter
If
arrived at.
were
the
prospect should
or
ing
min-
a
(withoutfurther explorationof
bodies)profitably
operated,it
METHOD
the
deposit,richness
ore
party making
be
pend
will de-
course,
etc.
operation,
these facts
propertycannot
ore
of the
report on the mine
fullyexplainhow
its
property,of
probableextent
sight. The
in
surrounding conditions,viz:
upon
is arrived
samplings, assays,
exposedor
ore
prospective
real value
surveys,
of the
estimates
valuation
prospective
nature
real and
nearlyas possiblethe
as
value of
at
is to
objectof making mining examinations
The
as
should
be
not
ported
re-
prospect.
a
NUMBER
THE
TONS
OF
OF
IN
ORE
SIGHT.
Accordingto
the
ore
at least two
or
are
and
are
Where
in vogue
custom
in the mine
three sides
are
of the
accurately
computed.
to the termini
(which
are
vein) above
below
are
thus dividingthe
lines,
solids.
The
that
so
sight can
ore
Where
the surfaces
thus
masses
two
sides
of the consecutive
generally100
and
in
ore
gineers
en-
posed
ex-
be
exposed,their dimensions
taken accordingto
accurately
the cubical contents
out
bodies shall be
ore
of the
estimate
mining
among
be blocked
must
three sides of the
before any
made.
a
feet
apart
on
sampled,
sampled
only are
working
the
dip
cessible
ac-
levels
of the
jointedtogetherby imaginary
ore
masses
parts exposed are
up
into
lar
triangu-
accuratelymeasured
26
and
Examination
sampled, and the
solid
computed and
of the unblocked
of that
ore
of
cubical contents
recorded.
is shown
part of the mine
can
FIG
Longitudinal
Section
a
no
of each
Where
be made.
Ore
In
side
of
ore
in
sight
Figure 13 repre-
13.
in
of
Sampling
and
Sight.
and Figure 14
longitudinal,
partlydevelopedmine.
lar
triangu-
only one
estimate
Illustrating Method
Estimating
sents
Mines.
a
section of
cross
Fig. 13, abc
a
is the surface
outcrop of the vein,bl the incline shaft sunk
on
the
dip
Examination
28
of cubic feet of
number
the cubical
determine
B, D, and H.
The
two
G- and
figuresC, E,
measured, and
the
Having
of all other
sampled and measured,
sides
of the triangurespectively
lar
the
of the several
ore
feet,to calculate the number
pounds)
of
in
the
the
next
are
pled,
sam-
of each
gular
trian-
in terms
masses
of tons
Divide
sight. Rule:
of cubic feetin
quotientby
h,
portionm
as
above.
as
sum
sections of
been
of cubic
ore
In like manner
the cubical contents
determined
mass
in block A.
ore
contents
sides have
three
which
Mines.
of
(of 2,000
the total
ber
num-
depositby 32, and multiplythe
specific
gravityof
the ore;
the
product
equalsthe tonnage sought.
In
which
practiceit
a
richer
and
out
ground
their
be
Note.
mine
of
The
be
chutes.
sampling
in mind
that the
These chutes
gramed
dia-
are
independentof
In any
samplingand computation adapted
the
report.
generalrule
that three
among
engineersand
sides,at "least,"of the
estimate
sampled beforean
in
of ore
ore
sight
be made.
SUEVEY
If reliable maps
at
of
When
tonnage estimated
more
operatorsis
body shall
can
be borne
fullyexplainedin
"
ore
interveninglow grade ores.
or
event,the method
should
should
the
from
sampled separately
shown.
were
lies in
generally
ore
the poor
been
three sides
mining propertyit
to estimate
customary
sides have
only two
that of which
is
AND
and
MAPS.
drawings of
hand, about the firstthing to
of both
surface
and
this survey
prepare
mines
at
these
and
the numbers
and
do is to make
underground workings
a
map
least two
drawings in
the mine
both
of the
positionof
all
a
and
survey
from
claims,a plan of the
sections of the
plan and
not
are
workings.
sections should
samples taken.
On
appear
Examination
of
29
Mines.
SAMPLING.
or
vein
deposit(if a
dip)
samples
of the
placesampled
with
and
five
therefrom;
should
be sketched
full
descriptionof
a
this data
determine
we
from
separately
should
to divide
it is necessary
in the note
each
OF
the lower
average
of the
book,
sample
of
taken.
in
ore
gether
to-
sight
value per ton.
CLASSIFICATION
ores
its strike and
section
a
the amount
subsequentlyits average
High grade
the vein
across
apart, and
feet
(5)
taken
ore
be cut
right angles to
at
less than
at not
From
should
sampling trenches
In
be
ORES.
sampled
and
grade ores,
the
in many
cases
second
first,
into
ores
estimated
and
and
third classes.
RUN
MILL
If
a
mill
SAMPLES.
of the
run
ore
is
required,samples
taken, so that their total weight shall
tons,and these should
more
all
bodies
ore
make
it is all
case
any
assay
value
amount
of
important that
of
a
ore
in
ination tests,etc.,should
the most
economic
careful
tests
tons
of
ore
etc.,should
of
of
in
ores,
mate
approxi-
centrating
requirecon-
Free
cyanide and
chlor-
in order
treatingthe
to decide
ore.
duties.
atory
taken, assays of samples,labor-
estimates
of
value
sight,investigation
of
be made
in the ore,
consideration.
assays,
process of
engineer
arrivingat
the
would
also be made
engineers'
samples of ores
view of
and
sightwhich
receive
the
contained
concentrates
milling tests,amalgamation
All
or
TESTS.
mill tests,with
laboratoryor
should
upon
one
sampled.
the actual per cent, of concentrates
The
to
representa fair average
LABORATORY
In
amount
are
in person
by
the
and
number
title to
of
property,
engineerin charge
Mining
30
of the examination.
or
of
and
consideration,
in mind
requirementsare
property should
the
report on
If, through negligence,
inability,
these
other causes,
Report.
that the
in the matter
of the
worthy
it should here be borne
opinion of
for
Expert generallycounts
be esteemed
not
moreover
mere
fulfilledhis
not
the so-called
Mining
nothing,unless his
derives from
sion
conclu-
well conducted
a
ination
exam-
property.
PRECAUTIONS.
It is
a
reduction
mistake
grave
works
shall have been
of any
and
kind
until
the erection of
such
thoroughlydemonstrated
that the ore, from
is
standpoint,
to recommend
both
best suited
the merit
to the process
of the mine
enough blocked
out
to
well
when
metallurgical
recommended
with
established,
and
fullywarrant
it
beyond a doubt
and
economic
an
time
ore
justifysuch
expenditures.
Having completedthe
next
examination
step is to draft the report. The
outline of
to suit any
followingis a
mining report,which
a
case
particular
may
eral
gen-
be modified
:
REPORT
THE
mine, the
of the
ON
PROPERTY.
CO.'S
MINING
To
Gentlemen:
made
a
very
Pursuant
"
to
your
thorough examination
and
at
have
I
request,
of your
herewith
uated
mines, sitsubmit
the
country? (2)
tude?
Alti-
followingreport:
GEOGRAPHY.
(1) Localityand key
map
of
(3) Accessibility?(4) Eailway fare
rates?
(5) Wagon roads,etc.?
and
portation
trans-
DESCRIPTION
GENERAL
PROPERTY.
of group? (2) Map
area
of title?
Abstracts
(3)
of claims?
OF
of claims, and
(1) Name
31
Report.
Mining
(4)
Surface
and
improvements? (5) Mining
and
milling
conditions?
(6) Climatic
machinery?
erty
prop-
HISTORY.
of
number
and
treated
by
value of
ore
cost?
(7)
historyof
and
(4)
treated
by
the
Cost per ton
of
mining
millingore by
How
mine,
the mine
ore?
(5)
process and
(6) Transportation
information
above
cess
pro-
the
saved?
values
of assay
cent,
from
say
process? (3) Average as-
mined
Cost per ton of
Total
(2)
extracted
ore
the
?
at
per
of
tons
?
district,$
of
Output
(1)
regardingthe past
obtained?
was
GEOLOGY.
(1)
Formation
of
ore
(4)
These
(6) An
Plan
of
Mine?
more
cross
geological
and
positionof
(Give
with
where
IN
List
number
a
samples taken?
ft.,upraises,
ground stoped out
sketch
taken)
and
appear
two
the
or
ings
workbers
num-
(10) Number
shafts,
development,
drifts,
ft.,
winzes,
(1)
per cent.
of the underground
drawings should
all
(5)
(7) (Here introduce) (8)
sections
the above
on
walls?
class?
section
(9) Longitudinal
and
wall
Hanging
per cent.
,
ORE
Foot
analysisof all samples
average
etc.?
$
of feet of
(3)
per cent.
gave
$
(2)
depositsare of the
Gangue of ore?
taken
mine?
deposits of
ore
district?
of
ft.,
crosscuts,
cubic
ft.,
ft of
?
SIGHT
AND
of
assays
of
each
of
(2)
ASSAY
of
VALUES.
all
sample,
each
sample
Total
number
ores
width
sampled?
of
vein,
showing
place
tons
(of
2.-
Mining
32
pounds) of
000
estimated),
ore, which
sight (explainby drawings how
in
ore
Of
tons.
sight is $
in
sight,$
in
ore
Total
per ton.
$
(accordingto
metals)
of all
amount
of concentrates
per
class
lars
in dol-
value,and that
of
The
(5)
.
will
weight, and
per cent, of its
is
ore
mained
re-
value
in the first-class ore
per cent, of its total
the
total value
present market
of its total
cent,
Of
of all second-class
sight is $
in
ores
of
value
tons,which will
are
value
and
assays
(3)
.
Grand
(4)
.
Total
per ton.
(second-class
ore) there
average
tons, is first-class
this
$
will average
all first-classore
Report.
age
aver-
represents
of the second-
weight and represents
per cent, of its assay value.
COST
ESTIMATE
OF
IN
(Cost
Transportation$
$
(6)
.
All other items
cost
of extraction
The
net
(9)
tons
or
a
and
all
profiton
values of the
mean
.
(4)
The
of
ore
ore
a
PROSPECTIVE
less than
three
the
in treatment
marketing
bullion
est
includinginter-
(7)
per ton.
$
per
(takingthe
Total
(8)
ton.
average
$
basis)is,therefore,
say
as-
per
day, for
per month
time, which
would
(of 26 working days),
months.
OUTLOOK
(1) List
(2)
.
present is capableof supplying
for
$
treated
ore
at
per
profitof $
reduction
as
mine
$
Loss
of expense,
capitalinvested,say $
on
ton.
$
(5) Refining,assayingand
.
$
mill
at
process
(1) Mining
(3) Treatingore by
.
ORE
OF
SIGHT.
ton.)
per
REDUCTION
AND
EXTRACTION
of
MINE
OF
assays
sides of
ore
of
were
AND
COST
OF
MENT.
DEVELOP-
samples taken,
where
exposed? (As before,
give sketch of sample,etc.)(2) Cost of sinkingshafts
Mining
$
(4)
$
Crosscuts
foot?
per
Upraises, etc., $
foot?
Lumber
$
$
timbers
?
$
?
per
AND
these
(5)
ing
Min-
(4)
mine
to
OP
wood
(classify)
Labor
(describe)
TERMS
conditions
per
Cord
?
from
supply
PRICE
(2)
per
?
rates
Water
(7)
(State
$
per
Freight
(6)
?
per
Coal
$
FACILITIES.
$
(3)
cord?
per
foot?
per
foot?
MILLING
costs
$
Winzes
(5)
per
AND
MINING
(1)
drifts
(3) Driving
foot?
per
33
Report.
$
?
SALE.
clearly
and
in
as
words
few
possible.)
as
GENERAL
(Describe
this
on
ADJOINING
OF
DESCRIPTION
briefly
such
PROPERTIES.
properties
as
have
ing
bear-
a
examination.)
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Under
this
recommendations
are
and
adapted
to
of
which
the
should
the
the
ores
receive
judgment
successful
to
the
careful
mine
and
tion
reduc-
The
mine.
of
such
appear
engineer's
essential
operation
process
best
in
as
appropriate
economic
should
paragraph
have
proven
consideration.
CONCLUSION.
(The
the
foregoing
and
case
with
here
conclusion
not
from
mining
facts
the
as
should
they
be
appear
imagination,
reports.)
as
drawn
from
in
the
is too
often
port
re-
the
Cl/jy,
soil,
O
S/f/VOS
0/is/jlt
/f/voesYrs
OLYTE
LSTV/t,
CONCLOM
SH
s1L.es
Sr CL/JYS
CRATES.
SMHDSToNCS
S
of
ome
detritus
Voica-nic
CtAers
c l
cf
cZe triCu
Q-rctnitic
2
sewo
stkat/f/"d
HCLOM"R/1TES
R\
etc.
pebbles,
clay,
Loosely
C
pebbles
"
y j
co,-ti_
wcsrtrtN
s
azos
Srf/vosTo/vas
3
i
DRAB,
S H/1LES,
L/
S
ME
""/?/?/"
CL"YS
TOMES
S/-//41.GS
COriCLOM"/?/1TES
\i E.R
I
f?"0
EQ/lrCO
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Ci-/tYS
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/'//I/O.
Hi-
f
toiv"
L.trrEs
Trtlhi
L- trtCS
neo
Thick
S^^O
rone
concuoMe/t/.-rcs
STONE
C, YPSIFEKOUS-SHfll-es
Reddish
CO/1L.
s
shau-cs
SW/-/LES
L/M"STOfV
8LU"
"
SANDSTONES
REDO/SH
"
BEDS
/iMrtsrortcs
/1/va
G/Z/T
k
er/itcs
cohcl.oi*
EASTERN
i./ MESTONE
Q
OR/IB
S
"XL^KH^tb-
L-
/*
T/ZS
qU*RTZ./T"S
W^rTH
^(//"/iT
Z.I
Til
SCH/ST
WESTERN
the
on
the
General
Pacific
C0/vCi-Ot*li:n/lT"
SYENYTE
GEOLOGICAL
(After
Showing
L/MESTONE
P/1LE
MITE
DOLO
Prof.
Lakes
Order
of
Slope
and
SECTION.
in
part.)
Formation
Rocky
Mountain
as
they
Occur
Regions.
PART
NOTES
and
Silver
eighty
mesh
for the Assay of Gold
Process
Pass
the
ore
(a)
If
the
through
sixty or
a
If
(b)
lime
the
the
with
is silicious
ore
little
straightformula,
of
gangue
calciti,etc., add
or
If
the
it contains
to
the
the
with
an
roast
in
mix
continual
is
ore
a
as
below.
given
charge y2
Weigh
volume
equal
a
out
of
(A.
assay- ton
etc., it should
before
chalk-lined
frying
y2 A. T.,
roasting ore
and
at
pan
a
ica,
y2 A. T. sillow
heat
with
stirring.
FORMULA.
y2 A.
f
Sodium
bicarbonate,
Potassium
n
Tn.
Flux
carbonate,
16
parts ^
16
parts
r
4
|
Borax
4
A.
A.
1
Litharge
20
Transfer
should
this
not
salt and
"
T.
J
parts
bicarbonate
with
.
.,
\-1
T.
glass, 8 parts
I Flour,
(which
if
or
oughly
thor-
be
Ore
cover
oxides,
concentrates,
or
of charcoal
GENERAL
Soda
phides,
sul-
no
or
consists
ore
sulphide
arsenic, antimony,
roasted.
Lead
sieve,
of silica.
(c)
T
Ores.
"
etc., use
T.)
SILVER.
AND
GOLD
and:
ORES.
COPPER
AND
LEAD
SILVER,
GOLD,
ASSAYING
ON
Crucible
IL
charge
be
fuse
more
well
mixed
than
in the
to
a
furnace
gms.
crucible
three-fourths
muffle
T.
filled),
at
a
high
Assaying.
38
heat for about
charge has ceased.
of the
cupel at
remaining gold
the
brash, flatten and
gold and
the
NOTE.
twice
much
as
and
With
silver
and
weight,say
the
it
silver should
the acid and
water
and
the
last
sula to the heated
and
and
cover
thoroughly,
weigh
Then
20
18.35
ozs.
ozs.
of
65c
per
silver
as
ozs.~1.65
as
$11.93,or
a
scale
drop with
a
few
gold,say
ozs.=18.35
have
spiritlamp.
a
powder;
or
off the
with water, pour
a
its
piece of
clean
gold contents,
or
cap-
minutes, then let cool
this
weight=1.65
ozs.
that is,there
ozs.;
2,000 pounds and
gold. Taking gold at $20
we
it.
porcelain
cap-
over
dark
a
of silver to each ton of
oz.,
at least
transfer the crucible
muffle for
metallic
contain
small
a
with
blotting
paper, dry the crucible,
very
it
ozs.
not
button
finelywash
remove
milligramme
fused with
be
acid,in
to the bottom
renew
20
=
of button
gold,beforetryingto part,that
as
dilute nitric
gold falls
each
does
button
sula,or crucible,dissolve the
The
a
globulebrightens;now
for
ounces
silver
of pure
amount
heat until all the lead is gone
into
weigh, callingthe weight
If
"
moulds,
and
silver two
weighs; note
into the
pour
button, hammer
brightred
a
Then
cube
lead
cool, detach
let
at least until all action
fortyminutes, or
per
for the assay:
and
oz.
Gold
are
1.65
silver at
$33.00 and
total value of $44.93 per ton
of
ore.
LEAD.
Crucible Process
case
of
such
sulphides,
the crucible
with
the
penny), pointsdown.
but
after
carefully,
for the Assay of
as
Ores.
In
"
galena,pyrite,etc.,insert
charge three
iron
nails
These should be removed
the fusion is
through an eightymesh
Lead
sieve and
complete.
weigh as
in
(eightrapidly,
Pass
below.
the
ore
39
Assaying.
Jlt^JvLtvod***//^
FORMULA.
GENERAL
Ore
10
grammes
Scda-Bicarbonate
15
grammes
10
grammes
7
grammes
Potassium
Carb.
Argol
Flour
"
cover,
at
moderate
a
to
complete fusion; then
hammer
into
a
sulphideore.
a
utes,
to fifteen min-
crucible,
the
when
and
rapidlyas possible,
as
weightof
The
cube.
grammes
remove
ore's
by ten, givesthe
multiplied
and
lead button
the crucible,detach
cool break
stone
twelve
heat for from
nails,cover
out
nails if
three iron
and
Salt
or
take
3
Glass
Borax
Run
5 grammes
"
in grammes
button
of metallic
-percentage
lead.
COPPER.
Wet
Treat
Process
one
for
of
gramme
the
flask
one
(afterboiling). Heat
Shake
the
up
any
allow
to
stand
water
and
copper
to
The
of
contents
break
(2)
let cool and
Now
add
lOcc
has
cake
formed
fifteen
been
with
minutes,
Let
as
precipitated
solution of zinc
the neck
in
sulphuricacid.
gone,
are
seven
a
or
grammes
of
50cc
flask
the
is
ore
off,and all the copper
and
zinc, cut into thin strips,
pure
if the
until all red fumes
driven
a
potassium chlorate
of
gramme
until the nitric acid has been
is in solution.
in
with
casserole,
acid,5cc sulphuricacid,and
heavy sulphideadd
The
or
(1)
"
finelypulverizedore
(250cc capacity)flat-bottomed
7cc of nitric
Ores.
Assay of Copper
the
order
in
the
then
cool
water.
to
bottom
and
add
oOcc
thoroughly.
metallic
copper.
having been completed,fillup
water, allow
to
settle for about
five
40
Assaying.
and
minutes
decant
liquid. Fill
twice
with
along
the
insoluable
the
flask,add
of
lOcc
and
with
solution
of water, and
in
enough
standardized
bleach
solution
the
solution
of
amount
of
metallic
from
proportionto
ores
(above five
the burette
of
or
The
"
follows:
as
salt in
litre
one
in
a
discolor it. Note
Dissolve
of the
enough
filter off the
into this filtrate
Potassium
50cc
almost
flask;having- noted
cyanide solution used,say
NOTE.
of
per cent,
cyanide of potassium to
cyanidesolution used,
solution to bleach
the amount
the solution is cool add
in the
the burette
in
copper
the acid. The
etc.,catchingthe lightblue filtrate
run
To
to neutralize
into the flask from
ore) runs
(3)
etc.
cool,then add
of rich
case
manner
gone, let
have
present. (4) When
copper
same
utes
acid,boil for about five min-
blue in
turns
now
copper,
(silica)and
5cc of nitric
or
in the
supernatant
in the flask the insoluable
the metallic
residue
ammonia,
decant
remains
until all red fumes
or
off the clear
pour
water
There
more.
residues
or
the
silica,
beaker.
Now
enough cyanide
the total amount
in this assay 20cc
were
quired.
re-
Cyanide Solution is prepared
the
of
sixtygrammes
ide
cyan-
of water,
when
dissolved
decant
or
wrapped-bottle.The
solution is now
ready for standardizing
; this is done as
follows: Weigh out say 250 milligrammes of pure copper
ciphon
the solution
in
and
until red
into
a
beaker,dissolve this in
a
fumes
have
in the beaker; note
15.15cc
"
250
1000.
+
were
15.5
=
5cc
nitric
acid,boil
let cool,then add lOcc
disappeared,
Then run
and add 50cc of water.
enough of the previouslyprepared
of ammonia, let cool
in from the burette
cyanide solution to bleach
case
paper
or
discolor
the amount
the copper solution
used, say in this
required;then lcc of cyanidesolution
16.13 milligrammes of copper, or since
mgrs."l. gramme,
Therefore,lcc of
16.13
m^rs.=
the cyanidesolution
01613
grammes.
will neutralize or
41
Assaying.
indicates the presence
the
of the cyanide
32.26
or
of pure
per cent,
in
copper
ore.
Note.
This
"
it should
and
is called
.01613
be labled
the
on
cyanide salt,instead
of the
used
in
making
the
up
of 60
the
+
have
latter
since
strengthis preferable,
been .01613
the burette is
at
which
lcc=.01
grammes,
is the
equals1
Note.
the
upon
above
The
"
the
in
there
the
is
Take
:
with
7cc
solution
have
in
to 1.613
the
ore
is
a
cleared
solution
to neutralize
will
zinc, nickel
cobalt
or
and
(or until
and
little at
15cc
acid) and
50cc
a
as
of ammonia
before
about
time
until the red
all the copper
add
is
sults
resatisfactory
boil in flask
a
present
method
following rapid
enough cyanidesolution
depend
METHOD.
heavy sulphide),boil
the
be made
used.
general gives more
then let cool and
copper,
litres of water.
acid,5cc sulphuricacid
away
of
one
cyanide solution
solution may
cyanide salt
ore, 1 gramme,
nitric
a
case.
to be
are
solution is
of
added
potassium-chlorate
gramme
the
the
ore,
preferableand
no
reading
in
error
milligrammes of
Such
strengthof
purityof
factor
solution of the
of assays
thing, lec
SECOND
If
10
or
same
been
of that in the former
convenient
per cent, copper.
by dilutingthe
the
great number
time the most
one
which
a
had
standard
A
.00806.
=
only one-half
where
practice,
made
2
30 grammes
or
grammes,
solution
would
or
bottle for
cyanidesolution
litres of water, instead of one,
If two
In
factor
standard
the
reference.
future
in
copper.
used, it is evident that there is present
were
X20=32260,
.01613
of pure
grammes
in the assay of the ore, 20cc
Now, since
solution
of .01613
(if
fumes
is in solution),
(orenough
water, let cool and
to almost
1
run
bleach the solution
42
Tests.
Laboratory
in the flask
Now
beaker
or
filterand
the standard
(note amount
finish the titration.
As
before.,
multiply
factorrepresentingthe strengthof
solution
by the
number
ore's
Note.
should
percentagein
The
"
containingthe
the blue
or
from
the burette
being well
assay
lilac tint
tint
lution
so-
hundred
one
cyanide
solution
flask
drop by drop,the
shaken
each
viewed
until
time
scarcelybe discerned
can
chemists
background. Many
of
copper.
of
edge of the liquidwhen
upper
pink
metallic
final addition
be added
the cyanide
of cubic centimeters
used; this product multipliedby
givesthe
used).
of solution
white
againsta
titrate to
faint
a
the
at
rose
or
(Furman).
LABORATORY
TESTS
OF
GOLD
SILVER
AND
ORES.
OF
OBJECT
The
in order to determine
which
may
it should
all the
gold, the
treatment.
the
longer that
free
are
determine
the
which
be extracted
may
milling.
of
gold
and
cyanideprocess
and
yet
extract
will be the process
and
is crushed
ore
of
be the per
percentage of gold extraction
will
of
made
on
probable per
the per cent, of
generated
gas
tion
agitation.Amalgamagold and
cent,
the
only upon
not
of chlorine
time
by
depend
also upon
amount
charge and the
tests,or assays,
use,
finer the
crushing but
gold present,the
ore
the
leached,the greater will
The
made
are
that the least amount
possibleto
the chlorination process
the fineness of
per
testingby
in mind
general,the
it is
ore
chlorination
cyanide,
economic
more
of extraction.
cent,
by
In
it is
the
In
be borne
silver
probablepercentage
by
processes.
cyanide which
gold and
the
be extracted
amalgamation
of
of
tests
following
TESTS.
of
silver
gold
and
amalgamation
ores
to
silver
process
of
44
the
Tests.
Laboratory
and
work, wash
dry samples and
the
difference between
The
and
of the
the assay
the amount
of
before
ore
of
litres of water
in* two
and
seven
of
gramme
this
Measure
water.
few
of starch
drops
in
until
a
bluish
(cc) iodide
the number
that each
ton
one
solution
is
of
follows
Dissolve
Dissolve
cyanidesolution,add
the
iodide
water) by
per ton
is
of water
it should
bottle for future
of
solution
agitatingthe
(cc's)of
above
as
strengthof
the
the
a
ton
the
and
cyanidesolution
customary
consumed.
to leach
the
for the proper
After
after
In
ore
before
with
the
ber
num-
the standard
of pounds of
Knowing
and
after
the
using,
cyanide mill practiceit
first with
the
a
or
is
tion
strongestsolu-
weaker
solution.
water, running all solutions
being filtered through boxes
In these boxes
30cc
loss in treatment,
time, then with
this it is washed
by
tested.
therefore,equalsthe
difference,
amount
multiplythe
the number
the solution
of
ence.
refer-
out
measure
the iodide solution used
factor,the product is equal to
cyanide in
be
assays in the bottles with zinc
minutes, filterand
solution,titrate
This
equal to.
the iodide
of the
of
the number
cates
requiredor used,the quotientindi-
the iodide solution
few
solved
dis-
solution
labeled
a
a
divide the two
Now
seen.
and
factorand
shavingsfor
of
the ton
called the standard
After
one
of water;
quotientis
on
proximate
ap-
ide
potassium-iod-
of pounds of cyanide
(cc)of
:
(starchrubbed
of
An
sumed
cyanide con-
cyanideto
titrate with
yellowcolor
pounds (cyanidein
equal
(1,000gms.)
of this
solution
and
water)
should
iodide.
of
pounds
30cc
out
pulp
grammes
litres
one
two
leached
as
metallic
grammes
correspondsto
of the
in solution.
be made
fourteen
cyanidein
pulp.
of the amount
may
ore
leached
treatment
gold recovered,or
determination
per ton
assay
assay
gold and
filled with
silver is
ings.
zinc shav-
precipitated,
solution,after being freed from
the
while
in
caught
45
Tests.
Laboratory
receivingtank
a
it is
brought up
The
above
cyanideadded
be conducted
nearly as possiblethe
as
in
a
as
way
operationof
sieve,weigh
to
PROCESS.
sample through
pulverized
the
Pass
out
pound
one
of the
and
ore
Agitatethe
Baume).
testingfor
on
the
until the
water
pulp
and
the
on
bottle and
washing
and
hot water
before and
a
6.8
acid and
the
present,which
of
Now
dry
the
say
as-
difference
test is made
of each
phuric
sul-
"
of each
amount
cal
chemi-
only by experiment.
is indicated
ore
proportionsshould
agitationthere
by givingoff
water
pulp
used to the ton of
These
proper
be determined
of the process
ammonia
above
being thirtypounds
"
varied,however,
chlorine
The
bleachingpowder
requiredcan
the
Having
way.
after treatment, the
regularmillingprocess.
four
longergivesa precipitate
no
treatment.
the basis of there
the end
solution,wash
assay it in the usual
ore
from
chlorine with silver nitrate.
representsthe loss in
in the
phide,
sul-
a
into
ore
its contents
filteroff the
eighthours, then
with
roast,if
each, bleachingpowder and sulphuricacid (66"
of
gms.
forty mesh
a
dead roast, introduce the roasted
a
bottle containing300cc
glass-stoppered
be
such
actual
CHLORINATION
THE
BY
TESTING
on
until
cyanidemill.
the
to
pumped
strengthfor using again.
to the proper
tests should
values,is
it is
whence
and
tanks
standardizing
back to the
to imitate
from
its
should
At
be free
the presence
of
the characteristic fumes
of
in
ammonia-chloride.
TESTING
BY
Pulverize
mesh
sieve.
gold pan
into
the
ore
Weigh
and
a
THE
pan
out
down
wide-necked
AMALGAMATION
and
50
pass
A.
PROCESS.
it
through
T., place in
to black
sand.
bottle,add
two
an
an
eighty
ordinary
Wash
the
ounces
of
tents
conmer-
Blowpipe
46
cury and
off the
hot water,
of the
and
The
amalgam
is heated
cleaned
is driven
cupelled.The
of
tons
fifty
silver
off.
The
in
is treated
equal to
exhibited
in the
as
outfit at
following
The
of
to
for
"Economic
lead and
value
of
in
gold
ment,
before treat-
ore
this last
say
as-
the
composition
by
certain
colors, etc.,
in the presence
least is
tain
cer-
such tests
:
required
Plattner's
Blowpipe.
of
is the
do where
a
best,the
ber
great num-
not to be made.
are
One
A
and
stirringthe
making the
crucible,
sheet
conduct
successfully
alcohol
top to prevent leakagewhen
pieceshort
the
MINERALS.
tests
or
jeweler's
cheapervarietywill
Fourth.
after
regularassay
OF
heated alone and
when
Second.
crucible
of the
the first and
indicated
are
of tests
is collected
OUTFIT.
method
this
First.
the
panning. Now
indicatingthe
ANALYSIS
regents. In order
the
and
redness
to
piece of
a
BLOWPIPE
minerals
pan
the loss in treatment.
BLOWPIPE
By
contents
buckskin
Having assayed the
ores.
The
skin.
piece of tight buck-
contents
difference between
the
of
further
a
resultingbutton
ore
gold
amalgam,
porcelaincrucible,the
cooling,is wrapped
is
by
through
small
a
and
into the
then
graduallyat first,
mercury
and
minutes, then pour
water.
amalgam caught in the
placed into
after
washed
now
off the mercury
strain
few
a
several times with
flask is
mercury
and
agitatefor
contents,except the mercury
is washed
which
Outfit.
small
another
with
lamp
in field
amount
of
tightly-fitting
use.
platinum wire,
one
thick,the short pieceto be used
assay, the
longer and
bead tests.
Mineralogy,"
a
by Prof. B. Sadtler.
thinner
piecefor
Outfit.
Blowpipe
Open
from
Bohemian
made
of
simply fuse
hotter
blowpipe,using the
pointof
is just beyond the
Sixth.
good
a
Seventh.
the
smaller
Two
lengths.
To
shut with
the
flame, which
these
burned
and
is
ficult
dif-
are
powdered
watch
the acid tests of the
Several
a
lumps of
fine
generallythe
the above
ing
mak-
erals.
testing the fusibilityof min-
burnt, and
be well
Besides
When
"
three Bohemian
or
making
limbs
one-fourth
substitute.
mineral, and Ninth.
should
the
be
the inner blue flame.
claywell
pure
tests and
flame
Eighth.
portionof
should
pair of platinum-tipedforcepsfor
A
be used for
about
end
one
Bone-ash.
Plaster and
to obtain any
will form
These
"
glasstubing of
the closed tubes
make
Tubes.
diameter, cut into four-inch
inch
an
Closed
and
Fifth.
47
glassesto
finelypowdered
charcoal.
grained;
that
This
of
the
best.
number
of
tles
botglass-stoppered
containingthe followingnamed
reagents should
be
added:
LIST
I.
2
Soda
CHEMICALS
AND
REAGENTS.
bicarbonate.
Powdered
Borax
3.
Salt, of
4.
Bismuth-Flux
sic-iodide and
4%
OF
1
Glass.
Phosphorus, SPh.
(2 parts sulphur,1 part potas-
"
part potassic-bisulphate.
)
5.
Boracic-acid.
6.
Boracic-acid flux
parts and Calcium
"
(Potassium sulphate,KsSO",
bifluoride
CaF=, 1 part.)
7.
Copper oxide,CuO.
8.
K^SO*.
Potassium-sulphate
9.
Ammonium-sulphide (NIL^S.
10.
Magnesium
II. Test
(metallic).
Copper (metallic).
and
Operation
48
12.. Granulated
lead.
13. Granulated
zinc.
Test
14.
Tests.
tin.
Silica,SiO=.
15. Powdered
solution.
16. Cobalt
17.
Ammonia-water, NH*OH.
18.
Nitric
19.
Hydrochloricacid,HC1.
20.
Sulphuric acid, H"SO*.
21.
Potassium-bisulphate.
The
acid,HNO8.
chemicals
complete with
outfit
above
will cost
AND
OPERATION
(a)
OXIDIZING
THE
TESTS.
(0. F.).
FLAME.
produce the 0. F., the
blowpipe is placed just within
To
the
lamp,
slightly
blue
produces a long
this blue
(") THE
To
point just reaches
above
cone
the wick.
R.
the
mentioned
lies
side
just out-
Just
beyond the point of
some
this
part of the flame.
(R.F.).
FLAME
F.,hold the blowpipe so
edge
The
F.
of
Blowing
often visible unless
REDUCING
produce the
wick.
0.
the
flame
the
is not
it.
is the hottest
cone
the
of
point
the
above
cone;
and
cone
object is placedin
blue
and
apparatus
E.
of the
flame
lamp
that its
slightly
F. is the interior of the blue
above, and
it is most
active
near
its
point.
(c) FLAME
This
of
the
is
test
mineral
forcepsor wrapped
flame
made
in
in
justbeyond the
flame produced. The
cleaned
between
tests.
TESTS.
by holding
a
pair
platinum
cone
and
of
wire
bit
platinum-tiped
in the
noting the
platinum tipsor
small
a
colorless
coloration
wire
should
of
be
(d) TESTS
before
roasted
into
spreadingthe
substance
exposingit
a
to
oxide.
an
out
on
to
is done
by
The
and
sulphur,
of
oxides in the form
as
behind
metals
oxides.
as
escapingsulphurousacid gives the ordinary odor
The
burning sulphur,arsenic acid, from
of
the odor
fumes
After
directed
make
the
and
the
be, the
may
dipping into
formed
this and
be taken
heat the
into the
to add
the
often
mineral
confound
causes
two
to be
(e) TESTS
Mix
the
Ph., as the
case
again
clear bead
a
fuse the bead
time
hot and
fuse
the colors which
Care
cold.
should
at
in minute
should
minerals
time,
a
ties
quanti-
is obtained.
tested,care
more
is
again,and
of the mineral
depth of color
unnecessary
inch
an
fused, and
it to the bead
or
patinum wire,
finelypowdered mineral;
both when
until the desired
to not
Now
loop.
to take too much
being better
S.
or
as
blowpipe flame
the
material
dip again, noting each
not
is roasted
eighthof
the
loop in
dry borax, soda
the
the bead assumes,
thinner
reagent and fused until
dip it
ent,
pres-
odor.
no
of it about
adhering
the
within
this time
have
pieceof the
a
end
one
Now
dip into
selenium
mineral
finelypulverized
loop in
in diameter.
and
white
above,take
a
present,
decaying horseradish,while antimony
of
dense
are
arsenic
garlic,selenious acid, from
of
the odor
it
non-volatile
order
charcoal
in the 0. F.
gentleheat
leavingthe
This
pieceof
a
should
assay
flux, in
a
arsenic,antimony, etc.,pass off
vapor,
the
ores,
using
the substance
convert
sulphides, arsenides,
of
related
and
antimonides
be
REAGENTS.
WITH
examination
the
In
49
Tests.
and
Operation
In
be
lecting
se-
taken
togetheras
this
conflicts in tests.
ON
pulverized
CHARCOAL.
mineral
(slightlymoistened) together
in
and
a
little
reagent
round
50
Operation
jail, place in
a
the
flame, and
color of bead
(/)
In
in
not
or
further
with
given out
if the mineral
are
would
metal
is not
of lead
or
heavy metals
other
of dried
coal
on
clay or
for
the
plaster,
or
desired colorations
roasted,the
previously
rendered
be
BONE-ASH.
OR
PLASTER
the test be made
charcoal,but whether
their
and
advantageouslysubstituted
be
may
the
the assay, also note
a preparedsurface
largequantities,
bone-ash
forming
blowing.
ON
TESTS
it with
upon
of colors
globuleof
a
of the presence
case
play
the kind
note
cone-shaped
or
before,the escaping fumes
as
whether
and
Now
the coal around
coatingson
odor
orifice
shallow
in the charcoal.
cavitymade
the desired
Tests.
and
obscure
in the presence
CLOSED
TUBE
of volatile
substances.
(g)TESTS
IN
In closed tube, either heated
(MATRASS).
the Bunsen
over
directly
burner, or in the blowpipe flame, volatile substances
the assay
within
in the upper
be
the tube
colder
or
examined
by
The
odor
acidityof
any
fumes
off may
given
of the tube.
red,and alkalies
the mineral
small
Acid
The
substance,of
going
course,
into the
tube
further
also the
stripof
fumes
litmus
out
must
and
of contact
be
blue
turn
red litmus blue. The
turns
is heated
they may
noted;
tube is used to observe all the effects that may
when
condensed
by
or
be
a
by inserting
in the mouth
litmus
part of the tube,where
lense, if necessary,
a
heating.
paper
vaporizedand
are
of
closed
take
with
place
the air.
fore
pulverizedbefinely
only
a
minute
quantity
taken.
(h) TESTS
This
tube
atmosphere
so
modifies
being
passes
the
IN
THE
OPEN
at
open
through
result.
in
The
TUBE.
both
the
assay
ends
the
heating
is
and
placed
52
List
fullyconduct
all tests
needed
given below,small glass-stoppered
required. They
are
the various
as
Chemicals.
containingthe followingreagents
bottles
chemicals
of
dealers in chemical
procured from
and
supplies,
ordered
as
:
LIST
OF
CHEMICALS,
(1)
NH*OH
(2)
N"H"C1
(3)
NaCMfcO*"
(4)
H2S
REAGENTS,
Ammonium
"
Ammonic
"
gas thus
Chloride.
Sodic Acetate.
SulphurettedHydrogen.
"
generatedshould
through water
(5)
before
HC1
to pure
Silver Nitrate.
"
(8)
NaOH
(9)
SbzOs
(10)
SbsOo
(11)
CuSO^Copper
(12)
HN"0*"
Nitric
(13)
H."0*"
Sulphuric Acid.
(14)
(NH")2S
(15)
SnCh"
(16)
KCN
(17)
MnOa
(18)
BaCl=
(19)
CaCh.
Potassium
"
"
"
Hydrate.
Antimony
Teroxide.
Antimony
Pentoxide.
Sulphate.
Acid.
Ammonium,
"
Tin
Sulphide.
Bi-chloride.
Cyanide of Potassium.
"
Manganese
"
Barium
"
Calcium
"
('.10)Turmeric
(21)
Litmus
(22)
Metallic
"
Hydrate.
Sodium
"
Dioxide.
Bichloride.
Bichloride.
Paper (Indicator).
Paper (Indicator).
Zinc.
(Litharge)Lead
(24)
H(C"HsO0"
(25)
H2O2
Oxide.
-Acefcc Acid.
Hydrogen Peroxide.
sulphide.
by passingit
using.)
KOH
"
iron
be washed
(7)
PbO
(Prepared
HydrochloricAcid.
"
(6) AgNO*
(23)
ETC.
Hydrate.
by adding dilute Sulphuric acid
The
be
may
and
List
D3
Chemicals.
of
i
(26) K*FeCya Potassium
(27) H" CtffcO.)"Tartaric
"
Fe
(30)
Zn
err o
cyanide.
Acid.
Citric Acid.
(28) H"Cta0r)aO"
(29)
F
Metallic Iron.
"
Zinc.
Metallic
"
(31) Fe^On Iron Sesquioxide.
Ammonium
Sulpho Cyanide.
(32) NH*CNS
Acid.
(33) Nitrophenic
Carbonate.
Sodium
(34) Na^COa
tion
HydrodisodicPhosphate, (Solu(35) Na"HPO*
ter).
equals 1 gm. jSTa^HPO* dissolved in lOcc of wa"
"
"
"
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
1 gm.
Cu
Metallic
"
(NIL^COs
Carbonate.
Ammonium
"
Chlorate.
NaCIO"
Sodium
FeSO"
Ferrous
Sulphate.
Magnesia Mixture =MgSO*
4cc, added
NILOH
and
of Lead.
Copper.
Peroxide
PfoOa"
to 8cc
1
NILC1
gm.,
(Dissolve
water.
well).
(N H)2 MoO^+HNOs"
(42)
"
dissolved
MoO
1 gm.
poured
into 15cc
Molybdate
XILOH,
in 4cc
of HNO
and
Solution
the solution
(G. 1.2).
(43) MgSO*
Magnesium Sulphate.
(44) Albumen.
(45) PtCl*" Platinic Chloride.
Sodium
Nitrate.
(46) NaNO
(47) HgCla Bichloride of Mercury.
erchloride of Gold.
(48) AuCh"T
Stannic Oxide.
(49) SnOa
(50) KoFesCyia Potassium Ferricyanide.
"
"
"
"
"
The
followingsummary
tests
are
below
First
In
"
Second
"
after Prof.
in the
the
In
of characteristic
A.
J. Moses.
They
tive
qualitaare
ranged
ar-
followingorder:
dry
way
the wet
way
or
by
or
means
by
means
of the blowpipe.
of wet
agents.
re-
54
Qualitative
Tests.
TESTS
OF
QUALITATIVE
Al.
ALUMINUM,
WITH
THE
With
Soda.
With
Borax
With
Cobalt Solution.
Swells
"
of
Alkali
soluble
slightly
Basic
blue when
Fine
"
cloudy,never
or
fusible
pound.
com-
que.
opa-
cold.
tain
(Cer-
silicates become
THE
WET
WAY.
hydroxides precipitategrayish-white,
in fixed
A1*(H0)", soluble
2.
Clear
"
infusible
an
alumina.)
IN
1.
forms
and
borates
phosphates,
blue in absence
BLOWPIPE.
and
S. Ph.
or
MINERALS.
but only
alkali-hydroxides,
if NH*C1
in NH*OH
is
acetate of aluminium
addition of NaC*H"Os
to
is
by
precipitated
acid
slightly
and
warm
a
present.
tion.
solu-
Confirm. By blowpipetest.
"
NIL.
AMMONIA,
WITH
THE
Closed Tube.
In
odor.
red litmus
with
vapor.
HC1
Evolution
"
Soda
gas turns
BLOWPIPE.
or
lime
Coal, R. F.
coat may
With
coat,made
tested
Bismuth
Flux:
Coal.
In
Open
"
Faint
Tube.
yieldspotsof
by
"
S. Ph.
On
or
(This
flame.)
Plaster.
"
Orange-red
by (NIL^S.
orange
On
clouds
coat,bluish in thin
after cessation of blast.
be further
sublimate.
will
Volatile white
to form
continues
layers,
white
BLOWPIPE.
THE
"
forms
The
Sb.
ANTIMONY,
On
the characteristic
assists the reaction.
blue,and
paper
WITH
of gas with
yellow or
red coat.
phous
amorDense, white, non -volatile,
"
The
red.
sulphide,too
rapidlyheated,
Tests.
Qualitative
In Closed
Tube.
of needle
sublimate
Pale
"
With
S. Ph.
coal with
white
yielda
crystals;the sulphide,a
ble
fusiblack
cold.
sublimate,red when
Flame
oxide will
The
"
55
yellow-green.
Dissolved
"
tin in E. F. becomes
F., and
0.
by
treated
on
to black.
gray
Elements.
Interfering
Arsenic.
Arsenic
by gentle0.
Kemove
"
with
F.
Eemove
Sulphur.
"
on
coal.
by gentlyheating
in closed tube.
The
Copper.
"
be
S. Ph.
by flame,not by
coat
IN
HjS
1.
Retard
"
THE
their
Confirm
soluble in
from
acid
lutions.
so-
HC1, in alkalies,
sulphides.
between
distinguish
of
AgNO*,
StaOa
and
tion
SbsO, add solu-
of KOH
in the presence
which
black, Ag*0,
precipitates
and
of
WAY.
WET
To
NH*OH;
F. may
S. Ph.
is
precipitate
in alkaline
Sb*Oa
formation
precipitates
orange-redSb^
The
and
tin in R.
blast,or by boracic acid.
intermittent
by
coats
Bismuth.
or
with
will blacken.
momentarilyred, but
Lead
bead
or
NaOH.
is insoluble in
white, AgSbOs, which
precipitates
SbsO
is soluble in NH*OH.
As.
ARSENIC,
WITH
On
Smoked
BLOWPIPE.
THE
Plaster.
"
White
coat
of
octahedral
coat
and
strong garlic
crystals.
On Coal.
odor.
Very
"
The
oxide
volatile white
and
sulphideshould
be mixed
with
soda.
With
orange
On
Bismuth
coat, made
Coal.
"
Flux:
"
On
Plaster.
yellowby (NH*)*S.
Faint-yellowcoat.
"
Reddist-
Qualitative
56
In
Tube.
Open
crystals.Too
red
heat
high
form
may
octahedral
of
sublimate
White
"
suboxide
brown
or
yellow sulphide.
or
Closed
In
or
Tests.
red
Tube.
Flame.
oxide,yellow
of metal.
black mirror
or
sulphide,
white
obtain
May
"
Pale azure-blue.
"
Elements.
Interfering
Heat
Antimony.
"
closed
in
Nickel.
or
recognizeby
Odor
fused
when
solutions.
Soluble
insoluble
THE
with
soda
WET
WAY.
on
precipitates
yellow AssSs
HsS
sulphide
in alkalies and
coal.
best from
alkaline
HC1
sulphides,
in HC1.
H2S
2.
of
in closed tube.
IN
1.
lead and
with
F.
yellowsublimate
to
"
(b)
and
odor.
Sulphur. (a) Red
of arsenic
in 0.
Fuse
"
soda
with
in 0. F. for odor.
charcoal,treat resultingmirror
Cobalt
tube
after
precipitates
yellow,AsjSs
heating solution
and
from
acid solutions
passing gas
for
some
time.
AgNOs
3.
brown
AgsAsCh, soluble
ammonia
in dilute
or
reddish-
acids,ammonia,
and
salts.
CuSO*
4.
or
precipitates
yellowAgsAsOa
precipitates
Cu3(AsO")"
yellowish-green
soluble
greenish-blue,
CuHAsO*,
in
NILOH
and
NH.CL
Ammonium
5.
white
precipitates
MgNH"As(k
BARIUM,
WITH
On
THE
Coal, with Soda.
Flame.
with
mixture
magnesia
HC1.
"
Yellowish
"
Ba.
BLOWPIPE.
Fuses
green,
and
sinks into the coal.
improved by moistening
Tests.
Qualitative
With
flamed
Borax
S. Ph.
or
IN
THE
colorless ;
be
can
and
in acids.
Soluble
sulphatesand
ILSO*
white
precipitate
in acids and
insoluble
practically
is
ble
solu-
white BaCOa
precipitate
HNO.
Soluble
BaSO*, which
WAY.
WET
carbonates
1. Alkali
2.
Clear and
"
white.
opaque
in HC1
57
ter.
wa-
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
Bi.
BISMUTH,
WITH
On
metal
Coal.
and
THE
either
In
"
yieldsa
volatile
BLOWPIPE.
is reduced
flame
brittle
to
hot,
coat,dark orange-yellow
border.
lemon-yellowcold,with yellowish-white
With
Bismuth
Flux
(sulphur,2 parts; potassic
On
1 part):
iodide,1 part; potassicbisulphate,
"
brown
may
surrounded
Bright-scarletcoat
"
with
sometimes
be made
heatingS.
On
red
Ph.
Coal.
a
ammonia.
by
the
on
reddish
(May
The
brown
be obtained
by
assay.)
Bright-redcoat with
"
chocolate-
by
border.
ter.
Plas-
sometimes
ner
in-
an
fringeof yellow.
With
S. Ph.
coal with
and
Dissolved
"
0.
by
tin in B. F. is colorless
F.
and
treated
on
hot, but blackish gray
cold.
opaque
InterferingElements.
Antimony.
"
treat the
Treat
"
Dissolve
IN
BhSa
coal with
boracic
HaS
or
insoluble
coat
THE
(NIL^S
in dilute
in S.
WET
Ph.,
acid, and
flux.
bismuth
resultingslagon plasterwith
Lead.
1.
on
as
above.
WAY.
precipitatesbrownish-black
acids, but
soluble
in
strong
HNO.
2.
H*0
from
precipitates
the chloride white
BiO
58
Qualitative
insoluble
CI,
in
an
Tests.
but
excess,
soluble
HC1
and
KOH
cipitates
pre-
in
HN(X
SnCU
3.
in the presence
of NaOH
or
black BisO*.
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
BROMINE,
WITH
With
of blue
Br.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
S. Ph., saturated
with
CuO.
Treated
"
flame, the bead will be surrounded
tip
at
by greenish-
blu6 flame.
In
Matrass
ivith KHSO*.
Brown, choking vapor.
"
InterferingElements.
Silver.
a
The
"
blood- red
melts
globule,which
in the
green
bromine
cools
to gray,
soluble
insoluble
THE
WET
and
becomes
WAY.
KCN", slightlysoluble
in
the mixture
in
add
of dilute
drop
a
a
indicates
these
I.
When
ILSOi
vapors
an
and
brown
given
are
off.
boil; brown
cease
and
of ILSCK
and
vapors
equal volume
water,
A
ten).
and
of
indicate CI.
THE
All borates intumesce
"
in
Boil until brown
WITH
Yellowish
B.
BLOWPIPE.
and
green.
fuse to
May
boracic-acid
flux
CaF*) ; (c) By mixing
to
a
bead.
be assisted
Moistening with HsSCK; (6) Mixing
and
NH"OH,
solution
a
little MnCh
(one
BOEON,
Flame.
a
Place
of H^SO*
2cc.
cold, add
heat ; green
"
Boil; violet vapors
add
cease
I.
and
test-tube with
indicate Br.
vapors
in
in HNO.
Separationof CI, Br,
cool.
yellow
forms
AgNOs precipitates
yellow-white
AgBr; changes
1.
When
and
sunlight.
IN
color
in KHSO*
to
by: (a)
pastewith
(4!/2parts KHSO",
paste with rLSO*
and
1
ter,
wa-
part
NILF.
Tests.
Qualitative
60
Ca.
CALCIUM,
Coal, with Soda.
On
by
BLOWPIPE.
THE
WITH
Insoluble,and
"
absorbed
not
the coal.
Flame.
with
moistening
HC1.
With
flamed
Borax
S. Ph.
or
and
Clear
"
be
can
colorless,
opaque.
IN
concentrated
and
WET
THE
WAY.
CaSO*, soluble in
white
precipitates
H2SO4
1.
Ba
red, improved by
Yellowish
"
of
solution
from
distinction
(NH^SO*;
a
Sr.
.
Alkaline
2.
in acids and
Ba, Sr, and Mg give this precipitate
NH*OH.
salts
Ammonia
solutions.
only in concentrated
must
ble
solu-
CaHASOs,
precipitate
arseniates
be absent.
Confirm. By plowpipe test.
"
CARBONIC
WITH
With
fused
cause
will render
Borax
to
a
clear
or
HNO
through a
pass gas
CaCOa
S. Ph.
to
a
WITH
substance
will
carbonate
in
a
test-tube,and
A
white
cipitate
pre-
C(X
THE
S. Ph., saturated
flame.
been
fusion.
CI.
BLOWPIPE.
with
CuO.
"
of blue flame the bead will be surrounded
azure-blue
flux has
WAY.
CHLORINE,
With
of
solution of lime-water.
indicates
with
then
effervescence. The
the
addition
WET
THE
and
turbid.
After
"
during further
IN
Add
water
lime-water
bead, the
effervescence
1.
with
Heat
"
will be set free with
dilute acid ; CO
escapinggas
BLOWPIPE.'
THE
Nitric Acid.
With
CO*.
ACID,
Treated
by
an
at
tip
intense
Coal, with CuO.
On
and
flame, which
blue
then
with
of
drop
a
H2SO*,
coal,dry gently in 0. F., and
spread the paste on
with
Grind
"
61
Tests.
Qualitative
colored
will be
treat
greenish blue
azure-blue.
IN
WET
WAY.
soluble
AgCl,
white
precipitates
AgNOs
1.
THE
in
NH.OH.
Cr.
CHROMIUM,
WITH
With
Borax
green
cold.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
F. Reddish
S. Ph."O.
or
borax, green hot and cold.
R. F. In
hot, green
cold.
With
Soda.
0.
"
F.
Dark
hot, fine yellow
S. Ph.
In
yellow hot,
red
and
opaque
lightyellowcold.
R. F.
Opaque
and
cold.
yellowishgreen
InterferingElements.
The
Manganese.
"
soda
bead
in 0. F. will be
bright
yellowishgreen.
IN
NILOH
1.
From
in
of HjO
A
of
CrO
lead
soluble in HNO
soluble
Difficulty
3.
green
Cr2(0H)e,
excess.
solutions
yellow PbCrO*,
acid.
WAY.
bluish
precipitates
soluble
slightly
2.
WET
THE
and
salts
precipitate
insoluble
in acetic
in KOH.
very delicate test for Cr
(hydrogen peroxide) and
as
CrOs is
by
means
ether, giving a fine
blue color.
COBALT,
WITH
On
metal.
Coal, R. F.
The
solution
will
2vaporation
With
"
Borax
Co.
THE
BLOWPIPE.
The
oxide
in HC1
becomes
will be
magnetic
rose-red,but
on
be blue.
or
S. Ph.
"
Pure
blue
in either flame.
62
Qualitative
Tests.
InterferingElements.
Arsenic.
Roast
"
of borax.
There
(iron),green
brown
with
when
and
wire
obscured
by
littlemetallic
Yellow
Strongly.
much
iron
Fuse
"
treat
Roast
"
borax
cobalt,except
chromium.
or
Chromium.
Selenium.
the
The
as
in R.
arsenide.
an
and
F. with
scorifywith
rax,
bo-
before described.
as
IN
Fixed
1.
THE
alkalies
absorbs
precipitate
WET
WAY.
blue
precipitate
oxygen
and
rose-red
does not
Co(OH)";
produces the
same
basic salts. This
becomes
If boiled before oxidation
OH
Color
lead in coal in R. F.
arsenic,then
Sulphur or
which
in 0. F. will show
Iron, Nickel, or
a
tions
addi-
(nickeland copper),blue (copper).
other Elements
borax
platinum
on
successive
be, in order given:
may
(nickel),green
Fuse
scorifywith
reddish
(ironand cobalt),blue (cobalt),
Copper and
"
and
droxide.
hyolive-green
in the air becomes'
dissolve in
HN"
excess.
which
precipitate,
is soluble in
excess.
KsFeCeNe
2.
in HC1.
N") *, insoluble
of NH"C1
excess
C"N", a
and
the
3.
tartaric
few
and
blood-red
If to
is added
color indicates Co.
To
or
Co
any
a
is
acid,then
an
Cc*(FeC"i
and
or
Ni
then
If Ni
is
an
EJ"Fe
present,
copper-redprecipitate
a
present,a dirtygreen,
dilute solution
citric
brown
solution of Co
a
NILOH
solution is boiled,
forms; if
a
dark
precipitates
of cobaltous
excess
of
on
boiling.
nitrate
add
ammonia, and
dropsof potassium ferricyanide
; a deep-redcolor
appears,
if
even
largelydiluted.
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
Chi.
COPPER,
Coal, R. F.
On
Flame.
to
BLOWPIPE.
THE
WITH
Emerald-green
"
roasting;lead
necessitates
a
0.
be obtained
may
be removed
"
or
regia,drying
aqua
F., and heatingstronglyin R. F.
(b) By saturatingS.
by
gentleheat)
HC1
(a) By moisteningwith
gentlyin
flame
arsenic should
(sulphur,selenium, and
metal.
azure-blue,according
or
azure-blue
The
compound.
of red metallic
Formation
"
63
Tests.
Qualitative
Ph. bead
;
substance,add-
with
salt,and treatingwith blue flame.
ing common
With
Borax
S. Ph.
or
cold.
greenishblue
0. F. Green
"
R. F. Greenish
red
cold.
oxidation
(By repeated slow
reduction,a borax bead becomes
With
tin
hot, opaque
and
and
ish
brown-
coal this reaction
on
or
ruby-red.)
colorless
or
hot, blue
is
more
delicate.
InterferingElements.
General
on
are
Method.
coal in
S. Ph.
flame
or
treat
"
slag and
A
One
bluish green;
acid
red
Per
when
color it red upon
by
Forms.
the
in next
Bismuth
boracic
Trace.
rax
bo-
0.
borax),and
button
the
from
F., and make
"
either
residual button.
test upon
as
or
of
Over
it
Visible Button
Lead
changed
Separate the
"
lead from
fusion,continue
and
of soda and
mixture
a
Forms.
any
If No
borax
by
Button
slag,remove
with
thoroughly,treat
strong R. F. (oxides,
sulphides,
sulphates,
best reduced
7/
Roast
"
"
test lead to the
reduction,separate the
test
ton,
but-
(leadalloy).
Alloys.
"
in
Add
Treat
with
frequently
strong R. F., noting the appearance
residual button.
spot in the slag.
Cent.
"
melted
The
residual
button
will dissolve in the
of
application
the 0.
F.,or
will be
slag and
may
be
re-
64
Qualitative
moved
from
Ph.
the flame
or
the
slag and
HN*OH
2.
NaOH
be submitted
THE
WET
and
WAY.
KOH
when
added
insoluble
in
black
changes to
precipitate
substances
this
S.
producesa deep-bluesolution.
blue Cu(OH)2,
precipitate
boiled the
to either the
test.
IN
1.
Tests.
saturation
to
When
excess.
Cu302(OH)2.
formation
generallyprevent the
ganic
Orof
precipitate.
Fe
3.
and
Zn
metallic
precipitate
from
copper
cupricsolutions.
F.
FLUOEINE,
WITH
Etching
Test.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
If fluorine be released
"
glassin cloudypatches,and
there will be
refractoriness
the
depositon
a
of the
it will
in presence
of silica
glass. According to
the fluorine may
compound
rode
cor-
be
the
leased
re-
"
(a)
In closed tube
by heat;
(b)
In closed tube
by
(c) In
With
fumes
open
tube
by
H2SO*
Cone.
condensed
by
heat and
heat and
drop
a
glassof
SiOn.
and
of water
With
tip of
S.
flame,the
the water.
BLOWPIPE.
with
Ph., saturated
the blue
upon
platinum
a
upon
the
I.
IODINE,
THE
S. Ph.
heated,and
If
"
wire, a film of silicicacid will form
WITH
KHSO";
CuO.
"
is surrounded
bead
at the
Treated
by
an
tense
in-
emerald-greenflame.
In
and
Matrass
brown
In
Open Tube,
With
KHSO*.
Violet,choking
"
vapor
sublimate.
Sulphur, and
dark
with
Soda.
Starch
purple.
"
with
A
equal parts Bismuth
brick-red
Paper.
"
The
Oxide,
sublimate.
vapor
turns
the paper
65
Tests.
Qualitative
InterferingElements.
Silver.
WITH
Borax.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
F.
become
compounds
Many
to red
0. F. Yellow
"
(A slightyellow color
yellow cold.
there is
to iron when
either
dark-red
netic.
mag-
assists the reaction.
Soda
With
B.
"
a
Fe.
IRON,
Coal.
to
cooling,and unchanged by sunlight.
globule,yellow on
On
in KHSO"
iodide melts
The
"
color
highly-chargedbeads
flame in
only be
can
decided
no
hot, colorless
to
uted
attrib-
produced by
and
of borax
S.
Ph.)
E. F.
Bottle-green.With
With
S. Ph."O.
when
hot and
E. F. Eed
State
is made
red
by
FeO
on
coal,violet-green.
to
red
hot, greenish
yellow cold.
to
cold,greenishwhile cooling.
A
the Iron."
of
Yellow
F.
Colorless
cooling.
tin
and
borax-blue
greenishby
bead
CuO
from
Fe^O.
InterferingElements.
Chromium.
soda
on
Fuse
"
with
and
nitrate
platinum, dissolve
in
of
carbonate
water, and
test residue
for iron.
Cobalt.
may
often
dilution
By
"
be lost before the
"
lead
(a) May
"
with
tin
on
be faded from
Nickel.
May be
Tungsten
or
will be reddish
Uranium.
As
be
iron.
from
borax
faded
from
S. Ph.
faded
Titanium.
brown
"
yellow of
in borax
bead
by
sion
fu-
from
"
instead
with
borax
bead
coal in E. F. ;
(6) May
"
of cobalt
coal in E. F.
on
Manganese.
by treatment
blue
be removed
Copper. May
with
the
The
bead
borax
bead
S. Ph.
of blue
chromium.
by
or
E. F.
by E.
bead
F.
in E. F.
violet.
66
Qualitative
Tests.
Alloys,Sulphides, Arsenides,
with borax
coal in R.
on
Roast,
etc.
"
treat
F., then treat borax in R. F.
to
reducible metals.
remove
IN
FeO."l.
FetO*.
dark-blue Fea(Fe
precipitates
white Fe(OH)2.
precipitates
NILCNS
1.
"
NILOH
produces
WITH
Coal.
metal, and
blood-red
a
brownish
precipitates
LEAD,
On
WAY.
in acids.
NH.OH
3.
WET
K3FeC"N"6
CeN")*,insoluble
2.
THE
In
"
THE
Fe(OH)o.
Pb.
BLOWPIPE.
either flame is reduced
the
yieldsnear
tion.
solu-
a
assay
coat, sulphur-yellow
cold,and
(The phosphate yieldsno
dark
bluish
coal
to malleable
lemon-yellow
white
without
at border.
the
aid
of
a
flux.)
With
Bismuth
Flux:
On
"
Plaster.
low
Chrome-yel-
"
coat,blackened by (NH^S.
On
Coal.
Flame.
With
cold.
Volatile
"
yellow coat, darker
hot.
Azure-blue.
"
Borax
Flames
or
S. Ph.
hot, colorless
yellow.
opaque
R. F. Borax
0. F. Yellow
"
bead becomes
clear,S. Ph. bead cloudy.
InterferingElements.
Antimony.
"
treat the
Sulphide. Remove
"
Cadmium.
Bismuth.
are
color
coal with
on
resulting
slagon plasterwith
Arsenic
ter
Treat
"
"
Remove
Usuallythe
sufficient.
the
R.
F.
by
In
blue.
boracic
acid,and
flux.
bismuth
by gentle0.
F.
R. F.
bismuth-flux
addition
the
tests
lead coat
on
plasshould
Qualitative
68
With
a
Cobalt
Solution.
Tests.
Strongly heated,becomes
"
color. -(With silicates this
pale-flesh
only in
the absence
of
coloringoxides.
arsenate,and borate become
IN
Na"HPO"
1.
and
N*HC1,
The
use
phosphate,
violet-red.)
THE
WET
"WAY.
in
precipitates,
white
action is of
MgNELPO
Fine
.
of NILOH
presence
crystals.
Confirm. By blowpipe.
"
Mn.
MANGANESE,
WITH
With
colors
are
with
is touched
to
E. F. Colorless
Soda.
with
(The
S.
Ph.)
nitrate
an
froth is formed.
with
or
than
crystalof sodic
black
0. F. Bluish
"
dens
Amethystinehot,red-
borax
a
rose-colored
amethystineor
With
0. F.
"
much, is black and opaque.
intense
more
hot bead
a
S. Ph.
or
cooling.With
on
If
Borax
BLOWPIPE.
THE
spots.
and
green
when
opaque
Sodic nitrate assists the reaction.
cold.
InterferingElements.
Chromium.
yellowishgreen
Silicon.
instead
Dissolve
"
IN
Boil with
1.
reddish-violet
soda bead
The
"
bright
of bluish green.
in
HNOs,
soda fusion.
borax, then make
THE
solution
in 0. F. will be
WET
WAY.
and
add
peroxideof
lead.
A
(colorof potassium permanganate)
indicates Mn.
MERCUEY,
WITH
Bismuth
With
and
black
THE
Flux:
scarlet coat.
and
Hg.
BLOWPIPE.
"
If too
On
Plaster.
"
Volatile
stronglyheated
low
yel-
the coat is
yellow.
On
Coal.
In
Matrass, with
"
Faint-yellowcoat
Dry
Mirror-like sublimate, which
Soda
may
at
a
or
be
distance.
with
Litharge.
collected
"
in
glo-
(Gold-leafis
bules.
vapor
of
whitened
a
Hg,
copper
insertion
upon
first white H^Ck
precipitates
SnCl=
in
tion
solu-
a
and
then
Hg.
distinguishbetween
To
HC1
compounds
Coal.
near
crystalline
on
precipitate
dition
ad-
BL0WPIPE.
THE
0. F. A
"
NH"
by
Mo.
MOLYBDENUM,
On
in
compounds.
to mercuric
WITH
blackened
No
compounds.
mercuric
Hg2Clz, soluble
NH*C1, and
and
mercurous
of HC1
and
mercurous
white
precipitates
regia,HNO,
OH, from
coat
yellowishhot, white cold;
assay.
E. F. The
dark
is coated with
Hg.
2.
aqua
of
WAY.
WET
metallic
of
precipitate
gray
THE
pieceof brightmetallic
A
of
trace
slightest
the
by
mercury.)
IN
1.
69
Tests.
Qualitative
is turned
coat
part deep blue,in part
in
copper-red.
Flame.
With
"
Yellowish
Borax.
0. F. Yellow
"
R. F. Brown
cold.
to black
S. Ph.
With
green.
and
hot, colorless cold.
opaque.
0. F. Yellowish
"
(Crushed between
green
damp unglazed paper
red, brown, purple,or blue, accordingto
R. F.
Dilute
may
(14)
HCl
Solutions.
first be fused
copper,
green, and
becomes
amount
ent.)
pres-
Emerald-green.
if dissolved in
zinc,or
hot, colorless
the
acid
with
and
the solutions
brown.
"
If
stance
insoluble,the sub-
S. Ph.
heated
in 0. F.
with
will be
If the S. Ph.
in R. F. the solution will become
bead
Then,
metallic
tin,
blue,
successively
has been
brown.
treated
Tests.
Qualitative
70
IN
Upon heating the
it will turn
WAY.
WET
THE
acid solution
with
and
blue, green
successively
metallic
zinc
brown.
Confirm. By plowpipe test.
"
Ni.
NICKEL,
WITH
Coal, R. F.
On
Boiax.
With
BLOWPIPE.
THE
The
"
oxide
0. F. Violet
"
becomes
magnetic.
hot, pale reddish brown
cold.
clear
Cloudy, and finally
R. F.
S .Ph."O.
With
F. Red
colorless.
hot, yellowcold.
hot, yellow cold.
R. F. Red
and
On
coal with
tin becomes
colorless.
InterferingElements.
General
beads
Method.
with
strong R. F.
If
from
and
a
treat with
few
results,add either
Ph. in
Treat
"
the
Lead.
treat
Arsenic.
F.
in the 0.
If
the
F., replacing
ble
visi-
no
gold button
a
or
reduction,and
gold alloyon
Scorify button
"
size,completethe removal
coal,and
R.
small
a
with
"
coal with
S.
acid
to
strong 0. F.
With
small
Gold.
coal
on
color is obtained.
a
borax
results,separate it
S. Ph.
grainsof test-lead. Continue
With
three
or
treat
visible button
the S. Ph. when
button
two
substance, and
roasted
the borax
Saturate
"
as
residual
Roast
"
long
button
boracic
of lead
S. Ph.
with
thoroughly,treat
it shows
as
with
by
0.
F.
on
in 0. P.
with
borax
in
color,treat residual button
with S. Ph. .in 0. F.
Alloys.
"
borax
in R.
the borax
with
Roast
and
F., adding
is
no
melt
a
with
changed
frequently
little lead if infusible.
longer colored,treat
S. Ph. in 0. F.
the
When
ton
residual but-
Tests.
Qualitative
IN
Alkaline
1.
WET
THE
carbonates
soluble in
reagent,with blue
of
by KOH
precipitated
2.
NH*OH
3.
KCN
precipitates
pale-greenNiC^N*, soluble
from
Distinction
precipitated.
precipitate
being formed
XITRIC
In
fumes
will turn
To
THE
solution of ferrous
WET
the FeSO*
and
H=SO.
HNO;
then
a
Flame.
cone.
Closed
soda
and
dried,and
Tube
phuric
concentrated sul-
brown
ring between
P.
BLOWPIPE.
blue,momentary.
made
resultingmass,
of
with
substance
heatingthere
odor
saturated
Improved by
H=SO".
In
The
Greenish
"
a
HNOs).
PHOSPHORUS,
THE
The
brown.
add
test-tube,
a
indicates
WITH
with
WAY.
sulphate,and
(freefrom
Tube
characteristic odor.
with
the solution,in
acid
in Closed
or
ferrous-sulphate
paper
IN
1.
HNOs.
KHSO*,
fumes
Litharge."Brown
no
BLOWPIPE.
THE
with
Matrass
but
NaClO.
boilingwith
ACID,
WITH
is
givesa dirty-
soluble in excess,
on
in
Ni(OH)"
black
Co, which
with KCN,
precipitate
white
or, in
(NH^COs
color.
Upon boilingwith NaCIO,
excess.
bonate
car-
pale-greenNi(0H)2.
as
givesblue
excess
basic
color. Again
greenish-blue
or
NaOH
or
in
WAY.
precipitate
green
2NiC03, 3M(OH)2,
excess
71
to
cover
will be
crushed
Dry
mixed
are
the
a
Soda
and
in
Magnesium.
"
equal parts and
magnesium. Upon strongly
vivid
and
incandescence,and the
moistened,will yield the
hydrogen.
phosphuretted
IN
THE
Orthophosphates.1.
"
white
MgNH"PO".
WET
WAY.
Magnesia
mixture
tates
precipi-
Qualitative
72
and
in HNOs
ble
solu-
AgsPO*,
light-yellow
precipitates
AgNOs
2.
Tests.
NILOH.
ium
(NH)2MoO"+HNOi" precipitates
yellowammon-
3.
phospho-molybdate
; compositionvariable.
is soluble
in
in
NH"OH,
of
excess
The
cipitate
pre-
phosphoric
acid,and is preventedby organicsubstances,such
taric
tar-
as
acid.
Pyrophosphate.
"
soluble in
Mg^PsO,
fails to
it
an
of either solution. NILOH
excess
it
precipitate
white
,precipitates
MgSO*
1.
from
these solutions.
separatesagain. By this reaction pyro
of
in the presence
until
orthophosphateis
of the
heavy
in alkali
can
boiling
be detected
acid.
phosphoric
(NIL^MoOi+HNOa
2.
On
does not
formed.
metals
give a precipitate
Most
(Ag
of the
phates
pyrophos-
exception)are
an
from
pyrophosphates (distinction
ble
soluortho-
phosphates).
3.
HNO3
AgNOa
and
NILOH.
Addition
MetaphosphoricAcid.
no
AgiP^Oi, soluble
white
precipitates
of
1.
"
an
in
alkali aids the precipitation.
Magnesia
mixture
gives
precipitate.
(NH^sMoOH-HNOs
2.
3.
AgNOs
Albumen
ortho and
5.
into
precipitate.
white AgPOs,
precipitates
metaphosphate
4.
givesno
solutions
soluble in alkali
from
(distinction
phosphates).
pyro-
from
gives a precipitate(distinction
pyrophosphates).
Fusion
with
Na^COa
converts
meta
and
pyro
orthophosphates.
POTASSIUM,
WITH
Flame.
"
THE
K.
BLOWPIPE.
Violet,except borates and phosphates.
x-
Tests.
Qualitative
73
Elements.
Interfering
Sodium.
be violet
by
flame
through blue glasswill
blue;
or
bead of borax and
(") A
brown
The
(a)
"
nickel will become
littleboracic acid made
a
blue
on
addition of
a
tassium
po-
compound.
Lithium.
The
"
flame
through green glasswill
be
bluish green.
IN
1.
WET
THE
PtCl" with HC1
WAY.
precipitates
yellowcrystalline
Evaporateto dryness. The
(KCl)=PtCk
is not dissolved
precipitate
by alcohol.
Confirm. By blowpipeand spectroscope.
"
SELENIUM,
WITH
On
brown
Coal, R. F.
fumes,and
BLOWPIPE.
THE
horse-radish
Disagreeable
"
volatile
a
Se.
with
coat
steel-gray
odor,
a
red
border.
In
Open
Tube.
sublimate
Steel-gray
"
sometimes
white
In
Tube.
Closed
with red border,
crystals.
"
Dark-red
sublimate
and
radish
horse-
odor.
Flame.
On
"
Azure-blue.
Coal, with Soda.
"
Thoroughly fuse
placeon brightsilver,
moisten,crush,and
in E.
F.,
let stand. The
silver will be blackened.
IN
1.
2.
WAY.
precipitates
yellowsulphideof selenium,
turns
(NH^S.
Upon heatingthe precipitate
yellow.
SnCls+HCl
which turns gray at
3.
WET
H*S
soluble in
reddish
THE
producesa
a
of Se,
precipitate
high temperature.
Metallic copper, when
of selenious
red
placedin
acid,containingHC1,
a
warm
becomes
tion
solu-
black;
Qualitative
74
if the fluid remains
long in
from
brightred
turns
Tests.
with
contact
separationof
the copper,
it
selenium.
Confirm. By blowpipe tests.
"
Si.
SILICON,
WITH
On
Coal
with
THE
Soda.
BLOWPIPE.
With
"
its
disolves with
soda
effervescence to
the bead
Borax.
With
S. Ph.
fragment
undissolved
Clear
"
and
will
usuallyshow
of the
nearly to saturation,add
bead
Fuse
to
determined
are
S.
made
more
of the
a
upon
translucent
of
mass
ment.
originalfrag-
Ph., dissolve in borax
milky
WET
NasCO+NaNO,
with
With
Ph., and re-heat for
S.
THE
test
a
shape
will become
IN
Silicates
The
decomposedby
not
The
soda,
colorless.
Insoluble.
"
matter
WTien
clear bead.
a
of
is opaque.
With
small
volume
own
j
or
a
ment.
mo-
opaque- white.
WAY.
by
the
SiO*.
separationof
dissolve in
HC1, and evaporate
dryness. Upon evaporationgelatinoussilica
will
separate out.
Upon heating and
HC1
insoluble SiO
remains
dissolvingwith
behind.
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
SILVER,
WITH
On
With
Coal.
"
Borax
to malleable
8. Ph.
or
Cupellation. Fuse
-glassand
F. for about
two
to
one
fresh
and
across
blow
0. F.
little flame
melted.
as
two
minutes.
it in R. F. with
are
0. F.
"
white
metal.
Opalescent.
with
coal
on
"
borax
BLOWPIPE.
THE
Reduction
Ag.
volumes
Remove
one
volume
of test-lead in R.
button
and
borax, then placebutton
it,using
consistent
as
with
of
scorify
on
cupel
strong blast and
keeping
as
button
Tests.
Qualitative
76
Lilhium.
Fuse
"
IN
NaOH,
1.
HPO*
form
baric
chloride,
by
which
the
Na^COs, (NH")"CO., and
Na.
unchanged.
flame is
lithium
with
THE
WET
NH*OH,
WAY.
which
precipitates
producedby
these
closelyresemble
those
reagentswith Ba salts.
Confirm. By blowpipe tests.
"
S.
SULPHUE,
WITH
Coal, with
On
Soda
fuse in the B. P.
Place
(a)
stand.
Heat
with
Closed
of H2S
"
Tube.
or
black.
Or,
(sometimes with
dered
pow-
will be observed.
Suffocatingfumes.
Some
have
red
May
"
hot, yellow cold, or
sublimate
the substance
or
brown
phates
sul-
unaffected.
are
In
oughly
Thor-
"
flame,and either,
dilute HC1
odor
Tube.
Open
little Borax.
a
brightsilver,moisten, crush, and let
on
zinc); the
In
and
silver will become
The
(b)
BLOWPIPE.
THE
With
Soda
and
sublimate
of
when
phide,
undecomposed sul-
be unaffected.
may
Silica
(equalparts).
"
A
yellow or
red bead.
To
Fuse
Determine
with
soda
whether
Sulphide
platinum
on
foil.
The
or
Sulphate.
"
sulphideonly
will stain silver.
IN
Bad*
1.
added
2.
to
THE
gives a
WET
white
WAY.
BaSO",
precipitate,
solutions.
sulphuric-acid
On
addition of HNO*
to
when
insoluble.
Practically
EkS
sulphides
is
given
off.
TELLUEIUM,
WITH
On
border.
Coal.
"
THE
BLOWPIPE.
Volatile white
If the fumes
are
Te.
coat
caught on
with
red
or
yellow
the
porcelain,
re-
suitinggray
with
moistened
Place
Soda.
with
Thoroughly
"
F.
K.
in
fuse
let stand.
bright silver,moisten, crush, and
on
when
crimson
ILSO*, and gentlyheated.
cone.
Coal
On
be turned
film may
brown
or
77
Tests.
Qualitative
silver will be blackened.
The
Flame.
In
Green.
"
Tube.
Open
fusible
sublimate
Gray
"
to
clear
drops.
Boiled
H*SO*{conc.)
With
"
a
.
loses color
solution,which
purple-violet
a
heating or
with
Boiled
2.
from
TeS*
acid
tions.
solu-
(NH")"S.
in
Soluble
ther
fur-
WAY.
WET
THE
brown
precipitates
H=S
on
sults
re-
dilution.
on
IN"
1.
there
moment,
concentrated
H=SO*
fades
solution, which
purple-violet
there results
ing
heat-
further
upon
a
dilution.
or
Confirm. By blowpipe tests.
"
TIN,
WITH
On
Coal.
0.
"
BLOWPIPE.
THE
F.
Sn.
oxide
The
becomes
yellow and
luminous.
R.
or
slightcoat, assisted by additions
F. A
soda.
With
Cobalt
Solution.
of the assay, with
the
upon
of sulphur
the
coat
will be
coal in front
the
solution,and blow
The
assay.
Moisten
"
a
bluish
strong R. F.
when
green
cold.
With
made
CuO
reddish
in R. F. with
Lead
such
an
be
or
in Borax
brown
or
Bead.
"
A
faint-blue
ruby-redby heating a
bead
moment
tin
compound.
InterferingElements.
Bismuth
Alloys. It is fair proof of
a
is
"
alloyoxidizes rapidlywith sproutingand
kept fused.
tin if
not
can-
Zinc.
R.
Tests.
Qualitative
78
coal with
On
"
soda, borax, and
charcoal
in
the
F., the tin will be reduced, the zinc volatilized;
then be washed
tin may
IN
Stannous
in
HC1,
1. EbS
"
darkprecipitates
uble
alkalies;moderatelysol-
in
yellow(NIL^S.
white
precipitates
HgCb
2.
from
(distinction
Hg
black
in
mass.
WAY.
WET
(SnO).
SnS, soluble
brown
THE
Oxide
the fused
from
3.
AuCb
4.
Zn
or
precipitates
spongy
Stannic
oxide
H2S
1.
stannic
with free HC1
2.
HgCk
3.
AuCL"
4.
Zn
excess
compounds).
HNOs,
a
purpleprecipitate.
Sn.
(SnO*).
precipitates
yellow SnSa,
in alkalies and
with
Hg^Ch,
alkaline
soluble
in HC1,
sulphides.
precipitate.
no
precipitate.
no
precipitates
spongy
Sn.
Confirm. By blowpipe tests.
"
Ti.
TITANIUM,
WITH
With
Borax.
0. F. Colorless
"
cold,opalescentor
R. F. Yellow
With
Ph.
R. F.
HCl
be
fused
then
to
with
white
opaque
F.
as
there
becomes
"
If
S. Ph.
will
by flaming.
soluble,the substance
or
with
become
will also be
white.
by flaming.
cold.
soda, and
dissolved in dilute acid and
Usually
less
yellowhot,color-
with borax.
yellow hot, violet
Solutions.
to
brown, enamel-blue
S."O.
tin, the solution
which
BLOWPIPE.
THE
a
heated
violet
turbid
may
reduced.
with
after
violet
first
If
metallic
standing.
precipitate,
Tests.
Qualitative
79
InterferingElements.
Iron.
S. Ph.
The
"
brownish-red
(OH)*
NILOH
Sn
time
THE
F.
is
in
white
boiled
Zn
or
Ti
precipitate,
excess.
in acid
solutions
after
some
blue solutions, subsequentlya
or
give pale-violet
which graduallybecomes
precipitate,
blue
yellow hot,
WAY.
WET
gives a bulky
insoluble
2.
R.
in
cold.
IN
1.
bead
ivliite.
Confirm. By blowpipe.
"
W.
TUNGSTEN,
WITH
With
Borax.
colorless cold ;
THE
0. F. Flame
"
be flamed
can
E. F. Colorless to
with
tin
With
first be fused
becomes
then
IICl.
Dilute
with
dark
reddish
and
dark
If
"
S. Ph.
blue; with
cold.
colorless.
hot, blue cold.
coal becomes
on
yellow hot,
white.
opaque
F. Clear
R. F. Greenish
colorless to
yellowhot, yellowishbrown
S. Ph."O.
With
BLOWPIPE.
On
long blowing or
green.
insoluble,the substance
The
solution heated
zinc
it becomes
with
purple
may
tin
and
brown.
InterferingElements.
Iron.
The
"
S. Ph.
in R. F. is
yellowhot, blood-red
cold.
IN
SnCb
1.
with
a
2.
WET
WAY.
on
produces a yellowprecipitate
ing
acidify-
HCl, and
applying heat
the
acquires
precipitate
beautiful blue color.
Heated
purple,and
3.
THE
with
HCl
then reddish
K*FeC"No+HCl
color;after
produced.
some
time
and
Zn
becomes
brown.
gives a
a
the solution
deep
of the
precipitate
brownish-red
same
color is
Qualitative
Tests.
URANIUM,
U.
80
WITH
With
Borax.
be flamed
0. F. Yellow
"
hot, colorless cold
;
can
enamel-yellow.
F.
E.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
flamed
be
Bottle-green;can
black,but
not
enamelled.
With
S. Ph.
0.
"
F.
hot, yellowishgreen
Yellow
cold.
F.
R.
Emerald-green.
InterferingElements.
Iron.
"
With
S. Ph.
IN
of
precipitate
uranic
K'FeCaNo
2.
WET
THE
and
KOH,
NILOH,
1.
in R. F. is green
cold.
WAY.
NaOH
produce
a.
a
yellow
alkali.
hydroxideand
produces
hot,red
reddish-brown
tate.
precipi-
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
V.
VANADIUM,
WITH
With
Borax.
THE
BLOWPIPE.
0. F. Colorless
"
or
yellow hot, greenish-yellow
cold.
R.
hot, emerald-greencold.
F. Brownish
With
S. Ph."O.
F. Dark
yellow hot,lightyellow
cold.
R. F. Brownish
hot, emerald-greencold.
IN
1.
K"FeC"N"
insoluble
2.
becomes
THE
WET
WAY.
produces a
green
flocculent
tate,
precipi-
in acids.
Dissolved
in ILSO*
and
Zn
added
the solution
and
successively
green, blue, bluish violet,
ender.
lav-
acidified solution of vanadates
An
3.
with
shaken
dioxide
hydrogen
upon
tint; if
red
acquiresa
being
added, and the solution shaken, its retains
ether is then
its
81
Tests.
Qualitative
color,the ether remaining colorless.
ZINC,
WITH
On
Coal.
BLOWPIPE.
THE
F.
0.
"
Zn.
oxide
The
becomes
yellow
and
luminous.
B.
F.
soda and
coat, white
Yellow
cold, assisted by
when
little borax.
a
With
Cobalt
Solution.
of the assay, with
upon
the
when
cold.
the
assay. The
the coal in front
Moisten
"
solution,and blow
Avill be
coat
strong E. F.
a
bright yellow-green
InterferingElements.
Antimony.
Eemove
"
closed
sulphur in
with
Cadmium,
will not
Lead,
or
by strong 0. F., or by heating
tube.
Bismuth.
The
"
combined
coats
prevent the cobalt-solution test.
Tin.
The
"
dust
coats
the
by
0.
heated
in
F., may
an
open
coal
tube,with char-
yield white
sublimate
of
zinc.
IN
1.
2.
of
excess
H=S
4.
KOH
precipitant.
neutral
acetic acid
white ZnaFedNe,
percipitates
ble
insolu-
dilute solutions of HC1.
white
(NH*)sS precipitates
and
or
ZnS.
K^FeCsNa
in very
WAY.
(from
precipitates
solution)white
3.
WET
white Zn(OH)=,
hydroxidesprecipitate
Alkali
soluble in
THE
ZnS, insoluble in
HC.H.O".
Confirm. By blowpipe test.
"
Fureman's
"Manual
Tests," School
Practical
Prof. Moses
Assaying."
Mines Quarterly, vol. xi, no. 1.
of
of
on
"Useful
PART
III.
MINERALOGY.
DETERMINATIVE
Determination
The
Minerals
of
With
determination
is
with
which
in
the
should
man
in
their
physical
of
a
more
there
nature
majority
make
To
"
hand
off-
an
minerals
common
and
minerals
are
characteristics
order
in
met
it is
and
art
an
mining
as
it will
differences
marked
of sufficient
prominence,
species from
any
other
nearly
to
require
to
at
even
the
in
that
on
discerned
be
may
distinguish
once
which
to
found,
be
tical
iden-
so
distinguish them,
to
however,
cases,
examination,
one
Minerals.
expert.
analysis
and
Tables.
of
intelligentprospector, miner,
chemical
close
the
Physical Properties
Their
easily acquired;
become
While
in
of
attainment
an
Aid
the
Physical Properties of
by
it may
any
first bear
at
striking resemblance.
differ.
Minerals
blowpipe
Color.
and
"
(B. B.).
(4)
(2)
Hardness
cleavage.
(Crys. Syst).
they
in the
taken
for
in
the
These
described
Streak.
with
the
determination
Lustre.
the
(3)
Fracture
(8) Crystalline system
*below
afford
before
(6)
in
Tables
all
the
of
necessary
some
cific
Spe-
characteristics
order
in
which
minerals
(Page
data
(when
blowpipe tests,
of
In
(10)
distinguishing
Analytical
tables
connection
accurate
in
(9) Fusibility (Fusib.).
are
These
action
differ
They
(7) Tenacity.
of minerals
95).
their
(H.). (5)
Gravity (G-).
appear
In
(1)
three
page
46)
hundred
86
of
Properties
and
mineral
forty-five
student
make
may
science of
species.In
In
With
should
student
of the
use
blowpipe tests given on
on
for his
recommended
the scales of
to 81.
"We will
cimens
spe-
he should
The
blowpipe
are
especially
ing
specimensillustrat-
lustre,color,hardness,fusibility,
tallization,
crys-
etc.,(as described below
178), should by
178
page
Mineral
use.
more
or
to this end
and
46
page
page
familiarize himself
54
pages
see
possible(or all)of the
as
many
cure
se-
minerals,
which
For
(
next
and
blowpipe,
reproduceor verifyas
outfits described
labeled.
fered
of-
should
of well selected
collection of 100
working
a
the
the
study of the
the first place he
and
determined
accurately
182).
in the
are
mineralogy,the following
suggestions
good working collection
a
order that the young
rapidprogress
for his benefit:
with
Minerals.
all
form
means
proceedwith
now
of these
tables with
the
after
we
properties,
which
with the
degreeof
of these
properties.
the
fullydescribing
will arrange
of the mineral
names
page
of the physdescription
ical
propertiesof minerals, and
the nature
given on
part of his outfit.
a
a
and
them
in
ance
speciesin accord-
respective
speciespartake
PKOPERTY.
FIEST
COMPOSITION.
differ in
Minerals
and
in
extreme
cases
be
analysis must
them.
54)
will in
the
chemical
all
The
generalbe
be borne in mind
or
more
composition,
cal
quantitativechemi-
resorted
in
to
order
tinguish
dis-
to
qualitative
blowpipe tests (page
found
fullysufficient
mineral
near
to indicate
enough
of identification. It should
that minerals
while
composition,
chemical
even
compositionof
practical
purposes
of two
their
minerals.
here
of definite chemical
are
ores, like rocks
for
(page 149), may
In
sist
con-
testinga mineral,
should
the singlemineral
therefore,
their
forming
stated in all
compositionare
ture
mix-
a
be misleading.
the mineral
tables,those elements
the
given in
not
speciesare
taken,not
analysisof
complete chemical
the
Where
be
analysiswould
the
mineral, otherwise
of
87
Minerals.
of
Properties
cases.
PROPERTY.
SECOND
LUSTRE.
The
of
lustre
minerals
by
property possessed
surface.
The
of lustre
kinds
(a)
Metallic.
(")
Vitreous.
(c) Resinous.
The
lustre of broken
The
lustre of the
Like
"
"
"
(g)
glass.
yellow resins.
with
if smeared
as
oil.
silk,a fibrous structure.
Like
Adamantine.
lustre of metals.
talc,etc.
pearl,
(e) Greasy. Looking
(f) Silky.
their
:
usual
"
(d) Pearly.
are
The
"
that
on
reflect lightfrom
to
some
depends
lustre of the diamond.
The
"
(h) Splendent. Reflectinglight with great
"
and
(i) Shining.
"
(;')Dull.
Minerals
viewed
when
seen;
The
images.
image producedis
total absence
A
"
of
transparentwhen
are
through them
objectsare
translucent
not
defined
givingwell
lightfaintly,and
when
opaque
merely
when
AND
FOURTH
the
parent
indistinct;
are
no
the
mit
edges trans-
lightis
mitted
trans-
PROPERTIES.
AND
STREAK.
minerals
distinguishing
and
trans
(J. D. Dana.)
COLOR
color
the outlines of objects
sub
distinct;
at all.
In
fined.
well de-
light is transmitted,but objectsare
subtranslucent
THIRD
not
lustre,
earthy.
but their outlines
seen
when
are
liancy
bril-
color
of
a
both
surface
the
that
external
has
been
88
Properties
abraded
scratched
or
observed.
metallic
yellow,steel
The
The
and
the powder
colors
The
metallic
are
are
are
either
named
after
gray, lead gray, etc.
colors used
shades
various
of
erals
mincharacterizing
in
white, gray, black, blue,
yellow,red and brown.
green,
FIFTH
PROPERTY
(WRITTEN H).
HARDNESS
To
a
file
or
metal, as copper red, bronze yellow,brass
unmetallic
are
knife
a
Powder.
unmetallic.
familiar
some
with
the Streak
or
Minerals.
latter is called the Streak
The
abraded
of
mineral, it
the
across
the
ascertain
only
specimen
with
one
is
have
followingminerals
in hardness
the
diamond,
from
hardest
called the scale
been
of
of
file
a
of
ing
scratch-
comparison the
selected,
ually
increasinggrad-
talc,which
substance
of hardness,is
Talc=l, Rock
trials
make
standards
As
draw
to
necessary
to
or
another.
hardness
comparative
is very
known.
soft,to
This
the
table,
follows:
as
salt=2, Calcite=:3,Flourite=4, Apatite^,
Orthoclase=6, Quartz=7, Topaz=8, Sapphire
=9, Diamond=10.
SIXTH
PROPERTY.
FRACTURE
If
separates
direction
often
mineral
a
breaks
or
in
as
result.
conchoidal.
AND
has
This
Fracture
kind
or
curved
fracture
is said to be
splinterywhen
needles.
of
in
readily
as
are
cleavage
poor
another, smooth,
jagged,irregularsurface
results and
a
almost
rough,irregularsurfaces
a
CLEAVAGE.
uneven
if
and
one
surfaces
is
on
called
ing
break-
exhibited,
hackly when
like that of broken
cast iron
the mineral
in
breaks
ters
splin-
Properties
Cleavage is
that
break
Minerals.
of
property possessedby
most
in certain directions.
The
to
part
of
cleavageis always parallelto
or
which
geometricalfigureto
and
the
I, or isometric
cubic,octahedral
and
equal in
belongsto
and
crystalization,
In the
as
not
is
If the
at
the
E,
or
crystal.Cleavage is
called
in
direction
the vertical
III, IV,
V
or
is in two
it is called
means
directions
that the
and
age
cleav-
vertical axis
pinacoidalwhen
it is
pinacoidsof
the sides of
to
parallel
general,the
in
cleavageis
crystalof
Determinative
Brush
rhombohedral.
the
age
systems. In the II system, if the cleav-
or
prismatic,
sides of the
one
form
basal expresses
term
the
cleavageis
rhombic
taking place at rightangles to the
to
parallel
agonal
hex-
or
rightanglesto
of the
one
sume,
as-
prism, and prismatic
designatedas
remaining systems the
VI,
to be basal when
sides.
but
directions,
another,the mineral
to
crystalline
system.
the base of the
parallelto the
three
tends
In the
system the cleavageis said
when
tion
direc-
system cleavageis generally
dodechedral.
cleavageis parallelto
erals
min-
the faces of the
mineral
indicate its
generallywill
In the
of
89
easiest
which
term
parallelto
the mineral
Mineralogy and
Penfield,
Pages
155
SEVENTH
prism
a
prismatic
the
long
partakes.(See
Blowpipe Analysisby
to
225.)
PROPERTY.
TENACITY.
The
followingterms
characteristics possessedby
in the columns
used
are
some
in
denotingthose
minerals,such
of the tables under
the
as
pear
ap-
headingsof
Tenacity:
(a)
when
Brittle.
"
When
parts of the mineral
to cut it.
a
mineral
breaks
easily,or
separatesin powder
on
tempting
at-
90
Malleable.
(b)
Minerals.
of
Properties
When
"
slices may
these slices will flatten out under
(c)
a
Sectile.
When
"
knife.
Flexible.
bent after the
Elastic.
(e)
back
to its
minerals
When
"
minerals
after
When
the
of
I.
axes
are
II.
bases,in
being bent
it will
spring
SYSTEM.
these
and
under
occur
geometricalforms,
crystalbelongs is
of the
main
re-
is removed.
are
crystallization
minerals, and
symmetry,
one
of
systems
number
and
PROPERTY.
CRYSTALLINE
among
will bend
originalposition.
EIGHTH
Six
be cut off with
sectile.
are
bending force
"
off,and
the hammer.
thin slices may
All malleable
(d)
be cut
but
indicated
in any
the
indefinite
an
which
system to
its mathematical
by
will be found
case
recognizable
belong to
to
followingsix fundamental systems :
isometric,
cube, in which
the
or
the three
and equal.
rectangularin intersection,
tetragonal,
the
or
which
the three
the two
lateral
axes
rightprism
are
with
square
rectangularin
section;
inter-
equal,and unequal to
axes
the
vertical.
III.
orthorhombic,
the
prism, includingalso
rhombic
in
bases,in
the
or
which
right rectangular
right prism
the three
axes
with
are
equilateral
rectangular
and unequal.
intersection,
IV.
monoclinic,
or
bases,in which
out
there
of the three made
and the three
V.
the
axes
triclinic,
bases,in which
obliqueprism
are
by
only one
the
with
angular
rect-
clination
obliquein-
intersecting
axes,
unequal.
are
the
or
all the
axes
another,and unequal.
obliqueprism
are
with
rhombic
obliquelyinclined
to
one
Properties
92
Now
fillto the brim
of
amount
in the
few
weight added
B.
C.
weight,
=
the
equal to
and
the third
to the
the
again;
weight of
Now
A.
is
the
water
out
pour
coarselypowdered
the
again to
"*"
weight of
a
by
B
"
the
=
the
bottle
empty
filledto the brim
to the other end
with
the
note
(A
=
B),
"
second,is equal
the
(C
B)
"
;
therefore,
specific
gravitysought. An
will best illustrate this:
example
eral
min-
the second
by
poured out,
water
weight diminished
(A
brim, and
first weight diminished
weight of the mineral, =
B)
"
add
Next
The
the
equal to
(C
is
balance
drops of water, and weigh again,noting the weight
until the water
is
and
water
bottle;note this weight,=
before,=
as
with
Minerals.
of
Suppose, after
the scales
on
then
described,
as
water, it is found
of the scales 22.523
ancing
bal-
that
adding
on
the scales
gms.
are
balanced.
Then
weight
Wt.
in bottle
of water
of water
after
pouring
Therefore, the weight
out
=25.523
a
of water
few
gms=A
drops=20.529
poured
=B
"
A
1.964
"
with
to the brim
filling
ore, weight=28.808
of
Subtract
water
after
weight
pouring
=20.558
out a few drops, or
"
=C
"
=B
out=
After
Then
the
weight
Now
of
ore
in flask
since the wt.
of its equalvolume
of the
ore, we
+
[ (C" B)
"
=
(5.249)divided by
of ore
of water (1.964)is
have:
5.249
=
=
5.249
*
1.964
the
(A" B) ].Therefore,2.672
B
C"
the wt.
specific
ity
grav2.672
=
B
"
is the
G.
=
=
specific
gravitysought.
Another
to
is
of determiningspecific
gravities
suspend the. lump
weighing
mineral
"*"
C
=
of mineral
first in the air.
is then
This
A
method
=
This
wt.
a
the
B, and
(A
"
B)
silk
thread;
is called A.
suspended and weighed
wt. is called
G,
from
emersed
The
in
ter.
wa-
is called C. Then
gravitysought.
specific
Introduction
to
TO
INTRODUCTION
tables
lowing
in the fol-
they appear
as
the most
grouped accordingto
are
BLES
TA-
MINERALS.
of minerals
names
93
ANYLATICAL
THE
OF
The
Tables.
nent
promi-
metal, or element, enteringinto their composition.
Brief
are
of
descriptions
of
typicalspecimens and
followingorder
of the
each mineral
they are
the tables
the
names
column, their chemical
minerals; in the second
formula?
analyses);
or
in
third,lustre,etc.
Determination
this test the
and
ascertain
the Tables.
of MineralsBy
specimen to
of the group
be determined
to which
it
belongs (i.e.,
carefully,
very
physicalproperties
; form
its
slipof
a
the
paper
do
To
"
idea
some
whether
a
and
mineral, silver mineral, copper mineral, etc.),
on
the
arranged in
is found
In the firstcolumn
:
composition(deduced from
the
given in
as
lead
note
following: First,the Group;
ness
second,note its Lustre; third,its Color; fourth,Hard-
(H)
its
Fratcture
breaking)
Cleavage; seventh,
and
its
Tenacity; eighth,
with
examine
recognizable,
note
its
its
a
one
end
held
forcepsand the
of the
if
(when
note
not
note
otherwise
magnifying glass,and
Crystalline
System (Crys.Syst.); ninth, note
Fusibilityby holding a
with
and
sixth, break
fifth, Streak;
;
blowpipe;
rounded
and
small
between
other in the
note
by
the
which
splinterof
the
the
num
plati-
reducingflame (R. F.)
degreeby
the
pointsof
the mineral
which
its
come
edges be-
is consumed,
splinter
or
introduction
94
affected
not
become
may
all,
at
and
tenth,
Specific
order
in
necessary
Tables.
to
Gravity
render
to
this
(0);
the
son
compari-
decisive.
formed
Having
of
physical
the
of
slip
search
with
compare
If
the
evidence
the
identify
mineral
the
specimen.
found
in
specimen,
appearing
written
which
the
it
call
in
the
the
by
first
table
left
tests;
summary
mineral
will
which
the
and
Tables,
nearest
sufficient
is
given
name
hand
is
to
that
to
opposite
column
description.
All
settled
of
questions
determination
by
of
means
method
pages
of
the
foregoing
the
description
a
the
the
which
to
group
to
to
groups
for
that
turn
containing
those
belong)
to
the
completed
paper
(under
thought
its
and
belongs,
of
and
properties,
specimen
take
idea
some
54-81.)
of
mineral
of
chemical
the
doubt
from
arising
by
species
blowpipe,
analysis.
or
*
the
by
( See
approximate
tables
some
should
other
Qualitative
be
ble
relia-
Tests,
Tables
(Analytical
of cMinerals
I
DIVISION
MINERALS
The
two
or
the
In
the
for
are
the
kind
estimate
case.
to
described.
of
its
value
minerals
more
less
or
in
more
pure
im-
tion
composi-
able
present
is
made
erals
min-
common
in
occurring
Being
minerals
The
of
crystallization.
the
(when
a
mixture
a
variable
are
division
of
one.
in
occur
imperfect
ores
of
single
a
they
following
quantities),
of
ORE
consist
may
or
hence
due
result
valuable
recognize
mines
generally
ores
and
state,
a
the
minerals,
more
"
of
ores
forming
FORMING
to
in
an
workable
identify
ore,
possible
an
in
or
proximate
apany
96
Gold.
Silver.
97
98
Silver.
100
Copper.
-
Copper.
101
102
Copper.
Copper
"
Lead.
103
104
Lead.
Lead.
105
106
Lead.
,
1
108
Zinc"
O
Cobalt
and
Nickel.
OS
ecec
""C5
on
coco
"p
to
t" W
o
"
HO
o
d"
2a-
Ul
o"
Z
WW
"-
'o
Z
H
"
U
-5
W
J
EmO
u
o
t.'O
P
MO
fa
dT3
fad
P-J3
"
.a
Si
a
a
fad
faO
o
o
(0
-J
"
"
is
"32
QS
".fi
tt.fi
III
SR
cc?:
a
"-
o
*
"
z
IS
g
g-B
.3
N
"33
8
d
fas
9
H
n
"
.
si? 5
S ft
ft
gftd
"
."
ftee
-
t.
lO
Ifl OS
3
S
SB
O
M
f-
DO
DO
5
Oh "
"
e
S
"
E*
o
o
o
w
.S-2
"
OS
d
c
a)
*
odd
d O
5"
.OJ?
o)
o
Oaa
a
d
Szco
OS5-*!
"d^
-2"
Cobalt
and
Nickel.
109
110
Mercury.
Iron.
111
112
Iron.
Manganese.
113
114
Cadmium,
Tin
and
Titanium.
116
Rare
Elements.
Rare
Elements
"
Aluminium.
117
118
Aluminium.
Aluminium.
119
120
Magnesium
"
Calcium.
Calcium.
121
122
Barium,
Strontium,
Etc.
124
Acid
Minerals.
Acid
Minerals.
125
126
Hydrocarbons
"
Coal.
1
I
Coal.
127
t
Tables of
c/lnatytical
DIVISION
MINERALS
n
FORMING
Silica, and
the
Streak, White
terrane's
kind
the
rocks, and
of
minerals
various
distinguished
from
forming them;
it
to
identify
these
classification
In
the
of
when
are
"ores/'
are
rocks
with
in
other
by
here
kind
minerals
order
in
in
the silicon
described; these
workable
are
minerals
we
the
be
able
proper
of
under
include
commercial
minerals,
also
many
value,
quantities they might
minerals
minerals
included
to make
of
formations.
rock
are
of
that
ferent
dif-
out
Rocks
nature.
the
of
out
made
are
is,therefore, necessary
The
important
they
is made
crust
possessing considerable
occurring
termed
Gray
or
these
met
each
Silicates
following division only
formings rocks,
varieties
earth's
or
ROCKS
Unmetallic
Lustre,
The
cMinerals
of calcium
the
rock
Division
and
forming
I, with
and
be
aluminum
kind,
the
ores.
but
Silica
"
a
"a
3
a
2
"
*
3
129
Quartz.
or
s
"
""
"5
s
-"
.
"*
""
S 2
S
"
o
(DO
"
M
JS
N
"
"5
x"
-
c*"
r-
r"
f-
"
?
-"
^3
b
"
7! 3
a
"
O
03
o
Q
"
M
O
a
0"
O
J"
C"
tr-
t-
t"
t~
3
tr"rr"r"t*-t"t"
t"t"C-"
as o
a ""
cs o
"o
"I
"
-a
-22
'""*
O
o
"
"
"*""
*;
(0
o
ft.
g1
kJ
-*
5
.2
"
"
f
"
M
S
O
J
m
'Sort
"S
"^
p-
"t, n
Sis
6n
i-
m
8
C
-
"
d
"
"
"
o
"* 2
.
*
1
4"
-g
S3
"
O"
""
"fl
B
t
3
o
_"
"5
"
5
"
c
.2;
5
|
co
b
tu
I
"J
"")".""
"*
_
"
"
a
B
03
~
*
O
"J
'
"-)
-O
u
"
so
J3
"u
"
M
X!
130
Silica
or
Quartz.
132
Bisilicates.
I
Unsilicates.
133
134
Unsilicates.
Scapolite
J,
ION
CO
135
Group.
00
T I
a
2 2
co
1
-
.
SOi.
B
fc
ft
fed
6*0
Q.
3
O
a
o
u
H
J
"-2"
O
Q.
.Q'C
"
-8-9*22
O
"""*)"
5 "
m
$2
Kj2
ra
o
a
CD
W
to
o
CO
O
3
S
CO
"h2
*5j"H-W
00
CD
5?
"
o
^ ","-' O
/
0)
^H,
X)l
55
O
CS-3S
o
o
"S3
wfi "
"
5
ft
rtatfl".*2"
:-9*
aiJ
"
S*
a
a
1
"
E
ftfto"
136
Feldspar Group.
Mica
Group.
137
138
Subsilicates.
140
Hydrous
Subsilicates.
Hydrous
Subsilicates.
141
142
Hydrous
Silicates.
Hydrous
Silicates.
143
144
Hydrous
Silicates.
Hydrous
Dana's
Brush
of Mineralogy."
"System
" Penfield's "Determinative
Silicates.
Mineralogy and
145
Blowpipe
Analysis
r
PART
IV.
EOCKS.
NAMING
EXPLANATION
Rocks
they
mineral
are
mechanical
of two
union
and
rocks
their
For
accordance
in
and
appearance
example
it contains
it is
the
much
lime
An
rock
rock
aqueous
like
physical
various
applied
are
features, by which
broadly expressed.
are
is said
to
be
ceous;
arena-
argillaceous;when
is called
it is called
or
Bocks,
terms
sandy,
is
calcareous;
which
one
much
or
has
from
resulted
precipitationof sediment.
mechanical
or
chemical
silicious.
sedimentary
chemical
structure
clayey it
silica,it is termed
A
and
these
rock, when
A
:
when
or
forms
with
the
minerals.
more
characteristics, certain
chemical
to
or
by
words
other
in
or
formed
different
minerals, exhibit
TERMS
aggregates,
substances
inorganic
are
OF
has
formed
been
by
the
action
of
water.
An
either
is
which
one
has
its
in
origin
fire,
directlyor indirectly.
A
stratifiedrock
which
the
layers and
such
in
one
in
of
lines
posit
de-
layers point
origin.
aqueous
An
is
clearly marked
are
to
rock
igneous
unstratifiedrock,
lines, and
with
one
or
two
on
the
contrary, has
exceptions
such
rocks
such
no
are
of
igneous origin.
Metamorphic
has
been
The
term
formerly
induced
rocks
due
are
of
sedimentary
in which
some
crystallizationafter
to
metamorphic
those
is
or
generally
aqueous
restricted
origin.
change
deposit.
to
rock
Rocks.
Naming
150
is a
Crystalline
of rocks.
to be
eye
rocks which
Many
compact
to the unaided
appear
massive, under
or
the
microscope
structure.
complete crystalline
often exhibit
Glassy,or vitreous,are
glasswhich
presence of
ture
express the struc-
employedto
term
used
terms
the
to express
in the bases of most
occurs
all
igneousrocks.
is the
Porphyritic
in which
out
rock;
of
consist
crystals
vesicles have
ground
of the
mass
feldspar.
Amygdaloidalrocks
shaped
ture
struc-
when
especially
porphyritic
is said to be
rock
a
these
the
crystallized
apart from
and
a
themselves
have separated
crystals
few
a
denote
employedto
term
filled up
been
the almond-
those in which
are
by
other
minerals
brought in, probably by percolatingwater, such
are
"zeolites."
termed
Vesicular
erals
min-
rocks
those
are
containingsphericalcav-
aties.
Fluidal
is
; it is
streaky
appearance
the movement
of
Schistose
rocks
in
common
in
particles
is the
has been induced
appliedto
term
a
a
in rocks
layersof
a
the structure
of
called
a
fish.
"
of
When
marks
which
structure
The
by metamorphism.
ture
struc-
lines
irregular
Oolitic is the
a
rock which
the
grains are
term
used
is like the
to
plain
ex-
compact
large the
rock
is
"pisolitic."
UNSTRATIFIED,
Granite
"
METAMORPHIC
AND
ERUPTIVE
ROCKS.
Composition,
quartz,orthoclase
metamorphic and eruptive. The
of
or
the different minerals.
Oolitic-Pisolitic
roe
wavy
rock.
molten
once
consists in the arrangement in wavy,
and
a
and
rhyolyte,
given to
name
of
graniteagrees
very
chemical
nearly with
that of
and
mica,
composition
some
sand-
stones
and
doubt
that
strata
clays,and
there
portionswhich
"
and
heat,movement
intrusive veins
small
boss up
many
miles.
solid crust
have
to
in
varyingcircumstances,it has
Granite
rocks it fissures
is
it
overlies;
or
all
crystals
varying from
inches
pressure;
Syenyte Granite
A hard
"
of the
mineral
tallized.
crysthe
passes
crystals
to
into
spar
feld-
gneissby
a
schistose
arranged
having
layers.
greenishto grayishcolor,the
presence
flakes up
Silica 70"72
2.5"2.8.
=
than
younger
the
visiblycrystalline,
minerals
less in
or
and
easilyrecognizedand
minute
component
more
G.
is
earth's
der
which, un-
a graniteof
gneissis virtually
structure,the
themselves
extendingfor
through the
or
length. Granite
in
the
a
consolidated
always newer
widely known; they are
many
varying from
from
pasty,moist condition,
a
intense
as
range
up
the
either
occur
masses,
forced
It has been
to
reason
portionsof
Granites
pressure.
no
subjectedto
largemountain
a
be
altered
been
in hills and
or
to
seems
merely
granitesare
151
Rocks.
Naming
p.
c.
compact granite of
color
a
resultingfrom
hornblende,which
dark
the
places
partly re-
the micas.
Protogineis a
softish
stains of chlorite and
granitecontainingpale green
blotches of talc.
It is
gneiss-like
in structure.
Luxulianyteis
which
the mica
cate of alumina
is
in considerable
softish
flesh-colored
partlyreplacedby
and
Granityteis
a
the
granite in
impure
subsili-
tourmaline.
hard granite containingbiotite mica
a
quantities.
Granulyteis
in which
a
granite,often soft and
the quartz is very
scarce
composed,
easilydeor
entirely
152
Naming
G.
absent.
no
Silica 70"80
2.6"2.7.
=
Rocks.
p.
mica.
is
Greisen
feldspar. It
a
foliated soft
a
schistose micaceous
is
Granite-porphyryis
influence
some
not
remains
in
a
from
the
of
mass
chlorite.
or
above,with
as
it is a hard, compact rock of various
chlorite,
to brown.
colors,generallygray
"
and
many-coloredrock,from
A
Felsyte
to brown
felsite,which
Composition,felsite,
quartz,
"
or
no
quartz rock.
Quartz-porphyryCompositionsame
mica
little or
granite in which, through
a
pasty magma,
mica
feldspar,
granitewith
understood, large,isolated crystals
separate themselves
no
It contains
c.
red ; compact and
gray
very hard. It is
to bluish
a
rapidly
granitepaste,containingcrystalsof quarts and
cooled
feldspar.
Pitchstone
small
A
"
crystalsof glassyfeldspar,and
of
which
sanidin,quartz and mica.
has cooled
glass in
of many
Ehyolytes are
a
rough
fracture.
lines of structure
obsidian.
quartz,which
a
glassyfeldsite
quartz crystalsand
base, and
arrangement in lines
colored
It is
or
They
a
the
large amount
excess
the
aggregates or
of
of silica not
requiredto complete the feldsparcrystals.
a
ures,
text-
They frequently
mineral
contain
from
colors and
sionally
occa-
caused by
(fluidal),
layersof
has resulted
Pearlyte is
tals
crys-
"
breaking with
exhibit wavy
sometimes
of
quartz trachyte A compact feldsite
the
mica.
numbers
rapidly.
Rhyolyte, or
with
dark,glassyrock,with
rapidlycooled rhyolyte.
Obsidian
black, brown, red
A
"
glass,generallyor
Pumice-stone
It is
A
Syenyte
"
.ly related
like dark
of
volcanic
green
dark
some
bottle
volcanic
a
color,
glass.
foam,
and
metamorphic
speak.
to
so
eruptiverock
It consists of
granite.
to
or
light,
spongy, grayishrock,which
A
"
water.
on
always
most
lookingand breaking
floats
153
Rocks.
Naming
close-
blende,
hornorthoclase,
mica, nepheline,angite,and
oligoclase,
It is
zircon.
generallya grayishand
the colors induced
rock, from
and
minerals, orthoclase
is
and
rare
G.=2.7"
Porphyryte
"
breaking with
A
an
volcanic
entirelyof feldsparwith
by
various
p.
te, much
the
would
to be
appear
A
Trachyte
"
with
an
viscous
lava-stream.
which
forms
was
much
blende-porphyry
mica; horn-
etc.
are
often
It is the volcanic
poured out
originally
Sanidin
is
age, and
present. It is an
tle,
brit-
tive
representaas
a
thick,
always well represented,
in
glassycrystals
and crysolite.
G-.=
oligoclase
p.
Porphyryte
hard, but
colors,
the base.
hornblende,augite,apatite,
magnetite
ite
tain
cer-
lava.
imperfectlycrystallized
rough fracture.
syenyte. It
It is known
carboniferous
rock of various
of
almost
development of
hornblende,
largelyoutpouredduring the
was
c.
It is formed
Mica-porphyrytehas
minerals.
syenyte
dykes.
magnetite.
some
accordingto
names,
typical
rock, close-grainedand
fracture.
even
Zircon
intrusive
Silica 58"63
2.9.
flesh-colored
its chief
by
hornblende.
chieflyin
occurs
in it
times
some-
orthoclase
2.6
"
2.7.
The
and
erals
mintitan-
rock,with also
Silica 60
"
64
c.
Minette
"
A
volcanic
rock
of biotite,
orconsisting
thoclase,nephelineand
felsitic rock
It
Rocks.
Naming
154
in which
sodalite.
biotite is
in dykesand
chiefly
occurs
Silica 50"65
It is
p.
dark-colored
a
abundant
an
mineral.
intrusive veins.
c.
Phonolyte-Clinkstone A hard,compact rock,which
"
ringsunder
the hammer.
It turns
minerals
and
white
It is
largeand
and
admit
(sanidin),nepheline,hornblende
and often
nepheline-trachyte,
a
well-defined
often occur,
very
in the
Colo.,is
CrippleCreek District,
a
Both
"
a
rock,rich
a
3.
slaty.
with
plagioclase
Its texture
varies from
often porphyritic.Called
fine-grained,
G =2.66"
of this
locality
less
or
The
blende.
horn-
tough grayish to greenish-white
very
in silica.
their presence
metamorphic and eruptive
rock, consistingof quartz and
It is
idin
san-
of the rock.
noted
rock,where,in structure,it is more
Both
mass.
clear,and
approximate indentification
Quartz-dioryte
tains
con-
lites
of amphibole. Zeocrystals
cavities
filling
nephelineshow
of
It consists of the
by weathering.
orthoclase
titanite.
ish.
to brownGray,grayish-blue,
Silica 50"64
Quartz-porphyryAn
"
p.
also
coarse
to
greenstone.
c.
eruptivegrayishto greenish
of minutelycrystalline
rock,consisting
paste of quartz,
oligoclase,
hornblende,with largecrystalsof
and
titanite.
been
It
in
occurs
largemasses,
ejectedthrough fissures. It
is
the same,
having probably
tough
and
coarse
in
fracture.
(quartz-andesyte)An
Dacyte
"
grayish-greenrock, compact
of
but
not
eruptive, dull,
hard, and
consists
of oligohornblende,quartz,small crystals
clase,
feldspar,
sanidin
Silica 65
rocks.
and
"
magnetite.
70 p.
c.
Often
graduatesinto
orthoclase
A
Doleryte
"
Its color
always dark, from
is
consists of
G.=2.75"
aphanticin
Basalt
3.1.
olivine
hard
Diabase
An
"
to
a
of
assumes
It is
a
the
No
constituent.
Silica 53
"
p.
A
ejectedfrom
in lava-flows.
Tufa
A
"
"
A
can
tinguished
generallybe dis-
light-greenpatches of
decompositionof
the olivine
base.
about
formed
out
volcanoes.
Some
similar
fragments smaller.
Mica-schist
it
of
Alumina,
rock
forms.
ine
labradorite,
augite,oliv-
which
the
glassin
c.
is
dark, compact rock,resembling
presence
chlorite,arisingfrom
country. Basalt
basalt.
doleryteor crystalline
doleryteand basalt,from
by
occurring in
columnar
many
and
eruptive
common
and
vents, fissures,
ancient
chlorite.
very
bottle
shades
of various
It is
of the minerals
composed
the
and
coveringlarge areas
often vesicular and
(Dana).
Granitoid
c.
p.
in the base like green
occurs
gray to black.
sheets
Breccia
magnetite and apatite.
Silica 50"55
is very
volcanic
rock, filling
and
ine,
labradorite,
augite,oliv-
augite,with olivine,magnetite and
and
The
colors,from
It is
crystalline
mixture
compact, minutely crystalline
A
"
glass. Basalt
vast
a
to
texture.
of labradorite
titanite.
It is
the minerals
oftens contains
bluish
grayish and
brownish-black.
varietyof basalt,and
and
hard, crystalline
eruptiverock.
very
greenish-blackand
with
Rocks.
Naming
156
20
of the
It is of
are
rock
p.
of
angular fragments
rence
frequentoccur-
sedimentary origin
of like
and
It is
c.
a
origin,but
fine sand
merate.
conglo-
foliated arrangement of quartz and
mica; probably a schistose greisen-granite,
or
dioryte.
The
mica
probably derived
from
the
decompositionof
the
feldspar. It
generallyassociated
is
of
containing
arrangement of quartz and chlorite,
foliated
a
also
in color and
ing
metamorphic rock,consist-
Another
"
magnititeand
has
a
This
mica.
feel.
greasy
It is
greenish
generallyassociated
foliated
A
"
dark-greenishin color,and
amphibole or
layers. It
touch, and
is
schistose structure
a
in color,very
light-green
isolated beds.
only in
occurs
Hydromica-schist Commonly
"
It is a choritic-mica
"
talc, often
white.
and
"
mottled
a
A
to the
It is
a
A
ose,
highlycompressed,schist-
with
a
knife.Metamorphic.
touch
and
green
easilyscratched
decompositionof
silicate of magnesia contained
having
become
hydrated (i.e.,
tered
wa-
moistened). Metamorphic.
or
STRATIFIED,
Silt
called talcose-schist.
result of the
the
schists,
olivine-bearing
in the olivine rock
Metamorphic.
yellow,greenish-yellow,or
rock,greasy
knife.
to the
impure; color, grayish-green,
Easily cuts
Serpentine
greasy
schist with water.
Soapstoneor Steatyte
massive
of
arrangement of quartzand talc
An
"
It is
hornblende.
massive
Talcose-schist
is
of
arrangement
with orthoclase.
quartzand hornblende,sometimes
with
rock is
gneiss.
Hornblende-Schist
gray
archaen
.
Chlorite-schist
in
with
(metamorphic)
rocks
with
157
Rocks.
Naming
"
in hollow
SEDIMENTARY,
A fine sediment
which
AQUEOUS
by running
"
Alluvium
streams
ROCKS.
gathersin quietwaters,
placesof rivers,lakes,estuaries
Alluvium, Silt, Till
made
OR
or
and
is the
seas.
posit
earthy de-
durlakes,especially
Rocks.
Naming
158
of flood.
ing times
Silt is the
it forms
bays and harbors,where
in
and
the
Till is the unstratified
shores.
stones, with
Called also
less
or
more
deposited
material
same
bottoms
muddy
sand, gravel and
clay,depositedby glaciers.
drift.
unstratified
Detritus is
appliedto earth, sand,
general term
a
alluvium, silt,
gravel,because the material is derived,to
a
from
great extent,
the
mutual
agencies,
methods
other
"
decay of
colored
When
Marl
lime and
of various
A
"
red
general term
when
and
chiefly,
Mudstone
gray,
used
lime
"
A
for all
color,from
a
nodules
into
"
A
red
of limestone.
It does not
clay.
consolidated
clay which
into
splits
thin
cessations
and
indicates various
silt in the beds
Slate
and
liver-brown
as
ably deposited
contains
They
conchoidal fracture.
originaldeposition.Shale
often
called
marls.
directions of the
seas.
of
laminae.
parallellaminae,which
and
the
compounds
lime
Massive, consolidated
splitinto layersor
Shale
brown, etc.,from
is in excess,
often contains
"
ing
contain-
claypredominatesthey are
of various
are
is the result of the
white,but generally
is is
compact rocks,breakingwith
They
moist
impurities.
clay. When
clay marls;
running water, and
silicates,
always
quitepure
red, blue, green
presence
are
It
particles.
aluminious
various
water.
grating
disinte-
exceedinglyfine-grained,soft,
of minute
rock,formed
attrition in
through
(Dana).
An
Clay
of rocks
wear
It is of various
of
'
prob-
was
aries
rivers,lakes,estu-
colors and
shades, and
fossils.
hard, consolidated shale.
laminae,which
It
have, however, nothing
splitsoff
to
do
with
159
Rocks.
Naming
originalplanes of deposit,but
the
the
are
result
cleavage.Color,gray, blue,green, purple,and
black.
Roofing slate
very fine and
compact kind which
a
even
sheets.
A
slate in
Argillyte
"
which
flakes of the mica
present. The
the
is
cleavageplanes,a
Sandstone
Consolidated
"
relation to sand
the result of
result of
cementing
of various
are
colors.
containinglime
of
a
Is
Conglomerate
"
made
mass,
occur
in
layersalong
metamorphism.
It bears the
up in
same
gravel,and
to
Sandstones
the mineral
are
is
posed
com-
quartz. They
sandstone
to white
gray
is
less mica
action.
Calcareous
splitsinto
or
sand.
or whollyof
principally
somtimes
more
conglomeratedoes
as
of
is
variety
a
color.
gravel consolidated
part of rounded
into
a
pact
com-
pebblescemented
together.
Grit
older than
coarse,
varietyof sandstone
A
"
in the later formations.
short
and
strata
of time
space
It is
consolidation
after its
in the
common
angular grains of quartz,which
in
a
more
composed
point
to its
in stone
of
rangement
ar-
in
with-
separationfrom
its
parent rock.
Quartzyte
"
of
A
posed
compact, exceedinglyhard rock,com-
granular quartz.
and
it
"
Loess
A
"
a
metamorphic
stone,
sand-
in interstratified beds.
occurs
Flagstone
It is
A
or
sandy-slate,
a
slaty-sandstone.
sandy,light-colored
clay.
It is
dry and
compact.
Till
"
A
glacial-age
depositof boulders,clay,etc.
Fuller' s-earth
when
"
pulverized.
A
fine-grained
argillaceous
powder,
Rocks.
Naming
160
A powdery rock, formed
Tripoli-earth
of minute
"
frustules of diatom
Limestone
of various
which
carbonate
holding lime
Stalactites
upright,limestone.
thread
mere
and
to
up
diameter.
pure, formed
H."
G.=2.25
3.
2.75.
"
are
pendent,and stalagmites
are
may
solid
They
rock
from
precipitated
has been
They
a
is,when
It
in solution.
These
"
brownish
grayish,yellowishor
A
"
degreesof purity.
of calcium
water
plants.
size, from
result of
a
length
feet in
pillarmany
the
are
be of any
dripping limp
water.
Marble
A
"
metamorphism.
to
gray,
with
reddish
Of
colors,from
various
and
other
mica, tremolite,pyroxene,
tints.
by springsissuingfrom
sediment
from
precipitated
Hydraulic
clayand
has the
being calcined
limestone
"
yellowishrock.
When
other
and
effervesce so
it makes
veins
mass.
of
46
compact, but
forms.
concretionary
does not
iron
after
an
A
dirtygrayish
pure, it consists of 54 per cent
magnesium-carbonate and
It is
water
burnt.
Dolomyte (magnesium limestone)
or
it
portionof
small
a
property of hardeningunder
or
and
limestone
their waters.
Contains
"
posit,
de-
lime-carbonate
"
a
Dolomite
Calcite,
"
Marble.
Calcareous-tufa
{travertine)A
is
to
scapolite,
pyrite,serpentine,
Calcite-Dolomite
formed
white
Impurities are
chlorite,
spinel,
graphite,etc. Varieties
and
due
limestone,
crystalline
granular or
per
cent,
often
bonate.
car-
globularor
assumes
It is harder
freelyin
of calcium
than
acids.
limestone
When
morphosed
meta-
ing
showimpure marble, frequently
oxide
running through
the
ground
dykes,
and
It
formations.
to
of
is
and
blue
gray,
white,
A
"
of
from
deposited
almost
hot
rock
A
crinoids,
has
of
composed
shells,
been
springs.
mineral
"
blue
or
which
silica,
and
geysers
of
white
pure
light-pink
gray,
pure
Crinoidal-limesione
remains
older
black.
even
deposit
from
colors,
the
in
especially
more
various
Sinter
Siliceous
powdery
in
occurs
"
sheets
veins,
often
It
silica.
mineral
The
Quartz
16i
Rocks.
Naming
and
corals
careous
cal-
the
other
life.
marine
Chalk
soft,
A
"
of
crumbled
the
calcareous
white,
remains
of
formed
rock,
tirely
en-
and
f oraminifera
other
fossils.
marine
Coral
A
formed
rock
of
the
accumulated
remains
"
of
the
coral
insect.
Peat
dark-brown
A
It
vegetation.
The
rocks
of
foregoing
aimed
W.
of
Moore's
rock
its
"'Practical
as
the
assist
and
proper
Gnide
enable
to
name
for
compressed
marshy
fuel.
description
to
identification,
kind
C.
are
used
is
of
mass
"
of
young
him
wherever
Prospectors,
the
miner
to
common
more
in
assign
met
Explorers
his
work
each
to
with
in
and
Miners."
ture.
na-
162
OF
GLOSSARY
A
Adit.
horizontal
A
drain
opening or
to
TERMS.
Spanish.
drift
other
or
rock
Alligator.
A
Alluvium.
The
as
level
no
cept
ex-
Latin.
shareholder.
A
Adventurer.
used
passage
mine; appliedto
a
the surface.
opening on
one
MINING
ditch.
A
Acequia.
an
Terms.
Mining
breaker
sediment
operatingby jaws.
of streams
and
floods.
Latin.
Amalgam.
with
The
top of
The
Arastra.
trituration
of
silver
quick-
a
vein. Latin.
circular mill for
A
between
stones
grinding quartz by
attached
looselyto
cross
Sp.
arms.
Arch.
part of the gangue
A
Argentiferous.
Ascension
Theory.
A
Assay.
left
standingfor
port.
sup-
Silver-bearing.Lat.
fissures to matter
mass
combination
silver.
gold or
Apex.
mechanical
from
of
referingthe filling
That
below.
Von
test of the mineral
Cotta.
contained
in
larger
a
by extractingand weighing the productof
a
ple.
sam-
'
Assessment
to hold
Attle.
a
Bal.
A
Bank.
of
a
drift,stope or
quired
re-
the bucket.
other
ing.
work-
Corn.
surface at the
Banksman.
handles
($100)
Cornish.
rock.
roof
mine.
The
labor
Gold-bearing. Lat.
Auriferous.
The
annual
location.
Waste
Back.
The
Work.
The
man
Corn.
mouth.
pit's
at
the
shaft
(2) Dump.
mouth
who
Terms.
Mining
164
arsenic; variable
and
color, hardness
in
and
specific
gravity.
Broaching.
Trimming
Buddling.
Uncoined
Cache.
A
Cage.
The
An
Canon.
the sides
when
Cap.
a
A
to hold the bucket
of zinc.
ore
are
the gangue
Carbonates.
A
have
becomes
The
so
as
to leave
space in the vein
barren.
of
combination
for
iron
A
pinch. (2)
Canon
Box
the walls contract
Soft carbonates
carbonates
LapisCalaminaris.
valley. Termed
perpendicular.Sp.
Space where
with bases.
car.
or
narrow
trace of the vein.
where
provisions
prospector's
a
hidden.
or
frame
Calamine.
silver.
gold or
placewhere
outfit is buried
or
by washing.
Separating ores
Bullion.
ing.
work-
straighteninga
or
have
lead for
base.
a
An
acid
carbonic
a
Hard
base.
of lead
ore
and
silver.
Cement.
into
Gold-bearinggravel united
compact
a
Chaffee
labor.
the
mass.
Work.
Jerome
Cheek.
of 1872
Chimney.
A
or
for
term
Territorial
was
annual
delegatewhen
passed.
was
side
The
Colorado
A
B. Chaffee
Mining Act
ened
hard-
and
wall of
vein.
a
body when found pipeshape,with generalperpendicularposition.
Chlorides.
ments.
Compounds of chlorine with other ele-
pocketor
ore
Chute,
(or Shoot.) A flume
French.
(2) A chimney of ore.
Cinnabar.
Sulphide of mercury.
Claim.
may
A
be located
location.
by
Clean-up.
which
has
a
The
settled in
The
amount
singleperson
or
for
of
slidingore.
ground which
association.
the gold
operationof collecting
the flume of a placer or in an
arastra.
Cleavage.
readilyin
certain
The
more
property of splitting
definite directions.
or
less
who
picksdump,
in
for ore
sight.
Ore sorting.
One
Coaster.
mines
Cobbing.
top of
The
Collar.
timbering of
165
Terms.
Mining
winze.
or
carried above the
shaft when
a
shaft
a
gleansin
or
doned
aban-
(2) The
surrounding
surface.
Color.
particleof gold
A
of
means
from
ore
dissimilar
the two
formations.
A
element; red; fusing point
Atomic
Cu.
Company.
A
Devon.
Country
The
rock
Eock.
between
strata
cific
weight 63.5. Spe-
system of mining partnership
and
The
tions.
forma-
of two
meeting
local to Cornwall
lode.
slime.
Gotta.
Von
deg. Fahr. Symbol
gravity8.9.
Cost-Book
mechanical
vein
metallic
A
by
along the plane of contact
formations, consequentlyseparating
of two
Copter.
or
gangue
plane of
Vein.
Contact
1996
the
The
Contact.
removal
The
Concentration.
in the pan.
or
beyond
the sides of
which
across
the lode
a
is
found.
Course
on
which
Vein.
of
The
horizontal
line
country rock.
Spasmodic, irregularsurface mining.
rocker.
A short trough for washing
it cuts
the
COYOTING.
Cradle.
Its strike.
A
gold.
Cribbing.
winze
or
or
The
mill-hole.
timber
The
term
lining of
is also
a
drift, shaft,
appliedto rough
from solid
lighttimberingas distinguished
Cross "Course.
An intersecting
vein.
Cross
vein.
A
Cut.
Cut.
A
level driven
across
the
set work.
course
of
a
short tunnel.
To
intersect
opening at
Cyanide.
a
vein.
the surface
not
Open
Cut.
A
zontal
hori-
reachingcover.
A
compound of cyanogen with a metal.
The CyanideProcess of gold extraction is performed by
passingan auriferous solution of potassiumcyanideover
zinc shavings,by which
the values are precipitated.
Henry Lewis on Gold Mining. Thos. R. Beaumont.
"
to
Terms.
Mining
166
Dead
Riches.
Dead
Work.
bullion.
Base
developingof
The
mine
a
preparatory
stoping.
The
Debris.
bed
washed
and
rock
loose
down,
The
Deep.
lower
The
Denouncement.
filled from
from
The
Placers.
Amer.
slide is
the term
French
Spanish equivalent
or
claim.
a
theorythat
Theory.
the
veins
were
above.
Diggings.
Dike,
fissure made
A
Dyke.
or
Its rock is most
tonic action.
is often
Mexican
record" of
to "'location and
Descension
to which
rock of any kind.
portion of a vein.
appropriate;waste
more
detached
fragments
barren, but in
some
plu-
commonly porphyry. It
cases
mineralized;or may
selvageand
carry a mineralized
of a lode.
filled by
and
so
the wall
as
appear
of loose boulders,
earth, etc.,
deposit
from water.
to deposition
attributed,
geologically,
Diluvium.
The
Dip.
bridge. Yale
plane of the
vein from
or
line
The
"
the
An
without
Von
natural
Rod.
lode makes
a
Cotta
strata
The
"
from
A
"
Bain-
with
the
departureof
a
the horizontal.
or
canal,
channels.
stick of witch-hazel
prospectingfor
lodes.
or
Law
v.
other
Grant,
57.
Dollar.
Gold.
angle which
of
artificial watercourse,flume
like device used in
R.,
declination
perpendicularor
Divining
7 M.
of
horizon.
Ditch.
with
A
From
23.22
the German
Thaler.
100
cents.
grains, alloy 2.58
grains,weight 25.8
1902.
Silver.
loy
grains; coined 1849
3711/4grains,al4114 grains,weight 4121^ grains; coined 1794:
der
1804, 1836"1838, 1840"1873, 1878"1902.
Legal ten"
"
unlimited.
grains silver
the
E. O.
same.
Drift.
on,
and
or
An
The
Mexican
40.62
dollar
contains
377.17
grains alloy. Spanish dollar
Leech, Director
underground
with, the vein.
U. S. Mint.
passage
driven
tally
horizon-
A
Downcast.
167
Terms.
Mining
shaft
ventilating
with
descending
of air.
current
deposit,or place of deposit,of waste
or
tailings.
Course.
A plutonicdyke. Lyell. Argall.
Elvan
A
Dump.
rock
Corn.
Eye.
top of
The
Face.
breast.
and
space 6 feet forward
the width of the vein. Corn.
with
dislocation
A
dislocation of
The
heave;
point and running
with
synonymous
vein
into
a
A
Feldspar.
Cotta.
startingfrom
lode.
main
See
spur.
vitreous
Vein.
its
below
Float
from
crack
of
the
^arth
mater.
the vein
and
it.
Ore.
Masses
the vein and
Flookan.
Floor.
in
quartz detached from
Loose
practically
other rocks.
strata,filled with mineralized
Float.
found
It is
constituent
crystalline
many
fissure or
A
distant
some
Bainbridge.
granite,gneiss,porphyryand
Fissure
Bairibridge.
its original
tion;
posi-
vein from
Von
small
tical
ver-
of the strata.
a
throw.
a
A
Feeder.
across
6 feet
A
Fault.
a
with
Synonymous
Fathom.
Yale.
shaft.
a
found
A
The
or
of
particles
below
detached
it.
soft,decomposed
rock
ore
nish.
Cor-
cross-course.
horizontal
underlying a
vein
or
deposit.
Flume.
A
ditch carried in frame
work
on
or
above
the surface.
Foot
Wall.
The
Forfeiture.
The
result of abandonment
conditions
under
Gad.
Galena.
A
wall
of the vein.
possessory title as the
the failure to comply with the
loss of
or
which
A small
under
the title was
held.
pointedwedge.
ous,
sulphideof lead. When not amorphis crystallized
the cubic system; when
on
pure
ries
contains 86.6 per cent lead,13.4 per cent sulphur. Carsilver in greatlyvaryingquantities.
168
A
Gallery.
material
level
material; vein matter; the base
Vein.
cavitystudded with
cavityin such nodule.
Gob
rock
composed
foliated
granite,but
nodule
Fire.
cal
practi-
the sod, generally
below
of
Fire
matter; the
of the
constituents
same
stratified.
or
collieries
in
stone, containing
mineral
crystalsor
a
A
for
it descends.
rounded
A
ore.
continues
distance
short
only a
narrowing as
Gneiss.
which
vein
A
purposes
Geode.
of the
the matrix
forming
Gash
lieries.
drift;appliedchieflyto col-
or
Crevice
Gangue.
as
Terms.
Mining
produced by spontaneous
combustion.
Gold.
A
metallic
element; brightyellow; specific
degreesFahr.
gravity,19.34; fusingpoint,2016
Au.
Atomic
weight, 196.6.
coined
in U. S. dollars is worth
Gossan.
See Iron
Gouge.
a
A
soft
wall, or
surface
Grass
Eoots.
A
Granite.
A
copper
15
working
a
is
Amer.
to, the surface.
up
cent, combined
per
Stake.
An
with
and
containing
ore
ver,
iron,zinc,sil-
It varies in
Provisioninga prospector on
color,
a
gain
bar-
his discoveries.
Hanging
Heading.
Wall.
The
The
breast
The
Headings.
of
where
antimony.
gravity.
specific
to share
the head
used
lowing
fol-
Corn.
mine.
Tetrahedrite.
arsenic
mercury,
hardness and
Grub
a
found
mica.
Copper.
to 42
$20.67.
rock, composed
plutoniccrystalline
feldspar,
quartz and
Gray
over
term
worked
or
gold
pure
selvage;a clay streak
slipor an ore measure.
The
from,
ounce
Hat.
Grass.
started
of
a
One
Symbol,
a
sluice.
mass
upper
or
of
wall
face of
a
graveland
of
a
vein.
working.
pay
dirt above
Horse.
walls
lode.
powder.
black
force than
a
greater detonating
of
Those
Explosives.
High
dislocation of
horizontal
The
Heave.
169
Terms.
Mining
A
mass
of
a
closing
country rock between the enTo constitute a Horse, "It is
of
vein.
about the mass
necessary that the walls should converge
horses
below and at both ends,but the greatestknown
do not converge
surface are in
An
in the Dives
That
Hydraulics.
washed
gravelis
the
bucket
iron
walls
two
1,000 feet
instances
some
of Clarence King
Hudge.
The
head.
over
for
method
by
a
coming
apart."
to the
mony
Testi-
Case.
hoisting.
placermining where
draulic
operatingunder hy-
of
stream
pressure.
Barren.
Hungry.
A
Impregnation.
limits in
no
way
A
Drift.
Incline
termined
deposithaving undesharplydefined. Von Cotta.
metallic
drift
at
run
serve
incline to sub-
an
appliedto a slope
drainage. (2) A misnomer
a
deposithaving slightdeparturefrom the
upon
the
sunk
horizontal.
Theory.
Infiltration
originof the
holding it in
ore
In
depositof
Theory.
which
That
to the introduction
ore
Place.
In
Situ.
of the U. S. Kevised
2329
mineral
the
refers
from
water
solution.
Injection
of the
to the
which
That
In
of
words
refers
the
igin
or-
igneousfluid.
used
in
Section
Statutes,qualifyingthe words
"quartz or other rock," and to distinguishlode from
placerclaims.
Iron Hat.
(EisenHut.) The outcrop of a lode,
it being usually colored by the decompositionof the
iron.
German.
Jig.
A
of sieves.
Jump.
To
Von
machine
for
concentratingore
by
means
Com.
To
take forcible
relocate abandoned
Kibble.
Cotta.
A
kind
of
possession
property.
of hoistingbucket.
a
claim.
(2)
170
Mining
Poles
Lagging.
from
for
An
form
objectionable
Lead.
A
metallic
its most
are
common
A
Ledge.
used
in
term
second
there
The
Little
Giant.
A
a
vein
when
vein ; the word
used
in
Lode.
An
taken
generally
first
drifts,as
level,
Those
mineralized.
levels.
jointediron pipe and
nozzle decreasing
the increase of the
successive acts
The
hydraulic
A
Von
by
which
mineral
Cotta.
A
matter
vein
H.
claim
ing
contain-
of metallic
fault in the country which
A.
a
itself. Amer.
claim
aggregationof
ledge.
two
placermining.
in fissures.
Hole.
between
with
appropriated.(2)
Man
Slope,synonymous
course.
series of
a
space
Location.
A
carbonates
level,etc.
pressure;
ore.
its
along the
are
Lift.
ores
and
the Pacific
on
portionof
on
drift
A
in diameter
is
use
certain
horizontal line
where
Galena
ores.
A
Length.
Level.
lode.
of the word
lode.
with
a
for spanning
element; bluish-white;fusing
Atomic
weight,
Symbol, Pb.
deg. Fahr.
gravity 11.30.
Specific
207.
used
timbers
Lead.
point, 617
on
small
or
to another,for cribbingmillstull-piece
liningbehind the timbers of a shaft.
one
holes and
Terms.
has
come
be-
Green.
An
opening just large enough to
permit access between two workings.
Matrix.
(Of the lode.) The country rock in
which
the vein is found.
(Of the ore.) The rock or
earthymaterial enclosingthe ore ; the vein-stone. Latin.
Mercury.
A shiningsilver-white metal,
Quicksilver.
40 deg. Fahr.
liquidat temperatures above
Sp.
Boils at 669 deg. Fahr.
At. wt., 199.7.
gr., 13.5.
Symbol, Hg.
Metallurgy.
The art of working metals, including
and partingthem from the ores.
smelting,refining,
Mica.
One of the constituents of granite. When
in
is found
separatelycrystallized
clear,laminated
"
Terms.
Mining
172
by leachinsr and other processes ; usuallythese ores are
ping
Shiplow grades,free,or nearlyso, from base metals.
Such as is better adaptedto smeltingthan
Ore:
Any ore of greatervalue when
any local treatment.
tory
broken than the cost of freightand treatment. RefracAn ore containingin quantities
Ores:
senic,
zinc,arnomical
antimony or other base metals,which prevent ecotreatment
by usual and available processes. W.
" Co.
J. Chamberlain
Ore
for
Reserves.
The
ore
body where exposedready
stoping.
Outcrop.
portionof
That
a
vein
appearingat the
surface.
Output.
product of a mine.
iron basin used in gold prospecting.
A small placerclaim outside of the main
The
Pan.
An
Patch.
gross
gulch.
Patio.
mixed
yard or court.
amalgmated by tread
and
Patio
Process.
of silver
Pay
space where ore is
8 p.
of horses.
method
of amalgaMexican
mation
A
The
The
ores.
Rock.
lode material
The
eral
the min-
in which
See Quartz.
pay is found.
Pay
Streak.
The ore body proper,
or
decomposedmaterial
which
the
ore
continuityof the
Pent
one
end
rock
to
House.
of
A
takes its
or
the
placeand
of
seam
preserves
body.
shed
or
barricade
horizontal
shaft,made of strong timbers
protect againstany accidental fall
a
loaded
from
across
with
above.
Corn.
Phonolite.
yieldinga
metallic
Pinch.
close
A
The
greyish,compact, felspathicrock
sound
narrow
under
space
the
hammer;
where
the walls
stone.
clink-
come
together.
Pit.
A
Pitch.
Placer.
shallow
The
A
to all classes of
shaft.
dip of
a
lode.
depositof gold
in
place;applied
and
gold deposit,including cement
not
173
Terms.
Mining
ing
claims,except lodes in place.For specialmeanunder the law, see Section 2329 U. S. Eev. St.
channel
level where
it intersects
A
Pockety.
occurs
term
sole of
or
facilitate
to
trip-
a
body; a nest of ore.
appliedto a mine where the
bodies
with
A
tonic rocks
feldspar,in
well-formed
slur
compact base of the
finelygranular or
a
of
including such plucrystals,
usually of
general term
exhibit
as
pay
intervals
The word impliesa
poor ore or barren material.
the mine.
Paull v. Halferty,9 M. R. 149.
on
Porphyry.
a
ore
detached
small
in
shaft, made
a
detached
A
Pocket.
the side
on
it is cut in the sole it is called
dumping. Where
plat. Corn.
ore
chamber
small
A
Plat.
Gr.
same.
Granite.
Porphyritic
A
base
of
taining
granite con-
of feldspar.
prominent crystals
Prospecting.
A search for deposits,
appliedboth
to the seekingof undiscovered
veins and to the investigation
of the value of known
veins by exploration.
Pyrites.
(White) A sulphide of iron.
low)
(YelA sulphide of copper.
A
bright,crystallized,
and
metallic-looking
gold-bearingore,
very common
usuallylow-grade and spoken of in common
parlance
as
the "Iron."
Gr.
Quarry.
excavatingthe
a
seam
or
Quartz.
free
was
Any
open
work
entire mass,
vein
by
Silica.
as
shafts
A
in
of vein
constituent
matter, until it
the ore, the
mean
gangue
which
the
float,
Quartzite.
A
with
of
a
plan
now
or
streak.
rock
of
ing
workcover.
granite. The
quartz, the word
lodes and
gangue,
the word
of pay
in
is
indicates the pay
Congress it is used
rock) in the sense
on
from
distinguished
or
aproachesunder
gold of California being found
appliedto the gangue of such
forms
rock
so
to
other
used
vaguely to
that
part of the
In the Acts
(quartzor
of
other
rock.
metamorphosed
sandstone.
A
rock
with a small
containingusuallyabout 98 per cent, silica,
iron.
percentage of foreign materials,principally
See
Quicksilver.
shaft
A
Raise.
A
Rhyolyte.
which
winze
or
has
fluid
a
worked
been
the
gold
See
Reef.
An
without
set
on
sluice,with irregularspaces between, in
a
Rise.
Rob.
sections of timber
Cross
Blocks.
floor of
which
igneous rocks of
or
flowingwhen
state.
Riffle
the
to
common
name
texture,indicative of movement
wavy
in
Mercury.
below.
from
a.
Terms.
Mining
174
American.
settles.
Raise.
Australian
for lode
term
for the
gut a mine ; to work
regard to supports,reserves
To
or
any
ledge.
in sight
ore
or
future
other
considerations.
Rocker.
The
Roof.
"or
stratum
rock
or
overlyinga deposit,
flat vein.
Royalty.
to
Oxidized.
gold which
Scale.
the lessor.
to
Ore
coated
with
oxide.
plies
Ap-
will not
easilyamalgamate.
fragment of rock threatening
loosened
A
off and
break
dues
The
Rusty.
to
Cradle.
See
fall.
with
or
metamorphic rock
Crystalline,
Schist.
arslaty structure; usuallycarrying mica, s6metimes
.gillaceous.
Segregations.
ing
All those aggregations
of ore havirregularform but definite limits. They differ
from beds and lodes by the irregularity
of their form;
from impregnationsby their definite limits. Von Cotta.
Selvage.
A lining; a gouge ; a thin band of clay
often
found
Set.
in the
Portion
Shaft.
more
or
vein, upon
the wall.
of
taken
ground
by
a
tributer.
A
less
pit sunk from the surface;an
perpendicularsunk on, or sunk
opening
to
reach,
the vein.
Shift.
Two
shifts
A
shifts
imply
Sill.
miners
A
24
turn
or
16
to
imply
hours'
windlass
spellof
20
hours
work.
ster.
Web-
work; three
work.
frame.
(2)
Rest
for
posts.
of the
element; the whitest
metallic
A
Silver.
17J"
Terms.
Mining
grees;
de-
metals; specific
gravity,10.53; fusing point, 1873
pure
silver coined
is worth
S. dollars
U.
in
One
weight, 108.
atomic
symbol, Ag;
ounce
$1.2929,
gold.
silver and
per cent
Skip.
or
An
Glance.
Silver
A
13
when
ore;
contains
pure
sulphur. Argentite.
per cent
hoistingbucket running
square
87
guides
in
in grooves.
Slickensides.
wall
of
or
friction.
some
It may
of
or
the
on
itself.
ore
kind
of fault
the
mass
of loose rock
"
the
by
German.
tion
disloca-
vertical
lode.
a
The
Slide.
lode
occur
One
Slide.
Smooth, polishedportionsof
verticle plane in the lode, caused
overlyingeither
country.
Slope.
An
driven
opening
the
upon
inclination
of the vein.
Sluice.
series of boxes
A
with riffleblocks to catch the
Smelting.
ores
The
furnaces.
in
smelting,the
ore
set in line and
gold in
reduction
It is
placermine.
of metals
form
a
a
from
of the word
is melted.
In
floored
other
melt.
processes
their
In
il is
roasted.
Sole.
The
floor of
horizontal
a
Sollar.
in
Any platform
working. Com.
a
Sough.
drain.
A
Spar.
A
or
working.
wooden
Eng.
applied to
general term
floor
rock
or
with
ering
cov-
tinct
dis-
cleavageand lustre.
Spur.
A
branch
Spiling.
ground
Timbering
where
flush with
lathes
the
Stamps.
offshoot from
or
are
used
in
largervein.
quicksand or loose
driven behind
a
timbers
and
kept
heading.
Machine
for
crushingores
by
vertical
stroke.
Stope.
the
mass
The
of the
working above
ore
body
or
is broken.
below
a
Corn.
level where
The
Stoping.
below
back-stoping
; when
stoping.
The
Dana.
pluralis
horizontal
and
line.
or
drift
the
from
kind.
of any
earth
or
strata.
of
extension
The
Strike.
of rock
bed
A
Stratum.
of the
or
it is underhand
sole
above
ore
the back
from
done
level; when
a
breaking the
of
act
it is called overhand
a
Terms.
Mining
176
lode
depositon
or
with
Synonymous
Gotta.
Von
a
trend
course.
Cross
Stulls.
Sublimation
of
at the foot of
timbers
That
Theory.
steam, or by condensation
A
Sulphide.
stope.
refers the filling
depositedfrom
material
fissures to
which
a
ascending
gaseous condition.
of sulphur with
union
from
chemical
a
a
metal.
Sulphuret.
recent
and
sulphide. Sulphideis
A
approved
Sump.
The
the collection of water.
A
graphic
since
use
formed
the
tellurium; sometimes
called
The
of
council
of persons;
to
refuse
sluice,or
a
or
designateany combination
a largefinancial enterprise.
Corn.
windlass,rope and bucket.
The
end
association
war
out
Tailings.
lower
shaft,forming a pitfor
a
Corn.
native
An
to carry
Tackle.
or
of
tellurium.
Syndicate.
in
more
term.
extension
Sylvanite.
the
the
dischargedfrom
washed
from
any
tail
sort
of
placerworking.
brittle substance,gensilver-white,
erally
with
classed among
metals; usually combined
lead and copper.
gold, silver,
Sp. gr., 6.65. At. wt.,
Tellurium.
128.
A
Symbol, Te.
Tin.
A
white metal. Sp. gr., 7.2.
soft,malleable,
At. wt., 117.7. Symbol
Fusing point,442 deg. Fahr.
Sn.
Tributers.
Miners
who
work
a
set, or
piece of
royaltyis
ground, taking the proceedsas wages, after
deducted,but who work under direction of the
and hold no possession
or titleas lessees.
owners
driven
and
of
working
or
from
of
has
for
tinguished
dis-
fissures
in
matter
word
The
Bainbridge.
lode, including
non-
to smaller
applied,in working,
and
Vena
greater deposit. See
the
as
the air ascends.
where
than
scope
foot,
the
by
of mineral
Saw;
It is also
threading
seams
work.
broader
a
beds.
metallic
tribute
Cotta,
Von
rocks.
vein
paid
Aggregations
Veins.
lodes.
or
ventilatingshaft
A
Upcast.
lode
a
ery
discov-
the
for
country
"Work
Work.
Tut
the
across
the
starting at
excavation
horizontal
A
Tunnel.
surface
fault.
A
Trouble.
177
Terms.
Mining
Veta.
or
A
Veta.
the
The
side
of
side
to the
of
level
names
the
word
A
pit
used
Whip.
and
revolving
to
lodes.
reference
with
pulleys,by
connecting
Zinc.
773
(blende), or
preceded by
are
the
raising
bucket
levels.
A
metallic
deg.
a
Fahr.
on
power
from
a
element;
;
generally
carbonate
65.2; specificgravity, 8.9.
Rights."
by
drum.
horse
two
"Mining
mine.
Corn.
Huel.
for
shaft sunk
A
as
Cornwall
form
A
ground.
apparatus for raising the bucket
An
Winze.
the
in
in
mines
machine
A
a
hole
or
Old
Wheal.
of
Morrison's
reference
in
drift, when
or
of most
Whim.
point,
used
it touches
where
country
workings.
The
rope
veta,
rock.
or
ore
of the
vein, when
Wheal.
means
plane
the
a
the
in
cavity
The
Wall.
the
Span.
vein.
main
A
Vug.
of
branches
the
or
Span.
vein.
main
vein
small
A
Vena.
a
with
straightdrive.
level ; not
necessarily
bluish- white
;
found
a
sulphide
Atomic
weight,
(calamine).
Symbol,
Zu.
as
fusing
Working
178
COMPLETE
OUTFIT
Outfits.
FOE
TESTING
PROPERTIES
THE
MINERALS.
OF
FIRST
PROPERTY"
BLOWPIPE
AND
Composition.
WET
WAY
OUTFIT.
(3) porcelaindishes.
1
1
Set
2
1
Diamond
3
1
Pair
4
1
Pair
6
1
Steel
7
1
Charcoal
8
1
Charcoal
9
1
Pair
10
1
Platinum
11
1
Plattner's
12
1
Charcoal
13
1
Mattrass
14
1
Plattner's
15
1
16
1
17
1
18
1
19
1 Double
20
1 Knife.
21
1
Dropping pipette.
22
1
Camel
23
6
Mattrasses.
24
1
Glass
25
1
Chamois
26
6
glasstubes.
27
y2 Doz. charcoals.
28
Coal
29
2
steel mortar.
platinum pointed forceps.
heavy tip steel forceps.
chisel.
borer, club shape.
borer,with spatula.
scissors.
holder,with 6 wires.
blowpipe lamp, with
swivel.
saw.
holder.
blowpipe,nickle plated.
Platinum
tip for same.
Steel hammer, with wire handle.
Set moulds, stamps and bone ash.
Pair nippers.
and
Books
lens.
hair
brush.
alcohol
lamp.
skin.
ash
trays.
test papers.
AND
LUSTRATING
IL-
180
Outfits.
Working
Silica.
37
Powdered
38
Cobalt Solution.
39
Amnionic
40
Sodic
41
SulphrettedHydrogen
42
Silver Nitrate.
*~
43
Potassium
*~
Chloride.
*
Acetate.
45
Hydrate.
Copper Sulphate.
Sodium
Hydrate.
46
Tin
47
Manganese
48
Calcium
49
Acetic
50
Potassium
51
Citric Acid.
52
NitrophenicAcid.
53
Peroxide
54
Sodium
55
56
Magnesia Mixture.
Magnesium Sulphate.
57
Sodium
58
Terchloride
59
Iron
60
Albumen.
61
Potassium
44
Packed
Water.
Bichloride.
in
Dioxide.
Dichloride.
Acid.
^
Ferrocyanide.",
of Lead.
Chlorate.
Nitrate.
L
of Gold.
Sesquioxide.
a
*"
Ferricyanide.
wood
carryingcase
SECOND
;
price
$40.00
PEOPEKTY.
Luster.
a.
Kinds
1, Metallic; 2, SubMetallic;3, Adamantine; 4, Vitreous; 5,
Sub-Vitreous; 6, Eesinous; 7, Greasy; 8,
or
Metalloid;
Pearly; 9, Metallic-Pearly
b.
10, Silky; 11, Dull, without Luster,
12,
Degrees of Intensity of Luster.
Splendent; 13, Shining; 14, Glistening;
Glimmering.
Large
15,
specimens
mounted
b.
of
Luster.
cherryblocks
$
7.50
Same, but specimenssmaller and in board
pastetrays
3.75
on
181
Outfits.
Working
Diaphaneity.
1, Transparent; 2, Semi-Transparent; 3,
Translucent; 4, Sub-Translucent; 5,
Large specimens mounted
Opaque.
cherry blocks
AND
THIRD
Color
b.
2.50
PROPERTY.
FIFTH
Streak.
and
a.
on
of
the
important specimens
mounted
$12.00
on
cherry blocks
the me56 large specimens,illustrating
tallic
25
and
most
colors, mounted
non-metallic
cherry blocks
Same
as
foregoing,but smaller
and in pasteboardtrays
28.00
on
c.
FOURTH
Scale
of
a.
mens
speci1 4.00
PROPERTY.
Hardness.
1, Talc; 2, Gypsum; 3, Calcite;4, Fluor-
ite; 5, Apatite;6, Orthoclase; 7, Quartz;
8, Topaz; 9, Corundum;
10, Diamond.
With
b.
c.
plate and
streak
Same, but
wood
case
Same
as
smaller
file.
Tray
specimens,in
$
5.00
hard
1.50
foregoing,without
SIXTH
diamond.
.
.
1.00
.
PROPERTY.
Fracture.
1, Even; 2, Uneven; 3, Conchoidal;4, Sub-
Conchoidal;
5, Splintery; 6,
mounted
Large specimens
on
Hackly.
cherry
blocks
$
3.00
Cleavage.
1, Cubic; 2, Octahedral; 3, Rhombohedral
4, Basal;
5, Prismatic.
mounted
on
;
Large specimens
cherry blocks
SEVENTH
1.25
PROPERTY.
Tenacity.
ible;
1, Brittle;2, Sectile;
3, Malleable;4, FlexElastic.
5,
mounted
on
Large
cherry blocks
specimens
$
2.50
Outfits.
Working
182
PROPERTY.
EIGHTH
System
Crystal
white
100
Forms.
and
crystalmodels
$16.00
Plaster
PROPERTY.
NINTH
Scale
in
Fusibility.
of
1, Stibnite; 2, Natrolite; 3, Almandite;
4, Actinolite; 5, Orthoclase; 6, Bronz-
a.
In
ite.
b.
Large
$
paste board trays
specimens,
mounted
on
1.00
cherry
3.00
blocks
TENTH
PROPERTY.
Gravity.
(G.)
Prof. Jolly'sSpiralBalance, for rapid and
of the specific
exact determination
gravity
of minerals, with 4 assorted spirals,
on
Specific
wooden
support and
scale, on
mirror
$17.00
glass; Price
COLLECTION
OF
MINERALS,
AND
Blowpipe
specimens,in
specimens,in
specimens,in
specimens,in
50
100
200
25
50
Ores
of
25
and
25
OUTFITS.
hard
wood
hardwood
case
$
.75
case
1.50
hard
wood
case
3.50
hard
wood
case
8.00
Minerals.
eraging
metals, avspecimens,only the common
$ 1.00
inch, case
%x%
specimens,largersize,printed labels,in
2.50
pasteboard trays
of both the
ores
specimens,illustrating
and rare
common
metals, printed labels,
in pasteboardtrays
10.00
15
Gold
Metallic
and
25
PIPE
BLOW-
Collection.
25
Ores
ASSAY
MODELS,
the
Rarer
Metals.
specimens
specimens
Silver
$
4.50
10.00
Ores.
specimens
$ 6.00
Outfits.*
Working
183
Ores.
Copper
$
specimens
specimens
15
25
Ores
Iron
50
6.00
1 0.00
Minerals.
and
$
specimens
specimens
specimens
15
25
50
Zinc
Minerals.
and
Ores
Lead
6.00
specimens
specimens
25
Ores
15
Crystal
25.00
Minerals.
and
$
and
new
4 inches
crystalmodels.
show
and
by
axes
made
Crystal
The
by
various
axis
by
by
are
age
aver-
They
hibit
ex-
systems of crystallization,
various
derivative
also
crystals,
of the crystals
axes
are
colored silk threads,
the
of internal
means
of celluloid.
same
They
longestdiameter.
six different
the
shown
ton's
is Pres-
transparent celluloid and
of
forms
Celluloid.
of
excellent invention
most
set of six
made
the
color, different
same
different colors.
Set of six in well
$16.00
case
Models,
4 00
1 0.00
Preston's,
Models,
A
3.00
6.50
specimens
specimens
25
3.00
Hard
of
Wood.
34
models, with
50
models, with reference list,in box
15.00
108
models, with reference list,in box
24.00
Crystal
21
Models,
reference
list,in box.
.
.
.$10.00
Glass.
of
glass models, showing the crystallocut
graphic forms and natural colors,of uncut
gems,
Crystal
100
50
Models
white
colored
holders
$18.00
in
case
in
Plaster.
models
faced
and
$16.00
models, mounted
again
on
hard
wood
in brass
blocks,
'Working
184
Outfits.
of
giving name
formula
tallographic
label
minerals
and
crys1 5.00
100
colored
faced
models
30.00
200
colored
faced
models
65.00
BLOWPIPE
"BROWN'S
APPARATUS,
MANUAL
AS
OF
DESCRIBED
ASSAYING."
IN
185
Outfits.
Working
Carbonate
(Test)
Phosphorus salt"v*NHH
Tin.
*
^y
Potash
Borax
powder.
Salt.
Borax
glass.
Soda
soda.
oxalate.
nitrate.
Boracic
acid,fused.
Charcoal.
Boracic
acid,cryst.
Bone
ash, sieved.
Bone
ash, washed.
flux.
Plattner's
Bismuth
flux.
Copper oxide.
Bisulphatepotash.
securelypacked in neat
lead.
Test
for
Price
complete set
carryingcase
wooden
ASSAY
Portable
1
Pulp
1
Furnace
2
Muffles.
200
50
Button
Crucibles.
and
Pair
1
Magnifying
1
Lead
1
Cupel mould.
Magnet.
Pairs pliers.
Spatula.
Glass
mortar
pestle(iron).
tongs.
lens.
mould.
rod
and
tubes.
1
Glass alcohol
1
Sieve, 60 mesh.
3
Beakers
1
Blowpipe, Plattner's.
3
Funnels.
1
Package
1
Button
1
Wash
6
Parting
Tripod.
1
6
weights.
Scorifiers.
2
1
and
weights.
("Jackass").
Quart
3
Balance
PKOSPECTORS,
and
balance
1
1
FOB
OUTFIT
1
$30.00
and
lamp.
covers.
filter paper.
brush.
bottle.
flasks.
Annealing cups.
186
Working
2
Hammers.
4
Lbs.
litharge.
5
Lbs.
soda
1
Lb.
argols.
1
Lb.
muriatic
1
Lb.
nitric
10
2
bicarb.
Lbs.
bone
Lbs.
borax
silver
y2
Lb.
rolled
10
Lbs.
foil,
lead,
1
Pint
alcohol.
2
Lbs.
lead
given
'
c.
p.
c.
p.
lead,
c.
p.
flux.
cartage,
are
p.
p.
glass.
granulated
and
c.
c.
ash.
Oz.
Price's
acid,
acid,
^4
Boxing
Outfits.
according
complete,
to
the
Denver
f.
0.
Fire
b., Denver.
Clay
Company's
.$125
catalogue
00
Index
188
Clausthalite
Cobaltite
to
Minerals.
103
Ferruginous
108
Fibrolite
126
Fire
Quartz
...129"
139130-
Coal,
Anthracite
Coal,
Bituminous
126
Flint
Brown
127
Fluorite
120-
Coal,
Caking
126
Franklinite
108
Coal,
Cannel
126
Freieslebenite
Colemanite
121
Galena
103
Coloradoite
110
Garnet
134
Columbite
112
Genthite
109-
Copper,
100
Gerhardtite
102
Corundum
117
Gersdorf
109*
Covelylite
100
Gibbsite
118
Crocoite
105
Gilsonite
127
Crookesite
100
Glauconite
14$
Cryolite
118
Gold, Native
Cryophyllite
137
Goslarite
107
Cuprite
101
Gothite
112
Cyanite
139
Grahamite
126
Cyanotrichite
102
Graphite
125
Danburite
133
Greenockite
114
Datolite
140
Grunauite
109
Descloizite
106
Guitermanite
104
Deweylite
144
Gummite
114
Diamond
125
Gypsum
120
Dioptase
103
Halite
122
Dolomite
121
^armotome
142
Coal,
Native
Opal
129-
98
fite
96
Domeykite
l'O
Hatchettite
126
Dysluite
118
Hatchettolite
115
Eggonite
114
Hematite
Ill
Elaterite
126
Hessite
97
Eliasite
114
Heulandite
142
Hisingerite
131
118
Hornblende
132
Enargite
101
Hubnerite
115
Enstatite
131
Hyacinth
134
Eosphorite
119
Hydrophane
130
Epidote
134
Iodyrite
Epsomite
120
Iolite
Erythryte
109
Iron, Native
99
Embolite
Emerald,
Oriental
Eucairite
97
Jamesonite
99
133
,.
.111
104
Euchroite
102
Jargon
134
Euclase
138
Jasper
130
Euxenite
116
Jet
127
Fahlunite
145
Kaolinite
145
False
129
Kobellite
104
116
Krennerite
Topaz
Fergusonite
96
Index
to
Minerals.
189
Labradorite
136
Opal
Laumontite
144
Opal,
Precious
130
Lazulite
119
Opal,
Fire
130
103
Opal, Wood
Lepidolite
137
Oriental
Amethyst
117
Leucite
135
Oriental
Emerald
117
Leucopyrite
Ill
Oriental
Ruby
117
Limonite
112
Oriental
Topaz
117
Linarite
105
Orpiment
124
Linnaeite
108
Orthoclase
136
Livingstonite
125
Ozocerite
126
Magnesite
120
Paragonite
137
Magnetite
Ill
Pectolite
144
Magnolite
110
Penninite
140
Malachite
102
Periclasite
120
132
Lead,
Native
Mallardite
Manganosite
Marcasite
,
.
130
130
113
Petalite
.113
Petzite
.111
Phologopite
.
96
137
Margarite
141
Pinite
145
Melaconite
101
Plasma
129
Melanochroite
105
Plumbogummite
105
Melanterite
Melonite
Menaccanite
Mencupite
Mercury,
Native
Miargyrite
Microcline
112
Polyargyrite
98
109
Polybasite
98
HI
Prase
105
Precious
101
98
...136
129
130
Opal
Prehnite
145
Prochlorite
141
98
Proustite
129
Psilomelane
108
Pyargyrite
Mimetite
106
Pyrite
Ill
Minium
104
Pyrolusite
113
Mirabilite
123
Pyromorphite
106
Molybdenite
124
Pyrophyllite
143
Monabite
117
Pyrosclerite
141
Muscovite
138
Pyrostilpnite
Milky
Quartz
Millerite
97
"
99
...
Pyroxene
131
Natrolite
142
Pyrrhotite
Ill
Natron
123
Quartz
Nephelite
135
Quartz,
Crystal
Niccolite
108
Quartz,
Ferriginous
Nitratine
123*
Quartz,
Milky
128
Nitre
123
Quartz,
Rose
129
Oligoclase
136
Quartz,
Smoky
129
Olivenite
102
Realgar
124
Onofrite
110
Rhodochrosite
113
Onyx
129Rhodonite
Nagyagite
96
113
...129
129
...129
131
190
Index
Ripidolite
to
Minerals.
140
Tellurium,
Native
124
Rock
Crystal
129
Tennantite
101
Rose
Quartz
129
Tetradymite
125
118
Tetrahedrite
101
Rubicelle
Ruby,
Balas
118
Thompsonite
143
Ruby,
Oriental
117
Tiemannite
110
Ruby,
Spinel
118
Titanite
140
Rutile
114
Topaz
139
Salmiak
123
Topaz,
Samarskite
116
Tobernite
115
Oriental
117
Saponite
144
Touchstone
130
Sapphire
117
Tourmaline
139
Sard
129
Tremolite
132
Sassolite
124
Tridymite
130
Scheelite
115
Triphylite
113
Triplite
113
130
Schirmerite
99
Sellaite
120
Tripolite
Semiopal
130
Turquois
119
143
Uiexite
121
Serpentine
143
Ultramarine
135
Siderite
112
Uraninite
115
130
Valentinite
125
Sepiolite
Silicified
Wood
Silver, Native
97
Vanadinite
106
..105
Sipylite
116
Vauyuelinite
Smaltite
108
Vermiculite
Smithsonite
107
Vesuvianite
134
141
129
Vivianite
112
Sodalite
135
Wavellite
119
Sphalerite
107
Wad
113
Spinel
118
Wernerite
135
Spinel Ruby
Spodumene
118
Willemite
107
131
Witherite
122
Stannite
114
Wolframite
Staurolite
139
Wollastonite
Stephanite
98
Wood
Sternbergite
97
Wood,
Smoky
Quartz
Stibnite
125
\
Stilbite
.
Stoizite
.142
.
106
Stromeyerite
97
Opal
Silicified
112, 115
131
130
130
Wulfenite
106
Wurtzite
107
Xenotime
116
Yttrocerite
116
Strontianite
122
Zaratite
109
Sulphur,
124
Zinc
107
Sylvanite
Sylvite
Native
96
..122
Bloom
Zincite
107
Zinkenite
104
Talc
143
Zircon
134
Tellurite
124
Zossite
133
The Denver FireClay
Co,
DENVER,
Manufacturers
COLORADO.
of
Muffles
Crucibles
Scorifiers
Furnaces
all
and
kinds
of
C.
GLASS,
LEAD
TEST
P.
BORAX
ASH,
BONE
ALSO
PURPOSES,
CAL
METALLURGI-
FOR
TILE
AND
BRICK
CLAY
FIRE
LITHARGE.
AND
Dealers
and
Importers
Manufacturers,
in
AND CHEMISTS' SUPPLIES
ASSAYERS
C. " P. AND HEAVY CHEMICALS
PHYSICAL AND BLOW-PIPE APPARATUS
PROSPECTORS' OUTFITS.
The
Largest
BOOKS
SCIENTIFIC
The
in
and
Wholesale
West.
Dealers
Retail
When
writing
MAILED
for
in
SUPPLIES.
PHOTOGRAPHIC
CATALOGUE
of
Stock
same
photographic
APPLICATION.
ON
please
state
catalogue
is
whether
desired.
assay
or
THE
IRON
COLORADO
CO.
WORKS
'IS
SPECIALTIES
OUR
ARE
PLANTS
SMELTING
FOR
GOLD,
SILVER,
LEAD
CONCENTRATING
ORES.
AND
COPPER
MACHINERY
MACHINERY
FOR
THE
PNEUMATIC
DENVER,
CYANIDE
COLORADO.
PROCESS
BRANCH
SALT
EL
CITY
HOUSES:
LAKE
PASO,
OF
CITY,
UTAH
TEXAS
MEXICO,
139
MEX.
Liberty
NEW
Street,
YORK,
N.