1. science
2. mathematics
3. statistics

STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
WHAT
HOW
AND
CONTAIN
THEY
TO
USE
THEM
ra-V
3ia-In^
THE
WORLD
TO-DAY
OF
IS
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
WHAT
THEY
HOW
AND
CONTAIN
USE
TO
THEM
""n'U
BY
ARTHUR
L.
BOWLEY,
Professor of Statisticsin the
Sc.D.
of London.
University
(pj"(#?3
b
HUMPHREY
OXFORD
LONDON
NEW
BOMBAY
EDINBURGH
YORK
TORONTO
CALCUTTA
MILFORD
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
GLASGOW
COPENHAGEN
MELBOURNE
MADRAS
1921
SHANGHAI
CAPE
TOWN
PEKING
loQ
CONTENTS.
Introduction
Chapter
Chapter
I.
Population.
1.
Population.
2.
Occupations.
3.
Births, deaths
4.
Migration.
II.
"
and
Trade
Industry,
I.
Production.
2.
Consumption.
3.
Foreign
4.
Transport.
5.
Wholesale
marriages.
Prices.
and
.
Trade.
prices.
_
Chapter
III.
Income
1.
.
Chapter
Wages.
and
Income
and
capital.
Wages,
3.
Working-class
4.
Prices
IV.
Social
1.
and
earnings
2.
and
cost
Conditions.
Unemployment.
2.
Old
3.
Pauperism.
4.
Miscellaneous.
Age
hours.
budgets.
of
.
Pensions.
.
,
.
living.
.
.
STATISTICS:
OFFICIAL
TO
HOW
AND
CONTAIN
THEY
WHAT
THEM
USE
Introduction
In
that
order
administrative
and
it should
that
necessary
functions
adequately informed
be
local
size and
the
subjects as
executive
perform its
it is
efficiently,
should
Government
a
on
of the
distribution
such
tion,
popula-
income
country, the national
and
taxable
and
capacity, the magnitude of internal
As
of communication.
the means
external
trade, and
have
the administration
the duties thrown
increased,
on
knowledge of social conditions, of health, of the details
the
of the
resources
of the
economic
become
more
situation
and
aspects of these
statistics,which
and
is collected
Such
the
since
statistics
were
in
of
the
official when
Government
of the
concern
administrative
of
national
information
departments.
by Government
of
the past primarily for the use
often
were
kept private ; but
and
actions
directlythe
measurable
The
necessary.
form
the material
called
affairs has
other
tabulated
administration
the
more
subjects
are
of many
and
have
well
people as
statistics
have
been
become
as
more
of Parliament,
published,
and
especiallyduring the past thirty years other statistics
of
matters
on
more
directly designed for information
action
executive
reference
to
public interest without
of
collected
and
have
been
published. The whole mass
information
of
either
kind
forms
object of this book to
the
nature,
understanding their
publicationand their use.
collection
In
this country the
and
it is the
statistics have
never
been
"
official
afford
some
methods
and
statistics,"
help
of
in
their
publication
centralized,but each Government
of
INTRODUCTION
and
issued
course
iepartment has followed its own
of other
reportswith littlereference to the publications
iepartments,and with no reference at all to any
and co-ordinated scheme.
systematic
Many effortshave
both by officialand unofficial persons, who
been made
understand the difficultiesand increasing
importanceof
to obtain a central statistical bureau, which
statistics,
should direct,or at least co-ordinate,
the reportsof the
make
and interpret
good the deficiencies,
iepartments,
the results to the public(asfor example is alreadydone
but so far nothinghas been accomplished
n Australia),
rather to
seems
n this direction ; the presenttendency
lestroythe littlesystem that has been achieved,by the
rearrangementof the functions of old departmentsand
which proceed as in the past to
:he creation of new,
of each other. The
ssue
copiousreportsindependently
"esult of this chaos is that very careful and expertstudy
before the significance
and limitations of
s necessary
publishedstatisticson any subjectcan be appreciated,
md duringthe past six years the difficultieshave been
of the departmentsof marking
ncreased by the practice
thus rendering
:heir printedstatistics as confidential,
It is also particularly
;hem unavailable for general
use.
at the presenttime to construct
nconvenient
any guide
of those which were
since many
:o officialpubUcations,
were
:urrent annuallybefore the war
delayedor dropped
will
ifter 1914, and it is not possibleto say which
or
eappear
what
their form
or
contents
will be.
There are, however, two Abstracts which between them
indexes
extent
of and are to some
contain summaries
viz. : the Annual
the principal
:o
public statistics,
issue
\bstract of Statistics of the United Kingdom (last
)5th number, for 1917, Cmd. 491*, priceIs. 9d.)which
"
Official
question are either
priorto 1900. Cd.l,Cd.2
.
.
numbered
in
reports here
ecutively C.l, C.2
919, and Cmd.l, Cmd. 2
as
.
....
con-
from 1900 to
currently (C, Cd., Cmd. being abbreH. of C. 360 of 1913,
for papers by Command), or e.g. as
the
of Commons
to
House
in 1913.
leaning the 360th paper presented
to
state the titlevery briefly,
it is sufficient
together
n ordering them
and date.
irith the symbol, number
.
.
.
iations
8
INTRODUCTION
contains
tables
on
lation,
PopuRevenue, Trade, Agriculture,
etc.,and the Annual
Abstract
of Labour
Statistics
issue 17th Report for 1913, Cd. 7733) which relates
(last
issues of
to prices,
wages, unemployment, etc. New
The first-named
be expectedearlyin 1921.
these may
reference to the reportsfrom
generallygivesa specific
which
the
tables
are
taken
;
the
Labour
Abstract, on
contains tables which are
cases
hand, in some
publishedelsewhere. Apart from these Abstracts
for statistics relatingto
convenient
source
most
the other
not
the
employment,etc.,is the Labour Gazette (monthly,
and a fileof this Gazette is necessary for following
price6d.),
contains
The
movements.
current
January number
for the previous
brief summaries
year.
These summaries, however, can only be used safely
by
familiar from
themselves
those who have alreadymade
the original
reportswith the exact meaning of the material
they contain ; if,for example,one knows what is officially
understood
by a change of wages, or by export of foreign
the Abstracts for following
can
use
or colonial goods,one
The first thingto reahse
their variations year by year.
wages,
about
and
official,
indeed
is that
all,statistics,
their
not precisely
always technical and generally
that which
might at first sight be expected. Some
data
examples will show how the conditions of collecting
meaning
is
the difficultiesof definition result in strained use of
of Brightonis the total
The recorded population
words.
and
happened to sleepin the
night in April,1911. Exports
borough on a particular
iftheir materials
classifiedas of home production,
are
even
of foreignorigin,
if the final manufacturingprocess
are
of the
done in this country. The
measurement
was
change of the cost of livingis made on the hypothesis
that peoplepurchaseprecisely
kind and quality
the same
of goods as it is assumed
they did in 1914 on the basis
of an investigation
in 1904.
The total income
paying
is
of
incomes
received
tax in a particular
the
a medley
year
in
by people the previousthree or even five years, and
of the rents)
contains the rents (ora fraction or multiple
of the number
of persons who
INTRODUCTION
Daid
by farmers as farmers' income instead of their
of
unknown) profits.The percentage measurement
inemployment generallyquoted arises solelyfrom the
"ecords of
limited number
of trade unions which pay
memployment benefit. The birth-rate in 1920 is based
)n the recorded
populationof 1911 broughtup-to-date
a
complicatedand hazardous estimates. The wheat
is computed partly from
larvest
imperfectfarmers'
"eportsand partlyfrom the estimates of a number of
igentsof the Board of Agriculture.
\ Statistics on
subject have generallya long
any
In the beginningan
had to be
listory.
organisation
nitiated to collect records of those thingsconnected
^ith the subjectwhich
it was
could be
anticipated
:ounted or measured.
Experiment showed what facts
;ould be ascertained and where
the organisation
was
^eak ; criticism and analysis
defined and interpreted
:he meaning of the totals and averages obtained, and
jhowed their relation to the facts of which knowledge
The organisation
A^as desired.
was
gradually
improved,
methods
devised for making good deficiencies,
lew
were
:he meaning of the totals was modified and new
definitions
3y
kvere
necessary. , When
one
has
followed
the
process
3y studyingsuccessive reportsor by readinga wellnformed
book or article on the subjectthe limitation
md
; failing
meaning of the totals can be appreciated
the best planis firstto think out for one's self what
this,
would expect or wish to be included in a total (e.g.
5ne
3f the
of persons unemployed),then to read
word by word the heading,explanation
very critically
such
md
notes in the summary
some
(alwaysinserting
recorded by
or
puted
comor
reportedto
phraseas
and then to get
by the departmentconcerned),
the largerreport on
which the abstract is based and
study whatever information is there given about the
The critical
and purpose of the investigation.
method
facultyshould be very alert when statistics are in
number
"
"
"
"
"
"
; the publishedheading may
[question
ind officially
correct, but it will not
10
be pedantically
contain such a
INTRODUCTION
statement
*'
as
every
word
is used
in
a
technical sense
to the officials
and has a special
meaning only known
who made the compilation,
the part that is not recorded
is more
importantthan that which is,where the facts
estimate has been made
not known
are
an
by a method
be divulged,
which
for departmentalreasons
cannot
modified
of computation has been
the method
and
since the last issue of the numbers," yet part or all of
this is sometimes
implied.
To obtain materials for such
to the
study access
reportsis necessary, and though government publications
are
cheap for their bulk, both cost and size are too great
for the ordinary individual.
It is, however, quite
for pubUc libraries to get them, and there seems
possible
to be no
good reason
why the principal
reportsshould
not be systematically
obtained in every populousdistrict.
Most
people can afford the Labour Gazette and the
Abstracts,and study circles could purchase the few
subject.Libraries
reportsthat relate to any particular
should at least contain the periodic
indexes to recent
from which can
be found what documents
publications,
a
exist.*
Statistics are
generally
presentedin tables,in which
found complicatedsystems of lines and columns,
are
details and totals,percentagesand averages, such as
of related
are
necessary to bring togethera number
facts. In order to master
the meaning of them, it is
often advisable to study the headingsof the columns
and the description
and to
of the lines very carefully,
test the meaning of the totals,
averages, etc.,by obtaining
them
afresh arithmetically.
Some
of the tables in the
of this kind.
chaptersthat follow need examination
The significance
of a number
is generally
onlyappreciated
it
when
be compared with a second number.
can
Tables bring together the records of different years
or
places,or show parts of a total in relation to the
of unwhole. Thus if we are considering
the number
*
Messrs. P. S. King " Son. Great Smith Street.Westminster, S.W.,
issue monthly listsof government publications.
II
INTRODUCTION
employed
need
know
also the whole number
of
persons in the class to which the unemployed belong;
if we
have figures
of pauperism we
should also have
of the whole population,
statements
and we
ought to
be able to analyse the figures
accordingto the age,
of the paupers, as well as in relation
sex, and occupation
we
to
the causes
of their destitution and the methods
of
their relief. The
facts that we
should know
ought
to be thought out apart from the tables ; and if,as is
often the case, the tables do not contain the necessary
to
information,they should be used with great caution.
When
it is possible
from diSerent
accounts
sources
and
different points of view should be used.
Thus
national income
be reckoned
either by adding up
can
estimates
of the incomes, salaries and
earningsof
or
individuals,
by using the Census of Production to
find what
aggregate of goods is available in a year.
be
statements
can
Earningsascertained from employers'
by trade
compared with the minimum
wages recognized
unions.
be criticised by
Working-classbudgets can
of the national statistics of consumption. The
means
be tested by
can
adequacy of the populationcensus
the records of births,deaths and immigrationbetween
It is perhaps the only
Census
and
the next.
one
of official
of co-ordination
advantage of the want
that we are not only able but forced to study
statistics,
before we can get a comprerecords of different origins
hensive
view.
the followingchaptersa
is
very brief account
givenof the more importantreportsand papers officially
statisticsof general
publishedin recent years containing
main
omission is that of reports on
interest. The
In
to be
and
rates ; something had
sacrificed for the sake of space, and these reportshave
statistical bearing. An
than
financial rather
a
a
attempt is made to illustrate the use of the reportsby
in
all that is known
cases
bringingtogetherin some
revenue,
taxation
relation to a particular
subject,and
details scattered through a report so
12
by retabulating
as
to show
how
INTRODUCTION
If a reader has the
connected.
patienceto take the Census volumes or the Report on
Pauperism and study them in relation to the tables
of the nature
here given he will get a useful experience
the various
tables
exact references
sufficiently
unless they are unimportantor
givento the originals
useful
of date, and it is hoped that all the more
records.
of official
are
out
are
documents
are
intention
The
In all cases
enumerated
has been
in
one
section
or
another.
by example what
information
(in the bulk and in detail)the reports
The tables and numbers
contain.
given should not be
used without reference to the originals
; for apartfrom^
not*
the technical terms
are
some
particular
analysis,
and the rules of criticism already
completelyexplained,
indicated should be freely
applied.No one should attempt
to use
statistics unless he is prepared to devote considerable
time
and
thought to ascertain the exact
meaning,nature and limitations of the particular
reports
which relate to the subjectin question.
to
13
show
CHAPTER
L"
Population.
1.
"
The
only general
population
of
which
the
13th
future
it may
the
more
conduct
and
in
of
source
is the
country
will
be
information
taken
about
decennial
in
April,
the
Census,
1921.
In
of
the
be
repeated every five years as regards
important details.
Separate organisations
the Census
in England and
Wales, in Scotland,
Ireland ; these
work
under
now
a
mittee.
joint comFor each
of
country bare totals of the number
males
and
weeks
after
and
this
POPULATION.
females
subjects
series
of
after
the
of
series
a
in
every
enumeration.
the
Wales
in
detail, while
county
volumes
Census
district
Then
volumes
for
are
issued
follow
for
dealing
with
Scotland
is issued.*
General
and
for
About
a
few
England
special
Ireland
three
a
years
has
Report
generally been
pubhshed summarizing and discussingall the information
for
and
and
Wales,
England
bringing together the
principal statistics for the three parts of the United
tables relating to the British
Kingdom, with additional
Empire (Cd. 8491 of 1917, price 4s. 6d.). A separate
volume
is also
a
issued
for
the
Isle of
Man
and
Channel
Islands.
The
population
shown
for
each
district is
simply the
total of the persons
actually present on the night of
the
Census, including travellers
arriving the following
they live there or are visitors, and
morning, whether
whether
they are British or foreigners. The date is so
chosen
that the great majority of people are
at home,
the importance of holiday
but the result does not show
"
extracted
should
containing the tables
relating to the
county,
also
issued.
are
general volumes,
Every
library
in which
it is situated.
volume
for the county
volumes,
County
from
have
the
the
14
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
resorts,which
can
be better
15
judged by
the numbers
of
they contain. The business districts of London
and other largecities are credited onlywith the relatively
small number
of peoplewho
Soldiers,
sleepin them.
sailors and fishermen abroad or afloat (except
fishermen
returningto port during the week) are not included in
houses
the
total.
Census
The unit in the Census
is the Civil Parish.
In Volume I.
populationof every Civil
(Cd. 6258, 5s. 4d.)the area and
Parish are given,and these are aggregatedinto County
Districts
Boroughs, Municipal Boroughs, other Urban
and Rural Districts. In the less importantVolume
II.,
whose
use
Districts,
they are shown under Registration
is rapidlylapsing.In Volume
I. also the Boroughs and
Districts are
Counties,
aggregatedinto Administrative
but the County Boroughs are
often excluded from the
and care must be taken in all the volumes
County totals,
to ascertain what is meant
by a County.
The
about
as
subsequentvolumes
the Parishes,but
Rural
pass from
we
Boroughs,to
Counties
give no
and
more
to
and
further
more
Urban
to
information
detail is shown
to County
Districts,
England and
Wales
as
a
whole.
The
an
of the information is well shown by selecting
District and tracing
it through the volumes.
nature
Urban
For
this
Coalville and
purpose
Hinckley,two small
about sixteen miles apart in Leicestershire,
towns
may
be taken.
Hinckleyis one Civil Parish,Coalville consists
of three Wards, each a Civil Parish. The information is
abbreviated in the
AREA
AND
^^^^
"
...
,
Families,"c
Persons
Male
Female
extracts
following
POPULATION.
"
Vol. I.,pp. 194, 536, 627.
Coalville.
Hinckley.
6,229
3,729
acres.
acres.
1901.
1911.
1901.
1911.
3.149
15,281
3,860
2.469
11,304
2,873
12.837
_
,"
:
__
18.548
9,6^5
8,893
__
6006
"
6,831
i6
The
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
increase in Coalville since 1901
development
of
railway wagon
is attributed to the
works
and
coUieries.
In
Coalville there were
14 institutions (or households
with more
than 15 inmates)
111 persons,
containing
together
in which are included a hospital
with two officialsand no
patients.Fourteen
shelters.
In
persons were
Hinckleythere were
in
caravans
or
other
8
institutions containing
168 persons, including
with 8 officials
a workhouse
and 55 male and 32 female inmates,and a hospital
with
7 officials and 7 patients.There were
also 6 persons
in caravans,
"c.
In neither are there barracks or any
canal population.
Total
BUILDINGS
9.655
8.893
6577, p. 134) AND
(Vol.VIII., Cd. 6910, p. 194).
(Vol. VI..
Cd.
6.006
6.831
TENEMENTS
Coalville.
Buildingsused as dwellings:
Ordinary dwellinghouses
Blocks
of flats
Shops
Hotels, Inns and Public Houses
Offices, Warehouses.
Workshops,
...
Factories
Institutions
Others
Vessels. Sheds. Vagrants,"c.
Totals
i.e.,As
for whole
much
as
population
1 year
and
...
under
3,818
6 years.
3.860
18.548
i8
AGE
OFFICIAL
IN
RELATION
TO
STATISTICS
OCCUPATION.
and
Vol.
X.. pp. 4C2. 440. 518
Vol. VII.. p. 286.
In addition to the usual numbers
engagedin building,
in Coalville
transport and other universal occupations,
or
2,892 men
boys were
occupiedin coal mines, 177 in
stone
works, 317 on
quarries,329 at railway wagon
railways,and 393 in generalengineering.In Hinckley
the only men's special
occupationsare those of hosiery
and
boot
and shoe manufacture, in which
were
respectively
1,222 and 608
engaged.
named
in
For women
only occupationspecially
Coalville is elastic web manufacture, which employs 262,
and
while in Hinckley2,136 were
engaged in the hosiery,
the
181 in the boot
and
shoe manufactures.
OFFICIAL
Coalville there
In
were
STATISTICS
75
19
female
indoor servants
to
1,000 households, in Hinckley 74.
The
two
provide a great
towns
Coalville
contrast.
developingin men's industries,and
was
in every age
and boys exceeds
of men
group from 14 to 70 the number
while there are
and girls,
that of women
Only
small number
a
and the number
smaller town.
of
and
women
of unmarried
Hinckley,on
plentiful
occupationfor women
In
few
girlsare
Districts with
there is
do not
a
less than
elaborate
fairly
know
how
occupied,
in the
the other hand, there is
and
there
girls,
than females in all age groups
there is a largenumber
of unmarried
nearlyexhaust
70.
is less than
women
males
These tables
over
men
over
are
fewer
5 years, and
women.
the information
for Urban
50,000 inhabitants,except that
statement
of
occupations.We
were
occupied,
married women
in any case
had children,nor
whether such women
nor
the numbers
occupiedat different ages in detail.
many
Of the other volumes
of the Census
of
England and
of Parliamentary
Wales, III. and IV. state the populations
and
RegistrationAreas (Cd. 6343 and Cd. 6360);
V. (Cd.6576)is an index to placesin the previous
volumes ;
XI. (Cd. 7020) gives details of the numbers
of deaf,
blind and other afflictedpersons ; XII. (Cd.6911) relates
to languagesspoken in Wales ; and
XIII. (Cd. 8678)
tabulates
of children born
the number
to marriages
classified accordingto the ages of husband
and
wife
and the duration of the marriage; IX. (Birthplaces)
and
X. (Occupations)
described in the following
are
sections.
details relating
Some
to the populationof districts
between
the dates of the Censuses are often to be found
in the reports of Medical
Officers of Health or other
of Local Authorities.
publications
The
populationof England and Wales, Scotland and
Ireland,is estimated by the Registrars-General
for the
middle of each year, and the results
can
be found
in the
Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom. The basis
of these estimates should be discovered,if possible,
in
OFFICIAL
20
STATISTICS
Annual
Registrars*
the
onwards
Reports for
to ascertain how
the years
1914
soldiers and sailors abroad are
treated.
2.
"
At
the
Occupations.
the
takingof the Census every householder
of the
occupationfollowed by each member
10
old.
In
the
states
hold
house-
"
Classified and
Occupations (Census Vol. X.,
20,000 different occupations
Appendix, Cd. 7660) some
are
catalogued,and classified in detail under XXIII.
Orders, 79 Sub-Orders,and 475 Headings. The actual
groupingshould be studied in Vol. X. (Part I.,Cd. 7018,
Part II.,Cd. 7019, prices8s. and 6s. 3d.),where some
results will be found ; e.g.,a Letter Carrier is
surprising
under Order I. (" Engaged in or in connection with the
General or Local Government
of the Country "),SubOrder 1 (" National Government
men
"),Heading 3 (" Post"), and a Street Musician is under Order III.
Their
Subordinate
(" Professional Occupations and
Services "). Great care
is needed
dealers and
when
clerks are to be separatedfrom productiveworkers, and
when
employersare to be separatedfrom employed.
To show the nature of the information we will abstract
to the Silk Industry. (Order
the information relating
over
years
AlphabeticalLists of
"
XVIII., Persons Working or Dealingin Textile Fabrics,
Sub-Order 3, Silk).There are four headings: Spinning
Processes, Weaving Processes, Other Processes, and
Undefined.
Under these headings 197, 119, 104 and 6
be
included (among them may
noticed danters in silk-thro wing, slayersin weaving);
weaving includes weaving of mixed fabrics,and silk
includes artificialsilk (Vol.X. App. pp. 161-3).
are
separateoccupations
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
is carried
districts in which the silk manufacture
be ascertained from the County tables or from
The
on
can
Table
XVa
which
be thus simimarised
table
a
on
number
of those discussed
that
In
SILK
IN
INDUSTRY
be found, with
in the next
working
Scotland
to
are
are
women
home-
:
1911.
p. 22, which is compiled with difficulty
of tables of the volume, shows completely
all the details that
that
sqq.),
DISTRICTS.
PRINCIPAL
The
1, pp. 386
"
THE
IN
WOMEN
OF
Part
(Vol.X.
XVb.
and
may
NUMBER
from
21
there
the
exception
It is noticeable
paragraphs.
and
predominant in the industry,
not
was
extinct.
340
males
and
810 females
employed in the Silk industry,in Ireland 193 males
and
119 females (GeneralReport, Cd. 8,491, p. 278),
making a total of 31,105 persons in the United Kingdom ;
the
number
in 1881
in
1901
were
was
66,125, so that
In Tables
28 and
we
37,459, in 1891
find
a
53,101, and
rapid diminution.
29 at the end
of Volume
X., Part I.,
"industrial"
classification is tabulated, in which
an
service
or
persons are credited accordingto the industry
in
which
their actual
they are employed, whether
occupation is peculiarto that industry or not. The
"
Given
in
great detail in
the
volume.
22
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
Mirt'-ie^Ni-HrHOQOOJoOrH"obeo
00 S
e^
o
04
e"4 CO
rH
o
t^
"
00
Q
00 00 1^
e-" w""
6^
o" "ft r" "ft
"
04
o
w
1^
i g
es-*f-ioo"o"^3"oo"o"s
rHO"0""""0"
M
o
"
COi-liHWlOO^rH"
S
S
"3
i.
"
t"
iH
oT
58
a
'"
oi
5.
pi"
CO
"""
i
=
"
=
i
"
"!. 8
--il
=
...^
Q 10,00 0" O
**
oif-iiooi
i-lrHMemHrHi-li-IiHCC"0""'^M
-
c
i"
'S;i"5!S;s"gsg||S5|S
go
=
t-
of
t^
s=
o" o" ec "
8:
=
s
j.ieo-*'0"t"ooo"OfHiA^"Qi4i6*'*
1.66
t
i
CO
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
used
classification,
main
in
"occupational."The
by the followingextract :
called
the
23
preceding pages,
distinction is made
is
clear
"
Industry
The
added
persons
"c.
The
are
:
Silk
employed
Manufacture.
permanently
by
silk
facturers.
manu-
distinction is most
importantin connection with
service.
government
According to the occupational
classification 290,000 persons were
employed by Central
Local Governments
in England and Wales in 1911 ;
or
accordingto the classificationby service 838,000 were
so employed (pp. 591-3).
We
can
employed
obtain further information
in the
Silk
industryfrom
about
two
the numbers
other
official
reports.
The
shows
Census of Production
in each
employed by
(Cd.6,320)(seeChapterII.)
productiveindustrythe number of persons
manufacturers
in selected weeks
in 1907
OFFICIAL
24
STATISTICS
in the United
details for
There
of
also
74
These returns
salaried persons
commercial
than
to status
Census
have the
we
following
outworkers
and
the
on
October,
147
and
valuable
last
Wednesdays
1907.
persons
in
workshops.
in that
they distinguish
(managers, clerks, "c.) from wage
The
Population Census, though it separates
information
further
as
clerks, gives no
earners.
The
employed
persons
January, April, July
were
359
"
number
Average
in
Kingdom. On p.
the Silk industry:
are
is shown
gives any
in the
on
p. 23.
Neither
accordingto skill.
Office (Cd.4,692)for Textile
classification
of the Home
returns
table
in the XVIth
Abstract of Labour
Factories,summarized
Statistics (Cd. 7,131, pp. 312-3) show for 1907.
SILK.
Though
source
remain the principal
of information,these other returns, obtained
the
PopulationCensus
must
from
employersand not from householders,are important
as
showing that the totals are at any rate roughly the
arise
the differences that may
and as indicating
same,
when the same
thingsare observed by different machinery
and
under
different definitions. Some
of
the
known
26
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
all persons
can
births, nor is the
for not
with
ages ; other
calculated.
all be concerned
nor
marry,
risk of death the same
at all
correct
more
rates
marriage rate is given as
The
are
therefore
the number
also
of persons
widowed
or
tion
populaper 1,000 of the unmarried
15
of
denominated
over
marriageable
age,
years
persons." The birth-rate is computed as the number
married
"
of births per 1,000 women
45 years. The deaths are
the ages of 15 and
shown accordingto age and sex
for County Boroughs,Counties,and County aggregatesof
Urban
and
of Rural
between
and
Districts,
to
be
the
computed (till
as
to
make
the
results
These
in the
the death
caused
so
much
nugatory) for
each
war
last
shown
rates
migration
age group
in the following
largerareas.
table for England and Wales, for London, and
English Counties which had the highestrates
are
of deaths
In each line the rate is the number
of the ages stated per 1,000 of the estimated
in the district of the
The
"
crude
but
one
for the
in 1907.
of persons
population
ages.
death-rate is that obtained
of deaths
total number
;
"
same
used
and
the whole
district,such
as
estimated
London, may
from
the
tion
populahave
a
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
'
27
peoplethan another,
The crude
and the rate is affected by such inequalities.
of London
death-rate
was
equal to that of England
and Wales, but in each group except those from 10 to
death-rate
corrected
35 years its rate is higher. The
appliesthe ascertained or estimated rates group by
at
group to the age distribution of England and Wales
the previousCensus
and thus eliminates the effect of
local peculiarities
of numbers
at various ages.
in
The rates for the country as a whole are
shown
smaller
proportionof
children
or
old
"
"
the reports since 1858, and those for the past 15 years
of the United
stated in each Statistical Abstract
are
In the reports the marriages are tabulated
Kingdom.
the
:
accordingto the ages of the contractingparties
age for men
years in 1918.
Once in 10 years the
commonest
to deaths
relating
occupations.* The
shown
are
for
tabulated
over
any
The Abstract
from
three
for
women
was
21
issues a report
Registrar-General
people in different
occurringamong
death-rates
a
hundred
by ages ; it has
good estimates
make
24 and
was
of Labour
sources
numbers
of deaths
groups of male occupations,
to
been found impracticable
for females.
Statistics summarizes
deaths
on
and
from
viz., General
reports
industrial accidents,
Accidents
Cd.
{e.g.,
Report on Railway
7591 for 1913),General Report on Mines and Quarries,
Part II. (e.g.,
Cmd.
3),and the Annual
Report of the
Chief Inspector
of Factories {e.g.,
Cd. 8051).
4.
Migration.
"
The
statistics of emigration and
immigration are
obtained from returns from all masters of every ship
carryingpassengers from or to the United Kingdom.
In the case
of movement
to non-European countries
the tables show
the countries in which the passengers
contracted to land.
*
of
but
The
the
a
last
published
is
the
Part
Registrar-General.
new
issue, based
on
the
Repor.
Supplement to the 65th Annual
II., occupationalmortality, Cd. 2619
of 1911, is expected.
Census
28
OFFICIAL
Thus, for 1909,
to
relating
PASSENGERS
STATISTICS
have
we
the
travellers to the United
LEAVING
THE
followinginformation
States
UNITED
UNITED
:
KINGDOM
FOR
THE
STATES.
DescriptioQof Passengers.
PASSENGERS
ARRIVING
The
most
recent
UNITED
to 1913.
relating
British subjects to
UNITED
KINGDOM
is H. of C. 295 of
of the immigrationof
figures
from
non-European countries
The
or
FROM
STATES.
of this sort
return
1914
are
THE
IN
THE
sununarised in the StatisticalAbstract.
OFFICIAL
The statements
(or used to be)
STATISTICS
29
of the emigrantsare
nationality
perfunctoryand unverified. Prior to
1908 the traffic to and from Europe was
not completely
recorded. It is not possibleto distinguish
generally
between genuine emigrantsand travellers,
and persons
do not necessarily
stay in the country in which they
land. Consequently,
the statistics are
only indicative
of rough totals and cannot
be used for fine calculations.
But tables are
resident
given of
persons, previously
in the United Kingdom who left to take up permanent
residence
outside Europe, and these show the general
of emigration.
stream
of
"
"
The
emigration(118,790in 1909) can be used for
the population
estimating
present in the United Kingdom
net
at dates between
the Censuses,if records can be obtained
of soldiers,
and if it is safe to assume
of the movement
that
the
afloat
or
mmibers
same
abroad
one
sailors and
of
year
Thus, in the Economic
fishermen
are
with another.
Journal of March, 1911,p. 149,
forecast of the total in the
month
made
follows :
was
as
a
Census
of the
following
"
Population of
United
Excess
of births
Excess
of
Estimated
-h excess
The
Kingdom,
emigration over
excess
"
as
population
There
are
Kingdom,
no
but
immigration, 1901-1911
in
population
of births
1901
1911=population
of emigrants
enumerated
is over
...
in
1901
...
45,052,000
...
proved to
be
45,221,615.
within the United
IX.,
Population Census, Volume
records of movement
the
of all persons
birthplaces
County Borough, and Urban District
shows
41,458,721
4,847,651
1,254,000
deaths, 1901-1911
over
the
50,000,so that
some
idea
can
in each
whose
County,
population
be obtained of internal
migration. For example,Glamorganshirehas grown
while Herefordshire was
rapidlyin population,
nearly
OFFICIAL
30
details
stationary.The
and
105-110
Of
STATISTICS
be
to
are
found
in pp.
24-26
of the Volume.
have resided in many
places
persons may
of
their
date
and
of
the
birth
that
Census,"
a
only be visitors at the time of the Census.
course,
"
between
and may
out of
582,180 males who were in Glamorganshire
in 1911, 362,196 (62 per cent.)were
bom
in the county,
Thus
while
7 per cent,
; of the
born
were
in Gloucestershire
females, 68
5
Glamorganshire and
per
cent,
per
cent,
of the
excess
males, 65 per
were
born
in Gloucestershire
Somersetshire ; in the county there
In Herefordshire
than females.
where
in
setshire
Somer-
or
cent,
were
or
males
more
the
in
females
of the males
are
and
born in the county.
64 per cent, of the females were
be
these figuresmay
For the country as a whole
from three Census Volumes
summarized
(England and
Wales, Vol. IX., Cd. 7017, pp. 3-5 ; Scotland, Vol. II.,
Cd. 6896, pp. 502-6 ; Ireland,General Report,Cd. 6663,
p.
Born
144).
in
England
England
or
Wales
Scotland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Islands
Restof
British
or
...
or
Persons
Wales
34.464.059
321,825
375,325
enumerated
Scotland
165.102
4,362,473
174.715
in 1911
Jn
Inland
90,237
38.486
4.233.182
Channel
Empire
.,,
36,762
161.502
1.105 \
17,890 "
9.2^6
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
CHAPTER
II."
INDUSTRY,
1.
"
It would
measurement
be
31
Persons
enumerated
TRADE
AND
in 1911 in
PRICES.
Production.
important to obtain a
the productiveactivity
of
for
but this is impossible,
and
interesting
of the results of
the nation from year to year ;
there is no
unit by which
common
the
result of the
efforts of miners, shipbuilders,
railwaymen and others
be measured
can
except the unit of value of the goods
produced,and the statement of the total value involves
the changingfactor of priceas well as that of quantity.
The only available statistics issued annuallyrelate to
the extractive industries (mining,quarrying,
agriculture,
and fishing),
and to shipbuilding,
iron and steel production,
and the manufacture
of beer and spirits.
For
other industries we have to depend on knowledge of the
quantityof raw material used, that is on consumption.
(Seenext section.)
These
Labour
cases
The
statistics
are
summarized
in the
Abstract
of
Statistics (Section
and also in most
Production),
in the Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom.
originof
the statistics of
and fisheries
agriculture
is to be found in the Annual
Reports of the Boards of
Agriculturefor England and Wales (Cmd. 695, price3d.)
and for Scotland (Cmd. 593, price2d.)and of the Department
of Agriculture and
Technical
Instruction
for
Ireland
contains
(Cmd. 838, 3d.). (The first named
summaries
for the United Kingdom.)
These show the acreage under each crop and its produce
County by County. For the productionof meat and of
milk, butter and cheese
we
have to
proceedindirectly
by
OFFICIAL
32
estimates,based
milch
on
STATISTICS
the size of the herds and
of
number
cows.
The
Home
Office is
for the statistics of
responsible
mineral
General Annual
productionand pig-iron{e.g..
Report and Statistics for 1913, Part III." Output, Cd.
7741); but in recent months the current output of coal
has been stated in the Labour
of Trade.
to the Board
The
steel
ingotsand puddled iron
from
the British Iron Trade
the
Gazette from returns made
statistics of the weight of
bars
obtained
producedare
Association,and
a
dum
memoran-
subjectis (or used to be) issued
H. of C. 284 of 1913).
annuallyby the Board of Trade {e.g.,
of these statistics calls for special
None
illustration.
of 1907 (Cd. 6320, price
The
Census of Production
exhaustive enquiryinto the value,and, so
7s. 6d.)was
an
far as possible,
of goods producedin all the
the quantity,
productiveindustries of the United Kingdom, and at the
It
date a comparable statement
for agriculture.
same
on
whole
intended to repeat the Census
was
in 1914, but no results
published; it is to be hoped that it will be taken
were
periodically.
In the preliminary
pages
difficultestimate
and
relation of the value
OF
PRODUCTION
out, which
the rather
is constructed from
the
Report.
SERVICES
AND
IN
THE
industry,mining and agriculture
and
Carriage,merchanting and retailinghome
goods
and
;"940Mn
imported
excise duties*
Income
incomes, "c.
professional
from ownership of houses,
Income
from
Services,
...
...
"c.
...
...
...
...
...
...
of
depreciation
Duties
are
230
150
;^2200
190
buildings,
plant,"c
Total
"
570
75
235
abroad
Total
Less
UNITED
1907.
of
Product
the
productsto the whole
United Kingdom. It leads to
KINGDOM,
Custom
shows
of material
unintelligible
paragraphsof
VALUE
reporta very interesting
is worked
of persons in the
table which
the following
income
of the
properlyincluded
income
in the value
in 1907
to the
...
;^2010 Mn
consumer.
OFFICIAL
34
STATISTICS
Statistics pp. 60-2),
XVIth
Abstract of Labour
and for
dutiable goods,viz.,beer, spirits,
etc.
We may thus find that for the year 1912 the following
budget
was
provided per capita:
"
should be
These
multipliedby 4J
to
give the
annual
consumption for an average household.
Dutiable goods are not exactlyestimated for consumption,
since these figuresare
affected by the varying
Sugar includes sugar for
quantitiesheld in bond.
and for animal
foods. A rough estimate
manufacture
could also be made for fish (about 35ib. per head) and
for animals). Incomplete as
potatoes (includinguse
if
be sufficient,
this statement
is, the figureswould
adequate estimates of dairy produce and margarine
obtained, to indicate the change, and possibly
were
the improvement,of the diet of the country. Some
further information is given in Chapter III. below.
For
the
materials of manufacture
alreadynamed for coal and
raw
we
have
the
minerals and
information
steel,which can be corrected by the records of imports
be
extent household coal can
and exports, and to some
separatedfrom other. For cotton and jutethe Foreign
Statistics are
Trade
adequate,and for wool they are
supplementedin the Abstract of Labour Statistics by
estimates of the home-clip. For flax,hemp, timber and
onlystatisticsof imports. In 1912 there
used
were
approximately175,000,000 tons of coal,
18,700,000 cwt. of cotton^
7,710,000 tons of pig-iron,
nearly6,000,000 cwt. of wool, 4,900,000 cwt. of jute,
leather
we
have
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
35
1,700,000cwt. of imported flax, and 470,000 cwt. of
imported tow of flax and hemp, 9,000,000 lb. of silk,
More accurate
estimates
and 1,374,000cwt. of rubber.
could be made
mented
suppleby close study of the statistics,
unofficial
from
sources
and
the list could
be
extended.
slightly
3.
"
^Foreign
trade.
importsand exports are publishedabout
the eighth day of each month, containingstatements
in considerable detail of the trade of the previousmonth,
togetherwith the totals of the year so far as it has
elapsedand comparativefiguresfor the two previous
of no
These are subjectto corrections,
generally
years.
great importance,and the complete Annual Statements
of
Accounts
of each year for the trade of
Cmd. 945 for 1915 to 1919.
the previousfive years {e.g.,
Price 10s.). In the Statistical Abstract of the United
Kingdom over 200 pages are devoted to accounts of
issued in the
are
summer
given for imports and exports
of home-produced and foreigngoods for each country
and each commodity included in the Annual Statements,
and details of sources
are
foods
given for some
principal
The
trade.
and
raw
totals
are
materials,tables
are
included
for BuUion
and
worked
out ; comparative
are
average prices
But it is necessary
also given for 15 years.
Statements
to ascertain
to the largerAnnual
to turn
the trade in a particular
commodity with separate
countries,and to learn the exact definitions of foreign
trade, the methods of valuation,the treatment of the
warehouses
of goods in bonded
and
accounts
and
Specie,
are
figures
many
other
details.
followingtable brings together in a summary
to be found in one
statements
form the principal
volume
to the cotton
the other relating
or
trade, in order to
The
the nature of the information and where it is to
The year 1907 is selected in order to afford a
be found.
comparisonwith the Census of Production. It is evident
show
that further
study and
more
detailare
needed before the
OFFICIAL
36
STATISTICS
relative
importanceof manufacture
foreignmarkets can be judged.
SUMMARY
"
here
Exported
given
complete
are
the
OF
STATISTICS
OF
for the home
COTTON,
and
1907.
not shown
waste was
separatelyin 1907 ; the numbers
in 1907 in order to
to be the same
for 1908, assumed
table.
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
37
years the Board of Trade has issued a report
in the
{e.g.Cd. 7,432) showing how far the movements
aggregate values of exports and imports from year to
year are due to pricechanges and how far to quantities
In recent
goods ; and in 1920 estimates are given of the dead
weight of imports and exports as a whole at various
dates (Board of Trade
Journal,February 5, 1920). It
is evident that in periodsof rapid movements
of price
the
statistics of value
only give a one-sided view.
Thus the whole value of exports was
"525 Mn in 1913 and
"798 Mn in 1919 ; but at 1913 pricesthe goods exported
in 1919 would have been worth only "288 Mn, and the
dead- weight fell from 91 Mn
tons
in 1913 to 46 Mn
of
tons
in 1919.
4.
Prior
1920
the
Transport.
officialAnnual
Railway Returns
of the United
complet
Kingdom (e.g.Cd. 8,038) were
very infinancial sides. The
the
except on
only
tables relating
done by railwayswere
to work
: length
of line open, number
of passengers*conveyed,weight
of goods conveyed (distinguishing
coal, other minerals
and
of miles run
general merchandise), number
by
and
of
by goods trains, and the number
passengers
and wagons.
The
locomotives, carriages
receiptsfrom
*
Season
to
ticket holders
holders is stated.
are
not
included
;
only
the
number
of
38
OFFICIAL
the various
mile
sources
STATISTICS
stated, and
are
and
averagedper
These
per mile of line open.
given for each company
separately.
It has been realised for many
years that
train-
statistics
more
are
detailed
were
figures
study of railway
necessary for the intelligent
operationwhether by the publicor by the companies
in fact publishedin
themselves, and such details were
other countries and collected by some
companies here.
In particular
the statement
of the number
of tons conveyed
gave equal importanceto a haul from Liverpool
Manchester
to
the total miles
and
one
Carlisle to London, and
trains counted a train with ten
by
equivalentto
run
from
eighty. From the
beginningof 1920 very detailed tables of goods transport
issued every
four weeks
are
(Ministryof Transport,
Railway Statistics,
price Is. 6d.)- The followingtable
compiled from the return indicates the nature of the
wagons
as
one
with
information.
"
The
total of ton-miles
of tons in each
is the total of the numbers
the number
of miles it is carried.
consignment multipliedby
the
hours
are
t Train-hours
etc.
pljunting,
of
running; engine
hours
include
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
The
the
study of
one
hand
39
month by month shows on
figures
generalcondition of industry,and
these
the
of
the economy
other whether
or
efficiency
operationis improving. The statistics are given for
and distinguish
72 kinds of merchandise.
each company,
on
the
It is an instructive exercise to find the relation between
the various totals and averages given. Thus, in the
train
(24.6+10.3=34.9)
engine hour (3.30)gives
multiplied
by
wagon-milesper enginehour (115),a number which can
also be obtained
by dividingwagon miles,loaded or
by enginehours (3,394,000,
empty (391,470,000),
p. 12 of
Report). This average is sometimes held to afford the
in operation.
of efficiency
best measure
to pasFiguresare also publishedmonthly relating
senger
above
extract
wagons
per
train miles per
traffic.
Statisticsof
Shippingare
issued in the
monthly trade
Statement
of Navigation and
Cmd. 953 for 1918, price3s. 6d.),and are
Shipping{e.g.,
given in considerable detail each year in the Statistical
Abstract of the United Kingdom. The dead weightof
returns, in
goods carried
in the
Annual
an
Board
equivalentto
is
now
estimated,and the result published
of Trade
Journal, but
there
is
nothing
the ton-miles of the railways,
and the
of distances which shipstravel or goods
ascertainment
are carried would need a very troublesome
investigation
in fact,relate to the net tonnage of the ships
The figures,
which reach or leave these coasts with cargoes or in
ballast,and
quantityor weight of
goods carried. The definition of net tonnage is highly
of the carrying
but it affords a measure
technical,
capacity
of the ship.
In 1911 the total tonnage of shipsleavingthe United
59,263,000
Kingdom with cargoes for abroad was
of sailingships,and
(of which 1,520,000 tons were
57,743,000of steamships).In the same
year the tonnage
of shipsarriving
with cargoes from abroad was 41,946,000.
The value of goods exportedwas
or
"556,878,000,
"9.4
not
to
directly
the
OFFICIAL
40
per ton
of
STATISTICS
shipping;of goods imported "680,157,000,
"16.2per ton. The difference between the aggregate
tonnage of incoming and outgoing ships and in the
average values of the cargoes is mainly attributable to
the coal export trade. The tonnage of shipsentering
in
ballast was
in
27,218,000,whilst that of shipsclearing
ballast was
only 10,482,000.
to the official
Entering and
clearing correspond
reachingor leavinga
processes connected with a ship's
A
is
entered
counted as
at
shipfrom abroad
port.
the first port at which she dischargescargo, and a ship
for abroad is counted as "cleared
at the last port at
which she embarks cargo. It is necessary in using the
statisticsto study the method
of recordingshipsonly
or
discharging
embarking mails and of shipscalling,
for example,at Antwerp on the way from Middlesbrough
before saihngfor the East ; for the method has
to London
or
"
"
"
"
"
"
*
been
modified in recent
separate ports
are
years.
given
not
In the statisticsof the
only the entrances and
*'
and ** departures,"
also the
arrivals
which terms include all ships in and out of the port
wherever they were
firstentered or finally
cleared. Thus
pool
and Liverhave the following
statements for London
we
in 1911 :
"
but
clearings,
"
Shipsare
and
in the
also distinguished
to their nationality
according
monthly and
annual
tables are given
reports
OFFICIAL
4"
It is
when
perhaps more
is not
one
STATISTICS
and more
interesting
considering
currency
important,
or
monetary
to
problems,
of prices,
of particular
studythe movement
commodities, e.g., of coal, wheat, sugar, tea, rubber,
with the records of importation
and consumption.
together
A considerable part of the economic history
of the past
50 years is bound up with these movements.
For this
purpose a file of StatisticalAbstracts is necessary, one
for every fifteen years.
The following
short table indicates
the material available
:
"
of
deduce the average movement
since the cost
retail prices
from that of wholesale prices,
also be taken
of manufacturingand distribution must
into account ; but it is true that retail pricesrise and
It is not
safe to
fairlyclose, though not easilymeasured,
to wholesale prices.
relationship
In addition to the wholesale pricesincluded in the
fall with
a
index-number, details
are
Statistics of the
Labour
manufactured iron.
given in the Abstract of
pricesof coal, pig-ironand
valuable record of pricesin the
another
have
tables of the StatisticalAbstract (Nos. 60 " 61) which
of all those goodsexportedor imported
contain the prices
definite to allow a price to be
which are sufficiently
calculated from the declared value and quantityof the
We
for
goods. Such prices
*
Rough unofl"cial estimate.
cotton
goods are
used
on
p. 36,
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
43
short
can
ascertain,over
By these records we
periodsat any rate, the generalchanges in wholesale
manufactured goods,while the numbers
priceof some
alreadydealt with are of food and raw materials. These
; e.g.,
records,however, conceal any changes in quality
in
1899,
the average priceof exported blankets (7.01s
relative
9.91s. in 1913 per pair)may not be for the same
of different quaUtiesin both years.
amounts
CHAPTER
III." INCOME
1
"
.
Income
and
AND
WAGES.
capital.
Official statistics relatingto income
incomes that are assessed for taxation
limited to
reviewed
or
are
Commissioners
are
Inland
Revenue
exempted. The
Cd. 8116 for the year
publishan Annual Report (e.g.,
discussed and
1914-15*). Some of the statistics were
analyzedby the Committee on the Income Tax (H. of
C. 365 of 1906),and the whole subjectwas
examined in
detail by Royal Commission
of 1919 ;
Tax
Income
on
the most
importantstatistics are to be found in the
2nd
Instalments
\st and
of the Minutes
of Evidence
(Cmd. 288"1
App. 3, Cmd. 288" 2 App. llf,price2s.
each).
and
Annual Reports deal with the tax from the point
of view of administration and collection and not with
the intention primarily
of givinginformation of the kind
wanted
by economic students,and there are few bodies
of statisticsso difficult to use
liable to suggest
or
so
The
inferences ; for any serious study it is necessary
to refer to British Incomes
and Property,
by Sir Josiah
elucidated.
are
Stamp, where all the figures
erroneous
*
many
the war
the Reports were
cut down,
of the interestingtables were
omitted.
During
t Also issued Cn^d. 224, priceId,
with
the
result tfe^t
OFFICIAL
44
The
most
STATISTICS
important distinction is
income, taxable
gross
income, after certain exemptions and
been made, and income on which tax
allowances have
received. Thus
was
1913-14 :
INCOME-TAX
between
we
INCOME
have
the
IN
1913-14.
totals
following
for
(000s omitted.)
1,167,184 ,000 was
;f
brought under review, and
Of
the
was
finallypaid on
3^791,715,000.
totals here given that of Taxable
Income
approaches
most
nearlyto the true total income of persons above
the exemption limit.
Thus
the tax
The report is
mainly concerned
the five schedules,whose
but
(inthe
manner
with the income
definition is
of Government
under
highlytechnical,
does
Departments)
not.
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
in the end, show the taxable income
It may,
however, be deduced
Income
from
schedule
and is as follows
farmingunder Schedule
to be one-
assumed
45
third of the rent,so
by schedule.
:
"
B was, in 1914-15,
that farmers whose
In
income.
to be twice the rent,
1920-21 such income is assumed
unless the farmer elects to be assessed under Schedule D.
It is very importantto realisethat a very considerable
under Schedule D are based on
part of the assessments
the average of three {insome
cases
five)previousyears,
rent
less than
was
"480
had
no
taxable
that it takes several years before profits
in a particular
The
detailed figures
year are shown in the accounts.
stated to the Royal Commission
Tax
for
Income
on
1918-19 thus include the profits
of 1915, 1916 and 1917,
and include hardlyany post-war profits.
so
of tax-payers,
but only the number
of assessments
under Schedule D
and E, and in very many
individual is
the same
cases
assessed more
than once.
of the
An estimate is made
number
of tax-payersin App. 11 of the 2nd Instalment
of Evidence, but since (asexplained)
it does not refer to
passing
any one year and is in a periodwhen incomes were
the exemption hmit in great numbers, it is valueless in
relation to the question how many persons received more
.than "160 in 1918 ? or in any other year.
The
only definite information about persons is the
number
who were
allowed abatement
small incomes
on
The
reports do
show
not
the number
"
"
and
the
number
who
paid super-tax. Nevertheless,
the total number
of tax-payershas been estimated with
some
from time to time by officialsand others
precision
who
have made
a
specialstudy of the reports. For
OFFICIAL:
46
1914-15 the number
STATISTICS
estimated in the House
of Commons
1,240,000.
was
There
is
officialestimate of the amount
of capital
in existence,
but the values of estates subjectto Death
Duties are givenin detailin the same
Report of the Inland
Revenue Commissioners,and these,together
with the Income
Tax statistics,
of calculation
have afforded the means
of the kinds and aggregatesof capital
from time to time.
no
2.
Wages,
"
There are
but they are
earnings
and
hours.
publications
dealingwith wages,
summarised, especially
imperfectly
during
many
so
since the war,
either the wages in
and
as
to make
it very
difficult to follow
particular
occupationor the general
of the average of wages or earnings.
movement
An
elaborate inquiry (commonly called the Wage
Census)was made by the Labour Department of the
Board
a
in 1906, of which the results,after an
extraordinary
delay,were issued in a seriesof eightvolumes
1913 under
the generalheading,
between
1909 and
of Trade
Earnings and Hours Inquiry in the United Kingdom
(Cd. 4,545, TextHes ; 4,844, Clothing; 5,086, Building,
Services ; 5,460,Agriculture
etc. ; 5,196,Public Utility
;
etc. ; 6,053, Railways; 6,556,Paper,
5,814,Engineering,
There was
no
Food, Miscellaneous).
report on
Pottery,
and report have been
mining,and no generalsummary
Labour
issued. The
Department has also pubUshed
from
time
to time
rather curtailed accounts
of standard
Cd. 6,054,Standard Time Rates
time and piece-rates
{e.g.,
and Hours, 1912, price6d.)and before the war issued an
and hours {e.g.,
of changes of wages
annual statement
Cd. 7,080 for the year 1912). The principal
changesare
ised
givenin the Labour Gazette monthly,which are summarThe
Abstract of
annuallyin the January number.
from
Statistics contains abbreviated statements
all these sources, and works the results into an indexof wages in
to show the general
course
number, purporting
Labour
Kingdom since 1879. There is strong reason
of wage
for holding that the aggregatedstatements
the United
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
47
changesreportedto the Labour Department cannot be
of the
to the measurement
appliedwithout amplification
change from year to year of the total wages paid in the
ignoressome
country, while the wage index-number
a basis.
importantfactors and rests on much too narrow
As is the
the
with
case
so
many
important lessons
to
groups of officialstatistics,
of
be derived from the mass
by unofficialinvestigators.
The nature of the information can be indicated in part
by working through the records of one occupation.We
will take Printers' Compositorsby hand on time-rates in
In the Wage Census (Cd.6,556,p. 31) we find
London.
1,500 (book,jobbingor weekly news) men
working full
39s. lid., only
time, whose average
earnings were
than 40s.,and one
earned more
one
quarter of whom
been
material have
drawn
quarterless than 39s.
Minimum
in
is
see
no
accordingto
Report
record
on
of
more
The
averaged 42s. 7d.
39s. from
was
1901,
There
and
hours
normal
; 689 also worked
1901 to 1915
or
less than
Trade
Union
from 38s.
(raised
Wages for 1901).
Changes in
change till October, 1915, then,
the records in the
Labour
Gazette,the
rate
1916),
subsequentlyto 42s. (April,
45s. (October,
49s.
1916),
(June,1917),53s. (November,
1917),55s. (January,1918),62s. 6d. (AprH,1918),72s. 6d.
(September,1918),77s. 6d. (June,1919),856. (December,
1919),95s. (June,1920). In 1907 the weekly hours of
work are given in the Labour
Abstract as 52J,in 1913
rose
to
41s., and
50, with the
that 52 J or more
in many
are worked
offices ; in 1920 they were
48.
,
As an example of a more
complicatedhistorywe may
take women
cotton
In the Wage Census in
weavers.
1906 (Cd.4545, p. 28) of those managing 4 looms, one
as
note
quarter earned 21s. 6d.
one
quarter 25s. 6d. or
or
less,half 23s. 6d.
more,
and
the
average
or
less,
for all
working full time was 23s. 5d. Wages are governedby
which move
from time to time as a percentage
piece-rates
on
From 1906 to 1912 exactlythe
an
agreed standard.
standard was
paid ; takingthis as 100 the rate moved
to 105 in i9i2,to no
m
January,i9i6,to115 in January,
OFFICIAL
48
STATISTICS
125 in
July,1917, to 140 in December, 1917,
to 165 in June, 1918,to 215 in December, 1918,and to
245 in July,19 19, the last rise being to compensate for
the reduction of weekly hours
from
55J to 48. In
May, 1920, the rate rose to 315.
There is no information to show
whether
earnings
in proportionto the piece-rate
and it ought not
move
to be assumed
that there was no change in skill,
industry
16
in
these
or machinery
years.
Every month the Labour Gazette publishesa table
showing the numbers employedand the wages paidby a
of firms in the textile,
number
clothingand some other
of course,
trades. The earnings,
depend on regularity
of employment as well as on rates of payment, but when
considered in the light
of other information
they are carefully
they are useful for many purposes. Thus {Labour
learn
Gazette,November, 1920, pp. 608 and 611) we
that certain cotton firms employ 37,507 persons (men,
in the weaving department who
women,
boys and girls)
earned "79,347; the numbers being8.6 and the aggregate
earnings28.4 per cent, less than a month before. In
in the cotton
the context we read that the depression
trade increased duringOctober,and that much unemployment
and under-employment were
reportedin all the
districts.
principal
of the changes in
There are
important summaries
in the Labour
rates ofwages and of hours duringthe war
1920 (p.170),and August,1919 (p.319
Gazette of April,
information
and p. 345). There is practically
no general
1917, to
as
to
the movement
of
earningssince 1914, which
probablybeen markedly different from
3." Working-class
has
that in rates.
budgets.
In order to gain knowledge of the standard of living
and to obtain a basis
attained by the working-classes,
by which the effect of changes of retail pricescan be
judged,two collections (in1904 and in 1918)have been
made
of accounts
of the
of workingweekly expenditure
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
50
It this
table
is
compared with
that
on
p. 34
it
that before the war
a considerable amount
is not accounted for ; part of the difference is
of meat
in some
holds,
housedue to excessive consumption and waste
and part because
sausages, tinned meat, offals,
"c., are not included in the table justgiven. The sugar
wiU be found
table includes that very largepart which is
of confectionery
and
in the manufacture
used
jam.
Wheat and tea agree as closely
as is to be expected.
Other
expenditureis generallyclassifiedunder rent,
in the former
and miscellaneous.
Information
light,
obtained from Cd. 6955
is readily
(seep. 51
fuel
clothing,
about
rent
and
opposite)Estimates have been made from various sources
coal. Expenditure on
to expenditureon
as
gas and
even
approximately,nor that
clothingis not known
.
on
miscellaneous expenses.
h":
LivingCommittee, usingsuch^informatio
estimate of average
available,gave the following
as was
expenditureof a standard family in 1914 and 1918.
(p.7 of Report.)
The
Cost of
information
Further
showing
the
on
positionafter
this very
the
difficult subject,
is
war,
greatlyto
be
desired.
Some
to
be
records
found
Workers, "c.
of
labourers
budgets of agricultural
Report on Cost
(Cmd. 76, price9d.).
in the
of
are
Living of Rural
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
4.
"
The
one
Prices
and
of
cost
51
living.
about
of information
importantsource
retail
pricesbefore the war is the Report of an Inquiry
in 1912
retail prices
into working-class
rents and
(Cd. 6955, price4s. lid.). In this accounts are given of
foods and coal and of rent in
the pricesof the principal
in the United KingLondon
and each of 87 large towns
dom.
from
The cost of rent and of coal varies greatly
placeto place,as might be expected,but there are also
of food, e.g.,the
remarkable
differences in the prices
some
four-poundloaf cost 5d. in Manchester, 6d. in Liverpool,
and 6d. to 7d. in Newcastle, and
milk was
2|^d.the
quart at Waterford, 3d. to 4d. at Dublin, 3^d. at Leeds,
far as
and 4d. at Middlesbrough. The cost of living
so
.
.
.
...
food, coal and
81
between
rent
London
are
concerned
varied in the ratio 100
:
(the highest)and Macclesfield (the
whole did not, however, show much
lowest). Food as a
variation,the extreme
range being in the ratio 111
while
to 94
(Perth and Galashiels)
(Stoke-on-Trent),
most
towns
were
within
5
per
cent,
each other.
doubt smoothed
of
no
Many of the local differences were
out by the process of control during the war, but there
is no publishedofficialinformation to show the position
The report also shows the change in pricesin all
now.
included between
1905 and 1912.
is relatively
The systematic
official
study of retail prices
In the Report on
modem.
British and Foreign Trade
Conditions (Cd. 2337 of 1904, p. 75) there is a very
the towns
imperfectaccount of pricesin London from 1877 to 1903.
This was
in the 1912 report,the more
amplified
complete
in
1892
figures
beginning
(p.302). In the same report for
the first time retail pricemovements
for the average
of 77 provincial
towns
shown
for the years 1907 to
are
1912 (pp.303-6) as well as the more
detailed accounts
for 1905 and 1912.
These showed that the changes in
the provinceswere
in London,
as
very nearlythe same
so
have a fairly
that we
adequate record from 1892.
The priceof the standard budget of food described in
OFFICIAL
52
previoussection
the
STATISTICS
10
was
per
higher in
cent,
1913
1892. From
the commencement
of the war
(see Labour Gazette, January, 1915, p. 6) systematic
made
enquirieswere
throughout the United Kingdom
than
as
to
in
retail
pricesof
food
month, and these form
the first
the basis of the now
retail food index-number.
compilationis described
on
The
in
method
day
of
each
well-known
of collection and
the Labour
Gazette,March,
1920, p. 118. The average
standard
budget and the
pricesof the foods in the
index-numbers
are
resulting
The
of
nature
publishedevery month.
unsatisfactory
lies not in the collection of the prices
this index-number
but in its inapphcabihty
to
the system of averaging,
or
post-war housekeeping. The number
simplyshows how
the cost of the standard
much
budget would have
kinds and
increased since 1914 if exactly the same
of food could be and were
bought in 1921 as
qualities
in 1914 (or with very slight
modifications in 1904, the
date of the original
budgets); no allowance is made
for enforced or voluntarychange of diet. Many commodities
ordinarily
purchased,from grocers or greengrocers
for
into
the
not
are
account,
brought
especially,
budget includes only butchers' meat (not pork),bacon,
milk,
tea, sugar, new
fish,bread, flour (not self-raising),
cheese, eggs and potatoes.
butter,margarine,
to
It is evidentlyextremely difficult to obtain or
interpretpricesof clothes and boots on an adequate
in both
the
made
statistical basis. Attempts were
reports already referred to (Cd. 2337, pp. 52-65, and
the Increase
Cd. 6955, p. 307) and by the Committee
on
of the Cost of Living (Cd. 8980, pp. 21-3),and prices
of food ; but no
collected monthly as in the case
are
information has been obtained and
reallysatisfactory
there is no evident way of usingsuch data as there are ;
resulted in
statement that
the priceof clothingincreased 330 per cent, between
July, 1914, and November, 1920, which is not in
it is
accordance
with
ordinary experience.When
remembered that there is no good evidence (p.52 above)
the Labour
Gazette method
a
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
of the
relative
53
importanceof clothingin working-class
of
clear that the measurement
it becomes
expenditure,
the cost of Hving,including
clothes,food, etc.,presents
very
great difficulties.
fairlyadequate information is to
from
the sources
be obtained
already described ; for
the
miscellaneous expenditureneither the basis nor
of the great
in view
is adequate, nor
information
varietyin needs and custom among households can an
average have any very definite meaning.
For
rent
and
fuel
great divergenceof views and evidence on the
subjectcan be studied in the reports of the evidence
before the Transport Workers
Court of Inquiry,1920.
(Cmd. 936, 6s. ; Cmd. 937, 3s.)
The
CHAPTER
IV."
1
For
the
Insurance
"
.
records
Act
of
SOCIAL
CONDITIONS.
Unemployment.
of
1911
unemployment prior to the
have
to depend primarily
we
unions
to the Labour
ment.
Depart-
the reports of trade
from those unions which
These reportsemanate
keep a record of their unemployed members, that is
from unions which pay unemployment benefit.
practically
on
table given every month
in the Labour
resulting
the membership of the unions, classified
Gazette shows
The
of trades, and the number
at the end of each month,
percentage of the membership.
in groups
a
In
September, 1920, the
1,670,000 members,
unions
of members
employed
un-
expressed also
concerned
as
included
small
proportion of the
and
over
in the
600,000 were
working-class,
Trades.
Engineeringand Shipbuilding
cotton
Building,
and mining are badly represented
; agriculture,
railways
and other transport are not included at all. The unions
are
almost
a
very
of these
those of skilledworkmen.
entirely
The
account
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
54
is therefore very incomplete,
but it has been found that
when tested by other records in normal times,the movements
of the
index reflects with fideUtythe
resulting
generalstate of unemployment,and it is believed that
the percentage is fairlyrepresentativefor the whole
of industry.
from
years we have also the records arising
the operationof the Insurance Act, also given monthly
In recent
in the Labour
Gazette.
In
July, 1920, 2,774,000 males
insured under
Act
the
208,000 females were
of 1911 and
also 814,000 males
and 401,000 females
under the Act of 1916" making a total of nearly4,200,000
and
The
persons, i.e. 25 to 30 per cent, of all wage-earners.
of unemployment taken is the percentage that
measure
the
of
number
unemployment
policies
lodgedwith the
donation
of the
and
out-of-work
Labour
Exchangesforms
insured in July. Engineeringand
of
in September for 43 per cent,
total number
account
shipbuilding
the men,
the trade
books
this as well as
that these industries dominate
union record ; in them the trade unions show
so
2.5 per cent, unemployed at the end of August,1920,
while the insurance account
gives3.6 per cent. ; if the
could be studied in detail we
might learn if the
figures
inclusion of labourers
in the latter is
for
responsible
the
higher figure.
aggregatesfor the same
percentages are 2.65 for males
while
should
the trade
be
union
remembered
return
that
the
month
the
In
and
shows
the
4.18
insurance
for
females,
1.6 for males.
trades
coming
It
under
those where
in some
Acts are
measure
while the trade union returns
unemployment is prevalent,
exclude occupationswhere the burden of unemployment
the
Insurance
is too
considerable
for their funds.
Both
exclude
some
coal-mines,
important occupations,such as railways,
cotton
(forthe most part),where employment is nearly
regularor times of depressionare met by sharingout
the work.
Agricultureand domestic service are also
included.
OFFICIAL
STATISTICS
55
good deal of careful studyin more normal
times before the relationship
of these measurements
in generalis fully
known.
to each other and to occupation
avoid
Meanwhile
to
the two, combined
duplication,
show
that at least 106,000 men
belongingto unions
unable
insured
to
or
were
willingand
professedly
get work in August, 1920.
It will need
a
In addition to these accounts
of persons whose names
number
have records of the
stood on the registers
of the Labour
of insured
Exchanges,whether members
trades or not.
to separnot possible
It is,unfortunately,
ate
in
of
insured from uninsured
the numbers
the present
is made.
form in which the monthly statement
Nor
for comparative
the total records correctly
can
we
use
Exchanges
purposes, since the positionof the Labour
of finding
tion
as means
employment has varied in the estimaof employers
and workmen.
we
Other
information in the Labour
Gazette relatingto
of the number
employment includes accounts
paid in
certain
industries
48), the
of
number
labourers employed in the London
of
Docks, the number
seamen
shipped,the number of shifts worked in the Iron
and Steel Trades, the number
of blast furnaces in
operation,and, in recent months, the numbers
ployed
emin mines.
is also a summary
There
for each
industryof the generalcondition of trade duringeach
(see
p.
month.
The great varietyand
of all
uncoordinated nature
this mass
of material makes
the task of gettingany
comprehensive idea of the stress of unemployment and
stillmore
of
making an adequatecomprehensivemeasurement
of extraordinary
one
These
tables
differ
difficulty.
from those issued by Administrative
Departments in
that they are compiledsolely
for the information of the
publicand not as a record of departmentalwork.
It is
very unfortunate that no way has been found by which
the
mass
of labour involved could be made
utility.
of
more
direct
OFFICIAL
56
2.
STATISTICS
Old
"
The officialaccount
age
of Old
pensions.
Age Pensions
is to be found
in the
cise
Reportsof the Commissioners of Customs and ExTenth Report,Cmd. 503, priceIs. 6d.),following
{e.g.,
after the tables relating
to the consumption of dutiable
and the revenue
commodities
The
accruingtherefrom.
for this curious procedure is that the Excise
reason
Officers are
charged with the administration of the
in the Abstract
pensions. The figuresare summarised
of Labour
Statistics.
it is
inaccessible,
information
what
totals
As
the detailed records
give sufficientextracts
published.
well to
is
are
rather
to show
for the
administrative
principal
viz.,the MetropolitanBoroughs, the County
districts,
Boroughs,and the Administrative Counties (whichexclude
the County Boroughs) in England and Wales, for the
ties
Burghs with more than 50,000 inhabitants and the Counfor the County Boroughs and
in Scotland, and
Counties in Ireland.
counted in the
The pensioners
are
districtin which they draw their pensionson a particular
date.
The population,
as
a whole, can
mately
only be approxiThe
are
estimated
made
at dates between
the Censuses,and no
attempt is made to ascertain the whole number of persons
70 years old in the districtsyear by year, but the numover
ber
there resident in April,1911,is taken as a basis of
of persons
70
over
be some
8 per cent, greater than in 1911,
years must
in the following
and the figures
table,showingthe number
of pensionersper 1,000 of persons over
70, should be
comparison. By
reduced
If
therefore about
the number
8 per cent.
find
8 per cent, to the 1911 population,
we
of 479,000 men
70 in England and Wales,
over
we
that
1919
add
224,400, or 47 per cent., and of 678,000 women,
434,000,
cent., receive pensions. The corresponding
percentagesfor Scotland are 43 and 59, and for Ireland,
49
and 60.
The impression
that pensmn?
more
are
or
64
per
OFFICIAL
58
STATISTICS
In the next section it is seen
that also a considerable
of persons over
number
70 years (perhaps
50,000)are in
Poor
Law Institutions,
do not receive
of whom
most
pensions.
3.
"
Local
The
Government
Pauperism.
Board
issues,or used
to
issue,
monthly reports on the number of paupers, and a more
detailed half-yearly
statement
H. of C. 278 of 1914.
{e.g.,
in this section are taken).
price6d.,from which the figures
The
main
of information
source
concerned
is
a
count
tutions
in all insti-
of the numbers
of persons in receipt
of reliefon the 1st Januaryand the 1st July in each year.
There is no systematic
record for other days,nor can we
tell for what periodindoor or outdoor reUef is granted,
often
how
nor
relief. Much
the
same
concern
person
is shown
or
in
family appliesfor
the report about
door
140 persons out of 754,150 who received indoor and outreliefon the same
day, but we are not told anything
the ages of persons between
16 and 70 years, and
the division between persons who are illor well is classified
in so
apparently contradictoryways that we
many
about
be
cannot
and
not
that the 9,281 men
temporarilydisabled are
sure
day's work.
It is because
said to be able-bodied
fit for a
in any way
of the confusion
throughout
good deal of space
the details
is here given to exhibiting
and co-ordinating
be found in the report.
that can
in definition and
It
must
be
classification that
remembered
that
a
in
addition
to
the
or indoor or outdoor
age pensions,
relief,at the expense of the taxpayer and ratepayer,
houses
almsin orphanages,schools,hospitals,
there are many
tions
and other homes
supportedby endowed founda-
numbers
old
receiving
those who depend
as well as
privatesubscription,
casual charity. The officialstatistics afford no
on
more
is
of the proportionof the populationwhich
measure
and the variation in them from time
not self-supporting,
time
to
reflect changes of administration and
may
or
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
changesin
PERSONS
IN
JANUARY
grand
total
OF
RECEIPT
1st. 1914. IN
was
206
per
at 16 years above
is at 3 years and
20,183
well
the increase
as
women
PUBLIC
AND
age, apart from
which
persons are
There
70 years.
aged
over
RELIEF
ENGLAND
or
ON
WALES.
10.000 of the estimated
only distinction by
The
these
help as
of poverty.
decrease
The
of
other forms
59
70 who
population.
the division
called men
or
27,920
women,
and
received indoor reUef ;
were
men
maries,
only are allowed old age pensionswhen in infirand they are generallypaid to the institution
towards
their expenses.
At the same
time 3,627 men
and
70 received outdoor relief.
5,318 women
over
Of the 388,917 persons
outdoor
on
reUef, 20,731
received
medical
boarded
out.
*
and
help only, and
This total duplicates140 persons,
who
outdoor
the
on
same
day.
paupers
11,596
were
were
counted
children
as
indoor
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
6o
Of the 264,292 indoor paupers, 190,131 men
or women
workhouse
in workhouses
and 22,372 children were
or
in specialinstitutions for
infirmaries,35,527 were
in institutions (hospitals,
16,262 were
children, and
not provided
trainingschools,etc. mainly for children)
for by the Poor Law
tribute
Authorities,who, however, con"
to the expenses.
agree with
not
of the
Most
for each
Poor
Considerable
deaUng
(pp.XII.
with
and
OF
NUMBER
These
another
paragraphs.
following
far are given
sub-divisions enumerated
so
Law
Union
in England and Wales.
detail
the
XIV.
is shown
68,039 indoor
of
to
as
the
method
children, not
of
insane
Report).
CHILDREN
UNDER
16
IN
INSTITUTIONS.
1st. 1914.
place (p. vii.) it
is stated
that
31,943
inmates of separate institutions for children,
in the main table (p.4) 35,527 are so shown, and
children
and
for children do
those in the
JANUARY
In
numbers
are
there
several
are
are
shades
apparentlyinconsistent
other
ments
state-
is full of technical terms
doubt clear to the officialsbut whose different
no
of meaning elude the uninitiated.
report, which
in the
that
6i
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
ties
the Poor Law AuthoriBesides persons receiving
relief,
heads of families
interested in the existence of
are
"
who were
of indoor
or
constructively
indirectly
paupers
relief to a dependent (other than
paupers
counted
"
account
they
are
as
are
of sickness
included
Astute
not
of
accident
or
to
a
child,"but
table which
following
in the
to
children
TO
RELIEF
OUTDOOR
AND
is ently
apparreheved.
enumerated
in
the
FAMILIES
AND
TO
SINGLY.
RELIEVED
PERSONS
or
insane
alreadygiven.
INDOOR
The
an
families are
show how many
be able to reconcile the totals with
readers may
intended
those
reason
of these hypotold how many
thetical
there are, nor isitclear how many persons
is relieved on
when
a
man
paupers
We
dependent)."
are
by
first line
are
orphans,
deserted
foundlings.
4
After
who
the
receive
"
.
Miscellaneous
study of the
help from rates
enormous
and
.
totals of
people
taxes, it is well to turn
62
STATISTICS
OFFICIAL
the
greaternumbers of those who have made
for themselves.
The statisticsof Friendly
some
provision
Societies,
Co-operativeSocieties and of Trade Unions
to
even
summarized
are
in the
Abstract
Statistics,
of Labour
and
be studied in more
detail in the
may
Chief
Registrarof Friendly Societies.
Reportsof
The
the
pre-war
statistics relatingto Trade
out
Unions
doubt
no
are
of date and it is to be hoped that more
useful figures
will soon
be available. In 1911 the membership of
Trade Unions
recorded as 3,010,954 ; unions with
was
"
at least 1,470,000members
paidunemployment benefit,"
and with at least 729,000 members
paid sickness benefit.
In
100
unions 18 per cent, of the expenditure
principal
in 1911 was
for unemployment, 17J per cent, for sickness
4 J per
and accident, 16 J per cent, for superannuation,
cent, for funerals,12| per cent, for disputes,
7| per cent,
for miscellaneous grants and
for working expenses.
The
FriendlySocieties
of
Oak)
was
distributive
brief account
(such as
benefits and
membership
the
Oddfellows
23 per cent,
of ordinary
and
Hearts
nearly4,000,000,and that of co-operative,
and
productive societies 2,778,000. This
exhausts the records of thrift
by no means
and insurance.
of
education we have
the reportsof the Board
Education for England and Wales and of the corresponding
authorities for Scotland and Ireland. The statistics
For
are
very useful except for administrative purposes
for the study of special
questions.They naturally
not
and
out
only to schools supportedwholly or partially
of school-children
of publicfunds, and
the number
attendingat various ages and in various kinds of schools
refer
very littleof the educational standards reached.
Though it is evident from the records that the majority
it is not
of children leave school as earlyas possible,
possibleto give any clear account of the minoritywho
tells us
carry their education further because secondaryschools
draw not only from the publicelementaryschools.
OFFICIAL
We
cannot
STATISTICS
yet obtain any
63
clear account
of sickness
(itis believed)no general
and health, since there are
and that there has not
statisticsof hospitals,
yet been
generalreport of the working of the National
any
careful and cornpreThere is needed
Insurance Act.
a
hensive study of the incidence both of sickness and of
in occupationand at various ages, not
uneniplo3^nient
possiblean intelligent
only so as to make
study of
but also for statisticalpurposes
to conipute
reniedies,
between
the relationship
weekly and annual average
earnings.
The only other important official accounts
bearing
on
victions,
generalsocial questionsare those of crime and conwhich need expert study before use.
LoxLEY
Brothers
Ltd.
PrinUrs,Gough
Square, Fleet Street,London
E.C.4