1. law, govt and politics
2. legal issues
3. civil rights

HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
22*
E.
THE
NEW
GREGG
YORK
H.
COOPER
PUBLISHING
CHICAGO
COMPANY
SAN
FRANCISCO
COPYRIGHT
1M"
BY
B.
H.
COOPER
COPYRIGHT
1918
BY
THE
GREGG
ALL
COMPANY
PUBLISHING
RIGHTS
RESERVED
PREFACE
This
how
book
with
starts
early life and
individuals
means,
and
of
may,
attain
a
their
shows, step by step,
initiative
own
education, lucrative
good
out
with-
and
position
success.
It may
be
described
If
the
skip
problem up
the
to
you
The
and
The
of
to
has
desires
of
the
book
from
there
you
This
on.
are,
of
story
way
journey.
deals
that
stage, begin where
your
the
complete
to
the
of
part
gone
with
the
and
low
fol-
a
to
way
and
carefully read
followed, will surely lead
the goal of your
ambition.
first chapter or two
commonplace
seem
may
very
past those
are
life, but
deeper
and
first part
story
many
places
reader
the
herein
so,
success,
that
the
in the
chapters that
journey that
in interest
reader
activity laid
knowledge
have
a
down
in
it is not
that
follow
experiences
the
carry
do
many
end
the
as
will
in the
chapters
not
reader
approaches.
appreciation
of
better
the
following
theory
pages,
the
but
over
and
pass,
grow
the
line
with
the
of
story
of
actual
accomplishment.
It is not
that
matter
of
purpose
be
that
of
will
others
the
There
this
has
book
ways
has
nearly
every
of
flying machines
you
the
the
would
novice
be
sure
with
elsewhere.
The
to
It is the
say.
practical help
that
its readers;
to
the
profit by
to
fillthis book
helps
experience of
successful.
been
many
obtain
value
and
them
have
to
something new
to give sound,
service
enable
are
could
student
he
real
who
of the author
desire
believes
author
will
the
build
to
his
built
that
design of a tested
Experimenting is
machine
your
model
that
has
will
Y
*
and
Most
fly. If
fly, follow
not
proved
costly business.
very
26
will
novices
6
50
peculiarway.
own
by
flying machine,
a
ful
success-
PREFACE
It took Edison years to produce an electric lightglobe
that would
give light,and now, in modernly equipped
be made
in a few
factories,incandescent globes may
minutes
with small waste
of time and energy.
It is as wasteful to be experimentingwith success
in
life as it is for one
the
to try to invent all over
again
lightor airplane.
^electric
outline of achievement
flexibleenough to
is made
of any perhighestand most varied aspirations
son.
It providesthe ladder on
which
The
to climb.
reader may
set this ladder under
any ambition that he
This
fit the
or
she may
have and
mount
as
surelyto
one
goal as
to
another.
ambition
is
The
that this book aims to foster most
that of pleasant and
profitableemployment, with a
knowledge of those activities for which the individual
student is
most
adapted.
In the young
reader's mind there sometimes
"Does
education pay?" Permit me
question,
from
the
Marden
on
well-known
Success
this question.
Does
"Does
it pay
an
to learn to
make
to
writer, Orison
Education
the
comes
quote
Swett
Pay
life a
gloryinstead
of
a
grind?
"Does
it pay to open
a
littlewider the door of
a
narrow
life?
"Does
or
to the lens of the
microscope
telescope?
"Does
to
it pay to add power
get
a
"Does
it pay to push one's horizon further out in order
wider outlook,a clearer vision?
it pay to taste the exhilaration of feelingone's
unfold?
powers
"Does it pay to know how to take the dry drudgery out
of life?
it pay for a rosebud to open out its petalsand
"Does
flingout
"Does
"Does
its beauty to the world?
it pay to fitoneself for a
it pay to get
a
superiorposition?
joy of living?
glimpseof the
7
PREFACE
it pay to learn how to focus thoughtwith power ;
one's mental forces effectively?
how to marshal
to get out of life high
it pay to acquirepower
"Does
purchase?
and noble pleasureswhich wealth cannot
with bright,
friendships
"Does it pay to make
lifelong
will occupy high
ambitious
people,many of whom
"Does
young
placeslater on?
familiar with all the lessons
it pay to become
"Does
to make
teach as to how
that historyand science can
life healthyand successful?
"Does it pay to change a bar of rough pig iron into
thus increasingits worth
hair springs for watches
than fiftytimes the value of its weight in
to more
gold?
to
it pay to experiencethe joy of self-discovery,
nature
in one's
of possibility
open up whole continents
?
undiscovered
otherwise might remain
which
mentalitystirred by the
"Does it pay to have one's own
the
passion for expansion,to feel the tonic of growth,
the
from
sciousness
concomes
indescribable satisfaction which
"Does
of
perpetualenlargement?
to
it pay to have expert advice and training;
criticalyears
in the most
have high ideals held up to one
of life?"
/ believe it all pays and this book has been prepared
in order that the author might have a part in helping
in
others to receive a largershare of the thingsthat pay
"Does
this life.
A hundred
every great
A
hundred
hinderingtrifles hang
undertaking.
thwarting details threaten
every great purpose.
doubts
A hundred wilting
every
your
and
the
tail of
fixityof
ace
mendiscouragements
great enthusiasm.
Determine
on
the coat
to
main
; then
spurn
chance.
the irrelevant
"
keep
your
eyes
effort in a
by undaunted
Big thingsare accomplished
line toward
a
goal that is fixed in the mind.
^straight
when
you set
Directness is the main point to remember
yourselfto a great task. You must have a high ideal
PREFACE
8
and
work
to
it. You
will
never
do
ever,
big things,how-
unless you firstget a vision of big things.
The work
of accomplishing
the task set forth in this
book is worthy of the best powers
possessedby men
and women.
It challenges
one's best steel.
"Life is real! Life is earnest!
And
the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was
not spoken of the soul.
"In
the world's broad
field of battle,
In the bivouac of life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!"
Be progressive
in your thinking. Think
the time.
Make
up your mind that you a^e
forward all
going to
be
successful.
Think success, dream
and it
work
for success
success,
will surelybe yours.
It is just as easy to form the habit of thinkingbig
thoughtsand doing big thingsas it is to fritterone's life
the petty thingsof life.
on
away
Once the president
of a university
two boys dredgsaw
ing
in the mire of a small pond with tin cans.
He said:
"We
what
poles,"
are
are
catchingtad"Boys,
you doing?"
the reply. "What
are
was
you going to do with
"Feed
them to the
the tadpoles?"the presidentasked.
minnows," the boys replied.The next questionwas,
do you do with the minnows?"
and they an"What
swered
for bait and
that they sold them
to fishermen
about twenty-five
dollars a year at this work.
made
and
with me
The president
said,"Boys, won't you come
study in my university? I need a couple of boys like
for you to earn
all exit possible
penses
you and I will make
by working evenings."The boys
throughcollege,
for
would
be no one
there
that
to catch tadpoles
replied
and that they would all die. They couldn't
the minnows
The
insistent,
however, and finally
presidentwas
go.
PREFACE
it was
%
that
decided
one
9
of the
catch
followed the
boys would
stay
to
while the other
tadpolesfor the minnows
call of opportunity.
Ten
collegepresidenthas
years have passed. The
died and John, who fed the minnows, but who left them
is his successor,
for the call of opportunity,
John, now
himself
of
the
for
h
as
won
a name
by
college,
president
better
of
the
curriculum
this
to
serve
college
revising
His former
of students.
partner is
nows.
still dredging in the mire for tadpolesto feed the min-
the
modern
needs
that are
up to the opportunities
in
the
richest
land
the
on
waiting for yout You live
face of the globe,the land that offers the most
liberty,
and possithe most
freedom, the greatest opportunities
bilities
Men,
a
man
may
wake
women,
of any land.
in which
It is a land of freedom
unfavorable
circumstances
born under the most
become
the presidentof the nation,and in which a
woman
may
rise from
any
Willard, a Jane Addams,
a
Nancy
Hanks
a
positionto
Harriet
Frances
a
Beecher
Stowe,
E.
or
Lincoln.
In the author's travels he has known
deserving
many
and ambitious
have
who
been
striving
young
persons
f
or
of
the
but
in
world,
diligently worthy goals
many
these
they
persons
were
like mariners
without
wandering aimlesslythrough
them, after having attained success
many
were
a
compass
life. Some
"
of
ward,
years afterback and see
how
lost motion
there
much
in their earlyaccomplishments. Many others look
was
back and see how
they might not have missed the goal
if they had only known
of success
which
step to take
look
next.
It is to these ambitious
If
souls that this book
is dedicated.
few
aspiringpersons may be discovered with all
and if they may be shown
undevelopedpossibilities,
of
that
so
opportunity
they may blossom into
way
a
their
the
their best service to themselves
and others,the purpose
of this book
will be accomplishedand the hope of its
author fulfilled.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
HOW
I
BEGIN
TO
Qualify for the School of Business"How
Stenographer or Bookkeeper
Obtaining
"
Business
"
Guide
Posts
Position
Business
to
What
"
AND
CHAPTER
HOW
In
SECURE
TO
General
CIVIL
A
National
the
III
POSITION
SERVICE
and
Stenographer
Clerk.
Typewriter
"
Typewriter
keeper
Book-
"
"
"
CHAPTER
THE
Do
ENVIRONMENT
Home"
Leave
To
Why
at Washington.
Departments
The
"
a
sition"Th
Po-
Will
System
Home"
Leaving
Capital
Business
II
POSITION
NEW
a
Become
Success.
CHAPTER
YOUR
to
FEDERAL
THE
THAT
OPPORTUNITY
IV
CIVIL
SERVICE
OFFERS
The
Permanency
Influence
Needed
Different
from
"
A
"
of
Hours
Commercial
Man's
Civil
the
of
Service
Labor
Work
Opportunities
11
"
No
Political
Work
Government
"
"
"
A
Woman's
Entrance
tunities
Opporto
the
versities.
Uni-
CONTENTS
1*
V
CHAPTER
CHOOSING
"
General
In
Architecture
"
Accountancy Advertising Agriculture
ice
ServArtist Congressman Consular
"
"
"
"
"
"
chanical
Dentistry Engineering: Civil, Electrical, MeManufacturing
Inventor
Journalism L a w
"
Musician
"
"
"
"
VOCATION
A
"
The
Ministry
"
Patent
"
Attorney
"
manship"Teach
Sales-
CHAPTER
HOW
Qualify
TO
Sckool
for the
who
those
will
offers
can
business
a
to
by First
become
to
school, but
the
enter
prepare
To
qualify as a
to
0
calling to
You
of Industry.
Captain of Industry in
the
how
Becoming
Stenographer
or
of
largest reward
qualify as Captains
learn
not
BEGIN
of Business
Bookkeeper
Business
I
a
any
first in order
there
must
you
go
real school
itself.
business
"
bookkeeper or stenographer will be
it will, in itself,
the stepping-stone to larger things, and
of
value
all
be
to you
through life.
great personal
very
When
of
gets into business
man
a
enables
bookkeeping
the
for
him
interpret more
to
of his business, and
records
edge
his knowl-
himself
decisions
make
to
rectly
cor-
if he be a stenogThen
pertaining to its management
rapher
think of his pleasure in being able to take down
interesting sermon,
speech or joke that he may
some
want
remember.
to
People
memory.
for
uses
rather
than
If
any
his
can
it,and
part
a
with
competent
time
old
work
and
on
necessary
is
years
their
of
one
of
alphabet
stenographer
for
its
of
knowledge
or
pursuits,he
rent
pay
his feet.
him
the
shorthand
write
the
fail in other
again get
it is not
after
part with
to
It
who
and
As
to
is
keys
to
find
a
the
almost
they would
English language
of
shorthand.
use
bookkeeper
should
at
at
return
to
can
once
living expenses
long as he is able
ask
good
a
thousand
aid
from
until
to
others.
he
work
He
of security which
independent, and it gives him a sense
in other
lines
prolongs his life and helps him to succeed
of work.
It is a stepping-stone in more
than
one.
ways
if
For
desires
his
succeed
in
to
example,
man
a
own
13
"
;
'TO PREPARE
HOW
14
.'*"
ff'r'''S!
IA
'
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
'.'
"Business later in life,let him
commercial
take
a
graphic
steno-
in a
bookkeepingpositionunder a good man
if
in
with
house;
a judge or
law,
lawyer of
higheststanding,etc.
or
commercial
Edward
Bok, editor of the Ladies' Home
Journal,
says:
"The
value of
stenographyto young people is that it
is apt to placethem in positions
of confidence in direct
with their employers,thus giving them
sight
incontact
an
into the inner workings of a business which they
would scarcelyobtain in any other way."
Mr. Bok started as a stenographer,
and he ought to
know
whereof
he speaks.
President Wilson learned shorthand in his youth and
it every day. The manuscriptof most of his books
uses
written in shorthand.
This accomplishment has
was
been the stepping-stone
of thousands of promto success
inent
people.
How
to
Become
a
Stenographeror
Bookkeeper
keeping
bookand typewriting
or
in six or seven
months
by attendingevening
classes in some
good business school. No matter what
if your present employment will not
your circumstances,
permit, you can get employment that will pay you
enough to live on and to pay tuition in night business
You
can
acquireshorthand
school.
Do
Not
Try
to
Become
Both
a
Bookkeeper and
Stenographer
Focus your ability
upon one
and
pointuntil you burn a hole in it. Genius is intensity
lows
folwho
is as dangerous as stagnation."He
digression
It is the singleaim
hares catches neither."
two
You
must
concentrate.
that wins.
Only by concentration can you succeed.
for
is a wonderful training
The school of deprivation
the luxuries
after life. He who can give up in manhood
which most
fellows delightin possessing,
can
go
young
HOW
that
the difficulties
ends in success.
selectinga business
through
which
In
built up
a
BEGIN
TO
are
sure
15
to
in
come
school, choose
one
a
career
that
has
nity.
reputationby years of service in the commufor
not spend money
a
correspondencecourse
is impossibleto obtain personal instruction.
of the best correspondenceschools are to be
Do
unless
it
books
The
found
in the Public Libraries.
If you study stenography,choose a standard system
of shorthand that has stood the test of years. There are
vors
several good systems to choose from.
The author fathe Gregg in preferenceto the Pitmanic
systems
which include Isaac Pitman, Benn Pitman, Graham, MunThe latter are modifications
Longley,and Dement.
of the original
Isaac Pitman
and have geometrical
signs
The Gregg system is based upon the natural
as
a basis.
strokes of the longhand alphabetand is taught in more
than three-quarters
of the cities and towns
of the United
of
States whose high schools teach shorthand and in many
our
largercities. Avoid the systems that claim to teach
The Englishlanguage is a
you in a few days or weeks.
with
words
and
big language
expressionsthat
many
son,
learn any system of
tions.
express all of its ramifica-
similar,and it takes months
are
shorthand
so
that you
can
to
will learn
you
learn the touch
along with your shorthand,by all means
The
called the piano method.
ease
system, sometimes
method
this
which
machine
with
by
operate a
you can
In
the
study
will repay
requiredto
of
typewritingwhich
thousand
learn it.
you
a
times
for any
extra
labor
what your occupation
circumstances, if
or
be
will
can
persistent,
you
you
arrange your hours of
work so that you can
study and attend classes evenings.
Some
students who
to attend evening
cannot
arrange
classes,attend class every week day during half their
noon
hour, and have every evening for study. Those
have
who attend evening classes three eveningsa week
No
matter
the other
three eveningsto study.
reader may
Just at this point,some
say,
"But
where
18
does
have
HOW
TO
time
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
for social
in?"
You
will
pleasurecome
to content
yourselfwith what recreation and social
pleasureyou can indulgein on Sundays. If you
would be successful,
pay the priceof success,
you must
and if you are not willing
then you may
to pay the price,
well not start.
The further along you go the easier
as
my
this whole
will become.
If you can
summon
will
to
be safe.
enough courage
get a good start, you
There
of students who
thousands
are
are
studying in
for
the man
or
evening schools and the school
woman
who
works is becoming a stronger and stronger thread
economic
life as the complexity
in the fabric of our
of our
civilization increases.
It is many
people'sonly
advancement.
of
way
in
One of the best ways
to keep up your enthusiasm
the study of stenographyis to subscribe to a shorthand
This
paper, or in bookkeepingsubscribe to System.
career
published.You can get
enough out of any copy you pick up to pay for a year's
subscription.
Every student should keep his enthusiasm
up to the weldingpointand the monthly or weekly paper
is the best
magazine of
business
for the student of business to do it. If
mend
studying stenography,ask your instructor to recomshorthand
a good
paper.
that in the learningof shorthand
remember
You must
there are
two
ment
important factors systematicdevelopand cultivation of the mind, and skillful training
of the hand, that the hand and the brain may be brought
to work
not
togetherharmoniouslyand smoothly. This canhalf-hearted
and
be accomplished
unmethodical
by
dence
efforts. If you attack the difficultproblems with confihalf
of
their
will
appear.
and determination,
difficulty disYou
must
put enthusiasm into your study and
is the best way
"
learn to
relyupon yourself.Never givea
second
thought
efforts. You will
gree
exactlyby the de-
of your
what will be the outcome
find that your reward will be gauged
of proficiency
you attain,and that skill in any art
from infinite and determined practice.
comes
"my
In yoyr study of bookkeeping,
or typestenography,
writing
before speedy. Accuracy in
aim to be accurate
to
Google,
PRESIDENT
WILSON
SPEAKING
THE
The
TREASURY
figurein the foreground is President
FROM
l\\K
Soi'TU
S I MI'S
BUILDING
Wilson's officialshorthand
reporter, Charles L. Swem
OF
HOW
18
office.
to
time.
No
be
it
can
CIVIL
SERVICE
to get the thing
simply the ability
get it done thoroughly,and to get it done on
how
matter
lowly and unimportantthe task,
in
made
to providea completetraining
course
System
done;
FOR
PREPARE
TO
means
if its owner
system and organization,
What
System Will Do
cares
to make
it so.
for You
and of brain ash.
"It will clear the mind of cobwebs
"It will increase effectiveness,
lengthenlife,and make
it better worth living.
work
and of a better quality
"It will produce more
than is possible
without it.
"It will increase your efficiency
because it will increase
your self-confidence and self-respect.
of perplexingdetails and give
"It will simplifya mass
for
freedom
larger,creative work.
you
the result of your labor so that you will
"It will save
and over
not have to do thingsover
again.
"It will enable you to make better use of your experience,
and will save
business
asters.
disfrom
and
pitfalls
you
better balanced,
"It will make you a man
better poised
mentally,and more
optimistic.
diately,
"It will enable
you to findanything you want immeinstead of losingvaluable time huntingfor it.
"It will make you a more
tal
agreeableman, because menand
confusion fagsthe brain,increases nervousness,
tends to make
one
pessimistic
"It eliminates worry
and that
petty anxietywhich
to clear the atmosphere about you
inability
little,
vexing,harassingdetails.
"A
good system shortens the road to the goal and
and
relieves the mind of a thousand and one perplexities
the
which
besides detail and drudgery through
anxieties,
orderless man
goes." Orison Swett Mabden.
comes
from
of
"
Guide
Posts
A few guide posts to
been adopted by many
to
Business Success
in an
largebusiness
success
office which
have
for
organizations
HOW
employees are
to
TO
BEGIN
19
given for the information of the
in being a success
at this stage
assist him
reader
of his
journey.
Rule
We
i.
mistake
a
may
foundation of
are
"
be
all human
made
and make
the
The
success.
mistakes.
But
of
keystone
system the
is simple: Don't
secret
"
make
the same
mistake twice.
The
in
error
misspellingof a customer's name
an
form
of
address
these
unfulfilled
an
are
promise;
your
valuable assets if they teach you exactness.
Let your
mistakes shape your
system and your system will vent
presuch mistakes.
When
discover a mistake sit
you
down
then and there and arrange to prevent its repetition.
"
"
Paint it on your walls; emblazon
it on
your door;
frame it over
your desk; think it to yourself;burn it
into your brain
Don't
this one
essential to success:
"
make
the
Ride
duty of
mistake twice.
Don't let go of a
same
2.
"
any
kind intrusted
singlepaper, letter,or
to
your
care
"tickler" memo
until you have made
a
follow it up to the end and know
you can
of it.
Rule
"tickler"
3. Interview your
Make
it the first "office assistant" you
"
at
every
day's beginning. Then
in accordance
that day.
with
what
plan
a
for execution,
of it,so that
what becomes
morning.
every
and
consult
see
day's work
your
the "tickler" tells you
to
do
on
Rule 4. After the "tickler" has been consulted and
fixed in your mind the importantthings
you have clearly
that must
be done to-day,the new
papers coming over
desk next
deserve attention.
your
Rule 5. Whatever
unfinished work you have left over
at night should
always be left in the upper right-hand
drawer of your desk.
This does not mean
part of your
unfinished work
and the rest of it scattered through
all of it; the
different pigeonholes.It means
seventeen
first rule of system is to have one
definite,unvarying
for
of
work.
each
kind
If
place
by any chance you can't
"
"
"
get it all in the drawer,
see
that
a
memo
is
placedin the
HOW
80
drawer
TO
statingwhere
Rule
6.
"
FOR
PREPARE
Men
who
SERVICE
CIVIL
the overflow
make
and break
can
be
found.
promises are
not
who are intentionally
dishonest.
Sometimes
always men
they are simply good natured, and dislike to say "No"
when
asked to accomplisha given task. Yet there is no
who
worker
trouble for others, and more
who
continually
unhappiness for himself, than the man
makes
ing
loose agreements without first carefullycalculattheir feasibility.
To break this habit should be the
of
Let him resolve
the
foremost purpose
system man.
causes
more
make no promises that he can't
schedule time.
to
*
*
*
reasonablyfulfillon
*
The main reason
why you want to be thorough and
successful in your officework is because it is a part of the
foundation
be only
of your career.
This positionmust
but you cannot
to somethingbetter,
a stepping-stone
step
to
something better
unless you have done
when
you will say to
this task well.
The time will come
your employer
that you are going to resignto accept a better position
and you should ask him to give you a letter of recommendation
concerning your services to him. Put this
away
carefully
among
your
treasures.
When
you are about to leave your employer,do not
shirk his work
during the last week or last few days.
harder than ever
Work
to leave everythingin the best
of shape for your successor.
You
should
give your
employer ten days'or two weeks' notice of your intention
that he may
When
secure
a successor.
you
leave
with
best
the
wishes
of
leave,
your employer.
this
time
reader
is
the
By
beginningto wonder where
this new
and better positionis comingfrom, and how
of gettingit. That is all told to your
he is to be so sure
satisfaction
in the pages that follow.
complete
to
or
or
resign,so
After you have held your present position
about three
four months
and have continued your speed practice,
study of bookkeeping eveningsduring that time, you
this better position
ready to secure
previously
referred to, and this is your second task described fully
in the next chapter.
will be
CHAPTER
YOUR
II
POSITION
NEW
Home
Leaving
This
home,
position
new
is
going
You
friends
and
acquaintances.
friends
and
if you
seriates
than
wish
do
opportunity
You
had
a
better
it will
home,
at
portunity
This
complete change of surroundings
to
world
new
to
than
about
will
get
learn
a
much,
of
which
you
whole
trend
have
ideas.
thought
of life that you
ways
many
of the things that have
been
become
the
living
things
realities.
you
op*
have
been
Why
never
knew
to
will
reading
you
learn
You
will
thinking
community
that
in the
see
all your
in
in
in your
there
are
before.
actually
about
to
eled
trav-
never
broader
realize
myths
Leave
the
become
never
You
you
a
up
knew
of
of
will
and
will
If you
have
the habit
of
will
You
open
You
that
experiences
lived.
of
your
thought.
bigger things. You
of
formed
have
you
limited
the
terms
be
opportunity
an
trend
your
terms
brand-new
of
stock
own
your
class of as*
will
before.
great world
change
in
have
did
ever
you
this
think
to
will
You
you.
before.
will
new
so.
develop more
things
many
It
tages.
advan-
form
to
choose
may
choose
to
have
you
it will
the
from
far away
you
offer
many
take
to
but
strangers,
have
will
among
ENVIRONMENT
AND
Many
past will
many
of
life.
Home
of
and
leaving home
is only to be
leaving friends, but this leave of absence
for a few
to
college.
are
only going away
years
you
When
have
finished your
college training, you can
you
You
may
like
not
the
idea
"
21
of
gg
HOW
return
the
TO
If a man
win success,
not
one.
or
found
always to be
was
or
trainingnecessary
to success
to
be
is
at home.
in the
time
a
that he
are
leave home
she will never
willingto
is not
woman
the chances
The
success.
a
There
SERVICE
home
your
good
gives to
of
CIVIL
FOR
with the broad view of life and
tion
preparationfor its battles that a collegeeduca-
to
much
PREPARE
historyof
country when
our
work
out their economic
ence
independthe
at home
and find their best opportunities
on
land adjacentto their parents'farm.
That is not true
pendent
to-day. Even if a person wishes to follow that inde-
people could
young
and
of
much
the soil,if
healthylife of tilling
he is to be
he must
to some
good agricultural
go away
collegeand study agriculture.If you would
low
succeed you must
make
up your mind that you will folopportunitywherever she leads.
a
success
To
the National
Capital
Opportunityis going td lead you to the National Capital
in the Federal civil service there.
to take a position
of
The
close contact
at Washington with the scenes
national historywill develop in you a keen jnterest
our
in the national welfare
in current
life.
events
and
which
a
leads to
largeroutlook
broader
a
on
the
interest
thingsof
to run
received his inspiration
congressman
around
from
his
associations
for the National Congress
of the honorable
number
the National
a
Capital. Quite
and representatives
at Washington were
senators
time pages on the floor of either the House
or
at one
Many
a
Senate.
influence whatever
to
political
a
secure
positionas bookkeeper or stenographerin the
United States government service at Washington at an
dollars a month, and with
initial salaryof seventy-five
good chances for advancement.
Ysou do
You
you
can
leave
not
need
the
secure
the
any
one
appointmentto
you
hold
so
that
the
before
position
there will be
no
NEW
YOUR
of
chance
change in
POSITION
being left out, or of
any
any
"
about
uncertainty
the
way.
Before
I
sition
go into the details of how to secure this poI desire to give you a pictureof a few of the
advantages of this unique city and of what it means
to
to
you
live there for
few
years.
Washington Really Is
What
Washington is
a
said
many
persons of world-wide
travel to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
"Excepting,
perhaps,The Hague, the seat of the government
of the Dutch, Washington is the only capital
in
the world given up wholly to the purposes and activities
of a capital Washington was
signed
decreated as a capital,
what
it
be
is. London, Paris,Berlin,Vienna,
to
by
Rome, Madrid, Petrograd,Constantinople,
Stockholm,
and
Brussels
commercial
and
facturing
manuwith his motley retinue,
centers.
Mammon,
is painfully
in evidence. Washington alone is a capital,
and nothingbut a capital,
a citywhere
government is the
business,where social and intellectualpursuits
principal
form the chief activity.
"Other American
citieswere
ington
built for labor,but Washfor play; others for business, Washington for
life,Washington for
beauty; others for the strenuous
repose.,,Walter
"
Educational
are
great
Wellman,
Advantagesof
in Success.
the National
Capital
_
liberal education to live in Washington." Any
but Washington is pre-emia
nently
great university,
vast
rich in educational
influences. Here
are
tains,
architecture;here are parks,founpilesof magnificent
tions
and
and gardens; social advantages
publicfunc-
"It is
a
city is
haustible
incident to the conduct of the government; inexand
riches in libraries,
art treasures, museums,
scientific appliances.Here is the center of the scientific
ties,
world, and with its established and proposeduniversihere will be the center of the educational world.
The
centeringhere of
the several
departmentsof the
HOW
24
TO
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
Government
enables one
familiar with its
to become
and varied activities. A broadeningof the outlook
many
life and an
increased interest in its affairs can
upon
fail
the years spent here.
to result from
hardly
Mr. Andrew
D. White, former presidentof Cornell
University,in a recent address on Washington as an
educational center,said:
the great scientificenterprises
and organizations
here
the
the
nian
SmithsoCoast
centering
Survey,
"Consider
"
and
the Departmentsof AgCarnegieInstitutions,
riculture
and Interior,
etc.
"Think
of the libraries here, with their vast collections,
the Libraryof Congress,those of the departments,
the CarnegieLibrary,the GeographicalSocietyLibrary,
and the special
libraries of various organizations.
"Consider the museums,
seum
from the great National Mudown, the laboratories in every scientific field.
Then
consider the men
gatheredand grouped about all
scientific
of wide scienand literary
these
tific
centers
men
in
the
field
of
on
search."
rereputation,
highest
pressing
"
No
cityin this country offers so rich and so varied
advantages as the cityof Washington. If,
beautiful city in
claimed, Washington is the most
educational
as
of the greatestof nations,there
existence and the capital
in such claim to interest those desiring
is much
to pursue
education.
Such
a
city can but possess superior
educatinginfluences. Its relative beauty and importance
of
make
it a desirable placefor one
to spend a portion
his school days.
and of great
The objectlessons to be learned are many
of the
Within
value.
some
easy reach of the cityare
them Manassas
great battle fieldsof the late war, among
and Gettysburg;almost in sightare Mt. Vernon, of historic
and sacred memories, Arlington,and Fort Myer;
Old Point Comfort, Luray Caves, Annapolis and other
placesof national interest are within a few hours' ride
on
the train; and
Home,
beauty.
There
within the district lines
Navy Yard,
are
and
within and
other
near
are
the
pointsof note
the citythe
diers'
Soland
most
CIVIL
FOR
PREPARE
TO
HOW
"6
SERVICE
in the world.
On the eastern
portico,
augural
infeet
the
Presidential
and
hundred
one
long,
sixty
ceremonies
take place. On the ceilingof the
of the
dome
is painted an
representation
allegorical
Apotheosis of Washington. The grounds around the
noble
structures
Capitolcontain fifty-five
acres,
laid
beautifully
out.
Statuary Hall
is now
filledwith
Representatives
contributed
They are of
by different states.
who
have achieved deeds worthy to be remembered.
men,
old House
The
statues
chosen
of
stands the Centennial safe, in which
first century as a
have been placed the records of our
nation,and which will remain closed until 1976.
Here
The
Treasury
closed vaults with a
there are
million dollars in
fifteen
capacityof two hundred and
coin. The
money-issuingand destruction departments
In
are
the cash
room
In
especially
interesting.
is counted
the former
work
so
the
money
rapidly that
by experts who
ernment
follow
them.
That
the eye can
the Govscarcely
in good condition,
may keep the currency
and the
old notes
ones
are
exchanged for new
thousand
dollars from
hundred
old destroyed. One
New
York, alone,have been received in a singleweek
partment
to be thus exchanged. A century ago the Treasury Desand
occupieda buildingcostingless than ten thoudollars. It has now
outgrown one that cost seven
million dollars. This illustrates clearlythe wonderful
of our
land.
growth and resources
The
There
are
ten
Departments
"
2.
"
Washington
departments of
principal
at. Washington:
1.
at
Department of State.
Treasury Department
ment
the Govern-
YOUR
NEW
POSITION
"7
War
Department.
Navy Department
4.
5. Department of Justice.
6. Post-Office Department
7. Department of the Interior.
8. Department of Agriculture.
9. Department of Commerce
10.
Department of Labor.
3.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
The secretaries of each of these departmentsmake up
the President's Cabinet
The
Department of State includes the consular and
diplomaticservices and, in general,handles all matters
involvingthis country'srelations with other countries.
of the Treasury, War, Post-Office,and
The
names
ture,
Navy Departments, also the Departments of Agriculof their
Commerce, and Labor, are fullydescriptive
of
spheres activity.
respective
The Department of Justiceis the Government's
legal
department,and is made up mostly of attorneys and
assistant attorneys.
The Department of Interior comprises: The General
of Pensions,
the Patent Office,the Bureau
Land Office,
of Education,
the Bureau
of Indian Affairs,the Bureau
the Geological
Service,and the
Survey,the Reclamation
Bureau
of Mines.
In addition to the
departments there are the
followingdivisions of governmental activity:
Government
Printing Office; Interstate Commerce
above
Commission; Civil Service Commission; United States
Board; General Supply Committee; Board
Geographical
ciliation;
Commissioners ; Board of Mediation and Consonian
of Industrial Relations; SmithCommission
Pan-American
International
Union;
Institution;
of Indian
dens;
United
States Botanical Garfor Disabled Volunteer
National Home
Soldiers;
Fine
the Commission
of
the Soldiers' Home;
Arts;
Institution for the Deaf ;
American
Red Cross ; Columbia
sity.
UniverGovernment
Hospital for the Insane; Howard
Waterways Commission;
"8
HOW
In
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
the War
and Navy Departments the officialsin
commissioned
officers
charge except the secretaries,
are
of the army
and navy instead of promoted bookkeepers,
clerks and stenographersas in other departments.
Some of these officersare inclined to give orders to the
ner
manemployees in their departmentsin much the same
they give orders
as
or
army
There
to
their
subordinates
in the
navy.
of those young officers,
is an opinionheld by some
and even
the
older
of
that
officers,
by some
any
civilian is to be considered the same
as
a privatein the
when
that civilian happens to come
under their supervision.
Very few of these officershave any business
Their trainingand experience
whatever.
have
training
fittedthem for war, not industry.
army
and
the opportunityfor
There
is, then, the disadvantagein the Army
Navy Departments that there is not
promotion that is offered in the other departmentswhere
the highestpositions
filledfrom the ranks of civilian
are
and
stenographers
clerks.
In this connection if you decide that you do not want
appointmentin either the War or Navy Department, be
before you are
to state this fact to the commission
sure
offered appointment,for if you should be offered appointment
in either one of these departmentsand refuse
to the commission,
to accept without reasons
satisfactory
of
would
be dropped from the register
then your name
The time to make
eligibles.
your choice is before you
offered appointment. After appointment you cannot
are
be transferred to any other department until you
have
served three years.
stated in Chapter III, it may
that an
seem
of red tape is requiredto get into
amount
unnecessary
the civil service,
yet it is necessary to unwind justabout
of it to dismiss one
much
from the service after he
as
is once
appointed.
While,
of your civil service position
reasonablysure
There
as
long as you do your work satisfactorily.
bills
time
several
before
this
pending
Congress at
pension all civil service employees who have become
You
are
to
as
are
YOUR
NEW
POSITION
89
old in the service. It is believed that it is only a question
law.
There
of time until one of these bills will become
civil service employees at Washington who
have
old and decrepitin the service that they have
so
grown
wheeled
to their officesin roller chairs,but they
to be
which many
still hold their positions
of them have had
are
for
over
thirty-five
years.
of
still draw
old men
salaries of
thousand six hundred dollars a year and more.
In
one
offices
reduced
in
down
to
some
they are
seventypay
five or
hundred
dollars a month, and allowed
one
to remain
at that salary. This condition of the service
kind of
is what makes
imperativethe passingof some
the
the
and
law.
For
of
retirement
ice,
servgood
pension
it would
of these
be cheaper to retire every one
Many
old
these
employees at
of
rest
a
their lives
for the
month
the service at
month.
Many of
dollars a
salaryof fifty
in
than to keep them
hundred dollars a
or
one
seventy-five
in
the
are
employees who,
only
way of the younger
of course, must
do the work of the departments.
the disadvantage of the
condition
This
is not
to
tage.
employees,but rather to their material advanyounger
ary,
After an employee gets old and is reduced in salfor promotion,and for every such
he is not eligible
for those who
are
eligible
employee the opportunities
for promotion are thereby increased.
There
are
young
from
in
service
who
have
been
the
promoted
employees
entrance
an
salary of nine hundred dollars a year to
thousand eighthundred dollars a year in three years'
one
them
time.
Whenever
civil
the
eran
Congress passes a bill to retire all the vetservice employees,which is quiteapt to be in
future, there will be many
wholesale
tions
promoin the service at
for the younger
clerks who
are
that there will be a lot of emthat time, for the reason
ployees
aries
active
and
still
who
drawing big salare
very
but who have been in the service long enough to be
near
retired under
the
of
provisions
the law.
CHAPTER
HOW
TO
SECURE
III
the
civil
service
and
civil
courses
on
hesitate
to
book
is written
chapter
that
say
can
one
pass
from
with
service
all
before
of
years
the
best
the
with
the
civil
service
"
experience in
writings and
author.
instructions
I
do
not
given
in
this
for
the
examinations
positionscovered
here, just as well
civil service
correspondence courses
schools
POSITION
General
In
This
SERVICE
CIVIL
A
as
through any of the
offered by the various
from
dollars. If
twenty-"ve to one hundred
office clerk
a stenographer, or
a bookkeeper
or
an
you are
of fair ability,or if you
have
in some
finished a course
the -civil service
good business
can
college, you
pass
examination
with
the preparation and
outline of study
given
at
here.
The
Service
Civil
fill various
from
laborer.
obtain
to
each
of
It would
of
the
take
a
various
States
Civil
treated
in this
chapter have
First
examinations
of
scientist,to those
learned
a
United
reasons
holds
to
positionsrequiring qualificationsvarying
other
those
Commission
volume
large
positions
been
to
The
selected
skilled
un-
by the
offered
Commission.
Service
an
tell how
positions
for the
ing
follow-
:
There
"
is
larger demand
stenographer and
a
for
persons
to
fill
keeper,
positions of
typewriter, bookfor any
other
tions
positypewriter and clerk than
Commission
Service
and
filled by the Civil
quently
consereceived
more
quickly.
appointments are
filled by
of the
Most
Second.
higher positions are
these classes.
promotion from
the
"
Third.
through
"
The
less
above-named
time
and
positions may
effort
30
than
any
be
other
secured
positions
82
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
With
on
a sheet of personalquesregard to salaries,
tions
which you will be requiredto answer
at time of
^
examination, you
will be
asked:
"What
is the lowest
salary vou
10 this question,
woulj ar""pt?" In answer
if a man,
down
hundred
nine
dollars a year if you are
put
the
and
taking
stenographer
typewriterexamination or
the bookkeeper'sexamination, and seven
hundred and
if
twenty dollars a year
you are takingthe clerk or typewriter
examination.
If you
are
a
woman,
put down
eighthundred and fortydollars a year if you are taking
the stenographerand typewriterexamination and seven
hundred
and
twenty dollars
typewriteror
There
is
government
You
no
a
year
clerk examination.
for women
demand
if you
are
takingthe
bookkeepers in the
service.
will
mendations
profitby following
exactlythe above recomabout your
demand
for salary. If there
should be open a position
which you could filland which
paid a largersalarythan you stated on your papers, you
would be appointed at the higher salary,but in case
there was
a position
open paying a salaryless than what
for it at
not be considered
you asked then yon would
all. You can easily
get the salaries named and you would
increase your chances of appointmentby lowering
not
them, but would decrease your chances by raisingthem.
The salaries named
the beginningsalaries only and
are
worth-while promotion is sure
to follow if your
work
of
the
ployees,
emsatisfactory.
Many
government
proves
both men
and women,
receive from two thousand
dollars a year after a few years of
to three thousand
service.
Persons
wishing to take the United
States civil service
examination
should write direct to the United States
Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. G, or to the
of
secretary of the United States Civil Service Board
delphia,
Examiners
at Boston, Mass. ; New
York, N. Y. ; Phila-
Pa.; Atlanta, Ga. ; Cincinnati,Ohio; Chicago,
111.; St. Paul, Minn. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; New
Orleans, La. ;
Cal.
San
Wash.
San
Francisco,
Tuan, P. R. ;
Seattle,
;
;
Honolulu, Hawaii; Juneau,Alaska; or Balboa Heights,
THE
Canal
CIVIL
SERVICE
Zone, for application
blanks,statingwhich
88
ination
exam-
Ask
them to send you necessary
also a copy of "Manual
of
Examinations/'
This book
will explain all about the
free to you for the asking.
examinations, and is absolutely
they desire to take.
blanks and
application
Requests made
through third partiescause
delay and
entail unnecessary
those
correspondenceupon
parties
and the Commission.
Any available information may be
secured by writingto the Commission
of its district
or
one
secretaries or other representatives.
unusual
tion
consideraAttempts of applicantsto secure
or
specialaction through the aid of prominent or
countenanced
presumably influential persons are useless and are disthe
which
under
the
civil
by
Commission,
service law and
all applicants
with
treat
rules, must
absolute impartiality.
tion.
on
Preparednessis the secret of success
any examinaYou
stand entirely
the merits of what you can
on
do on examination.
Commission
The
states
specifically
of
that they want
the
recommendations
only
your work
and the certificates of good character which
are
a
part
of your application.
When
of any of the departments needs a
the head
stenographer,typist,bookkeeper,or clerk he sends to
the Civil Service
Commission
a
requisition
statingthe
salaryto be paid. The Commission sends back the names
examination
and
of three persons
have
who
papers
These
three names
the
are
passed the examination.
of those making the highestgrades. The departnames
ment
of the names
head selects one
and sends the other
back to the Commission.
The other two are placed
two
until called for again.
the register
on
At this point,I desire to call specialattention to the
fact that the appointingofficialhas your application
for
examination
all examination
in hand, toand
gether
papers
other candidates at the time
with those of two
selected.
These
age
packpapers make a good-sized
you are
of detail to go through and in many
the apcases
pointing
instead of readingall three of them carefully,
officer,
preparatory
to
selecting
one, glances over
them
HOW
84
PREPARE
TO
and picksthe
casually,
FOR
one
CIVIL
having the
SERVICE
neatest
looking
of papers.
bunch
If
anything is read fullyit is, in most cases, your
for examination.
have all the time you
You
application
want
you
to
can
working
make
make
on
that out, so be
it. Also do not
examination
that it is as neat as
forgetthe above fact when
sure
papers.
Avoid
blots and
ugly
erasures.
myself,it has been my experience
that many
people from the South have a wrong
young
impressionof the positionthe negro occupies in the
Being a
southerner
Federal
civil service. When
I was
first appointedto
Washington from a southern state,several of my friends
told me that I would probablyhave to work for a negro
of equaKty. There
is
there or work with one on terms
the
in
this
wish
for
fit
beneI
truth
state
statement.
to
no
of the young
person from the South, whose
prejudices
negro, that he need not fear any
obnoxious
association with him
at Washington. You
will find Washington to be cosmopolitanin the personnel
all the nations of
of its citizens. People representing
of them are
the earth are assembled
there and many
of dark skin.
After you get the application
for examination, fillit
out
carefullyand as neatly as you can, and return it
are
stronglyagainst the
the Commission
immediately.Do not wait until a
week or ten days priorto the examination,because these
are
applications
frequentlyreturned for correction of
and if there is not plentyof time for
minor detail,
some
to
it to get back to Washington again and then for a
in your state, you will
to the local examiner
to come
lose the opportunityto take the examination, and will
have to wait for the next one
to be held.
In filling
out the application
you will find that there
is seeminglya world of red tape in connection with it.
It is a fact that many
of the long
applicants
grow weary
and one
and tedious red tape and the thousand
tions
questheir
fail
and
to send
to be answered
applications
time and trouble to get
in justbecause it takes so much
them properlyfilledout.
Do not let this hinder you.
reply
THE
Read
the
CIVIL
SERVICE
86
application
through carefullybefore
tempt
you atThen
fillit out in accordance
with
to fillit out.
the instructions printedon it and have it signedby the
notary and others requiredto sign. Be sure to put a
ten-cent
revenue
stamp on the notary'sacknowledgment
the
will be returned.
When
or
application
you have it
send
it
the
Civil
Service
Commission
to
at
completed
Washington, and if it is not properlyfilled out, it will
be returned
with a letter statingwhat
corrections are
necessary.
You
you do not
overlook
a
want
must
the
answer
every
to
application
questionasked
if
be returned.
Do not
When
the application
is finally
singleone.
mission
completedyou will be notified by a card from the Comthat you are admitted to the examination.
The
date and place will be mentioned
the card, and you
on
should take this card to the examination
with you
room
for admittance.
The
alike from time to
examinations are very much
the same
field of knowledge. A
time, in that they cover
careful study of the test questionsgiven herein is the
best preparationthat you can
get for the examination.
the whole bunch
of test questionsand answer
Take
all
of them the same
ing
in examination, allowas if you
were
time on
yourselfthe same
prepared for each
of preparation.
in schedules
the best kind
Do
each subjectas shown
examination.
This is
the examination.
Be calm
and composed. By all means
don't be impressed with
fear
of
and nervousness
is the
not passing. Fear
any
destructive emotion
that the human
most
being experiences.
in half if you do not
It will cut your efficiency
banish it from you.
faith and courage in its stead
Have
if you would succeed.
If you will forgetabout whether
you
work
not
get
nervous
going to
are
at
pass,
over
and
put your
hand, it is quite certain
whole mind on
you will pass.
the
Do
the grievousmistake of studyinglate the night
not make
Finish your study two
before examination.
fore
nightsbeand on the nightbefore the examithe examination
nation
brisk exercise in
go to bed very earlyafter some
the open air. Get up earlyon the day of the examina-
86
HOW
TO
tion and take
try to do any
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIl; SERVICE
brisk walk
before breakfast,
and do not
that
studyingon
day.
that won't harm
If,perchance,you are not successful,
another application
Make
for
to the Commission
you.
the next examination.
"A person who has been notified of his failure to pass
in an examination may, upon filing
in
a new
application,
due time,enter the next examination,
when held."" Civil
a
Service
Rule.
first failure will show you where you are weak
Your
and will put you in the rightposition
to prepare to pass
will
examination
the next examination.
Failure on one
not
prejudicethe Commission
againstyou in any way
future
The
failed in his first
examinations.
author
on
examination
before the Civil Service Commission, but
tried the very next one
and passed. Since that time he
taken
civil service examinations
for different
has
many
and has never
kinds of positions
failed on any of them.
Don't let a failure daunt your courage.
So-called failures
in disguiseto him who has the
are
only successes
courage to push on.
A failure is not always your fault. It may be due in
in grading pato carelessness of examiners
a few
cases
pers.
received a very low mark
The author once
a
on
certain examination
which was
below the passingmark
confident that he ought to
of seventy per cent.
He was
have passed. Living in Washington at the time it was
and ask
convenient to go to the office of the Commission
the
examination
in
order
learn
to see
to
why they
papers
rated
It
that
entire
the
low.
were
so
developed
papers
on
one
subjecthad been lost by the Commission and that
they didn't allow any credit whatever for that subject.
It developedalso that certain correct
of some
answers
not graded at their full
problems in accountancy were
value.
When
the whole matter
was
properlyadjusted,
the average was
eighty-five
per
per cent instead of fifty
appointmentwas
sought.
cent, and
the
author
afterward
believes
offered to the position
mission
firmlythat the Comis strictly
fair,and honest
competent, impartial,
However,
THE
CIVIL
SERVICE
87
in all of its dealingswith applicants
for examinations,
like the above do not happen often.
and that errors
I
would
recommend
that you do not attempt to question
unless you are
their grading of your papers in any way
has been made.
gross error
the instructions
If, however, you will follow carefully
in this book, you will not
fail. The
laid down
civil
service examinations
not half as hard as most
are
people
be
but
be
successful
must
to
think,
preparedon the
you
subjectsof the examination.
the sample questionsgiven
As mentioned
previously,
in this book, and also to be found in the "Manual
of
for
best
material
the
Examinations," are
very
tion
preparathat you can find.
If you can
reliable business collegeand
go to some
keeping,
bookor
study arithmetic,English,and speed practice,
that is the test thingto do in conjunctionwith
sure
very
that
a
the
study of sample questions.
lowed
In taking the examination
selected,you will be alfor the bookkeeper examination,
hours
seven
six hours for the stenographerand typewriterexamination
tion.
and five hours for the typewriteror clerk examinaYou
will be requiredto stay in the examination
until you finish the examination, except that you
for the toilet. When
be excused
may
you finish you
will not have to wait for others who are not yet finished.
Examination
papers are given to each person separately
and as soon
set of papers you may
turn
as you finish one
it in and get the next set without having to wait for others
room
to
finish.
Under
the headings of each of the positions
treated
in this chapter,is given a schedule of subjectswhich
shows the weight of each subjectand the amount
of time
should allow for it on the examination.
This shows
one
the problem in clear form
that the student knows
so
where
time
in
of
his
in preparation,
and in
to put
most
the
examination.
taking
These tables have been the result of very careful study
and analysisof the examination
problem, with the end
in view of showing the student exactlywhere to apply
88
HOW
TO
PREPARE
his effort so that it will count
to the Commission's
way. of
is certain
accordance
result.
that
with
the
SERVICE
pointsaccording
most
ratingpapers. The author
by carefullydirectingone's efforts in
these tables,appointment will be the
Take
a
CIVIL
FOR
the ten minutes allowed
lightluncheon at your desk
in these schedules to eat
about noontime.
This
much
relaxation and rest is necessary, and will more
than pay for itself in increased efficiency
the subjects
on
follow.
that
It will refresh you and you will finish better
than if you tried to work
entire
the
time
through
without
food
any
or
rest.
In
the
selecting
highly concentrated
luncheon do not include
foods or those hard to
digest. Some bread and butter sandwiches and a bottle
of milk make the best luncheon
for this occasion.
After you have finished the examination
you will have
be sent to Washington and
to wait until the papers can
quired
graded before you will get your rating. The time reseveral
for this varies from a couple of weeks to
months, but in
most
cases
the papers
graded
are
within
month
of the date of the examinations.
You
will be notified by post card of your rating. If
will be offered a posia good grade,you
tion
you have made
Persons
far
from
soon.
livingvery
Washington
The
are
lecting
usuallyappointedby telegraph.
apartment sewill
wires
certain
if
a
asking
accept
you,
you
sition
poin a certain office at a certain salary. If your reply
is favorable,you are immediatelywired back to "report
a
for
This
duty at Washington as soon
telegram is confirmed by letter
day, which
as
practicable."
mailed
the
same
will receive later.
The
positionis then yours beyond disputeor doubt
and all you have to do is to resignyour present position
and go to Washington and report for duty.
instructions to "report for duty at Washington
The
do not mean
as
as practicable,"
as soon
as
soon
possible.
receive
the
of
When
letter
appointment,replyto it
you
an
you
you
firmation
acceptance of the appointment which will be a conof your telegramof acceptance. In this letter
should
state
that you
feel honor
bound
to
give your
TO
HOW
40
PREPARE
Stenographerand
The
examination
typewriter
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
Typewriter
and
the shorthand
ination
exam-
In
considered
as
separate examinations.
become
and
to
a
as
eligible
stenographer
writer
typeThese
nations
examiboth
examinations.
must
one
pass
time.
are
given to the applicantat the same
and relative weight
The subjectsof the examination
of subjects
of
scale
hundred
one
are :
on
are
order
Stenographer
"
Stenographydictation
Copying from rough draft
Penmanship
Report writing
/
75
10
5
5
Arithmetic
\
5
Total
Typewriter
Copying
Copying
Copying
100
"
and
from
from
spacing
rough draft.
plajin
copy
Time
on
typewriter.
Penmanship
Report writing
Arithmetic
Total
20
15
10
30
10
10
5
ioo
subjectsof copying from rough draft,penmanship,
will be requiredto be taken only
and report writing,
time and placewith the examination
at the same
once,
for stenographerand typewriter.
If a competitorpasses both the stenographerexamination
and the typewriterexamination, the averages of
will be combined, with a weight of
the two examinations
for stenographyand a weight of one
for typewrittwo
ing,
with
and
the average
thus obtained,his name
will
The
Copyright,
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
Detroit
Photographic
Co
STENOGRAPHER
be entered
on
register.In
TYPEWRITER
AND
the combined
addition,his
41
stenographerand typewriter
name
be
may
considered
for
positionsas typewriteralone, or stenographeralone, if
the needs of the service so require.
know
In order that the student may
the relative value
based on one hundred
of the subjects
per cent, after they
combined
with a weight of two for stenographyand a
are
weight of one
followingtable
SCHEDULE
FOR
AND
for
typewritingas mentioned
has been prepared:
APPORTIONMENT
EXAMINATION
OF
FOR
TIME
ON
STENOGRAPHER
above, the
PREPARATION
AND
TYPEWRITER
Note
1.
Note
2.
"
"
Graded
from
your
Graded
from
report-writing
paper.
Spellingwill
papers.
On your
be
speed on
considered
report-writingpaper
the three
in
jects.
typewritingsub-
grading typewriting
be very
careful with
its
and with its
legibility,
neatness, and generalappearance
of words,
and uniformity in the formation
correctness
letters and punctuationmarks.
Since your penmanship
will be graded from this paper, it is important that the
above mentioned
features be carefullyexecuted.
4"
HOW
TO
PREPARE
It will be noted
FOR
that the element
CIVIL
SERVICE
of time
on
the three
from rough draft,
typewritingsubjects,
namely, copying
copying and spacing and copying from plain copy, is
valued at ten per cent.
Be sure
to bear this in mind
and do your typewriting
fast as possiblewithout sacas
rificing
It would, however, be better to sacrifice
accuracy.
for
if
Time
is
not
speed
accuracy,
necessary.
counted
take
so
of your stenographydictation,
transcription
pains to get this right.
On the subjectof copying and spacingwhere you are
requiredto do much tabulation work, be sure that you
are
prepared for this tabulation. In business I find that
stenographerswho have a good speed on straight
many
a
typewritingdo not know
thing about counting of
so that it has
spaces and arranginga tabulated statement
of
form
clear
and
o
f
presentation fact
symmetry
on
Practice
on
your
machine
several times
the
treasury
the sample questions. If you don t
time
practiceit,you will find that it will requiremore
it
afford
it
nation.
examito get
to give to
on
rightthan you can
Don't fool yourselfabout this tabulation.
jects
It will be noted from the precedingtable that the substatement
given in
having the most weight on examination
and typewriting.The other subjectsare
easy, except
himself
about
a
on
his
Nearly
hand
short-
comparatively
ceives
deeveryone
abilityin handling ordinary
fail
for this reason
more
arithmetic than on any other subject.However, since
perfectpaper on arithmetic is worth only five per cent
this examination, a student may
leave this subject
problems
on
arithmetic.
are
in
arithmetic,and
still make
a
good average grade prothe average is good enough on the other subjects.
be allowed to leave out the arithmetic if
You
would
be handed
would
You
a
you cared to on examination.
imwhich
could
arithmetic
of
questionson
you
paper
out
entirelyand
Ivided
t
f mediatelyturn
J
in and
ask
for the papers
subject.
As previouslystated,time is
all subjectson this examination.
one's time
as
outlined
in
a
on
the
next
limited to six hours for
The value of dividing
precedingschedule cannot be
AND
STENOGRAPHER
48
TYPEWRITER
you have not finished one
allotted to it,lay it aside,or
subjectin the time properly
if required,
and proceed with the next subject
turn it m
This is vital to your success.
impressedtoo
forcibly.If
Tests with
Sample Questionsand
Their Solutions. First
Subject Stenography Dictation
"
followingis a sample of dictation which has been
The
given:
Our
present system
of transportationby rail is not
keeping
with
our
rapid increase of production and consumption.
utilized
Most
of the transportationis over
have
rail,and we
This
is
rivers
in
a
true of
our
only
essentially
meager
way.
Water
interior
to
a
our
traffic,
large extent, is
waterways.
Lakes
and
localized around
the Great
the
splendid as are
failed
benefits
reach
the
interior
still
have
to
the
results,
great
this limited area
of water
of production. Even
portation,
transsources
that
however, demonstrates
advantages and shows
established
and
be
should
assured
as
a
permanent
waterways
the region of the central west
Over
part of the traffic system.
Under
all-rail system
of
lies a great freight-producingarea.
the
fails
reach
the
western
to
producer
kets
marcarrying freight
is denied .access
with a profit,and the consuming world
interior fields of production. For
several years
the
to these
the crops in season,
and before long
roads have failed to move
only a portion of the farm products
they will be able to move
mated
Leaders
in railroad transportationrecently estito market
t
sand
houthat the next ten years would
require seventy-five
miles more
of trackage construction
the requireto meet
ments
of the normal
growth of the country. It is quite unlikely
increase of railroad mileage and equipment
that the necessary
will be made.
Wisdom
and experience point to a comprehensive
of
interior
improvement
Encouragement of
waterway
program
production is not rational if we neglectthe natural facilitiesfor
pace
distribution.
The
above
test
practical
in
of two
hundred
and containing
no
stenographyconsists of
and fiftywords
similar
one
ercise
ex-
that
dictations
to
technical matter.
The
in
the
entire
are
class, regularorder,according
given to
to speed. A
preliminaryexercise is given at the rate
of eightywords a minute,to familiarize the competitors
of dictation. The
with the examiner's manner
regular
exercise will then be dictated at different rates
of speed,
44
HOW
TO
as
follows
:
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
hundred words, one hundred
one
and
hundred
words
one
a
forty
dictated is different for each exercise.
Eighty words,
twenty
minute.
PREPARE
The
words,
matter
All
competitorsare expected to take the notes at both
the preliminaryand the regulareighty-wordtests,one of
which
exercises they will be requiredto transcribe.
In
addition they will be permittedto take the notes of any
all of the remaining dictations at the higher rates of
or
speed. At the conclusion of the dictations the competitors
will be allowed ten minutes in which to select one
of the exerof the eighty-wordexercises and any one
cises
at the higher rates of speed which
they may wish
transcribe.
to
The notes of all the tests not to be transcribed will be
taken up by the examiner
and will not be considered in
of the notes
the rating. The
be made
transcript
may
either with the typewriteror in longhand. Not to exceed
allowed
for
hour will be
one
making the transcriptions.
the transcriptis not an
element.
addition to one
of the eighty-word
of the dictations at a higher
transcribe one
dictations,
in
the
rate will,
determining
ratingson the stenography
test, be given the ratingon the exercise in which they
Speed in making
Competitorswho, in
attain the higherpercentage on
and the other exercise
Speed and
the
accuracy are
ratingsfor speed
speed and
bined,
accuracy comwill not be considered.
givenequalweight in the rating,
for the different rates of dictation
being as follows : Eighty words a minute, seventy
hundred
words
a minute, eighty
per cent in speed; one
hundred
twenty words a minute,
per cent in speed; one
hundred
forty words a
ninety per cent in speed; one
hundred
in
The
cent
minute, one
speed.
ratingfor
per
of the tranis determined
script.
by the correctness
accuracy
stenography is recommended.
making notes, includingthe
Any system or method
of shorthand writing machines, is acceptable,
use
provided
after being
the notes are turned in to the examiner
No
specialsystem
of
of
SERVICE
CIVIL
FOR
PREPARE
TO
HOW
46
to give solutions to the first two
It is not practicable
subjectssince they are tests of personalskill instead of
knowledge.
'
'
Third Subject Copying from Rough
v
J"
u
Draft
"
*""*
V
In the exercise in copying from
petitorwill be requiredto make a
such as appears
rough-draftletter,
and
punctuating,capitalizing,
but writingin full all signsand
rough draft
corrected
the
com-
of
copy
a
below, paragraphing,
spellingas
in
abbreviated
words.
die
copy,
This
be double spaced.
Competitors who take the stenographerexamination
only may make the copy either in longhand or with the
machine, while those who take the stenographer and
exercise
should
examination
typewriter
the typewriterexamination
or
will be requiredto make the copy on the machine.
Speed
in making the copy will be considered only in the cases
of those who
take the stenographerand typewriter or
examination.
the typewriter
Q
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alitor
froat,
oror
onoj"
provisions,
%h"Aozportt"
"g which 35"\hmi") \ 7_{
h^oMOfor
oalpping^^ho
ploro of Jorotp City and
11
FMHobokoa*
Hobokoa* in
01^*4
port, "to
X,(praoUooUy\oj^a.p*rt
aay
of
ad
nlntty
olfn
aavoaont
throo
tlaoa
"
*""
ili"
trtdtftrtm
plor|Aa*y
of
tho
tho
tonaaao
bo,"ofy" laraoly oxtondod.
aalih
party
It
mop
afrltanooroot
tho
undor
ooap"titor,"a4oh*d#
tindor
fortXffclf"ooU
tho daorloaa
f U$"
I
fj^
for*
goro Tthon^
laaaofrla
tho
of^ootoayi^oat
fifty dtoaaorojtti
WMkaw
tho
I HT
forolfo
tha tril*
n
STENOGRAPHER
47
TYPEWRITER
AND
Solution
One
of
the great needs of the United
States is an oceanIn one
marine.
we
paid to foreign companies
year
and
hundred
and sixty-ninemillion dollars for freightage,
one
and
million
marine
ance.
insurdollars
for
fares
forty-five
passenger
In the same
year the country sent to foreign lands oyer
of goods than it bought from
sixty million dollars worth more
the balance of trade in
writers call this sum
them; and some
favor.
our
New
York, the second largestcity in the world, is the port
of the regular steamship lines between
Europe and the United
States.
domestic
It is the outlet for over
one-third
of our
of
exports,
even
our
a
larger proportion
imports,
receiving
about oneand petroleum form
Breadstuffs,provisions,cotton
half of its exports.
and fifty-three
As the city has three hundred
miles of water
front, half of which may be improved for shipping,
and as the piers of Jersey Cityand Hoboken, in New
Jersey,
are
practicallya part of the same
port, its ninety miles of pier
line,already surpassingall other ports, may be largelyextended.
The
of the port, or the capacity of vessels
foreign movement
in the foreign trade entering or leaving it,is more
than three
times
the tonnage
of Boston, its nearest
competitor. About
in the foreign trade leave the port every
fifty steamers
week,
half of which
sail under
the British and one-eighth under the
American
flag.
carrying
Fourth
This is a
test
Subject Copying from Plain Copy
"
of one's skill in the
use
of the
\ \j
typewriter.
sire.
dethe applicant
may
familiar with the ticular
parbefore you take it to the
Any typewritermay be used that
It is a wise thingto become
machine
to
examination
room.
In copying from
be
used
competitorwill write
of four hunwith the typewriteran exercise consisting
dred
and
words, paragraphing,spelling,
capitalizing,
fifty
The ratingon this
as in the copy.
punctuatingprecisely
is
subject for accuracy only. The total time consumed
ject,
tests is rated as a separate subthe three typewriting
on
the rating will be
la determining the accuracy
plaincopy
the
hundred
the discretion of the examiner
on
one
fiftywords from any part of the exercise,the same
tion.
part being rated for all competitorsin a given examinaThis exercise should be singlespaced.
made
at
^"A"-*-"-
48
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
Fifth Subject" Time
Time
as
separate element
a
time consumed
on
the three
Arithmetic
"
will be rated
on
the
total
typewritingsubjects.
Questions
In
in
solvingthe followingproblems,give the work
the
all
mathematical
and
full,
essary
showing
figures
signs necfor the solution of each problem, without
any
Write
the
word
its
or
"Answer,"
figures.
unnecessary
to each problem.
abbreviation,"Ans." after the answer
This
in
I.
questioncomprisesa test
adding numbers
and lengthwise. There are usuallythree columns
crosswise
"
of about
twenty numbers
each to be added.
2.
Multiply 3 9-16 by 20.73, divide the product by
and
add the difference between
to the quotient
6.91
7 3-4
and 98 7-125. Change all common
fractions to decimals
and solve by decimals.
Brunswick
has 66,224pupilsenrolled in her
3. New
schools
of a populationof 397,344.
out
elementary
Saskatchewan
has 36,225pupilsenrolled out of a population
of 289,800. If the same
the
of
cent
tion
populaper
enrolled in Saskatchewan
that is enrolled in
were
New
would
Saskatchewan
have to increase
Brunswick,
decrease her present enrollment,and by how
or
many
per cent of the present enrollment?
by a walk which
4. A publicsquare is surrounded
contains an area
of 1 acre and is 2 rods wide, the walk
outside of the square.
What
is the area
being entirely
of the square? One acre=i6o
square rods.
Make
of the following
itemized statement
count
acan
5.
it
should
of
from
the
books
taken
as
Vogel
appear
" Son, make
the
close
a proper
heading,
account, and
bring down the balance as it should have appearedJune
of May, 191 1, Vogel " Son
1, 191 1. During the month
had the followingtransactions with Benton
Van
Riper:
$59.80;May 2, he
May 1, he owed them on account
for $42, receiving
gave them his note due in 10 months
credit for its present worth, $40; May 4, he sold them
"
"
"
"
STENOGRAPHER
AND
TYPEWRITER
49
648 pounds pork at I2"4 cents per pound; May 5, he
bought of them 216 bushels wheat at 97^ cents per
bushel; May 22, he sold them 75,850brides at $9.40 per
ment
thousand; May 16, he transferred to them by indorsehim
face
of
note
note $900,
a
given
by John Doe,
accrued interest to date,$36 ; May 23, he bought of them
880 pounds of pork at 12% cents per pound, agreeing
to pay
freightalso at i6j^cents per 100 pounds, the
freightto be prepaid by them; May 31, they sold him
14,560pounds coal at $6.90per ton of 2,240 pounds.
Solutions
the correctness
of
this first problem by adding the horizontal totals and the
vertical totals. If they give the same
result,your work
If not an error
has been made.
is correct.
1 follows:
Example of Problem
1.
2.
"
"
On
examination, you
First reduce
9-16 to
can
a
prove
decimal
fraction by adding
nator.
and dividingby the denomiciphersto the numerator
This gives .5625. Now
we
multiply3.5625 by
numbers
whole
and point
as
20.73. Multiply the same
off as many
in both
in
the
there
are
places
product as
which
is six in this case.
multiplierand multiplicand,
The product is 73.850625.
Dividingby 6.91gives10.6875
for a quotient. In pointingoff problems in division of
decimals remember
that you point off as many
placesin
tiie quotientas the number
of placesin the dividend exceeds
the number
of placesin the divisor. There
are
six placesin the dividend and only two
in the divisor,
hence we point off four placesin the quotient.
From
98 7-125 subtract 7 3-4. Reducing these corntwo
HOW
50
TO
fractions
mon
7.75=90.306.
quotient which
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
decimals as before we
have
This
difference is to be added
was
previously found to be
to
98.056"
to
the
10.6875.
Answer.
90.306+10.6875=100.9935,
This is a problem in percentage. Be sure to study
carefullythe chapter on percentage and its application
in your arithmetic.
When
ways
dealingwith percentages al3.
"
remember
Latin
that per
words, per centum,
is
which
cent
an
means
abbreviation of the
by the hundred.
hundredths.
To find what per cent
20
per cent means
is of 50, is to reduce 10/50 to a decimal fraction so
10
that the ten can be expressedin terms
of hundredths
stead
inof fiftieths. The
of reducing common
manner
decimals
in
solution to Problem
fractions to
was
given
20
No.
cent
2.
of
10/50 is equal to 20/100,therefore 10
50. In reducing 10/50 to hundredths
is
20
we
per
set
the denominator of the fraction to be found,
This is the same
divide 50 into 100 and multiplyby 10.
divide
and
as to multiply10 by 100
by 50, hence the rule
No. 2.
given in solution to Problem
down
100
as
Add
two
denominator
ciphersto
to reduce
the numerator
a
common
and
divide
fractionto
a
the
decimal.
by
the above the followingrule is deduced:
is
To find the per cent that a gvuen number
1.
of another number, add two naughts to the given number
and divide by the other number.
add two naughtsto
In the solution of this problem we
From
Rule
"
divide by 397,344. The quotientis i6^5 per
and this is the per cent of populationenrolled in
cent
New
Brunswick.
find that
By the same
process, we
Saskatchewan
has an enrollment of I2j4 per cent of its
66,224 and
rolled
enper cent of populationwere
wick,
Brunsthat is enrolled in New
have to increase her present
would
Saskatchewan
enrollment by the difference in the two per cents, which
is four and one-sixth per cent of the population. Four
population.If
the same
in Saskatchewan
and
one-sixth
per
cent
of the
wan
populationin Saskatche-
increase her
is 12,075 people. Saskatchewan
must
present enrollment by 12,075 people. But the problem
asks by what per cent of the present enrollment
4 1-6
STENOGRAPHER
means
AND
TYPEWRITER
51
Multiplyby 4 1-6 and divide
4 1-6 hundredths.
is
This
100.
accomplishedin the shortest way by
by
multiplyingby
the
4 1-6 and
pointingoff
two
places.From
followingrule follows:
tiply
2.
findany per cent of a given number, multhe given number
by the per cent desired and point
off two placesin the product.
the
above
Rule
"
To
^
Do
confuse
this rule with
In Rule
Rule 1.
numbers
the per cent that
and want
1, you have two
number
In Rule 2, you have one
is of the other.
one
and
the
the
number.
other
and
want
per cent
not
Twelve
thousand
and seventy-five
people is 33^ per
therefore
of 36,225 people,
cent of the total enrollment
increase
enrollment
her
Saskatchewan
must
by
present
33J4 per
cent
per
of the present enrollment to have the same
of populationenrolled as that in New
wick.
Brunscent
Answer, 33^
4.
"
A
one
per cent.
of
the
ables
drawing
publicsquare and the walk ento get a better understandingof this problem.
Since the walk
is in the
shape
of
a
square
and
two
at each
squares, one
around
of
the
distance
measure
corner,
any
the publicsquare.
of each
Four square rods is the area
of them
of all of
and 16 square rods is the total area
We
them.
will subtract this 16 square rods from the
rods
wide, there
four
are
small
that do not
total square
rods in the whole walk and this leaves the
of the four sides
Since the sides
area
144 square rods.
are
equal,dividing144 square rods by 4 givesthe area
of one
side,which is 36 square rods. Since the walk
"
58
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
is 2 rods wide
dividingby 2 givesthe lengthof one side
18 rods. The publicsquare is,therefore,18 rods by
18 rods and its area
is the product of 18X18 which is
324 square rods or 2 1-40 acres, Answer.
5. This problem has a catch in it and the catch is in
the alternating
of the phrases:
use
"
"
"He
him."
sold them."
"He
bought of
them."
"They bought of him."
By looking at these catch phrases,you
that "He
the same
bought of them" means
They
sold
will observe
as
"They
sold him."
In the solution of this problem watch
these catch
and
be
that
sure
a
phrasescarefully
you don't make
mistake as to which one is buying the goods because that
determines which side of the statement
the item is to be
written on.
ment
Keep firmlyin mind whose books the stateis being prepared from because one
man's account
of the same
transaction is justthe opposite
er's.
of the othA debit on my
books againstyou is a credit on
your
books
to
me.
STATEMENT
OF
VOGEL
IN
BENTON
"
ACCOUNT
VAN
ACCOUNT
SON
WITH
RIPER
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
54
HOW
for
tion.
one's effort in preparingfor the examinadirecting
APPORTIONMENT
FOR
SCHEDULE
Note.
On
"
Graded
on
OP
FOR
EXAMINATION
AND
TIME
ON
PREPARATION
BOOKKEEPER
report writing.
this examination, the
of bookkeeping,
test in the practice
is the most
i
s
importantsubject, usually
of
last
and
the
value
given
running on schedule time
be too forciblyimpressed upon
cannot
the candidate.
Many candidates spend so much time on arithmetic that
they do not have enough for the bookkeepingtest
which
You
cuttingyour grade almost three to one when
a
subjectworth forty per cent to
you rob time from
Since your
spend it on one worth only fifteen per cent.
will
be
penmanship
graded from your paper on report
have
allowed
I
time for this subjectso
extra
writing,
that you could take pains with the appearance
and legibility
of the manuscriptas well as with its contents.
are
Spelling
is
Spelling
written
on
by
dictated
the
by the examiner.
competitorin the blank
the firstsheet of the examination.
The
spaces
words
are
indicated
All words
should
BOOKKEEPER
commenced
each
The
below.
be
word
and
not
55
with
capitalletters. The examiner pronounces
and gives its definition as printed
competitoris requiredto write only the
word
its definition.
followingwords have been used
general character of this subject:
The
and
indicate the
ing
body. Promissory:Containsary
Essential: Necesa promise; as, a promissorynote.
Discernible: Apparent or visible.
or
indispensable.
Opportunity:A fit or convenient time. Deceitful:False
or
tricky. Deference: Respect or regard. Insertion:
The act of placingin; as, the insertion of an advertisement
A long, round
Cylinder:
Facilitate:
To
make
easy; as, to
cityof the United
facilitate business,
States. Adjacent:
Schenectady:A
Lying near or borderingon. Souvenir: A token of
remembrance.
Conceding: Yielding or giving up; as,
try;
concedinga point. Lineage: Line of descent or ancesHarmful
of
jurious;
inDeleterious:
or
royal lineage.
as,
Horizontal:
On a
deleterious to health.
level. Patrimony: An estate inherited from one's father.
cate.
A written testimony;as, a marriage certifiCertificate:
Reservoir: A placeof storage; as, a water
voir.
reserA right;
of voting.
Privilege:
as, the privilege
as,
Arithmetic
given for this examination is the same
that given for the stenographerand typewriterexamas
ination.
See solutions under headingof "Stenographer
and Typewriter/'
The
arithmetic
Penmanship
This
is
Be
report-writing
paper.
and generalappearneatness
legibility,
ance
graded
on
your
careful with its
and with its correctness
mation
and uniformityin the forof words, letters and punctuationmarks.
No
particular
styleof penmanship is preferred. Neatness
are
legibility
good grade.
and
a
the
characteristics that
principal
make
TO
HOW
56
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
Report Writing
In this exercise the competitor
is given a loose statement
words in
of facts four hundred to five hundred
and arrange into an
length which he is to summarize
of the essential
orderly,concise,and grammatical statement
of
than
hundred
not
two
more
facts,consisting
words.
exercise is designed to test the competitor's
knowledge of simpleEnglishcompositionand his general
of form and
In rating
the report its errors
intelligence.
This
address, spelling,capitalization,
punctuation,syntax,
and the arrangement, conciseness,
and completeness
style,
of the report are considered. There is nothingpeculiar
about this test and any person with a fair knowledge of
can
English grammar
pass it. If the candidate is not
knows
the simpleworking principles
that
he
of
confident
time in refreshing
his
he should spend some
grammar,
concise compendium of
by reviewing some
and composition.
English grammar
memory
Copying and
use
Spelling,
copy
of
CorrectingManuscript
and all omissions and mistakes
capitals,
will be taken into consideration in rating
this subject.
is instructed to write a corrected
The competitor
of the manuscriptpresentedto him. He must
rect
cor-
in syntax, spelling,
and capipunctuation,
talization
and must write in full,
abbreviated words, etc.,
indicated. He
should not change or paraphrasethe
as
of
the
omit or modify words,
language
copy, or insert,
sary
phrases,or punctuationmarks, except as may be necesall errors
to correct
errors.
Care must
be taken to do only what the instructions
call for and to do that with exactness.
In such a piece
of work the candidate has a splendid
to show
opportunity
his habit of neatness
in correcting
and rearranging
a revised
manuscript
On
page
57 is givena
sample exercise :
BOOKKEEPER
57
Q~"s JE.^f"vfrr_l"
g"Az."""**
-#**'
-v
.^Jkm^fcAxLL^
____________
_4ttGE--aAWia"^^
*
I
A^JU
jAtfyyvr
"A
**"*.*-
"
.1^^ ^
II
III
_"tt\tV._
ufcu
AV"-
tZ_fU-***LJL_U-^^
.
a
ttuJfi
aJLcai^tfejtt,
niu.1
Solution
interest
One of the best and most cheerful signs of American
in matters
other than the purely material, is the rapid increase
of artistic commercial
buildings. Hotels are
more
lavishly
beautified than ordinary business
buildings, but this is as it
should
be, since hotels are the only homes that many
persons
and
ha,ve. Business
receiving more
structures, however, are
which
decorated
seemed
to an
extent
attention,being now
more
absurdly wasteful
not
long
ago.
58
HOW
That
TO
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
should
introduce
decorative and
company
into its power-house, for example, cannot
result
immediate
cash profit; yet that is what
in any
one
railway
in the heart
Located
has
done.
of a dingy and
company
deserted
slum
district,there is a great building of the finest
white
of the best architects which
stone
designed by one
America
claim. It is simple,though neither plain nor severe
can
;
fail to have an
dignifiedand beautiful, and cannot
uplifting
and beneficent effect upon
the neighborhood.
a
ceramic
railway
art
Practice of
Bookkeeping Debit
"
and
Credit
A firm grasp of the
of debit and credit is so
principles
essential
in bookkeeping
to any
success
fundamentally
that the author has thoughtit well to precedeany attempt
at the solution of the problemswith an
explanationof
the principles
of debit and credit as appliedin the art of
of debit
double-entry
bookkeeping.Upon the principles
and credit rest all the principles
of double-entry.
The system of double-entry
bookkeeping,so far as can
be traced,appeared in Venice
known
century, and was
More
than
a
in the fourand Genoa
teenth
of Venice.
as the Method
in 1494,
century later,
a
monk, Luca
Pacioli,
the first treatise upon
bookkeeping.
double-entry
published
and it has been
It remains unchanged in principle,
changed in practiceonly to save labor and to meet the
different conditions under
which
business is
now
acted.
trans-
the standard
of bookkeeping because by its use, the objectsof bookkeeping
with
the
least
effort
are
accomplished
is
the theoryof
based
Double-entrybookkeeping
upon
In nature
natural law of compensationor balance.
a
instances of a division of things into
there are many
The
two
has become
system of double-entry
a balance
parts,effecting
or
equilibrium.For
ple,
exam-
poles,north
and south; there is an
are
east and west; day and night;male and female,etc.
the
This natural law of balance or equilibrium
supplies
sidering
Conof
fundamental principle double-entry
bookkeeping.
of
the first objectof bookkeeping,the statement
there
two
ownershipof values,it will be seen that the theoryof
for the total of
be applied,
balance or equilibrium,
can
the
59
BOOKKEEPER
Thus
such net values must equalthe worth of the owner.
in the case
of an individual possessingvalues to the
of ten thousand
extent
dollars,the values and the worth
of the
constitute
owner
(resources)
of
Worth
Values
...
equilibriumas follows:
an
owner
(capital
account) ...$10,000
$10,000
Most bookkeepingschools teach a lot of rules about
of these
times the application
debit and credit,and many
rules causes
the student much
confusion and anguish.
of double-entry
You cannot
by a set
apply the principles
the principles.
of rules unless you first understand
debit resources, more
To start with we
properlycalled
would work
assets, and credit liabilities. The principle
but because
if
did
the
out just the same
as
we
reverse,
lished
estabhas become
of many
years of usage the practice
instead of debit
to debit assets and credit liabilities,
liabilitiesand credit assets.
with this much
Now
clear,suppose we reduce an asset,
reduced
has the
An
cash.
when
asset
we
as
pay out
credit reduction
created so we
effect as a liability
same
has the same
of assets.
Now
a reduction of a liability
tion
effect as the creation of an asset so we debit the reduc-
of
a
as when
liability,
we
pay
accounts
payablewith
cash,we debit accounts
payable and credit cash.
of assets
credit capitalbecause it is the excess
We
and the excess
of the assets being on the
over
liabilities,
in order to produce an
debit side,we
credit capital
must
equilibrium.A profitor gam is an increase of capital,
credit profitor gain. An expense, cost, or loss
so
we
is a decrease of profit
and is justthe opposite
or
capital,
of profitor capital,
debit an expense, cost, or a
so
we
loss.
reduction of
A
of
are
is just the oppositeof
capital
credited,therefore
There
an
crease
in-
capital.Capitaland
a
all increases of capital
is debited.
reduction of capital
be a transfer entry on either side.
you should go through the above reasoningof why
thingsare debited and credited until you know it by
may
heart
more
any
FOR
PREPARE
TO
HOW
60
CIVIL
SERVICE
have
When
you have done this you will never
trouble or doubts, about debit and credit. You
have maswill not have to remember
tered
any rules. You
the principles
and you can answer
questionsabout
be given you.
debit and credit as fast as they can
A tabulation of the above follows which will assistthe
student in gettingit firmlyfixed in mind.
show:
A debit entry on an account
may
I.
2.
An
asset.
Reduction
"
"
of
Expense, cost
3.
"
a
liability.
loss.
or
of capital.
4. Reduction
A credit entry on an account
may
A liability.
1.
A reduction of an asset.
2.
"
show:
"
"
Capital.
3.
4.
"
Profit
"
or
gain.
(Either side
show
may
a
transfer.)
From
the above you can
out that an
account
reason
with a debit balance is either an asset, an expense, or a
combination
You can
also
of the two, or a withdrawal.
out
reason
a
that
an
with
account
a
credit balance is either
or profit.
liability,
capital,
First Exercise
The
first exercise is
exercise
a
given a weightof
weight of
2, and
the
ond
sec-
1.
On
the blanks furnished make
the necessary doubleentry journal entries for the transactions found in the
memoranda
below. Keep the bank account
separate from
the cash account.
March
Make
1, 1905, Thomas
no
day-book entries.
Morris opened new
books with
Cash in Citizens' Bank, $7,800;
followingresources:
cash in safe,$2,687.50;
merchandise,$4,768;real estate,
$9,750;ah account againstWilliam Rose, $2,360;a note,
due in six months
given by James Wilson for $1,287.50,
accounted at its present worth, $1,250.
without interest,
His liabilities
account
due John West, $2,976;
were
an
the
61
BOOKKEEPER
$900 due Arthur Moore, accrued interest to
date,$27.50; an acceptance at fifteen days for $840,dated
Naylor
February 15, 1905, drawn upon him by Abraham
in fav^r of Joseph Kemp.
a
for
note
Jones Bros.,merchandise,$5400.
Gave in payment a note at six months, interest,
$90,
included in face of note ; face of note, $3,090. Balance on
March
2.
Bought
of
6.
Sold
Samuel
account.
March
to
Aikens
merchandise,$2,600.
ties,
in liabiliin payment the acceptance mentioned
ance
$840, and a draft on Chase Chemical Bank for bal-
Received
(not deposited).
^
13. Morris sold to John Kelso a half interestin
ence
the business for $13,000 in cash.
(Account the differtion
between this valuation of the business and the valuaas shown
by the opening entry as good will.)
March
March
18. Sent Jones Bros, a draft at ten days'sight
drawn by us upon William Rose in favor of Jones Bros.
Face of draft,$600.
25. Bought of James Wilson, merchandise,
in payment his note mentioned in resources.
Gave
$2,400.
ance
Face of note, $1,287.50;
present worth, $1,254.87.BalMarch
account.
on
March
27. Sold Jarvis " Co.j merchandise,$3,600.
Received in payment a sightexchange for $800 on New
York acceptedat }i per cent premium, and their note at
twenty days for balance.
March
29.
Paid
by
check
on
Citizens' Bank
in liabilities.Face
mentioned
due Arthur Moore
$900; accrued interest to date, $31.70.
March
at
six
of note
30.
Discounted
months,
and
at
received
$800, discount $24.
the
note
of note,
the Citizens' Bank our note
credit for proceeds. Face
est HOW
TO
SERVICE
CIVIL
FOR
PREPARE
SOLUTION
March
JOURNAL
Morris
Thomas
day
as
trader
sole
Liabilities
new
with
books
Assets
this
and
under:
as
Citizens' Bank
Cash
opened
7,800
2,687
4,768
(Cash)
(insafe)
Merchandise
Real
Estate
9.750
Rose
William
i, 1905
00
2,36000
(Js.Wilson)
Bills Receivable
1,25000
2,976
To
John
West
"
Bills
Payable (A. Moore)
"
Accrued
"
Bills
"
Thomas
900
Interest
27
840
Payable (J-Kemp)
Morris CapitalAccount.
23.872
a
Interest
90
Merchandise
To
"
00
5,40000
Bills
Payable
Jones Bros
for Mdse.
3.090
2400
bot. from
Jones
Bros.
6
84000
1,76000
BillsPayable (J.Kemp)
Cash
To
2,60000
Merchandise
sold.
for Merchandise
13
Good
"
2,128 00
will
Capital Acct. for
Good will Account
set up on books prior
to admitting John Kelso
as
partner
To
Thomas
Morris
with one-half interest..
2,12800
BOOKKEEPER
68
JOURNAL
Mabcb,
1905
13
Morris
Thomas
To
John
CapitalAccount.
00
Kelso
for one-half
13,00000
interest in
cash
Thomas
by
being paid in
by John Kelso
for
13,000
hand
Morris.
to
this
business
Thomas
sold
Cash
Morris
day.
18
Jones Bros
600
To William
00
Rose
for draft upon
William
Rose
sent
600
00
I.250
00
to
Jones Bros.
25
Merchandise
To
"
"
2,400
Bills Receivable
(Jas.Wilson)
Interest
James
for Mdse.
4
Wilson
87
1,145 13
bot. of
:
Jas.Wilson.
27
(Jarvis" Co., 20 ds.)..
Bills Receivable
.
Exchange
.
2,799
1
Cash
To
00
800
Merchandise
for Mdse.
sold
3,60000
Jarvis"
Co.
29
Bills
Payable (A. Moore)
900
Interest
Accrued
To
4
Interest
27
Citizens' Bank
for payment
interest.
(Cash)
of note
to A.
30
Citizens*Bank
Bills
for note
and
"
(Cash)
Discount
To
931 70
Moore
776
24
800
Payable
discounted
at bank.
00
64
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
Explanation
March
i, Entry. In the opening
entry all assets are
debited and all liabilitiescredited and Thomas
Morris,
the proprietor,
for the
is credited on his capital
account
of assets over
which is his net capital
liabilities
excess
investment.
received and
Always debit assets when
curred
when incredit them when disposedof. Credit liabilities
"
ariddebit them
when
they are extinguished.The
is credited with the capital
investment
capitalaccount
and this bringsthe books into balance.
In enteringa long journal entry like the first one
always add
up the debits and
credits to be
sure
that
they
balance.
When
you
should
they
that page
on
page.
finished with one page of journalentries,
always be totaled to see that all the debits
are
balance
Never
carry
page to another.
with the total of the credits
part of
a
on
journal entry from
that
one
Interest is debited because it is an
incurred. All expenses are debited when
they
expense
incurred. Merchandise
is debited because it is an
are
Bills Payable is credited because it is a
asset received.
incurred and the liability
ited
to Jones Bros, is credliability
for the same
reason.
March
6, Entry. Bills Payable is debited because it is
credited when
a liability
was
extinguished.This liability
it was
{hat it is extinguished,
it is
incurred.
Now
March
2^
Entry.
"
"
that account, so far as this particular
note
is concerned, balances.
Cash is debited because it is an
All
received.
bank
asset
drafts,checks,and sightdrafts
considered
cash in bookkeeping. A check is a
are
as
sightdraft on a bank. Some checks are printedin draft
form with the name
of the bank addressed to in the
lower left-hand corner.
of
Other checks have the name
the bank, upon which they are drawn, across
the top.
March
After a business has been established
13, Entries.
and has regularcustomers, then, as a going concern,
and proved success, it is worth
with a reputation
debited and
"
BOOKKEEPER
65
than its excess
tional
This addiof assets over liabilities.
the books by
value of a business is represented
on
called Good
Will. This is an asset acasset account
an
count,
it
asset.
though represents an intangible
Now
before Mr. Morris is willing
to sell out one-half
of his business,based on the book value, he wants
to
take record of this good will item first so that the new
partner may pay for his half of the good will when he
in. The
of the good will is usuallya
amount
comes
between
the partners. The
matter
to be agreed upon
of the
bank
does
the
cash
enter
not
account
or
$13,000
because this amount
personallyfrom
company
passes
Mr. Kelso to Mr. Morris.
If, however, the cash had
been paid into the business,as is sometimes
the case, the
total capitalwould
have been increased to $39,000 of
which
Thomas
Morris
would have owned
$26,000 or
two-thirds and John Kelso $13,000or one-third.
March
18, Entry. Jones Bros, is debited because by
ity.
is reducingits liabilsendingthem a note the partnership
William Rose is credited because he is beingdrawn
for money
and his liability
asset
to us which is our
upon
is being reduced.
March
is debited because it
25, Entry. Merchandise
is an asset received. Bills Receivable is credited because
it is an asset reduced.
Interest is credited because it is
a profit
earning. All earningsare credited. They are
the
just
oppositefrom expenses which are debited as
incurred. The amount
of this credit measures
part of
Since capitalis
the merchandise
the other side.
on
in
all
in
the first place
credited
increases
capitalwhich
interest and from
result from
trading,etc., must be
the books are closed all these credits
credited. When
transferred to profit
and loss where they are offset
are
the
and
the
net gain or loss is transferred
by
expenses
to capital
account.
James Wilson is credited because
the company
has incurred a liability
to him.
Bills
March
Receivable
is debited because
27, Entry.
it is an asset received. Exchange is debited because it
is an expense incurred. Cash is debited because it is
York Exchange is considered
received. New
asset
an
more
"
"
,
"
66
HOW
the
an
same
asset
TO
as
PREPARE
cash.
FOR
Merchandise
CIVIL
SERVICE
is credited because
it is
reduced.
29, Entry. Bills Payable is debited because it
reduced.
Interest is debited because it is an
a liability
Interest is debited because
incurred. Accrued
expense
reduced.
Citizens' Bank
is credited beit is a liability
cause
it is an asset reduced.
March
30, Entry. Citizens' Bank is debited because
it is an asset (cash) increased.
Discount is debitedbecause
it is an
expense incurred. Bills Payable is credited
is
incurred.
it
because
a liability
March
"
is
"
Second
Exercise
the data given below make
From
out
which shall include a trial balance,the
a
balance sheet
statement
inventory,and
gains,proprietors'
accounts, and
$2,897.50.
Credit
footings:
Charles
of losses and
and
liabilities.
resources
On March
1, 1905, Charles Martin had on hand as per
inventorymerchandise, $5400; real estate, $7,600;unused
office stationery,
The
balance
of
cash
the
$20.75.
the
shown
ledger was
by
$3,640,and the
account, as
balance of the bills payable account
was
$2,365. The
footingsof the other ledgeraccounts were as follows :
Debit footings:Charles Martin
(proprietor),
$970;
Merchandise, $12,800; Real Estate, $8,000; Traders'
Bank, $4,780.25; Bills Receivable, $4,620; Expense,
$90.25;Interest and Discount,$148.60;Joshua Miller,
$6,797.85;Merchandise,
Martin
$7,800; Real
(proprietor),
Estate, $120;
terest
Traders' Bank, $3,600;Bills Receivable,
$3,640.75;Inand
Discount, $197.80;Joshua Miller, $
(amount to be suppliedby the competitor).
is the kind the Commission
The
followingstatement
to this question. So
wants
you to prepare in answer
give them what they want if you would succeed. The
In making
first pair of columns is your trial balance.
the net
up this trial balance the author has put down
instead of putting
balance of the respective
accounts
68
HOW
Before
PREPARE
TO
you
start
to
FOR
determine the
CIVIL
SERVICE
of this last
amount
over
account, you should first check carefully
which you have put down, to be sure
amounts
the other
that they
all correct for if you have left out one
are
or made
any
in
will
last
then
be
amount
error
enteringone,
your
incorrect and the whole outcome
or loss may
as to profit
be radically
changed thereby.
the rulingsfor this or any
Do not attempt to make
other statement
with ink. It takes too much
time and a
hard pencilwill do justas well. After the rulingsare
made, the writingshould be in ink.
After you have completed trial balance,then proceed
with
column
to enter the inventories in the "Resources"
red ink. Since the merchandise
is charged with
account
only $5,qooon the ledgerand since the inventoryshows
$5400, the business has gained$400 on merchandise and
that is entered in the "Gains" column.
Since the Real
Estate account
is charged with $7,880and
shows
hand only $7,600,the business
on
Real
Estate.
on
Expense is charged with $90.25 but
shows on hand some
office supplies
worth
balance represents a loss of $69.50and is
"Loss"
the inventory
has lost $280
the
inventory
$20.75. The
entered
in the
column.
Interest and
Discount being on the credit side shows
is entered in the "Gains" column.
a gain and
totaled up
When
the "Losses and Gains" columns
are
losses
the
is
found
exceed
the
it
that
gains
by $99.70and
the
this is the net gain. If the "Losses" column
were
largestthe difference would be a loss and would be
columns
entered in the "Gains" column
to bring the two
to
balance.
and Liabilities"
the "Resources
sources"
alreadyhave the inventories in the "Reof
these
balances
column and they are the new
ance
The
Resources
shown
in the Trial Balother
accpunts.
and the
column
extended
in the "Resources"
are
We
will now
columns.
We
extend
liabilitiesextended
in the "Liabilities" column.
It will be noted that every item of the Trial Balance,
has been extended either
account
except the proprietor's
TYPEWRITER
in the "Losses and Gains" columns
Liabilities" columns.
Every item
or
always a loss,a gain,a resource,
It measures
account.
proprietor's
the
the difference between
the
and
resources
or
liabilitiesand
of the business.
The net gain is added
to
the
the "Resources and
of Trial Balance is
a
liability,
except
represents the
ship
owner-
account
proprietor's
at
in
the bottom of the statement, and it is then extended
the "Liabilities"column to balance. This leaves the whole
in balance.
If all three pairsof columns
do not balance,
you have
Your
trial balance should
made a mistake in the work.
always be in balance before you proceed further with the
statement
work.
Typewriter
The
examination
typewriter
those
students to enter
speedyin shorthand.
You
can
speed up
and
the examination
acquired sooner
pass
an
for
opportunity
service,who
not
are
which
can
your typewriting
easier than shorthand.
You
for typewriterand after you
on
very
be
can
get
then continue your shorthand and,
the next examination
take
for stenographer
competent,
wherever
in
or
right Washington
you happen to
appointed you
when
be
the
offers
can
employed.
for this examination
is five hours.
The
ination
followingtable shows the subjectsof the examand their relative value on a scale of one
dred.
hunIt has been preparedto show the student justhow
much
time should be allowed to each subjecton examination.
The
time
allowed
It will be
of
great assistance
also in
directing
one's effort in preparingfor the examination.
minutes
have been
It will be noted that thirty-five
allowed for the firstthree subjectsin the table. Considering
importance based on their relative value, one
would be justified
in spending more
time on these but
for the fact that speed on
these subjectsis valued
their
at
thirtyper
cent
of
the
examination
as
"Time
on
HOW
70
PREPARE
TO
FOR
"IVIL
SERVICE
and in order to make
hundred
one
on
Typewriting,"
speed one must completethe three tests in thirtyminutes.
The candidate should, therefore,
execute
them with all
the speed possible.
FOR
SCHEDULE
V
"
APPORTIONMENT
EXAMINATION
AND
v"
Note
I.
Note
2."
"
Graded
from
Graded
from
your
your
OP
POR
speed on
work
on
TIME
ON
PREPARATION
TYPEWRITER
the three
jects.
typewritingsub-
report writing.
Time
consumed
ing
will be rated accordingto the followscale : If the competitorconsumes
utes
only thirtyminthe three
on
he willbe credited
typewriting
subjects,
When
the time consumed
is more
and
than
not more
fiftyminutes, one
thirtyminutes
will be deducted from one hundred for every minute consumed
than thirtyminutes.
the time conWhen
sumed
more
than
is more
than fiftyminutes
and not more
minutes,two will be deducted from eightyfor
fifty-eight
minutes.
consumed
that fifty
When
minute
more
every
minutes and
is more
than fifty-eight
the time consumed
with
than
not
one
more
hundred.
from
than
more
sixty-sevenminutes, three will
for every minute consumed
sixty-four
than
minutes.
the time
When
fifty-eight
minutes
and
not more
than sixty-seven
be
consumed
ducted
de-
more
is
than seventy
CLERK
minutes,
71
will be deducted from thirty-seven
for each
than sixty-seven
minute
minutes.
When
consumed
more
the time
is
consumed
than seventy minutes, no
more
credit will be given for time,and it will be impossible
for
four
the competitor to make
an
eligible
average percentage
on
the typewritingsubjects.
No
time is considered on the subjects
of report writing
and arithmetic. You can, therefore,
spend all the balance
of your
five hours on these subjects.
Your
penmanship will be graded from the writingon
the report-writing
be very careful with this
so
paper,
particular
styleof penmanshipis preferred
but aim to make
it neat and legible.
Since the arithmetic is only worth five per cent of the
examination, you should not let these problems detract
from
the other subjects. If you
your best efforts on
made
a
perfectgrade on all the other subjects,you
would
have an
of ninety-five
average
per cent without
trying the arithmetic at all. You are graded on your
general average and complete failure in a minor subject
subject.
would
No
debar you.
Spelling will be considered
not
in
grading typewriting
papers.
The
subjectof typewritingis fullycovered under the
heading of stenographerand typewriter.The solutions
to all the subjectsof the examination
are
given under
that heading and the student interested in the typewriter
examination
should read carefullyall that is printed
under
the heading of "Stenographer
and Typewriter"in
this chapter.
Clerk
Through this examination a person without business
trainingor experiencemay get into the civil service.
Almost
pass
any person of high school education can
this examination.
Some
who
have not a high school
to pass it.
trainingmanage
fied
from this examination will be certiEligibles
resulting
for appointment in the departments and independent
offices at Washington, D. C, only. Persons who
HOW
72
desire
TO
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
clerical
in officesoutside
positions
C, should apply for information and
to
appointment
of
Washington, D.
blanks to the secretary of the civil service
application
district in whose
territory
they desire employment.
fail
who
to attain a rating of at least
Competitors
cent
seventy per cent in arithmetic or sixty-five
per
for appointmentand
in report writingwill not be eligible
the remaining subjectsof the examination
will not be
considered.
Time
allowed
for this examination
is five
hours.
APPORTIONMENT
FOR
SCHEDULE
EXAMINATION
AND
Note.
"
Graded
on
OF
TIME
FOR
ON
PREPARATION
CLERK
report-writing
paper..
followingquestionsand tests, which have been
used, indicate the general character of the subjectsof
the answers
and
this examination.
As far as possible,
solutions are given with each subject.
The
Arithmetic
As
make
stated previously,
the candidate must
a rating
of at least seventy per cent on arithmetic in order to pass
this examination.
It is desired to impress the student for the clerk's
examination with the importanceof studyingarithmetic
g
3
5
"
"
"
Q
W
H
fS
74
TO
HOW
PREPARE
FOR
Copying and
CIVIL
SERVICE
CorrectingManuscript
is the same
the one
as
given for
bookkeeping (seepage 56 for sample of this examination
examination
This
solution).
with
Geography and Civil Government
of the United
States
is not required
four states
by the question;for example, do not name
addition
to
An
three.
when
asked to name
unnecessary
Do
not
add
to an
answer
anythingthat
credit if correct, and is charged
desire to correct
If you
if incorrect.
an
an
error
as
and
draw a pen through the part to be rejected
answer,
write the part correctly.
which border Florida
Name
states as follows : Two
1.
the north ; two which border Colorado on the north ;
on
which
the east; two
York
which
border New
on
two
receives
answer
an
no
"
border
the west ; one which borders Oregon
which borders New
Hampshire on the
The
largesttwo rivers which border
Wisconsin
on
the north ; one
Name:
east.
2.
on
Kentucky; the
on
"
largesttwo lakes which
largesttwo sounds on the coast
border
on
of North
the
the Niagara
which
Carolina; the two bodies of water
river
borders
which
River connects; a
Nevada; the
on
is situated. 3. In what state is
river on which Omaha
each of the following-namedprominent cities located?
Michigan ;
"
Asheville, Trinidad, Amsterdam, Findlay, Lynchburg,
Sedalia,Walla Walla, Keene, Macon, Superior. 4. (a)
"
How
are
(b)
How
justicesof
the
amendments
many
Constitution of the United
in which
ways
a
bill may
Supreme
Court
appointed?
added
to the
two
States? 5. (a) Name
law without
the
become
a
officials:
Name
the following
have
been
"
president's
signature, (b)
of Representatives
of
the National House
; Chief
Speaker
Justiceof the United States; Secretaryof State.
Answers
1.
"
Georgia
Massachusetts
Alabama; Nebraska and Wyoming;
and Iowa;
and Connecticut; Minnesota
and
Washington; Maine.
76
CLERK
2.
and the Ohio
Mississippi
The
"
Lake
Lake
Michigan; Pamlico
Erie
and
Lake
Sound
Ontario;
; Lake
Superiorand
Sound;
Albemarle
and
Colorado
souri
River; Mis-
River.
Asheville,North
Amsterdam, New York
Carolina; Trinidad, Colorado;
3.
"
;
ginia;
Lynchburg, VirWalla, Washington;
Findlay,Ohio
Sedalia, Missouri; Walla
Keene, New
Hampshire; Macon,
;
Georgia; Superior,
Wisconsin.
Supreme Court of the United
States are appointedby the presidentand confirmed by
the senate,
(b) Seventeen amendments.
quent
5. (a) First,by veto of the presidentand a subse-
(a) Justicesof
4.
"
the
"
affirmative vote
Congress.
Second,
for
signatureand
of two-thirds
when
he
a
of both
bill is sent
fails to
sign
or
houses
to the
veto
of
president
it within
ten
becomes
the Congress is in session,then such bill
law
without
the president'ssignature. (b)
Speaker
of
days while
^
of Representatives,
ward
Champ Clark; Chief Justiceof the United States,Edthe
United
White
of
of
State
Douglas
; Secretary
Robert
H. Lansing.
States,
the
National
House
In preparing this subjectyou
should
modern geography of the United States,a
with the civil government
of the United
first
secure
a
primer dealing
States
and
a
copy of the latest
CongressionalDirectory.
be purchased at almost any
may
book store handling textbooks.
The
third one
be
may
obtained by writinga postalcard to the Superintendent
of Documents, Government
PrintingOffice,Washington,
D. C.
of the latest CongresState that you want
a copy
sional
Directory and ask the price. You will receive
full instructions as to how to remit. The public
and
price
ai cost and
printeris authorized to sell publicdocuments
the pricemay
time to time.
vary from
The
and
the most
quickest,easiest,
thorough method
of learningthe geography is by learningto draw a complete
of the United States from memory
puttingin
map
The
all the
This
first two
books
and cities.
difficultat first but it can be
rivers,lakes,harbors, sounds
principal
may
seem
rather
76
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
few
with
in a
accomplished
weeks
draw the New
England states.
them and they can be mastered in
CIVIL
SERVICE
effort. First
persistent
There are only six of
a
short time.
then take
When
draw
these states correctly,
you can
the
Middle
Atlantic
in numstates.
ber
They are seven
up
and when considered separately
not hard to learn
are
to draw.
After these two groups have been mastered separately,
then draw them together,
and then in like manner
add to
Southern
the
in
order
the
named,
states, the
your map
Central states, the
Eastern
Central states, the Western
Northern
Pacific states, and the Southern Pacific states.
As you are learningthis map
you should study the
relative longitude
and latitude of the various states. The
mentioned will be
states included in the several groups
found
in your geography. If your geography should
different to the one outfollow a classification somewhat
lined
above, then follow the classificationof
The
the
way
the
your
book.
text-
grouped is not importantbut
learningthem by groups, and gradually
states
are
of
principle
adding each group to your map until
all togetheris very important.
You
all you
should get practically
you
can
draw
them
need in the way
of
civil government out of the textbook
that subject,
on
and answering the quesby readingit through carefully
tions
at the end of each chapter.
With regardto the present incumbents of public
offices,
you will get all of that and a lot of other information
tory.
about civil government out of the CongressionalDirecpapers
generalknowledge gained from the dailynewsof
enable
the
most
to
to
answer
ought
you
tions
quesabout the persons holdingcertain national offices.
tion
With the proper study as outlined above this examinaIt takes only a very short time
will be easy to you.
Your
to write the answers
if you
know
them well.
IV
CHAPTER
THE
OPPORTUNITY
THAT
The
CIVIL
FEDERAL
THE
OFFERS
SERVICE
Permanency
Civil
of the
Service
thing of permanency
growth, which
following
by
of different politicalfaiths:
administrations
The
Federal
shown
nine
is
Service
Civil
table
the
as
a
of
its
Year
covers
Employees
13,789
1883
1885
1889
1893
1897
15,573
29,650
42,741
1905
87,108
108,967
171,807
1909
234,940
1913
282,597
,
1901
That
the
civil
is
public opinion
accepted
nine
services,
of two
and
principle has
by the facts
in all recent
states
have
that
it is
and
hundred
Appointing
shown
proclaimed
and
that
service
the
that
national
adopted it for
incorporated in
of
support
it has
been
forms;
party plattheir
the
tive
execu-
charters
fiftycities.
officers
in
unite
its
support
as
the
most
performance of public
important
business.
Thirty years ago decried as an impossible ideal,
an
impractical theory, and put in operation in only a
tentative way,
the system stands to-day firmly established
actual
of
basis
accomplishment
on
a
June 30, 1913, 35,154 persons
During the year ended
appointed, transferred, or promoted, upon examinawere
factor
in
the
efficient
77
78
HOW
TO
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
in the competitive
tion to positions
classifiedservice of
the Federal Government, and 2,672 persons were
ferred,
transtion.
promoted,or reinstated without further examinaIncludingappointmentsto the Philippineservice,
of mere
unskilled labor,and also temporary
to positions
made
the
as
appointments,38,713 appointments were
result of competition.
There
were
approximatelytwo thousand persons appointed
to the
Departmental Service
at
Washington
ing
dur-
This is at the rate of over
six persons
a day.
1914.
Think of these good positions
that are being handed out
of the persons
every day ! You might justas well be one
them.
receivingone of
No
You
Political
need
absolutelyno
only thing you need
InfluenceNeeded
influence
political
or
"pull."
of the positions
The
to obtain one
for you is preparation
for the examination.
civil service law requires
The
that, as nearly as the
conditions
to
shall be
ments
good administration will warrant, appointthe
in
departments at Washington
positions
of
apportioned
among
tories
the several states and territhe basis of
Columbia
upon
the District of
ascertained at the last precedingcensus.
as
population
ton
People livingin the states far distant from Washingwell
the
informed
of
not
are
so
good positions
open
for
This accounts
those who
live nearer.
to them
as
and
the fact that those
and those livingat
in appointment.
livingnear
a
distance
Hours
used
have
are
up their
entitled to
quota
preference
of Labor
ington
all of the government positions
at WashPractically
hours of labor each day. The
requireonly seven
from 9 A. M. to 4:30 P. M. with one-half
hours are
all departmonths
hour for luncheon.
During summer
ments
close at 1 P. M. on Saturdays. All employees are
allowed thirty
days'annual vacation with full pay. This
79
OPPORTUNITIES
leave is counted as thirty
working days,and by excluding
all the Sundays, Saturday afternoons,and holidaysthat
is off duty,the actual vacation
be counted while one
may
with full pay.
five
about
weeks
amounts
to
In most
of the departmentsthis vacation may be taken
in any number
of short
few
that
one
days
may
periodsof
desire.
day, half day, or a
makes
possible
Atlantic
York,
City,
to New
tripsin summer
Some
students
Philadelphia,
Annapolis,NoYfolk, etc.
take part of their vacation time to study for examinations
many
short
a
This
the close of school.
It also makes
the
possible
work
need
that many
women
at
frequentshort
rests from
for their best health
and
happinesswithout the loss of pay.
The
service is ideal
government
employment for
in
cultured
and refined surin many
It is
roundings;
women,
ways.
better than
much
it is Hght and pays them
business.
in the government
ice
servMany of the women
receive one
which
positions
hundred
pay
dollars
salaries
as
hundred
dollars a year.
In addition to the above all
pay for sickness to the extent
Work
Government
a
month
high as
two
hold
and some
thousand five
employeesare allowed full
of thirtydays each year.
Differentfrom Commercial
Work
in the government service is vastlydifferent
tutions
the employment offered by business insti-
Employment
from
organizedfor profit.The
hard
cess
strugglefor succrushes the
in the business world where competition
forces most
inefficient,
employersto crowd into the day's
work
of each employee as much
work
that employee
as
There are very few easy
can
possiblyhandle efficiently.
deliver a
A person must
jobs in the commercial world.
in
commercial
than the
value
service equal or greater
value is determined
price he collects;and that commercial
service could be
by the lowest pricethat the same
bought elsewhere.
Business is unsympatheticand heartless. It buys what
it wants
from him who
at the
can
supply the demand
HOW
80
TO
PREPARE
CIVIL
FOR
lowest possible
price. If a male
dollars a week for work that a
SERVICE
stenographer
gets fifteen
and will do
justas well for ten dollars a week, she gets the job.
In the federal service,there is not the striving
for
which drives men
and women
hard days
to lonjg
profits
of
woman
can
the employeestake their time.
labor,and consequently
A
To
women
Woman
s
Opportunities
the Federal Civil Service affords excellent
for
opportunities
the proper
of their social life. There
developmentand expression
well-known
many
young
women's
collegesat Washington, and a very largeper
attend these colleges
cent of those who
go there because
of the unsurpassed social and educational advantages
that come
of taste and culture who lives
to every woman
in the National Capitalfor any lengthof time.
It should be a part of the education of every woman
in her manner,
and in Washington
to be charming and graceful
the woman
engaged in government service will
have opportunity
and improve her personality
to correct
from observation and study.
of the strongest forces in the
is one
Since personality
its
world, surely
perfectdevelopmentshould engage the
attention of every woman.
most
earnest
By making use
of the opportunities
at Washington she may
acquire
in
practice easy and gracefulhospitality.
Women
in the government service may, upon
request
from
the congressmen
representingtheir districts at
themselves
in any way,
home, and without obligating
have their names
invited to
lists
the
of
those
placedon
are
and other social functions at the White House,
receptions
and
of our
the great men
where they may
meet
own
other nations.
visit
They may
Congressand have a practical
demonstration
of how our
laws are made.
to
Many noted individuals of the United States come
Washington, and the opportunityto meet many of them
offers itself from time to time.
Washington being the capitalof the nation,there is
much
of national interest going on there all the time.
When
see
picyou read the weekly magazines you may
HOW
8*
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
The
clude
at Washington inopportunities
open to women
wide range of acquaintancewith young
of
men
high ideals and brightfutures. The various departments
of the Government
from the universities,
attract many
men
and the young man
ambitious
and has ability
who is
go through collegewhile in the government service,
is the type of fellow that achieves success
in time. There
in Washington. They come
hundreds of such men
are
from every state in the Union
and use
the government
service as a stepping-stone
to their high ambitions.
in addition to beinggood
have the ability
Many women
wives and mothers to help admirably in the solution of
the problems which reach outside of the home
and touch
the state and the nation.
The woman
felt bewho would make her personality
yond
her home and cityinto the wide realm of her state
and perhapsher nation,must
for the
have preparation
work.
make
the study of law a part of
Many women
their preparationfor the largerlife. Quite a jiumber
of the congressmen'swives study law in order more
telligently
inin the problems of
to help their husbands
to
legislation.
the woman
who is ambitious to have a share with
in
the
of government or in the professions,
matters
men
Washington offers the best opportunityfor study and
preparationalong almost any line in which she may be
To
interested.
Washington Collegeof Law
emphasizes the importance
a
as men,
having legaltraining
ington
advancement.
George Wash-
of women,
as well
in economic
to helpthem
also has among
its students young
University
whom
of
are
women,
"government employees.
many
of the life
The writer has tried to touch upon most
of interest to women,
that theymay have an idea what
so
Washington is like before they decide to go there.
A
In most
of the
Man's
Opportunities
departmentsat Washington
bookkeepers,etc., are
referred
to
the raphers,
stenogclerks.
as
OPPORTUNITIES
"When
official
you
are
offered appointment
designationof
the
8S
as
the
stenographer,
probably be
positionwill
"clerk."
The
ton
government clerks at Washingeasy life of most
will ruin any man
for an active,successful business
if he does not have any other interests
career
or
professional
outside of his office work.
the
here
is
Right
his
man's
chosen profession
to
opportunity
study
young
whatever
be.
it
or
career,
may
There
and universities
fine
are
colleges,
schools,
many
all around
Washington that cater to the government employee,
who
and learn at
has the opportunityto earn
time.
the same
Among the more
prominent institutions
oi
learningare :
George Washington University.
Washington School of Accountancy.
Georgetown University.
School.
National UniversityLaw
All of the above institutions are
tions
high grade instituof learningwhose
diplomas are recognizedby the
and universities the country over.
best schools,colleges
George Washington University
is a non-sectarian
George Washington University
and comprisesa Collegeof Arts, a College
institution,
of Engineering,Teachers' College,
Law
School, Medical
of
School, Dental School,College Pharmacy, and College
of VeterinaryMedicine.
The attendance during the session
thousand
hundred ninety.
seven
one
1914-15 was
had
attended
A
student who
collegein Tennessee
writes : "Some
years ago, at the end of my sophomore
of lack of funds to
compelled on account
year, I was
leave college,
and shortlythereafter to take up the support
of the family who had become
of certain members
The purpose of continuingand comdependenton me.
pleting
could
but
I
course
always persisted,
college
my
never get far enough ahead
to support myself
financially
and those dependenton me
time necessary to
the
during
accomplishthis, Several years after I left collegeI
The
8*
HOW
learned
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
of
noon
George Washington Universityand its afterand soughtand obtained employment in the
classes,
service solelyfor the purpose of takingadvantage
government
of these classes."
from New
Another
York
writes: "I came
ington
to Washsimplybecause the universities there are the onlyfar as I know, that are holdingout the
institutions,
so
chance of obtaininga higher education to the man
who
is unable to give up his employment, also the office hours
in the government
service lend themselves admirably to
this purpose." These two speak for many.
The
of
possibility
employment
using government
merely as
to a
a
to
stepping-stone
government
an
officialas
education may
not
pear
ap-
advantageous
altogether
the service. A service,
however, run by the people
used in the education
and for the peoplemay be appropriately
of the people,
and no
service,
publicor private,
to
lower grades employees
elsewhere.
from
who
A
student
Arkansas
writes, "I entered
because
it maintained the
George Washington University
school of higherstandards which it was
onlyprofessional
can
rightfully
expect to hold in its
of ability
to better themselves
for
practicable
me,
beingemployed,to attend,"expresses
student in government employ
the
toward
in
employ.
in
ture
studyingis to insure my fu"My primary purpose
Whether
by preparingfor a highergrade of work.
I shall remain in Washington is as yet an open question,
which
selves
offer themdepending upon opportunities
may
after I have completed my
in the Law
course
the attitude of the average
continuance
School.
If I see a satisfactory
opening,I shall remain
in the government service;if,however, possibilities
in
home
in
other
section,
legalwork in my
state, or
any
b
etter
promising,I shall
offering
advantages,appear more
not hesitate to leave Washington."
This attitude is reasonable,and unless the Government
should adopt the inconceivable policyof refusingto take
into the lower
grades employees of promise and of
avowed
ambition,it must stand prepared for a constant
it cannot
release of those whom
promote.
OPPORTUNITIES
86
The
thoroughpreparation,
earnestness,
students of the Universitymake
one
the
and maturityof
of its chief attractions.
In 1914-15 of the candidates for degreessixty-one
trained
and
hundred
one
college
per cent were
of them
The
were
collegegraduates.
training
fifteen
and
maturity of the students
be put on a high plane. The
thoroughness of the work are
enables
the instruction to
of
quality the students and
of
proved by the success
School in the bar examinations
On the average
of the District of Columbia.
only about
candidates
while
ty-five
nineof
all
cent
over
fifty-five
pass,
per
the
graduates of
per
cent
the Law
of the
George Washington graduatesare
successful.
sity
School of the George Washington UniverLaw
established in 1865,and is the oldest in the city
was
of instruction for the degree
of Washington. Its course
of Bachelor
of Laws, originally
requiringtwo years, was
A year of graduate
in 1898 to three years.
increased
The
work
of
a
was
Laws.
course
in 1877 leadingto the degree of Master
has since been increased by
curriculum
The
of study leadingto the degree of Master
of
added
Law.
of the group of law schools
Law
The
School was
one
in 1900 organized the Association of American
which
of the Association
Schools and it has remained
Law
a member
since that time.
Association
includes
This
fortyof
the
law
schools
six of the most
progressive
country
in legal
and is committed
to the policyof advancement
Patent
of
education.
As this school maintains
the standards
the Association,
work certified by it is given a maximum
of credit by other law schools of the country. This
enables students who are unable to completetheir studies
in Washington, to continue them
at other institutions
with a minimum
loss of time and work.
The Universitypermits the first year
be counted
of law
work
to
for the
the fourth year of collegework
degree of Bachelor of Arts, thus enablingstudents to
and professional
obtain both the academic
degreesin six
years.
as
HOW
86
TO
PREPARE?
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
\
The
The
Washington School of Accountancy
Washington School of Accountancy ranks with
the best institutions of its kind in the country. It is a
branch
of the Pace Institute of Accountancy
of New
York
City,and is under direct supervisionof the Face
Brothers, founders of the Pace Schools. Its location in
the Y* M. C. A. buildingis very convenient
for men
in
the government
service and its classes are
made
up
mostly of government men.
The author is personally
with
acquainted
of the
most
instructors in the school and can
well say that there is
the teachingstaff of this school of profesno
room
on
sional
of mediocre
trainingfor any man
ability.Its
entire facultyis composed of men
in
of marked
ability
their respective
the
understand
who
well
of
art
lines,
teaching.
The
offered include instruction in
Theory of
Accounts, Practical Accounting,Auditing,Law, Applied
Economics, Organization,Finance and Cost Accounting.
The
student who
fered
ofcompletesthe three years'course
by this school is well preparedto pass the C. P. A.
of any state or to advance
examination
rapidlyin the
field of business where he may
be employed. For more
about the profession
of Accountancy and what it offers in
the way of rewards, see Chapter V.
There is no fixed requirementas to preliminary
tion
educafor admission to the Accountancy courses.
An attempt
courses
is made, however, to limit the work to those whose
ultimate success
generaleducation is sufficient to assure
in the work.
Georgetown University
The
under
classes
Georgetown Universityis
the direction of the Roman
admirably adapted
a
sectarian institution
Its
Church.
Catholic
the government
ployee
emSchool ranks with the best in the
and its Law
cityof Washington. Much of what has been said about
the George Washington Law
School,and the National
are
to
OPPORTUNITIES
UniversityLaw
Law
87
School, could be said about the Georgetown
School.
The
ings
Georgetown Universitybuildnot quiteso handy to government employees as
are
those
of George Washington Universityand for that
are
the government employees do not patronizethis
reason
universityquiteas much as they do George Washington.
This
does not apply to the Law
Schools,however, since
is
and
all
down
about as handy as the
town
are
one
they
other.
Law
The
School of the 'National University
Universityhas its largestclasses in the
alogue
teaching of the legalprofession.I quote from the catfew
which
of
the
a
paragraphs
give a good idea
this
law
done
school.
work
being
by
"This
firstincorporated
in 1869 and afterwards
institution,
chartered by special
act of Congress,is the second
National
oldest in this section of the country.
"The
Law
McArthur,
School, organizedby Mr.
is about
to enter
upon
JusticeArthur
its forty-fifth
year of
activity.There have been nine chancellors of
the University,five of them
presidentsof the United
Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield,Arthur
States, to wit:
The diplomasawarded
and Cleveland.
duringtheir
of
their
and
instances
officebear
in
most
terms
signature,
the recipients
of the
conferred upon
were
personally
unbroken
degrees.
"The faculty
has had the distinctionof including
among
national
and
of
its membership many
judges
lawyers
utation,
repand the graduates,now
nearly three thousand
(3,000)in number, are to be found in every state and
of the United
States,our colonial possessions
territory
and in many
foreigncountries.
dividual
"The classes are limited to a size compatiblewith inis
There
instruction by members
of the faculty.
and
an
average of one instructor to each twelve students,
the work of instruction is entirely
in the hands of members
of the faculty,
other secondary
or
no
quiz masters
agents of instruction being employed.
HOW
88
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
athletics or other undergraduate diversions
mature
connected with the institution to attract the imof professional
or interfere with the serious work
education.
More
than ninetyper cent of the students
in civil sendee employment of the Government
are
of
the United States,the administration
departments of
"There
which
young
are
no
provideemployment for thousands of ambitious
drawn
men
from ail sections of the country.
These, at their
expense and upon their own
sibility,
responemploy their free hours in securinga thorough
and practical
spective
trainingsuch as, upon return to their reof
enables
them
take
the
to
states,
practice
up
of livelihood and advancement.
law as a means
'The
sively
corps of instructors is composed almost excluwho
of judgesand practicing
enabled
are
lawyers,
from the practical
to approach their work
standpointof
the law as administered in Courts of Justice,
rather than
abstract science.
as
a merely theoretical and
"The designof the law school has always been that of
law school,
in which
a purelytechnical school ; a lawyer's
the student could be thoroughlyprepared for successful
in the practice
of a technical profession.To
competition
the accomplishment of this end within the restricted
periodof three years'law school work, and with a student
body composed for the most part of men employed during
the day in the various branches of the government service,
deemed
conditions were
two
requisite.
"First, the concentration of the student's hours of
study upon those branches of the vast body of the law,
a
cessful
thorough knowledge of which is essential to the sucthe
as
therefore,
a
and,
corollary,
practitioner,
own
less essential
or
rigid exclusion of all non-essentials,
branches
of which
the acquisition
poned
may safelybe postto the periodsucceedingadmission
to the bar.
whose labors supplementthose of
"Second, the faculty,
the text writer in teachingthe student how
to practice
is
who
of men
law,
are
composed almost exclusively
themselves
successful
and
in
the
engaged daily
hourly
of their profession.
practice
"The Bachelor's Degree is awarded upon the result of
90
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
perhaps,thinkingthat
because they do not possess a
school
high
diploma,they could not get into any of these
universities or schools at Washington. This is not true.
that one
Many of the universitiesstate in their catalogues
be a high school graduateor its equivalent
in order
must
adhere to
to be admitted,but they do not always rigidly
this rule.
If you are
in the government service as a result of
civil service examination,they consider in many
cases
hold
civil
service
and
to pass
examination,
your ability
cation.
civil service employment as equal to a high school edumission
where they insist on certain credits for adafter
make
them up duringodd times
you can
have entered the university.
Even
you
I
I
CHAPTER
V
CHOOSING
General
In
To
civil service
in
exceptional opportunity
comes
study
of
of
part
hold
chapter
mentioned.
situation
and
spare
time
Some
of
a
for
the
and
hold
dealing
as
the
state
have
of
a
vocations
get into
to
following
mentioned.
those
on
condensed
spend this
development.
can
into
business
time.
here,
form
vocation
each
at
hands.
your
mentioned
that
position
permanent
time
spare
in which
you
in very
rewards
of
and
how
to
of
your
to
the
other
fields of endeavor
many
and
perhaps
accountancy
ways
with
advantages
hints
spare
in the
pleasure, profit or
employees
government
go
their positions at the same
is made
the
lots
thousand
for
time
use
place
you
Washington
at
for
Law
is that
salary
are
and
to
mentioned
also
pre-eminent
most
good
In
vocations
the
not
There
there
of
any
this
the
The
a
employed
persons
VOCATION
A
tempt
at-
an
of
some
with
few
a
work.
is a very
tant
imporchoosing a vocation
do
choose
not
at all,they
people
yet most
one,
the
follow
work
that
chance,
just
they, by
happen to fall
is
It
into
environment.
circumstances
through
or
vocational
have
made
stated by those who
a life study of
that
of
the
people of the
guidance
seventy-five per cent
States
United
misfits
in their vocations.
They are
are
The
of
business
and
round
in
pegs
holes, and
square
square
in
pegs
round
holes.
A
young
of the
of
our
lives
pleasant and
ought
man
vocation
are
of
spent
the
give
to
that
at
kind
is to
our
that
91
much
be
thought
his
work,
we
to
the
and
if the
enjoy doing,
lection
se-
Most
life's work.
is
work
then
our
TO
HOW
93
CIVIL
FOR
PREPARE
SERVICE
full of interest. Everyone
lives will be pleasantand
If you cannot
learn to love your
should love his work.
that you ought to engage
work
then it is not the work
kind of work that you take pleasure
in. There is some
and
which
is most
in doing,and that work
interesting
follow.
is
work
the
pleasantto you
you ought to
In such
makes
in selecting.
Sometimes
one
a mistake
has not gone too
far on
hard thine for a
very
line
endeavor
in which all his
of
person to get out of one
study and experiencehas been, and get started into some
less new
It is impossible
other work
that is more
to him.
or
a
change,if the
life's journey. It is a
it is best to
case
person
peopleto do it. This impressesmore
the importance of giving this subjectcareful
indelibly
study at an earlytime in life.
for
some
and if you find
vocations mentioned
yourselfinterested in any one of them, go to the library
literature on
that particular
There
and get more
one.
mentioned which
volumes on each one of the subjects
are
Look
the
over
the provinceof this book does not include. This chapter
of suggestionsfor your
is intended only as a "bunch"
interested in^ny field
thought. If you are particularly
of work
brary
not mentioned
or
suggestedhere, go to the liand get full lighton what is requiredto enter that
vocation and what rewards it holds forth.
When
you have selected your work, then beginto study
and determination you possess.
it with all the courage
Make
up your mind that you are going to be a leader in
work, and by puttingyour best energiesinto it,you
your
can
surelysucceed.
Accountancy
No
offers
profession
who
man
young
the accountant.
distinction of
at the
man
the demand
In Great
and
same
would
The
being a
time.
for trained
a
attractive future
more
enter
business,than does
to the
that of
professionalaccountant
and
man
professional
The
men
Britain there
are
field is not
far exceeds
over
accountants.
incorporated
has the
business
a
half covered and
the
supply.
eightthousand
ered
chart-
In this country there
CHOOSING
A
98
VOCATION
about fifteen hundred C. P. A/s.
Taking the
of the two countries as a comparison,there is work
States for ten to fifteen times as many
in the United
certified publicaccountants
This crynow.
as there are
ing
need spellsOpportunity for you who
are
seriously
tion
popula-
are
ambitious.
bookkeeper and want to rise above your
environment, studyhigheraccounting. As a bookkeeper,
of figuresin record
be able to add a column
you may
time, or keep a set of books month after month without
mechanical
skill. It will not bring
That is mere
error.
largerewards.
bookkeeping sysKnowing how to devise labor-saving
tems,
involved
decide
how
to
accountingpropositions,
how
to suggest
to outline adequate cost
systems, how
valuable checks againstwaste, how
to deal with banks,
ness
how
how
to organizeand finance busito handle men,
No
such ability
brings advancement.
enterprises;
skill will enable you
of experienceor mechanical
amount
learn it by systematic
must
to acquirethis ability.You
under
instructors.
study
competent
field of activity
Accountancy is the latest professional
for scientifictraining
to yieldto the insistent demand
liminary
premedicine
and
to practice. Law,
engineering
have in turn developed professional
trainingas a preparation
for publicand privateservice. A hundred
years
If you
are
a
with the pracread his course
titioner;
his
law
student
work
the
pursued
fifty
years ago
under
a
preceptor; thirtyyears ago the practically
trained engineerlaughed at the theoretical graduate of
the technical school.
To-day the student enters the medical school,the law
school,or the engineeringschool,as a matter of course.
is the established
Technical trainingfor the professions
ago
the medical
student
method
because it affords a better and surer
preparation.
A certified publicaccountant, accordingto the requirements
York
and other states, is exof the law of New
pected
to have a knowledge of the underlyingprinciples
that govern business
of such laws.
application
of the laws
relations and
He
must
the tical
pracalso have a
94
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
the principles
of modern
ing
accountand their scientific application
to the keeping and
and
statingof accounts in all lines of business enterprise
thorough knowledgeof
settlements involvingmoney" are to be made.
wherever
He is expectedto be able to solve the most
abstruse and
difficultproblems that arise in any branch of accounting,
and as an auditor,he is expectedto have a broad, general
knowledge of business,with the intuitionof the detective
well as the skillof the accountant.
The Certified Public Accountant
Law
York
of New
secured to the professionof accountancy in 1896 official
and similar laws have- since been enacted in
recognition,
nois,
Colorado, Connecticut,
Florida,Georgia,IlliCalifornia,
as
Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New
Jersey,
Rhode
Washington,
Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Island,Utah, Virginia,
Texas.
C. P. A. legislation
is now
pending
in other states and in the District of Columbia.
With certain preliminaryeducation and experienceas
requiredby the state laws, and the equipment in theory
offers his
and practicesuggestedabove, the accountant
services to the publicin the installationof accounts
and
audits,and reports,
systems, in the making of appraisals,
and in such other phases of business organization
and
his
a
nd
science as
training
experience
may justify.
and
The
The
Financial Rewards
legitimateinterest
that the prospective
student
have in the financial rewards which the profession
may
of obtainingreactuallyoffers to-day,and the difficulty
liable
the presentation
of the facts,
information,warrant
although the personalelement enters so largelyinto the
matter
of compensationthat the subjectis approached
with hesitancy.
The largerfirms employ two classes of accountants,
seniors and juniors. The seniors are qualified
ing
by trainand experienceto take charge of audits,the installation
The juniorsare assistants to the
of systems, etc.
seniors,and
largelyperform
similar clericalwork.
the
adding,checking,and
96
HOW
sition to
inasmuch
TO
secure
PREPARE
FOR
offers of lucrative
CIVIL
SERVICE
privateemployment,
he is the highesttype of business man
and
confidential and intimate business
establishes the most
relations with members
of firms and corporation
officers.
It is not unusual for an accountant
abandon
his
to
fessional
proas
career
to
accept such privateemployment, and
instances can
be pointed out in which the initial
varied
from
five thousand
sand
thouto ten
compensation
dollars per annum,
and in the field of corporate accounting
service,annual incomes ranging from twenty
thousand
thousand
dollars can be cited.
to thirty-five
Here
few
certified
are
a
Chicago
publicaccountants
whom
call
mind
I can
and
who
to
now
have, as a
just
result of their knowledge of accounting,secured very
fine positions
:
many
Wra.
International
M. Reay, C. P. A., Comptroller,
Harvester
Co. ; Frank M. Boughey, C. P. A., Secretary,
" Co.; A. E. Anderson, C. P. A.,
Fairbanks, Morse
Schlitz
C. P. A.t
Auditor,
Brewing Co.; H. G. Phillips,
Bottle Co.; Arthur Bentley,
Vice-President,American
C P. A., First Vice-President,
Miehle Press Co. ; Herman
J. Dirks, C. P. A., Auditor,Brunswick-Balke-Col-
lander Co.
of these men
None
at less than
are
holdingpositions
tween
five thousand
dollars a year and some
are
earningbedollars.
fifteen
thousand
dollars
and
ten thousand
financial
from
the
side,it is gratifying
Turning
purely
to know that the accountant
expect honor
may reasonably
of the
and dignityequal to that enjoyedIjythe members
quent
frethe more
offers an
None
exercise of honestyand integrity.
than that assumed
opportunityfor greater responsibility
ent,
of his cliwho determines the course
by the accountant
older
calls for
No profession
professions.
whose
word
and upon
of investors generally,
often depends the transfer of a railroad property, or
of a life insurance
report the policyholders
upon whose
guard
of the assets which saferelyas to the integrity
company
the futures of their dependentones.
Let me
It is not intended to
not be misunderstood.
standthat lucrative positions
are
convey the impression
and
CHOOSING
A
VOCATION
97
of inferior capacityeither as accountants,
ing open to men
It is recognized
bookkeepersor office managers.
of a working knowledge of accountthat the acquisition
ancy
and its practiceas a professioninvolve a serious
and extended program
of study.
actual demonstration
of
tricate
capacityto apply what one knows in the solution of inWith
business problems.
emphasis,however, it
be said that in spiteof the difficultiesof preparation
may
viting
and practice,
of accountancy offers an inthe profession
field to one who is willing
to pursue with diligence
There
his
is
involved,further,an
studies
professional
and
his later
practice.
Advertising
is a word of very wide meaning.
Advertising
professionits meaning is growing so fast that even
dictionaries and encyclopedias
out
are
their definitions of this word.
Advertisingas a force in business has many
meanings. It is an omnibus word that conveys
latest
As
a
the
of date in
different
different
peopleto different places.
Perhaps no prophecy as to the future of advertising
would
lars
be excessive.
than a billion dolAlready more
is spent each year for advertising.Think of it! It
is hard for most
people to conceive the meaning of a
billion dollars. We
think a million. Then
can
we
can
think a hundred million. That's about the population
of
lion,
milthe United States. When
it comes
to ten hundred
a
or
it
billion,
sets our
imaginationsgoing to
what it means.
There are singlecompanies which
dollars
million
force called
have
who
spend three
for this wonderful
business
and there are
men
advertising,
advertising
incomes of over
fiftythousand dollars a year
a
year
business.
Salaries of
ceive
con-
from
this
eighteenhundred and two thousand dollars
for good advertising
a year
men.
are
common
The advertising
larger
agency, perhaps,pays its owner
The
than
other
w
ork.
of
line
advertising
profits
any
HOW
98
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
agenciesgive a service to their clients which consists in
the best mediums
to use, writingcoppart of selecting
ies,
checkingthe insertions of copies,studyingproducts
their possibleundeveloped
with a view of discovering
and keeping records of the pullingvalues of
markets
different kinds of advertising.
The agency does not charge the client for these and
other services except for art work, printing,
etc.
electros,
The money
in the agency is made
in the form of com*
missions from the publishers
all business of clients
on
which they place. This commission
from ten to
taagfis
twenty-five
per
cent.
in this business for the
idea of the money
ones
handling the advertisingof the large
let
corporations, us take a full page advertisement in
the Saturday Evening Post.
A full page advertisement
in this publication
costs ten
thousand
dollars an issue. The agency'scommission
of
thousand
dollars. This is
ten per cent amounts
to one
not an average
case, however, because the Saturday EveningPost is,perhaps,the highestpricedmedium in the
United States,due to its largecirculation and the average
advertiser does not use
There
dreds
hunare
a whole
page.
of them usingonly four or five inches of a single
To get
successful
an
column.
business
It takes a lot of experiencein the advertising
before one
can
operate an agency, but there are many
other placeswhere a man
can
a good salarywhile
earn
he is acquiringthe necessary
experience.
solicitors for the newspapers
There are the advertising
of men
hundreds
and the magazines. There
ployed
emare
of the agencies. There are the
by the owners
vertising
who
men
are
employed by the business houses as addifferent kinds
There are numerous
managers.
of positions
in the
who
in
specialize
street
work
It employs many
advertising
game.
line,as for instance,
one
particular
advertisements, art
advertisements,newspaper
for all advertisements,
records,
results,
advertising
car
etc.
are
Advertisingand selling
very
closelyrelated. They
CHOOSING
in their last
are,
art
of both
A
the
analysis,
rest
upon
condensed
the
VOCATION
99
the science and
and
same,
Advertising
great principles.
same
is
salesmanship,and is usually
is directed toward
printed. Its whole sphere of activity
mind.
vertising
the human
in adTherefore, success
influencing
careful
of
jects,
subthe charming
requiresa
study
psychology and
aspects, but
human
in the
nature
oretical
in their the-
not
"
practicaland
commercial
phases.
successful
The
needs
man
advertising
a
wide
edge
knowl-
of the laws of economics, especially
as
they affect
distribution of goods or service.
and selling
The student who is interested in advertising
Printers' Ink.
This magazine is devoted
of successful and unsuccessful advertising
to an analysis
and selling
campaigns of the day.
I
the
To
and selling,
person interested in advertising
should
read
collegegraduate if you can,
although this is not essential. In selecting
your course
take all the psychology,
English,logic,
political
economy
and sociology
business
that you can get. Take also some
be
and such work as may
administration and accounting,
of salesmanshipand advertising.
obtained on the subjects
The colleges
and universities up to the present time,
of practical
have offered very littlein the way
training
in life namely business in all
for the biggestprofession
of its broadest aspects. But they are rapidlycoming to
of their ways in not preparingfor this work
the error
see
would
say
first become
a
"
enter
later; and the modern
sooner
or
many
in appliedbusiness
offeringcourses
universityis now
which
so
mercial
salesmanship,accounting,compsychology,advertising,
economics.
the
and
In
finance
law,
applied
George Washington Universityand in the Y. M. C. A.
Instituteat Washington, you will be able to get plenty
of the subjectssuited to the work
on
advertising.
I know
of
no
career
and
truthfulness,
offer
a
more
To
where
no
brains
capitalor
successful business
those who
have
an
from
alone,energy,
esty,
hon-
friends to
a
help one,
point.
pecuniarystand-
interest in human
nature
HOW
100
there
makes
TO
is
a
PREPARE
SERVICE
CIVIL
FOR
that
pleasure of occupationin advertising
the business very desirable also.
In "The
Business of Advertising,"
by E. E. Calkins,
the tenth chapterdeals with "Advertisingas a Profession,"
from
and the followingis quoted
that work:
"There
is a growing demand
for a man
with a plan"
in advance
who
the form the advertising
a man
can
see
should take ; who has a definiteidea as to the sort of copy
and designthat should be used and the proportion
of
each ; the tone of the copy, whether it should be explanatory,
the design should
hortative or seductive;whether
tell a story or merely decorate a page ; whether it should
be a black page or two black pages or a colored insert ;
whether
it should be printedon a street car card or on a
magazine page; how many advertisements there should
be; what the order and sequence of them; whether the
advertisements
to be
should all be
given a
as belongingto the
recognizable
certain
styleso
as
brotherhood,
same
all different in form as in idea. Each one
of these
makes
who
the plan sees
thingsis a detail but the man
them
relation as a comprehensive
all in the correct
whole.
who prepares the plan may or may not draw
"The man
the designs,
may or may not write the copy, may or may
select the mediums* may
not
not
or
supervisethe
may
or
and mechanical
engraving,electrotyping
typesetting,
of the
Again the
man.
in
and
advertising,
advertising
may
stillbe
or
may
production
re-
advertising
an
not
be
placed
bill
in street cars, upon
newspapers,
in the form of printed
things. An advertising
ing
who can take a givenproduct,study its sell-
magazines, in
boards, or
is
man
one
which
of selling
prepare a method
either
for
into the
will bringpurchasers
the commodity
and
possibilities
direct
by mail.
"Advertisingmust be learned by doing,but for
stores
matter
or
so
must
the management
of
a
store
or
that
the conduct
of
has so much
manufacturingplant. Advertising
and so littleof the theoretical in it that an
the practical
be made in any school. He can
cannot
man
advertising
of
a
CHOOSING
VOCATION:
A
"
only get his foundation there.
as well.
professions
other
"A
,t,
:
t- ;
But this is
,
-
;;'
201
".,";*".
."
of all the
true
v
who
expects to be a successful advertising
should be a good salesman.
He should be able to
man
the counter
the road or from house to
or
on
go behind
house and sell goods ; and by selling
goods I do not mean
take orders.
man
"After learningthe selling
of goods, the next
step is
to understand
the management
ing
of sales. Manufacturhouses are more
and more
combining their sales and
should
advertisingdepartments. The advertisingman
know
the
tribution
the dissomething about the condition of business,
of goods through the different channels of trade,
relation of
wholesalers,to
manufacturers
jobbers,to
commission
to
men,
drummers, to retailer and
to
consumer."
is condensed
Since advertising
see
salesmanship
article on salesmanshipin this chapter.
also
Agriculture
the largest
singleindustryitithe United
farm in its numerical and financial strength
Agricultureis
States.
is
The
to-daythe greatest power
in the whole
civilizedworld.
Here is the story of bow you can start in business as
farmer
dollars a year
at a salaryof eighteenhundred
a
from
at Washington.
the Department of Agriculture
obtainingappointment at Washington as clerk,
stenographeror bookkeeper, as outlined in this book,
begin in one of the good universities there to prepare
ant,
for scientific assistyourselfto pass the examination
Department of Agriculture. You can qualifyto
in the same
lengthof time you
pass these examinations
could learn a profession,
and it offers a largersalary
to start and a bigger future than any of the professions.
After
"These
offer
positions
are
opportunities
attractive features. Excellent
offered for scientificresearch in
many
thermore,
the laboratories of the Department of Agriculture.Furall of these positions
practically
requiremore
work in the field outside of Washington,
less investigational
or
which
enables
one
to
obtain
a
broad
and
compre-
TOI'REPARE
.10$HOW
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
hensive view of one's specialsubjectof investigation
as
When
entire
related to the
travelingin the
country.
field away
from their officialor temporary headquarters,
of the investigators
the expenses
ice
are
paid." Civil Serv"
Manual.
In addition
to
the above
there
are
filled from
the
aminations
ex-
scientific assistant other positions,
the
duties of which are to take up residence in agricultural
ture
and, representingthe Department of Agriculsections,
teach the farmers there how to farm.
at that place,
The
men
holding these positionsreceive salaries of
for
sixteen hundred
dollars and eighteenhundred dollars a
usuallypaid half of their salaryby the
year, and are
of
and half of it by the farmers
Federal
Government
but
which
the community in
ployed
they are emthey work,
partment
and assignedto their posts of duty by the Deof
Agricultureat Washington.
The farmer is not recognizedas he should be because
he seeks neither notorietynor
prominence,but quietly
and to
does his work
others
to play at society
allowing
receive its shallow reward.
The farmer, like the lawyer,
should be proud of his profession,
sufficiently
tive
appreciaof his self-respect.
of it to give it the full measure
Because
he does not do so, be has lost both the social
ing.
and business prominence which really
belong to his call-
Farming to-dayis a
a
was
one
few
acre
years
what
Years
ago.
very
To-day
the successful
men
are
standard of
farmer
a
acres
sense
successful farmer
then
success
be
what
it
producingfrom
they formerly requiredten
with only half
ago a man
trainingwhatever, could be
to the low
different thing from
to
and
duce.
prono
ing
accord-
existing.To-day
who
knows
well
science of agriculture.He
ought tp be college
trained in the science of successful farming and must
have a good working knowledge of business if he is to
be successful. Farming is no
longer luck and guess
It has been reduced to an exact science and there
work.
must
a
man
the
is
no
callingthat
is
more
honorable
and
dignified.It
HOW
104
TO
PREPARE
The
The
proper
The
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
Architect
practiceof architecture resolves itself into
handlingof any problem in building.
the
of dreams, a
ideal architect is a poet, a dreamer
with the technical ability
builder of air castles,
to reproduce
material.
He is able to see
those visions in lasting
his
buildingcompleted; he sees the plan, the
of purpose,
of part to part, the suitability
ment
arrange-
the simplicity
the component parts
of materials,he paints the walls in colors,he carves
the caps of columns, he models
cornices,he stains the
He rejects,
adopts,invents and
glassin the windows.
forth
a unit,a whole, a harmony.
brings
It is his right,
given in the same
degree,to no other
what he has discovered of beauty in the
to show
artist,
The
of nature.
entire earth is before him, its
forms
of
cause
and
effect. He
sees
animal,vegetableand mineral kingdoms
of surpassingloveliness.
abound
in forms
architect is a professionalist; the practiceof his
the full exercise of the intellect,
at
callingdemands
architect is a
sacrifice of business capacity.The
some
is
H
e
of originality.
creator
not
a mere
plan drawer,
The
writer.
and a specification
The architect possesses something which is not a part
of the man
of business
of harmony, an artistic
a sense
mental attainment,a creative ability yet he must
have
of the successful business man
of the qualities
if
some
"
"
he would
The
cases
succeed.
like the doctor
architect,
not
at the
self-supporting
and
start.
lawyer,is
in many
However, by
ing
start-
first as a draftsman
he may
earn
a living
wage and
branch
into architecture graduallyas experienceis acquired,
and in this way be self-supporting
all the time.
who
Good, first-classarchitects,
are
thoroughlycompetent
nearlyevery
the erection of
to plan and superintend
class of building,
earn
on
an
average from
thousand
five to
ten
dollars a year, and from
that figure they
There are probablya dozen American
go higherand lower.
architects who
receive upwards of fiftythou-
CHOOSING
A
VOCATION
105
sand dollars
who
much
a year, and
earn
as
twenty-five
thousand
dollars
as
a year.
twenty
that the architectural school
It is generallyconceded
does not and cannot
produce the practicingarchitect;
be learned through a certain exthat the business must
perience.
This experiencethe student acquiresduring
he is a draftsman.
Since the draftsthe periodwhen
man
is the only step between the school and the architect,
the student should be a draftsman
at the time he leaves
the school.
It is the provinceof the draftsman
tect
to assist the archiin the assemblingof his construction,to work
out
his minor details,
to put himself in the place of the architect
and
carry
out
generalities.
several good schools for the study
opportunityfor the further study
Washington offers
of draftingand also
of architecture.
The most
beautiful architecture in the
States is to be found
there and some
of AmerUnited
ica's
greatest architects have built palacesin that city.
The
artist cannot
Artist
All the education in the
world cannot
make
artist;and any attempt to proan
duce
artist
of
who
does not possess artistic
out
an
one
and temperament is a waste of time and money.
ability
be developed,and sometimes
Artistic ability
dinary
ormay
talent in this direction may be elevated to a stage
talent,
beyond its originalself,but there must be some
The
be made.
in the firstplace.
real material talent,
earned his livingby
It has been said that no one
ever
I think that statement
the productionof true art.
goes
that in the work of the artist he is compelledto
to show
some
less to the untrained and inartisticmind
cater more
or
if he would earn
a living.
Under
it is absolutely
our
present system of living,
peopleto have at least a moderate amount
to provide food, shelter,clothingand a reasonable
and
has
unless a man
dependent
inamount
of recreation,
he
follow
to
not
to
ought
try
means,
any
necessary
of money
for
106
comfortable
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
to provide
pay sufficient cash returns
himself
his
for
and
family.
living
contribute to society
in these days
commercial
value if he is to collect in return
thingsthat
The
must
PREPARE
that does not
work
a
TO
HOW
have
a
men
The commercial
he contributes.
a livingfor what
who
is best paid.
artist is the one
In the majorityof cases, the artist's second grade of
work, or rather the work which does not represent his
is his principal
truest
feelings,
support
of
of
Designers of wall paper,
carpets, of tapestries,
sidered
fabrics,of the various kinds of dress goods,may be confor
succeed
them
of
unless
none
artists,
they
possess the true artistic temperament.
is growing broader
field of advertisingwhich
The
to the artist.
opportunities
every day, has opened new
vertisers.
Many of our leadingartists offer their services to adof our
signs
A goodly number
highly artistic dein the advertising
columns of magazines and
and are produced by artists who do this class
newspapers
of work
for the advertising
agencies.
and engraving establishments emMost lithographers
ploy
establishment
artists. A large lithographic
sionally
occaappear
pays
artist.
an
as
much
as
Cartoonists connected
well paid.
are
The
government
service
five thousand
with
the
offers
dollars
a
year
to
largedailynewspapers
plenty of opportunity
be an
artist. The
schools of art
and
Crafts
coran
in Washington are the Arts
School, and CorThese are both excellent schools.
School of Art.
of Washington's most
The Corcoran Art Galleryis one
for
who
one
would
beautiful
buildings.
Mr. Clifford K. Berryman, for many
years cartoonist
for the Washington Post, and at present cartoonistfor
the Washington Star, started as a government
employee.
He
was
first a draftsman
in the Patent Office and continued
after he began work for,the
to hold that position
newspapers.
A
CHOOSING
VOCATION
107
Congressman
of the National
is to become
a member
professionor business
Congress,then study some
that will enable you to establish for yourselfin your
Since
and a good income.
home community a reputation
to the National
a
Congress is one who is
congressman
thousand
chosen by more
than a hundred
peopleto represent
If your
ambition
them
at
oretically
there, his accession to that place is, thethan
least,by the will of other peoplemore
But at the same
time the most of those elected
those who
are
go out after the place and go after it
must
who
is successful in politics
man
strong. The
friends wherever he goes and to relearn to make
member
many
his
own.
people'sfaces and their names.
The
government employee has a fine opportunityto
study the actual workings of Congress and if he makes
he can
the best of his opportunities
put himself in an
turns
advantageouspositionto run for Congress when he reto his home.
It is no small honor to have a share in making the laws
for
for the greatest nation on earth. The opportunities
big service to one's country are considerations which
in
ambitious to serve
ought to be the motive of the man
National Congress. The
hundred
dollars a year, and
our
salaryis only seventy-five
allowance
dollars a year for stenographer.
G.
"The Price of Place," by Samuel
excellent
It is
a
and
very
to
run
of fifteen hundred
Blythe,givesan
pictureof the life of congressmen.
who
is ambitious
book and the man
interesting
for Congress will find a great deal of pertinent
vivid
information
in it.
Consular
Service
consular service of the United
States offers a
of
would
life
the
attractive
most
to
type
person who
represent the business interests of this country in other
countries.
lomatic
Many people confuse the consular and dipmer
services. They are entirely
separate. The forThe
the latter
business interests,
represents this country's
108
PREPARE
TO
HOW
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
diplomacywith
other nations.
Positions in the consular service of the United States
of those alreadyin the service
filledby promotion
are
and by examination
much
the same
other civil service
as
positions.The Secretaryof State,the Director of
representsus in
the Consular
and the Chief
of
matters
Service,the Chief of the Consular
Examiner
Bureau
of the Civil Service Commission
examiners
for admission to the
constitute a board of
consular service.
both
examinations
The
are
of
oral
examinations
object the
The
oral and written.
is to determine the candidate's
information
alertness,general
ability,
business
and
natural fitness for the service.
include at least one modern
The
written
inations
exam-
language other than
French, German, or Spanish; the
English,which may be
and the comnatural industrial and commercial
resources
merce
with
of the United Statest
reference
to
especially
and extendingthe foreigntrade
of increasing
possibilities
States ; political
economy and the elements
law.
and
mantime
It also
of international,
commercial
includes American
history,
government, and institutions;
and commercial
political
geography; arithmetic (as used
in commercial
tariff calculations,
statistics,
exchange,
accounts, etc.)
historyof Europe since 1850,
; the modern
Latin America
and the Far East, with particular
attention
of the United
commercial
and economic
tendencies.
political,
written examination,
composition,
grammar,
tuation,
puncand writingwill be given attention.
spelling
to
In the
Candidates
of at least
mark
examinations.
tions
Examinaeightyper cent to pass on the
held
in
are
once
Washington only. All apa^year
pointments
and promotions in the service are
a
upon
merit basis. Consuls start in the service in class nine
thousand
at a salaryof two
dollars a year.
The promotions
must
into the
salaries. Class
and
class
make
an
average
highergrades are
two
pays
at
steadily
increasing
six thousand
dollars
a
year
consul
eight thousand dollars. From
comes
sul
promotion to consul general. Class one of conincludes only the cities of London
and Paris,
generals
and
one
the salaries are
twelve
thousand
dollars
a
year.
To the young
VOCATION
A
CHOOSING
in the government
man
109
service
ington
at Wash-
who
happens to be in the
excellent opportunity
State Department,comes
to get
an
into the consular service,and since this service is now
out
make it his life'swork withon
a merit basis a man
may
and
the
especially
fear of
beingthrown
political
complexionof
one
out
at the first change of the
the administration.
Dentistry
to
is a good profession
Dentistry
for
follow.
The
ments
require-
dentist include ability
to become
a
related
It is closely
skilled mechanic as well as a doctor.
the
medical
The
of
this
to
sion
profesprofession.
practice
is practically
all done in the dentist's officeand does
not
a
good
requirethe
amount
same
ical
nightcalls that the medof successful
The practices
of
doctors are subjectto*
dentists bring them incomes of from three thousand
to
five thousand
dollars a year and some
of them make
It is pleasant,
clean work.
more.
tistry,
At Washington there are two excellent schools of dental
Dennamely, the George Washington University
School,and the National UniversityDental Department.
After one has finished the dental school,he may practice
in Washington and hold his government position
at
of profesthe same
time. There are quite a number
sional
in Washington who
do this. They include
men
ministers and doctors.
lawyers,accountants, engineers,
Doctors who have their office hours after and before
government
"Sun-down
hours
are
referred
to
in
Washington
as
Doctors/'
Mechanical
Engineering Civil, Electrical,
"
The
gineering
George Washington UniversityCollege of Enoffers excellent courses
partment,
of study in that deand as previouslystated,the classes of this
universitythroughout are adapted to the needs of the
government employee.
The Federal Government
neers
pays good salaries to engiin various departmentsof the Government
such as
HOW
110
PREPARE
TO
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
the Reclamation
Service,the Alaskan railroad work, the
Panama
pleted
Canal,and other departments. One havingcomtain
in the university
could oban
engineeringcourse
into
transfer
ing
an
engineeringpositionwithout leavin
the service. After gaining some
gineering,
experience enwould be in position
to accept commercial
one
attractive than the govmore
employment if it were
ernment
employment.
civil engineer's
at the
professionis overcrowded
present time, and the work of the mechanical and also
future.
the electricalengineeroffers a more
prosperous
The
To
interested in a technical training
along
mention
one
rare
engineeringlines,I want to
nity
opportuinterest to him.
at Washington that is of special
of posiIn the patent office there are a largenumber
tions
and
are
the student
with the official titles-of Examiner
of Patents,
Assistant
Examiner
of Patents.
The
examiners
and
the
ant
assistfrom
assistant
examiners,
promoted
tions
examiners
are
appointedfrom competitiveexaminaheld two or three times a year.
The assistant examiners
are
dollars
thousand
a
year
paid
and
dollars
a
fifteen hundred
rapidlypromoted as high as four
entrance
are
salaries of
year.
attractive in the
the most
among
aried
government service because they lead to very high salMany of our
positionsin the commercial world.
their dominant
positionsin the
big corporationsowe
world of business to their control of patents and patent
These
positionsare
rights.
of patents
The obtainingand the practical
protection
is such an importantand yet such a difficult thing that
have had
who
the big corporationinterests want
men
actual experiencein the Patent Office at Washington,
all the inner workings of the business
and who
know
from the inside,to handle their patent departments.The
result is that they are constantly
coming to Washington
and
with very attractive offers to the patent examiners
assistant patent examiners.
aries,
leave the Patent Office for largersalAs these men
they make promotionsfor those who remain.
llg
TO
HOW
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
ented. Success with one
patent may
The road is brightfor him who cares
SERVICE
lead to
to
another.
follow it
Journalism
is distinct from that of literature.
editor or reporter is a writer of matter
The newspaper
life of a day or a week.
ary
The literof
the
presumably
from the writingsbetween
often gains a reputation
man
two
by his
covers, but the reporter is reckoned
Newspaper work
dailywork.
Newspaper work, like yeast, is good only during the
state of ferment, and the best of it may
dry as quickly
as the ink that printsit.
business
There is not a more
honorable profession
or
than that of journalism.
is the mirror of its cityor town, and
The newspaper
of the
its editors and reporters are trulyrepresentatives
of a grade higherthan their
people,and most invariably
constituents.
the editors-in-chief.
At the top of their profession
are
ever,
howtheoretical power
is absolute. Practically,
Their
they
of the papers.
take orders from the owners
the managing editors and then the editorial
Next comes
writers.
Many of the
have editors-at-large,
largepapers now
each a specialist
in some
one
department. These writers
do their work at home and are paidby the piece.
usually
editorial writers who giveonly a part
There are special
of their time to newspapers.
There
copy, and
are
handle telegraphic
editors. The dramatic or
telegrapheditors who
music
and
dramatic
musical editor is one of largeimportance. The ordinary
editorial writer is not fitted for this position.It takes
of the keenest judgment and of a broad mind
to
one
other
and
a play or
properlycriticize,
appreciate
weigh,
performance.
mand
Journalism is a growing profession.There is a defor the dailypaper.
The profession
is not overcrowded
with good men.
It is a work that bringsforth
a
man's best energy.
He
feels that his paper
is of vital
CHOOSING
force
in the
of the
A
VOCATION
US
sues
community. He is dealingwith the live isday. He is part of an enterprisethat has
and influence in the land.
power
the compensations? First,if he is a good
What
are
he enjoys his work ; he likes the excitement
man,
newspaper
of his labor.
He is able at the very beginningto
obtain
compensation sufficient
a
The
wants.
law, medicine
to
the
and
his immediate
meet
of
ministrywould
compensation.
is fullyequalto
quire
re-
The
preparationwithout
years
editors
that
salaryof newspaper
average
of the average
lawyer.
work
leads one
to the field of
Occasionallynewspaper
literature and the writingof books.
It is often, too, the
preparationfor
business
in
politicsand many
presidentsand others
success
bank
men,
importantwalks
various
ful
success-
"
of life obtained
their
notable
in
trainingas
men.
newspaper
work
is to begin
to try out
way
newspaper
from
four
writer.
You
will
teen
be
to fifa
as
paid
space
dollars a column
for what
is printed. You
can
would
time
this
work
and
not
begin
during your spare
work
have to give up other employment until the new
One
good
proved entirelysuccessful for you.
There
is nothing happier and surer
country
editor.
If he
is
a
decent
the life of a
fellow,he is highly
than
respected.
Mjany newspapers
and
profitable
very
wealthiest
men
in the towns
of moderate
size are
their owners
are, in some
cases, the
in their communities.
service at Washington
in the Federal
the person
is interested in journalism,a fine opportunityis
You
available.
will have
the advantage of a liberal
To
who
knowledge of thingsand people,and also that of a good
to obtain a broad book education.
university
What
is going on at the National Capitalis always of
interest,and you have the finest kind of opportunity
to
write
there.
folks at
other
editorials for your
In this way
you can
home, and
professionor
in
case
enter
home
keep
you
paper
your
decide
business
back
while
before
name
to
you
are
the
practicesome
home
later,your
114
TO
HOW
PREPARE
editorials in the home
your
in the
prestige
FOR
CIVIL
will have
paper
SERVICE
added
much
to
community.
Law
Without
doubt,Washington offers the best opportunities
and surroundingsfor the study of the legalprofession
of any cityin the United States.
The law schools at Washington have the advantage of
being able to have on their faculties lawyers of national
and achievement
those highlysuccessful lawyers
reputation
who go to Washington in the service of their nation's
a
"
business.
Almost
knows
everyone
Practices which
dollars a year are
is.
lawyers
and
more.
at
what the work of the lawyer
bring in incomes of five thousand
not
have
incomes
Almost any
his
first unless
uncommon
of
and
a
good
twenty-fivethousand
many
dollars
ing
earns
a good livlawyer of ability
hard
to get clients at
profession. But it is
into
the young
lished
an
lawyer go
already estab-
firm.
Lincoln has been quoted as sayingthat he
Abraham
always had the utmost
sympathy for the young lawyer.
after
he
For the first year
he sat in
hung up his shingle,
his office praying for clients to come
and then when
a
few did come,
he sat in his office nightspraying to the
Lord to tell him how
those that came.
to satisfy
and honorable profession
and holds
Law
is a dignified
of
forth such wide possibilities
that a very largenumber
the sons
of the rich and financially
independentchoose
lot of
this profession.The
result is that there are
a
fellows who are graduatesof the best law schools,
young
and who are otherwise equipped to be good lawyers,and
who
are
not
hood.
earnings for a liveliabout the country willingto work
are
for the experience.A
two
or
year
this is Francis Bowes
Sayre,one of the
dependent on
their
These men
in law offices a
noted example of
President's sons-in-law.
At the time he married Miss
Wilson
he was
ney
working in the office of District Attorof New
Whitman
without salarybecause tiQ
York
CHOOSING
A
VOCATION
116
and he
the experience.His people had money
could afford to do it.
This kind of competitionmakes
hard the way of the
who
must
earn
a
lawyer
livingfrom the start.
young
wanted
However, the government stenographeris well equipped
he finishes law school
this obstacle;when
Washington, he can go out in the states somewhere
to
overcome
at
and
and
get employment
at a living
wage as a stenographer
clerk in some
law
office and in time his
good
of his
to have a paying practice
opportunitywill come
he
to get into the office as
own
or
an
attorney, when
his
and
clerk.
as stenographer
began
training
Much
about law and the advantagesof studying
more
it in Washington will be found in Chapter IV under
"A Man's Opportunities/'
law
Manufacturer
successful manufacturer is one of the kingsof the
There are many
side roads that lead to
business world.
failure along the road that leads to successful manufacturing.
The
Successful
the ability
to
than
manufacturing involves much more
of goods, be the
produce largequantities
goods ever
meritorious.
so
First the manufacturer
have a legalright to
must
make
and sell the proposed article. Many of the common
articles now
being manufactured are protectedby
patents and to manufacture them one must buy the rights
of the patents. Many of these rights
from the owners
not for sale.
are
be something that can be sold at a
The article must
profitand before the productionof goods is commenced
definite plan of marketing that is reasonablysure
to
sell the goods should be worked
out.
facturing
manuMany a
a
planthas
linked with
been
unsuccessful
all because
it was
sales organization
to find
the proper
a
for
market
the
profitable
goods produced.
Almost all the thingsthat are needed to supplyman's
needs and desires are being manufactured
by organizanot
116 HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
tions that are
organized,experiencedand able to sell
organizationjust feelingits way.
cheaper than a new
Moreover
control trade and trade is
these organizations
hard to get for the business concern
justenteringthe
field.
The most
those
successful manufacturingconcerns
are
that have grown
from
very small beginningsand have
done their own
financingas they went along. It is very
dangerous business
to
ment
money^ into the equip-
put much
for manufacturing
any
article until its sales
bilities
possi-
been tested and until the sales force to be
for its marketing has been tried out.
relied upon
It is as difficultto find a good article to manufacture
it is to get togetheran organization
to produce and
as
have
sell it.
The successful manufacturer
The
business
business man.
is
man
than an ordinary
knows
buying and
know
buying, selling
more
must
selling.The manufacturer
and must
also have a knowledge of production. He
and management
not
have abilitiesfor organization
must
sells.
requiredof the man who only buys and
their
have among
successful manufacturers
The most
This is
other qualifications
the ability
to handle
men.
of any manufacturing
essential for the full success
absolutely
organization.
into
think that you can't wedge your way
You
may
of
this field againstsuch odds and againstso many
men
The
large capitaland long experience,but you can.
writer has been closelyassociated of recent
years with
ness
four
started
a
one
who,
manufacturingbusiyears ago,
in four
with very littlecapital,
it grow
and made
into a million-dollar corporation
employing a large
the
number
of people,and selling
its product all over
United States and Canada.
This is rather a phenomenal achievement, but it has
been duplicated
times in our
United States,and is
many
times in the future.
going to be duplicatedmany more
years
There are as many
good chances ahead to make fortunes
New
in the manufacturingbusiness as there are behind.
civilization and
inventions and the rapidchanges in our
CHOOSING
mode
of
A
VOCATION
livingkeep bringing forth
117
the
and
necessity
commodities
of trade.
for new
who
would
be a successful manufacturer
The
man
should study the drift of the changes that are
taking
in
world
of
and
the
science
invention,
place
commerce,
also other changes of life or conditions that will make
a
need
for
some
new
reasonablypermanent
commodity.
consequent demand
invention of the automobile
brought forth the
tire business and this business has become
so
there
field
in
the
that
is
room
rightnow
largerecently
for other tire manufacturers
to start up and operate at a
circumstances
but those who through foresight
or
profit,
The
rubber
ten years
ago, have alreadymade
millions
of
it
established
trade names
that
and
out
many
will make
vents
inthem
more
millions,until someone
many
substitute for rubber tires.
a
in early
Very few manufacturers start out deliberately
got into the business
life to be manufacturers.
They are usuallysuccessful
business men
and start into manufacturingwhen
an
portunity
opmanufacturers
itself,
some
although
presents
for
volition,the demand
actuallycreate, of their own
their goods. A
founded
on
manufacturing enterprise
within the
is created from
stand fortified to conmust
tinue
manufacturingorganization
to stimulate that artificialdemand
at a constantly
increasingcost, or change product if it would maintain
its position
in the markets.
For the man
in the Federal service at Washington who
would
become
a
manufacturer, let him study a course
an
artificial demand
which
of business
countancy
trainingoffered by some
good school of acand business administration,preferablythe
Washington School of Accountancy at this time. He
should take all the study in economics
that he can
get.
After finishing
school,let him obtain employment in a
and
study its organization,
manufacturing company,
sellingforce and purchasingdepartment,
management,
also its productionprocesses and the generalpolicies
of
the company.
His
trainingin the accountancy school will have been
mostlyalong lines of accountingand finance,and he will
118
HOW
PREPARE
TO
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
be inclined to see the business only from that angleat
firstbut he should supplementhis knowledge with study
until
also production,
on
marketing,credits,
advertising,
he is well rounded in the qualities
that make up a chief
executive for such an organization.
After
he may
company
few years of such experienceand close study
find an opportunityto acquireinterest in that
a
or
may
article on
some
be
his own
preparedto start manufacturing
responsibility.
Musician
A
few
writingsof Mr.
give an excellent
director,
paragraphsquoted from
the
H. Damrosch, musical
insightinto the life of the musician.
"One of the first considerations in choosinga vocation
and from this
it will offer a decent living,
is whether
and
point of view, given aptitude,a good personality
character,and honesty of purpose, any professionwill
provide a comfortable income.
"Music
is no exceptionin this respect and we
may as
cussion.
well dismiss this part of the questionfrom further dismusician
the
While
rarelyacquireswealth, he
Frank
ated
enumerusually,
given the presence of the qualities
above, earn a good living.
"The questionthen remains, if music is not likely
to
it
offer great pecuniaryinducements, what would make
can
worth while to devote one's life to it?
"The
ual.
lies partlyin the heart of each individanswer
follow music because it
If the heart says : I must
the
need
said. But even
is my
be
life,nothing more
and when
heart does not speak so confidently,
son
plainreaseeks for ground upon which to build a decision,
we
lectual
intelwill find that music is an art which appealsto the
therefore tends to improve the
and
faculties,
mind ; that it is an expressionof the beautiful in sound,
for
and is therefore uplifting
to the spirit
; that it makes
and spirituality,
and therefore brings
gentleness,
nobility
one
in contact
with the best
men
and
women
in the
munity.
com-
180
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
such as pianists,
strumentalists,
performerson stringed
wind
for
instruments
instruments,
high class symphony
orchestras,organists,
etc., church musicians,directors,
etc."
teachers,
In Washington
the opportunities
to study music
are
the
of
is
good.
Georgetown College
Music, the
of
and
the
Wilson
Greene
Music,
Washington College
School of Music.
These
schools offer excellent opportunities
There
to the man
or
The
is
There
interested in music.
woman
Ministry
exceptionally
good opportunityopen
an
Washington to the
ministry. The
at
who would
man
prepare for
successful
ministers
most
to-dayare
who
have had lots of experiencewith life in other
men
walks than that of the minister.
The minister as such
is at a disadvantagein seeing the real life of people
because he almost always sees them in their Sunday appearance.
young
the
a
a
The
service gives a young
man
government
deal
of
that
life
with
and
contact
ing
understandgreat
of business that many
ministers lack. He is getting
with business at the same
time he is studying
contact
theology.
All tuition is free in George Washington University
to those who
are
studyingfor the ministry.
The theological
student living
in Washington will have
all the opportunities
he wants
to
the smaller churches in and around
to
occupy
practicepreaching in
casionally
Washington and ocin
of
the
one
pulpit
larger
the
churches.
The
school
theological
minister.
adapted
a
to
The
the
man
must
does
and cannot
first
in the
place be
ministry. He
skillful
not
must
things,not
Without
a
naturally
be
a leader of men,
portant
experiencedthe im-
teacher,and should have
phases of life,that he may
and know
men,
their averages.
he may
make
in their
know
life,know
but
exceptions,
in
this everyday, all-round experience,
become a great and learned teacher of
the technicalitiesof theology,
but he will never
actually
CHOOSING
accomplishmuch
in the way
A
VOCATION
of
121
teachingmen
how
to live
Christlike lives.
of people have been turned againstthe
Thousands
for the rest of their lives by the foolish and
churches
impractical
preaching of woefully incompetentpreachers.
This sort of preacher,
because he is educated more
less in books and because he is more
book-learned
or
makes a theoryof life from the guessthan experienced,
work
of theology,and thus equipped,he attempts to
reach
the
people.
preponderance of
In his ignoranceof the real and the
his theology,he misrepresentsboth
God and man.
No person has a rightto enter the ministryunless he
has an
absorbing love of humanity. To this must be
added ability
tion
educaand adaptability,
and the necessary
a practical
experience
preparation;and by all means
in real life.
of financial
The ministrydoes not pay much
in the way
The minister,in most
returns.
cases, does not stay
church very long. The cost of moving about, of
at one
the books and self-education which he must
keep up all
the time, the charitythat he is obligedto contribute to
and the costlynecessityof keeping up social life,all
drain his purse.
If a man
has ambitions of wealth and a love for gold,
he had better not try to follow the ministry. On
the
other hand if he is the type of man
for the ministry,
it is a noble work, the field for service is unlimited,
and
he can
If
the
minister
has
earn
a
good living.
very
his
ture
lecincome
the
he
much
add
to
can
ability,
through
in other ways.
or
platform,throughhis writings,
Patent
Attorney
The successful patent attorney is usuallyone who has
finished the study of the legalprofession,
in general,
and
then
shrewdest
the
and most
successful patent attorneys got their
trainingin the patent office at Washington. You can
specifyon your examination papers, if you like,that you
in patent
specialized
work.
Many
of
lgg
wish
f6
HOW
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
appointment only in the patent office. The
cial
speoffers
that
for
the
Washington
advantages
study of
under the heading of "Law"
law have been mentioned
in this chapter.
There is only one United States Patent Office and that
patent office is by far the best placeto learn patent law.
As an employee of the patent office you would be thrown
with the ablest patent attorneys the country
into contact
and
over,
your chances to associate yourselfwith some
successful firm as partner would be excellent.
America
is the meltingpot for all nations.
This amalgamation
of people here has produced more
brilliant
thinkers and more
There
the world.
inventors than any other nation in
than a million pathave been more
ents
issued to the American
ment
people since the establishof the United States Patent Office.
of the patent attorney is well paid for and
The work
chances to acquirean interest
in addition it offers many
in valuable patents in exchange for services,for there
haven't
inventors of valuable inventions who
are
many
will
for patents and
the money
give an interest to the
the
for
who
them.
secures
patent
attorney
The civil service offers a most
attractive opportunity
who would become
to the man
a patent attorney.
Salesmanship
in any walk of
The man
to influence his fellow men,
The
worker,
the
who
life,
is
"
or
at any
should
time seeks
be
"
a
man.
sales-
the teacher,the social
laborer,the politician,
the
minister,every one of these is
lawyer,
to apply,the same
day by day applying,or failing
great
forms.
principles.The things sold have a thousand
The teacher sells education; the lawyer sells conviction
ing;
sells higher ideals of livto the jury; the social worker
the minister sells religious
and moral truth. The
least and the greatest of us are
sellingourselves,our
in
to secure
opinions,our friendship.To sell means
the
else
mental
someone
acceptance of your viewpoint
There is no man
livingwho does not need to sell. Rather
is it, in a sense,
the primary function and our
most
CHOOSING
VOCATION
A
1*3
learn to do it consciously,
we
pressing duty. The sooner
and wisely,and compellingly,
the greater will be our
achievement
and our
happiness.
of
wonderful
for men
There
ahead
are
opportunities
real sales abilityiEvery issue of smoke
from
every
making goods to be sold." Every
boat and
are.' hauling goods
engine says, "We
ing,
callbe
In
thousands
sold."
to
are
every publication
inventions are
New
have goods to be sold."
"We
dailyproclaiming,"Improved goods to be sold."
of fact and this is a pointto rememberAs a matter
there is hardly a commodity on the market
which might
be
distributed
it is to-day.
than
not
more
extensively
Every hour sees a new product launched in the world ; a
tool or implement, a new
new
food, a new
supply of
materials from natural sources
forest,mine or plain
be
hitherto untapped; and these commodities, too, can
limited only by the salesmanshipforce
sold in quantities
"We
railroad
factorysays,
are
"
"
"
that is put behind them.
Make
mistake about it there is plenty of opporno
tunity
for trained salesmen.
The life of influencing
favorably
"
the minds
of others to the pointwhere they will
The
man
salesone.
buy your goods is a most fascinating
has goods to sell,but primarilyhe is not dealing
his
with
goods, he is dealingwith the minds of men.
When
and can successfully
apply
you fullyunderstand
the scientific principles
of changing other people's
minds
to think as you do, this business called salesmanshiphas
wonderful
fascination and a big future for you.
In
a
selling
you
constantlysowing your thoughts and
minds of other people and reapingback a
are
ideas in the
harvest.
is no
There
life
to human
sport or pleasureknown
which is so full of thrilling
of
that
playing
experiencesas
the
of
human
minds
beings,by exercisingyour
upon
and suggestionto make
them
positivepowers of reason
think with you to the point of action.
It is this same
fascination that keeps the actor
and actress
the
upon
stage ; and it enters to a certain extent many other fields
of endeavor.
TO
HOW
114
The
minds
PREPARE
of
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
infinitein their
sire,
varietyof deemotions,motives and ways of thinking. For this
the business of salesmanshiphas an
reason
unending
in
which
lends
it
enchantment
to the
variety
lifelong
men
are
work.
An article by Hugh Chalmers
on
covers
salesmanship
this field admirably and is so full of the enthusiasm
of
it as
successful salesmanshipthat I quote from
lows:
fol"In
is
broad
a
way,
everyone
is
a
salesman
or
as
failingto practice,
practicing,
of salesmanship,
and
be, the principles
simply the
unfairly
of
principles
are
and not
"It is
and everyone
the case
may
these
principles
influencingfavorably
"
the human
mind.
business to change minds, to overa salesman's
come
bad customs, soften stubto break down
bornness,
prejudices,
and let the lightof reason
into dark places.
is more
What
to be desired than the ability
to influence
of men
the minds
for the mutual
and to change them
"
of the buyer and seller? Emerson
said:
'He is
He may
have
great who can alter my state of mind/
it.
been thinkingof salesmen when
he said
"And
isn't life in general pretty much
of
matter
a
good
making
other?
other
About
people feel as you do about something or
yourself primarily? How
great and
should all be if only we
could bring the
we
prosperous
world to feel about us as we
feel about ourselves!
"Salesmanshipis a science and it is also an art. There
is a certain fund of knowledge, relating
to the profession
of salesmanship,
and a certain lot of principles
by
which the salesman consciously
or unconsciously
works,
that
togetheramount
science.
manship
By the art of salesthe actual practice
of selling
I mean
goods the
of samples,the
actual calling
on
customers, the displaying
the
o
f
taking of orders
presentation sellingarguments,
the application
in business life of the knowledge comprising
to
a
"
"
the
science.
and the art of
between
as
it in
practicing
a
the science of salesmanship
Between
ference
difthe same
there is much
selling
and
in
law
a
studying
university
court.
s
o
w
126
HOW
the
mind
PREPARE
TO
of
his
or
an
we
approach,the
"
"But
Thus
customer.
steps in any sale the
the closingargument.
CIVIL
FOR
SERVICE
the three
have
demonstration,and
than a science
salesmanshipis somethingmore
it is a principle
of human
tionship.
relaart
a principle
It is the principle
of the influence of one person
"
"
It is
another.
on
is universal
"If I
in its
that it is
do about
is to it
and
principle,
it
working.
asked
were
fundamental
a
define
to
I should
salesmanship,
say
the other fellow feel as you
is about all there
to sell. That
simply making
what
have
you
You
go
into
a
man's
office with
something to
feel that this man
ought to possess, through
purchase from you, this thingthat you have to sell. But
sits with an air of
the man
you have called to see, who
sell. You
cool defiance behind
of his
the breastwork
He
directly
oppositestate of mind.
desk, is in
feels that he
from
a
ought
thing
the
through purchase
you,
sell.
the
Now
only possibleway you can
you
that man's mind come
make
the sale is to make
around
It is not even
into agreement with your mind.
a case
not
to possess,
have
to
where
meet
you can
make
even
your
opponent
halfway;
you
not
can-
stillmake a sale.
a
compromise
have got to sell him completelyor you don't sell
You
him at all ; you must
pullhim full one hundred and eighty
him
have made
degrees around the circle. When
you
as
feel,justas sincerely
you yourselffeel,that he should
buy what you have to sell,then he will bjuy.
"The
art of salesmanshipis sanctified by difficulties.
and
small
all art sacred.
that makes
It is difficulty
Anybody can
the
to accomplish
do the easy things; it takes good men
difficult. Proficiencyin the art of salesmanshipis as
in law, or medicine, or engineering.
proficiency
the
it
does
world
if
at large
not now,
day,
recognizethe fact.
admirable
as
Some
will
"There
is
work
it than
no
in the world
better for the
doing
salesmanship,because
of knowledge to specific
the application
cases.
is
It
polishingsurfaces
through contact.
who
is
the diamond
marketable.
man
it calls for
We
that
evolve
makes
CHOOSING
A
VOCATION
m
"Have
men
you ever stoppedto think how much good salesdo in individual cases?
is a man
A salesman
with
will not
the courage of his convictions;he is one
who
take 'No' for an
How
men
there
are
answer.
many
salesman's
who
refusal to
their success
to some
owe
take 'No* for
"Whatever
an
answer?
reallyneed
pay for, whether you
who needs an adding maever
chine
buy or not. The man
times over
takes
by the time and mispays for it many
merchant
who
it would save.
The
needs advertising
times over
in the trade that
pays for it many
doesn't believe in
who
passes by his door; the salesman
for
his
advertising
opinion in the 'almost
pays
wrong
sales' that advertising
would have helped him close ; the
of
the man
who didn't believe in life insurance
family
you
you
after he is gone.
pays the premiums in suffering
this bringsus to where we can see that in every
"And
renders a service to the buyer
good sale the salesman
which is not compensated for by the priceof the article
sold. It is a realization of this service which is not covered
in the
men
purchasepricethat must ever afford to salesis
their
work.
There
in
a
great pleasure
many
back to-daycomplacentover
his success, and
sitting
a
man
it all himself, who
owes
that same
fact
that
man
salest
o
the
a
success
good
entirely
time when
couldn't hear him one
he said 'No' and
stayedand made him say 'Yes.'
"To be a good salesman is to be somethingvery much
satisfied
entirely
that he
did
while,for salesmen serve.
they win, even
most, prosper most
worth
"
And
those who
when
they seem
serve
to
lose."
Teaching
For
the government employee at Washington who is
interested in teaching,there is the George Washington
UniversityTeachers' College,and also the J. Ormond
School.
Wilson Normal
opment
The school of to-day is a greater factor in the develof the young
than is the present home.
child's first view of real life is in the schoolroom.
The
At
188
HOW
TO
PREPARE
FOR
CIVIL
SERVICE
school he begins to realize what there is in the world,
what has been and what probablywill be. In the home
there is
rarelyopportunityfor the child
It is the teacher who
reallymeans.
what living
introduces the
child to life. In the school the child firstrealizes what
he is and what his relations to others are.
in
Teaching can be attractive to one capableof success
other occupation,
for
some
only when he has a message
To
is
field
such
there
other
which
in
no
young people.
be so completelygiven to the unfoldingand
his life can
developingof the mind and character as in teaching.
Teaching is a noble, uplifting,
gloriouslife for the one
who
accepts it as a mission to young people.
The professionof educator or teacher is filled with
and women,
those of the highthe noblest class of men
est
the
and posseekers for
truest
success
aspirations,
sessors
with the unselfish and
of genuinehigh character,
for what cause
is greater
of the missionary,
lovingspirit
The teacher
nobler than that of forming character?
or
is honored but he does not receive half the honor, respect
that he deserves.
remuneration
or
than it is.
The professionshould be recognizedmore
lifted to a higherplane. I would
It should be publicly
the
teacher's pension. I would placehim upon
magnify
a
pedestalas high
No
money
as
any
to see
other erected to human
deavor.
en-
to teach and it is a very
for such a person would not
worshipperwants
thingthat he does not
good
be sufficiently
broad-minded
the young
or
anybody else.
or
able to instruct
properly
From
a financial pointof view, teachingcan
hardly
be considered as a remunerative profession.Comparatively
than
few teachers earn
a
more
living;a lesser
of them, unless
obtain a competency ; and none
number
rich from
of institutions ever become
they are owners
the harvest of their planting.
TO
you
who
have
ergy,
faith,ambition, en-
determination,and
and
gritto
dare
the way
has been
Your
upon
success
your
to
shown.
depends
action.
129
do,