1. science
2. biology
3. breeding

MOSQUITO
BRIGADES
.y
"f
^
^'
^o
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
AND
TO
HOW
RONALD
F.R.C.S., D.P.H., F.R.S.
ROSS,
Walter
THEM
ORGANISE
Myers
Lecturer
in
Tropical Medicine^
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Major
Indian
Medical
Service^ retired.
^
C
LONGMANS,
London
GREEN,
:
PHILIP
GEORGE
1902
AND
"
SON
CO.
Copyright,
LONGMANS,
GREEN,
All
\^
1901,
rights
by
AND
reserved
CO.
DEDICATED
GRATEFULLY
TO
Sir
L.
ALFRED
the
and
The
of
subscribers
School
Liverpool
;
also
and
Medicine
Tropical
of
Those
K.C.M.G.
JONES,
to
Generous
Donors
\
who
have
munificent
their
by
enabled
support
to
us
undertake
OUR
CAMPAIGN
IN
WEST
AFRICA
PREFACE.
The
tropical
important
and
fever,
beings
the
by
bites
There
to
several
almost
day
by
Such
of
measures
in
as
continue
night
at
America
In
of
these
the
dows
win-
invasion
fixed
to
in
the
of
in
isolating
of
our
to
be
this
kind
by
is
we
only
the
mosquitoes,
and
it
may
partial,
make,
avoid
we
being
buildings
hope
these
insects
cause,
be-
not,
can-
bitten.
from
separate
that,
is
diseases
mosquito-borne
in
in
them,
Moreover,
entirely
ourselves
fect.
de-
great
one
afford
can
protection
against
neighbours,
bitten
who
number.
tropics,
safeguard
have
however,
in
the
efforts
Another
bulk
swing
and
nets.
screens
those
few
that
practice
especially
the
punkahs
the
well
already
Europeans,
from
these,
only
protect
whatever
consists
India
mosquito
wire-gauze
necessarily
are
found
adopt
we
doors.
They
who
in
security
our
protection
of
protected
are
means
and
cal
tropi-
measures
in
heads
the
employs
houses
pests
of
example,
over
everyone
entire
but
the
upon
means
For
us.
and
night
depends
human
into
revolutionised
comfort
our
low
yel-
insects.
are
known
has
most
fever,
inoculated
are
the
of
malarial
namely,
mosquitoes
only
now
these
against
of
several
of
germs
diseases,
Not
tropics
the
elephantiasis,
hygiene.
the
that
discovery
if
even
will
we
not
PREFACE.
VIU
infected
be
This
by having
also,
means,
sometimes
While
all these
particularly
strikes
in
rich,
be
this
the
but
individuals
The
best
can
based
world
;
and
operations
written
only
have
tried
the
already
started
in
reader
will
The
general
crusade
than
character
volunteer
Liverpool,
the
under
13M
a
the
crusades.
1901.
of
that,
novel
parts
results
Liverpool
in
the
of
the
School
is not
for
but
one
any-
I
abound.
in
operations
the
of
work
tropics,
of
we
during
me
The
accounts
parts
by
mosquitoes
various
how
information
actual
the
volved
in-
screens.
show
to
various
the
by
in
flag.
October,
the
and
expense
The
Africa.
more
most
is
gained
on
perceive
of
and
wire-gauze
in
the
only
not
protected;
be
with
**
?
once
out,
will
where
various
at
carried
upon
contains
Appendix
them
work
men
describe
to
of
trouble
West
in
countries
in
insects,
mosquitoes
medical
for
these
mosquitoes.
carried
being
lives
who
of
Medicine
Tropical
of
present
especially
now
bites
experience
upon
more
the
houses
against
years' study
many
and
the
war
wage
is
given
of
of
object
question
trouble
the
their
providing
the
much
be
saved
beneficial,
so
population
be
them.
is
take
rid
get
can
whole
will
in
to
measure
to
rich, and
than
from
better
the
by
circumstances,
Rather
persons.
undoubtedly
are
ourselves
it not
Where
a
"
infected
only
even
special
once,
protecting
would
adopted
measures
under
at
us
be
can
inconvenient
very
bitten
previously
the
detail
campaigns
world.
fact, I
and
preaching
am
perhaps
I
trust
more
that
ful
use-
he
will
;
CONTENTS,
PACE
PREFACE
vii
THINGS
TO
1.
Leading
2.
Some
3.
General
4.
The
5.
Breeding
6.
How
THINGS
BE
LEARNT
:
Facts
Mosquitoes
about
I
Corrected
Misconceptions
Popular
Principles
to
3
Followed
be
4
.
TO
Places
Breeding
Places
TO
BE
7.
Appointment
8.
The
Anopheles
of
FIND
6
Culex
of
7
Adults
the
DONE
II
:
Superintendent
of
.
.
First
.
Step
15
......
9.
10.
How
16
Funds
Raise
15
.....
Beginnings.
Small
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11.
12.
Organisation
of
Organisation
.17
Brigade
the
Duties
and
13
of
the
Culex
.19
Gang
20
.
13.
Organisation
14.
Destruction
15.
Destruction
16.
Last
Duties
and
of
Gang
Anopheles
the
.
of
Larv^
32
.....
of
Adults
36
.....
Stages
of
the
25
Campaign
.
.
.
'39
SUMMARY:
17.
Summary
of
Objects
42
18.
Summary
of
Methods
42
19.
Motto
43
CONTENTS
X
MISCELLANEOUS
REMARKS
:
PAGE
20.
Where
not
21.
Where
to
to
Brigades
Mosquito
start
Brigades
Mosquito
start
43
45
.
22.
Other
Methods
Mosquito-borne
Preventing
of
Diseases
46
....
Comparison
23.
A
24.
Probable
of
Methods
these
Effect
47
Measures
Anti-Mosquito
of
on
Disease
Mosquito-borne
52
.
25.
Sanitary
Anarchy
57
....
APPENDIX
:
History
of
AT
Hong
Havana,
War
the
Kong,
and
Lagos,
Sierra
Campaigns
Mosquitoes.
against
Staten
New
Island,
Leone
.61
.
.
BOOKS
....
York,
...
.
97
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
THINGS
mosquitoes
knows,
Full
habits.
their
the
very
(i) Mosquitoes
All
(3)
The
of
the
in
hang
and
When
they
Their
head
'^
A
number
places
;
vast
genera.
but
Cuiex
breeds
brevity,
I
of
use
has
is
mostly
the
species
Cuiex
latter
word
vessel
the
of
number
of
The
myta.
fever,
bottom
and
recently
the
in
of
Anopheles
been
divided
of
in
its
water,
old
sense.
the
into
or
and
these
two
tiger
bites
tails
Their
the
water
immediately
them.
species
in
genera
genera,
Culex
It
mosquito.
in
the
in
grouped
are
commonest
much
the
to
their
of
surface
and
are
brindled
vessels
wall
contains
exist,
in
sometimes
according
they wriggle
which
g:nats
common
Culex
the
on
phantiasis
ele-
C2ixry
rarely spotted.
are
disturbed
; when
downwards
the
float
facts.
bite
the
upon
wings
undisturbed
when
night,
seated
are
It
generally
They
at
found
work.
Culex*
breed
drains.
or
be
in
water.
as
They
sometimes
downwards.
larvae
to
cisterns,
will
leading
stagnant
known
fever.
yellow
But
gnats.
as
in
commonly
water,
day
species.
breed
mosquitoes
and
vessels
same
live
differ,
this
to
few
a
which
often
points
is added
only
the
are
kind
list
a
everyone
vessels.
in
or
these
on
here
record
to
(2)
which
of
larvae
species, which
many
information
literature,
is necessary
ground
As
"
from
spring
the
on
LEARNT.
Mosquitoes.
invariably
of
are
BE
about
water
stagnant
mosquitoes
in
Facts
Leading
I.
in
TO
and
carries
daytime.
a
most
Stegoyellow
For
MOSQUITO
2
(4) The
mosquitoes
known
When
they
seated
angle
outwards.
fever.
at
an
shallow
small
the
BRIGADES
puddles
runnels
of
vessels
backward
in
skating
tails
found
are
and
like
sticks, and
movement.
The
in slow
rocks,
on
flat
float
with
move
in
and
Anopheles
on
but
sometimes,
larvae
These
project
mostly
ponds,
of rain-water
streams,
malarial
carry
their
in small
pools
of water.
water
wall
a
larvae
ground,
slow-running
of the
surface
the
on
on
Their
of water,
margin
rarely, in
are
Anopheles
as
the
on
a
peculiar
bite
mostly
night.
at
(5) The
become
Nor
the
can
(6) Adult
climates, and
feed
men.
on
resist
and
As
a
is
now
require
gnats
they
reach
six
and
maturity
withstand
cannot
least
at
thorough
eggs.
in
even
can
fruit
on
They
(that is, the winged
mosquitoes
live for months
of
before
insects.
winged
drying.
of all kinds
life in water
days*
seven
or
larvae
hibernate
captivity. They
frost
severe
leaves,
rule
it is
a
matter
or
cattle
on
the
only
insects)may
heat.
severe
birds,
and
females
in cold
They
well
as
which
feed
as
on
blood.
(7)
It
many
investigators, that
house
their
say
within
larvae
a
few
where
where
usually
can
hundred
the
house
is in its immediate
this
especially in
and
drains
in the
streets
(8) Mosquitoes,
towns,
in its
close
short
a
no
attack
sionally,
Occa-
backyards,
water
it from
in the
almost
every
or
a
distance,
stagnant
may
of
in
house.
exceptional, and
of cases,
mosquitoes
is
abound
the
from
vicinity,mosquitoes
majority
own
at
is isolated, and
; but
its
found
yards
distance
breeds
general experience
mosquitoes
be
greater
a
the
of
in
great
house
puddles
by.
especially Anopheles
love
^
thick
growth.
under-
MOSQUITO
Further
details
mentioned
time
; but
Some
2.
the
will
with
of
malarial
and
in whole
for towns
only
anything
serious
believed
that
a
These
tend
to
contrary
others
opposed
where
*
In
to
have
by
a
new
a
letter
and
enemy,
is to
addressed
of
say,
are
measures
by
me
numbers
their
to
the
to
reduction
it
countless
would
be
never
I
an
in
was
swarms
futile.
As
exist
in countless
fancy
it would
twenty
mosquitoes
have
natural
those
their
such
course,
taken
Government
many
climatic
larvae.
if these
when
succumb
done,
meant
never
districts.
animals,
or
again, by
mosquito-infected
general experience
adequates
i8th, 1901.
other
destroy them
; that
mankind
most
bats, birds, spiders,and
"
which
as
like
insects,
enemies
in the
even
was
such
than
more
quite
**
rough estimate,
a
be
first,because
mosquitoes
the average
on
house,
every
be
find
to
rare
make
these
proposed
was
in
them
reduce
to
to
matter.
Then,
at
in
exist
of fact, however,
To
felt
were
the
measure
regards
siderable
con-
chiefly
evidently
mosquitoes
as
insects
even
swarms.
to
the
would
reduction
Even
doubts
measures
matter
be
of
with
exterminate
to
the
^When
preventing
met
was
settlements.
their
extent.
number,
all
which
certain
than
more
for
regarding
of fact
matter
and
appreciable
that
a
this
by
"
ridicule, owing
proposed
was
"extermination
phrase
the
it
even
continents,
As
impossible.
it
will
Corrected.
mosquitoes
misconceptions
that
Pe'ople thought
least
already
facts.
first mooted*
was
popular
insects
such
literature
at
Misconceptions
opposition,
various
the
men
exterminating
fever
3
in
medical
most
Popular
idea
found
be
quite familiar
be
BRIGADES
they
a
influences
It will indeed
animals
find
do
themselves
formidable
in
one
as
special localities
against
of
not,
India,
them.
dated
As
February
MOSQUITO
4
BRIGADES
already stated, mosquitoes
the
spots where
them
all
:
conditions
popular
all
completed.
are
that
be
all
for
which
determine
wish
fact, just
of
all towns
duty
be
be
to
not
a
the
it will be
not
given
area.
free
down
measures
at
must
insects
other
mosquitoes
in the
staff of
a
these
one.
for the
future
must
whose
persons
some
trouble-
and
dangerous
all
must
continuous
a
do
words,
staff of sweepers
so
once
opportunity
an
In
clean,
possess
swarm
mosquitoes
have
from
a
possess
keep
the
if fresh
even
single effort, but
tropics
to
of
will
its streets
keeping
will
they
clearlyunderstood
that
kept
all towns
as
in
the
in destroying
succeed
after
extermination
they
within
upon,
purpose
it should
outside
multiplying
to
unfavourable
we
area,
immediately
for the
the
if
even
given
a
over
indefinitely,so
from
towns
that,
is
error
But
unfavourable
similar
create
in certain
rare
means.
outside
measures
continued
arrive
In
the
be
to
naturally
are
is to
mosquitoes
from
again
do
to
artificial
by
Another
in
conditions
have
we
known
are
pests.
General
3.
required
were
First,
courses.
either
could
be
the
in
be
of
enter
them
the
individually
every
but
larval
supposing,
island
would
of
in
breeding
of stagnant
be
would
course,
that
Another
attacking
places
water
this
can
island
without.
consist
their
drop
from
If
there
end, the
two
quito,
mos-
every
stage.
pertinacity,
"
island
an
follow
to
destroying
the
that, in the
free
from
possible
it
Suppose
"
mosquitoes
in
sufficient
doubt
removing
Followed.
about
or
equally promising,
insects
consist
set
adult
with
cannot
all
It would
the
entirely
be
to
rid of
might
we
done
insects
method,
get
in
reasonable
become
the
to
in mid-ocean.
situated
no
Principles
not
; would
in which
MOSQUITO
BRIGADES
the
they breed, so that,ultimately,
5
insects would
die out
of themselves.
Now
in
efforts to
which
is not an
locality
follow only these same
principles
; but we
that,since in most non-insular placesthe
our
need
island,we
remember
must
insects
can
a
without,efforts to destroy them
from
enter
rid
dividually
in-
'
will
never
be
permanently successful.
On
the
other hand, if we
of
free
keep the area of operationsentirely
shall and must
reduce greatlythe
we
breedingplaces,
number
effect
to
of insects,because,even
an
if
few
a
entry from without,these will
multiplywithin
obvious, if we
the
area
as
they used
think of the matter
for
a
no
do
manage
to
longerbe
able
to do.
moment,
It is quite
that
one
breedingplaceswill give rise to fewer mosquitoes
than
or
100
If, for
1,000
breeding places would do.
contained
1,000
example, a given town
breeding places
forced to conare
we
clude
producing 100,000 mosquitoesdaily,
that the daily production of mosquitoes would
be visibly
reduced if all these breeding.places
to be
were
obliterated. Any mosquitoeseffecting
out
an
entry from withwould
be so few in number, in comparison with the
of insects in the town, that they would
previousswarms
ject
scarcelybe observed at all. If we consider the subthen in the lightof these facts, we
shall be able
the measure
to decide upon
most
likelyto be profitable;
and this is evidentlythat of removing all the breeding
places. But concurrentlyit will do no harm to attack
the insects individually
and wherever
whenever
meet
we
or
two
them.
It has been
of serious
to get people
difficulty
these ideas,simpleas they are.
Even when
to understand
the advisability
of removing the breedingplaceshas been
a
matter
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
6
doubts
admitted,
have
that
be
to
impossible.
After
turn
be
often
So
out
it is with
keep
the
to
the
many
before
been
tried,
only possible
not
staff
will
All
project.
of
but
measure
remember
it is tried
projects
new
extremely
have
we
easy.
is to
do
to
constantly employed
men
upon
job.
Before
the
The
and
of
in the
wherever
this
has
standing
Culex.
rain-water
from
for
even
of water
keeping
they
left
by
suitable.
We
placed
under
purpose
of
from
the
such
few
roof, and
for
or
there
in the
find
even
feet
of
ants
which
water
bottles
in
tin-lined
after
and
have
the
and
then
gardens,
favourite
ing
breed-
cook-
of
tins
sagged,
which
has
tins
; or
so
of
safes
meat
gutters
rain
Pots
forgotten, are
in the
as
the
collecting
for
water
are
and
cases
and
long enough.
larvae
in
rainy
find
neighbourhood
sardine
packing
for
employed
tables
; or
oil tins
quantity, and
shall
we
storing
of
tubs,
During
in
drinking,
verandahs,
houses
rain-water;
ounces
cisterns
servants
the
gardens
numerous
like.
little
a
left undisturbed
empty
; or
a
for
water
excluding
little stagnant
heap
roof,
can
the
flower-pots,empty
contain
and
are
in back
and
rooms
Tubs
if
places
broken
long enough,
the
In
"
generally
are
exceeds
water
of
larvae
Cutex*
bottles, and
these
of
most
been
of
tropics, there
weather,
describe
must
we
houses, especially the
most
tins, broken
meat
done,
detail.
Places
pots, gourds, old buckets,
and
be
can
in greater
Breeding
backyards
natives
this
how
showing
breeding places
4.
or
have
they
present
sufficient
a
reader
thought by
is
project
new
every
the
Now
entertained.
been
the
practicabilityof
the
to
as
very
water
the
for
rain
carry
to
passed
thrown
in the
contain
in
; or
on
a
hollows
a
corked
un-
dustof
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
8
Places
Breeding
5.
the
Anopheles,
somewhat
vessels
of water,
do
breed
them
in
all
with
the
sight
at
These
but
in
; and
Anopheles.
malaria-bearing
different.
not
of
insects
puddles
a
very
kind
of
little trouble
water
in
found
in
mostly,
those
in
it is
which
in
not
they
which
suit
detect
possible to
the
are
But
ground.
only
of
mosquito,
breed
the
on
but
puddles,
of
variety
habits
The
"
larvae
will
be
found.
They
often
not
are
the
lakes, where
as
where
and
wind,
large
rivers
ponds
;
thrive
much
Nor,
which
form
such
in
the
dries
In
which
beetles,
nor
puddles
are
in
badly
the
so
Small
much
the
large
as
do
and
they
the
temporary
for
care
very
puddles
of rain
at
they
mangrove-
do
almost
; because
once
as
soon
dry
to
as
in
soil
by
depressions
the
the
water
green
and
mould
; and
rock.
so
But
water-
quickly.
in the
Such
ground,
where
rains,
rock
water
where
or
or
constantly
by
bankments
em-
escapes
irrigation channels.
or
are
ground
and
places
out-cropping
where
larvae
of weather-worn
in
during
stables, bathrooms,
by
too
larvae
the
on
minnows
up
gutters,
the
or
puddles
contain
to
and
walls,
Africa, Anopheles
and
found
is checked
affected
indeed
shower
a
shallow
as
as
pools containing
surface
hand,
perish
small
from
oozes
pumps,
in well-contained
parts of marshes
India
in
drains
and
from
larvae
frequently
drainage
nor
other
small
so
made
constantly
;
in
; nor
up.
not
are
deep pools
during
chiefly in
found
are
nor
the
by
them
eat
;
ground
the
to
torrents
such
experience
my
fish
of water,
the
on
puddles
water
the
ruffled
constantly
many
deeper
on
collections
are
but
the
in
is
rushing
in
in small
nor
swamps.
small
there
nor
;
surface
such
of water,
large bodies
water-weed
pools
on
the
contained
other
are
on
hand,
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
favourable
however
shower
heavy
\\iditAnopheles
found
in
At
not
be
found
at
the
the
flat
valleys
the
same
creeks
of
edge
;
and
of fish.
They
watercourses
The
differ
and
by
The
of
contain
the
much
larvae
water,
according
such
disused
as
in
frequently
vessels
found
of
water,
in the
by drying
larvae
occur
of
conditions
be
to
in artificial
mined
deter-
collections
cess-pits,
wells, burrow-pits,
such
large
very
laws.
garden cisterns,drain-outfalls, and
occur
local
the
found
sometimes
are
in
exist
everywhere
seem
ing
dur-
puddles
Anopheles
to
general
same
number
certain
small
merged
sub-
in
or
at
rains.
which
in
quiet
pools lying
left full of water
of the
rainfall, but
a
grass
little
full of weeds,
rocks
end
sometimes
the
small
in very
occur
situations
extent
some
drainage
in the
ponds
of
the
at
natural
to
or
if these
hollows
the
in
soil
rules
these
may
in
or
;
rainfall; and, lastly,may
constant
numbers
in
also
may
larvae
rivers
;
or
rice-fields,even
level
on
partially submerged
and
of streams
morasses
seldom
are
that
understood
Thus
reeds
of lakes
margins
and
be
it must
the
abound
reason
hills.
exceptions.
amongst
swept
this
for
malaria,
both
ever
when-
be
to
be,
exposed
case,
sure
are
is indeed
that
all
at
in this
consequently
between
time
without
are
bays
pools, and
if it be
larvae
It
otherwise
may
because,
;
lost.
hilly ground, and
on
and
rain
falls,the
and
rain-torrents
into
pool
a
for them
during heavy
scouring
a
larvae
quite unsuitable
it becomes
to
for the
9
water-butts
as
bilge-water
They
on.
so
even
may
;
and
are
lying idle
of boats
on
shore.
Occasionally, especially in
undergrowth,
or
breeding places
long
of
grass,
Anopheles
the
presence
it is very
at
all.
of
thick
difficult
Sometimes
to
jungle,
find
the
numbers
of the
insects
collect
middle
of the
though
it is not'
such
In
possible
it is
cases
the
insects
the
last
old
are
rainy
generally
"
human
parts where
Hill
of
eminence
that
eminence,
are
of
hundred
few
bred
in
the
of
houses
up
the
are
where
numerous
air
we
are
not
breathe.
they
spread
The
In
the
at
uniformly
idea
that
the
this
pools
being
obtain
to
of
foot
the
of it.
and
indeed
habits.
in their
breed
Tower
in
reason
mosquitoes,
can
in houses
numerous
the
in the
though
rare,
hill in search
essentially local
It
that
pools preferred
the
those
numerous.
eminence
"
and
just
are
by
natives
Leone,
Sierra
puddles.
very
yards
the
houses
prevalent
surrounded
was,
they
nearest
most
open
are
bred
home-
"
to
town
are
small
Anopheles
wandering
to
easily. They
like
a
the
in
animals,
most
not
quitoes
mos-
are,
Stephens
short. Anopheles^ like other
In
do
unhealthiest
full of
a
on
rather
Anopheles
food
since
nearest
the
most
were
water-course
town.
is, or
the
their
most
the
the
and
insects
situated
distance
a
the
drying
Barracks,
middle
bush
Culex
as
The
puddles
and
pools
there
a
that
or
said to be
Freetown,
of
CHRISTOPHERS
by
adjoining
have
fight against
houses
of this.
examples
the
season
conditions
select
food.
Anopheles-\iZMXs\,^di
parts
dry
these
the
in
naturally
They
several
shown
in the
extent
same
numerous
their
obtaining
was
pools
vegetation,
scarcely be
can
the
to
most
breeding pools.
most
anywhere.
lived
where
towns,
Anopheles
mosquitoes
presents
Fortunately
large
But, though
for
have
beings,
larvae
breeding
copious
which
ones
their
the
human
by
chiefly be waged.
must
are
the
to
season.
in
that
in the
encampments
or
discover
to
probable
owing
much
obtain
houses
round
bush, evidently attracted
overlooked
been
at
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
lO
and
over
swarms
They
feed
the
most
country
of
them
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
be
can
blown
into
If
erroneous.
spot
spot,
in
shall
we
of them
which
He
In
stick
bowl,
because
;
with
6.
walls,
caught
of the
houses
in
It is
blood
which
flying
out
scarcely
larvce
the
by persuading
a
insects
the
net
net
dark
corners,
in
or
hats
the
to
that
the
which
acts
the
numbers
the
as
has
a
explore
every
inmate
; and
of
a
in clear
day
the
sitting on
the
the
on
especially
of
with
houses,
the
measure
native
servant
several
small
mosquito-trap.
many
find
net
holes
During
the
way
the
meal
of
generally
houses
to
their
fresh
the
in
during
others
This
night.
part of the
a
Thus
during
insects
accurate
gorged
in
But
natives.
by
no
and
pegs,
number
day gives
at
a
end
and
hanging
occupied
is visible
proved
to
necessary
During
"
early morning.
by large
ponds
invisible
observed
rooms
in
visited
mosquito
it is most
frequently
females
mosquito
gutters,
and
gardens
fastened
Adults.
warned
remain
majority
bottom,
inside
during
chiefly
in
a
the
where
vast
especially of Anopheles, present
number,
night.
and
be
must
that
wander
in the
"
often almost
are
roof,
stables, and
reader
one
any
towns
the
itself
town
mug
the
be
the
clothing,
bathrooms,
larvce
can
under
in dark
white
a
Find
to
at
is
houses.
dark-coloured
insects
or
or
the
a
How
winged
Such
the
most
that
puddles,
the
in
sure
searching for Anopheles
water
the
in
pools
occasionally
may
be
marshes
theAnopAelessit
words,
may
street
amongst
white
a
insects
bred
being
are
breeding
other
we
ditches, the
the
use
In
numerous
are
few
a
distant
from
certainly largely reduce
without.
from
the
remove
though
even
they
we
winds
by
towns
n
in
which
may
be
may
often
be
sleep
within
day
or
rents
the
hope
a
in
night
it.
the
ing
of reach-
in, but
when
morning
arrives
be
and
killed
When
people
generally
they
happen
the
to
than
refer
to
be
staying
i,e,,
place,
only
attracted
and
Ibadan,
This
was
Lagos,
the
observer
are
of
impression
it
a
difficult
of
the
matter
arrive
to
actual
number
of
at
quitoes
mos-
anywhere.
mosquito-trap
a
was
suggested
astonishing
with
in
make
estimate
correct
used
casual
a
really
pertinacious
two
or
more
which
insects,
One
tale.
hum
generally
swarm
fewer
al^o
present.
existing
*
the
thing
are
think,
"
even
which
in
They
I
place
a
different
a
**
the
of
quite
which,
or
give
is
house
locality).
or
Culex,
of
teller
facts
these
really
any
the
being
All
town
in
the
in
(which
dozen,
some
often
swarm
then
can
swarm
insects
Moreover,
by
mosquitoes
and
out,
way
mosquitoes
the
the
speaking
Anopheles.
means
that
say
to
generally
their
find
cannot
counted.*
they
a
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
12
house
where
to
results
no
mosquitoes
me
by
by
Dr.
could
Drs.
and
Annett
and
Strachan
be
seen
in
the
Dutton,
myself
daytime.
at
THINGS
the
fight against
carried
afford
It
the
be
health
but
mm;
the
the
that
the
commenced
to
appoint
the
be
accomplished
mosquito
council.
in
handsome
as
the
of
salary
a
as
in
which
that
best
should
superintendent
town
next
be
orders
or
consider
to
pocket.
he
is
layman
operations
should
quite
of
need
be
be
to
are
medical
a
of
capable
doing
be
his
that
met
the
at
;
they
because
the
carry
out
of
country
from
were
malaria,
in the
; that
they
it
is
created
because
ground,
do
letters
not
to
and
punish
carry
rises
press,
of
man
;
they
that
is
a
gas
which
as
a
blue
mist
yellow
his
destroyed,
the
make
to
at
efforts
local
be
that
last
tendent
superin-
immorality
trees;
malaria
the
alarmed,
the
cannot
wicked
opinion.
harmless
to
even
mosquitoes
and
of
perhaps
wholly
and
grass
that
but
holes
that
and
of
storm
a
absurdity
proving
they
not
by
that
self-appointed
and
philanthropical
spring
destroyed,
The
astonished,
once
outset
demonstrating
intentions
at
private
or
obvious;
is
two
persistence,
energy,
public
to
explanation.
some
will
finding
first
the
are
necessary
indifference
entire
requires
that
always
can
own
qualities chiefly
an
The
are
is
a
work.
The
and
his
energetic
an
do
to
himself, with
of
and
on,
best
can
thing
this
perhaps,
officer
carried
proceed
now
extraordinary
of
out
is best,
we
given
Having
"
commandant-general
or
appoint
can
can
first
gazette
any
Anyone
he
Superintendent.
Fortunately,
without
DONE.
mosquitoes
The
on.
superintendent
brigade.
BE
observations,
preliminary
how
and
of
Appointment
7.
few
TO
fever, which
can
be
attempt
they
do
rushes
over
the
is due
MOSQUITO
14
BRIGADES
"
the
to
of the
effect
do
they
of these
such
that
and
they
; and
diseases
else
someone
occasional
rather
but
public
interest
such
pitch
a
in
letter
constant
It is
they
reply
does
in the
of
work
that
exasperation
of
gratuitous
permitted
are
opinions
in
good
a
depend
to
done
the
in
street,
finds
engineering,
them,
whole
quite
equal
Medical
the
masses
were
would
think
of
exposing
Faculty
the
on
a
tradicting
con-
law
of
matters
to
be
reason,
scarcely
on
ducted
con-
private
great that
so
inscrutable
would
be
to
of
papers.
news-
cause.
can
nothing
engineer
himself
the
of
absurdities
an
or
is
some
he
though
lawyer
a
For
century.
a
discoveries
converting
upon
half
for
man
pathological
new
inertia
at
campaign
in the
reference
the
necessary
the
they give
much
without
fortunately, because
"
regarding
we
large scale
a
an
letter-writers
Fortunately, operations against mosquitoes
on
but
;
the
the
cynical
each
speak practically
to
advertisement
be
to
them
stimulate
by keeping
all
ignore
to
contradict
not
good, and,
to
vaccinators
unpaid
possible
do
small
in such
contradict
to
sure
cynically,serves
stream
We
on.*
where
is
but
yellow fever,
so
; that
rotting vegetation
on
beneficiallyas
act
epistles,because,
other,
a
malaria
carry
quantities
tropical sun
or
the
medical
matter.
These
on
the
operations require
part of the
glad enough
if he
calculate
*
made
fit to
sees
quietly proceed
may
I have
at
least
half
every
a
one
dozen
mosquito
for
up
work
in it undisturbed
of
times
these
not
only
statements,
in the
British
we
co-operation
or
householders
larvae
nothing.
the
start
receiving
upon
seen
their
cleaned
backyards
their
Most
general public.
have
to
sacrifices
no
destroyed,
and
press.
much
many
and
fore,
reader, there-
The
are
considering,
by criticism,
as
are
and
may
public support
others
equally absurd,
l6
the
meet
him
an
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
that
; and
the
Unless
likely to
The
business
kind, the
will
superintendent
tive
to
intends
to
ask
good
of his
own
Next
he
should
in the
establishment
for
a
open
the
should
are
does
not
account
*
for
at
ask
for
in
find
himself
within
I obtain
3
few
a
per
cent,
self-appointed
effec-
that
initial
in
deposit
paragraph
personal friends,
and
he
has
money,
to
up
be
possession
to
to
out
7).
the
else
anyone
four
figures,as
surprised
handsome
a
;
already opened
much
of
if he
little
days.f
interest
on
all
deposits, and
transfers
to
the
tropics free
of cost.
t For
thousand
our
West
pounds,
African
and
'
he
against mosquitoes
town,
I should
in
toes
mosqui-
managers
an
that
much
willing to give.
down
the
them
as
the
his
to
houses
the
principal banking
mentioned
as
round
go
the
campaign
a
anything
practical and
to
once
put
of ; inform
fund, and
they
fund
holders
house-
as
do
to
the
more
; inform
town
mosquitoes,
there, and
I advise
much
(obtained
salary''
think
can
go
;
before.
as
a
terms,* and
principal business
he
adopt
of
And
trouble
rest
experience,
He
course.
thrive
to
own
my
will
the
it
department
larvae.
own
take
not
matter
continue
From
their
rid
get
that
they already
health
efficient
in
toes.
mosqui-
reply
will
; that
mosquitoes
to
of
town
a
not
happen
to
sure
ridding
wish
destroy
better
is pretty
for
and
if householders
had
the
kill
to
certainly will
of
to
of
agent
an
is at present
municipality
or
expensive
an
that
they
project
any
be
to
work, which
this
case,
government
their
and
for the
the
be
with
connection
possess
praiseworthy project
happens
superintendent
employed
government
is not
the
usually brings
proposed by
conclusion.
abrupt
very
scheme
for the
expenditure required
I have
Fund,
promises
of
as
much
started
more
as
with
we
between
shall
two
require.
and
three
MOSQUITO
The
; of
killing larvae
for
fillingup
principle to
go
economical
more
I should
and
day
Strict
the
to
be
(such
been
be
kept,
subscribers, with
brief
a
the
; it is much
these
trifles.
oil, brooms,
forthcoming
not
were
has
should
accounts
of cement
the
if all
ing
brush-
campaign
for
people
surprised
least
at
; and
this
in
oil for
for
buy anything
to
required
shovels
and
pools
well-to-do
much
sufficiency of
a
Now
never
ask
cement
two
or
is
to
again
spades,
in rocks.
upon
be
Anopheles
away
pools
17
pickaxes,
brooms,
draining
or
will
thing required
next
out
BRIGADES
in
a
experience).
my
and
should
report
of
submitted
be
progress,
every
quarter.
The
superintendent
the
justifiedin charging
he
the
is, provided
Small
xo.
the
start
allow.
as
for his
to
their
whether
he
is not
I think
services.
own
exceed
not
shilling a
a
postage."
"
This
ask
does
We
"
the
as
the
salaries
at
commence
now
will consist
workmen
many
For
fund
Beginnings.
brigade.
and
men
here
amount
is debited
and
week,
may
of
one
of the
state
fund
treasury
be
may
head
more
or
to
once
will
freely drawn
upon.
The
with
superintendent
an
the
army
if the
to
not
Above
treasury
be
too
all,take
is
a
But
parsimonious,
no
a
thought
but
that
of
brigade
advice
my
to
for the
he
one
force
good working
low.
is very
think
not
Indeed,
corps.
superintendent
need
besides
man
to
at
begin with,
this
spend freely on
but
morrow,
start
must
go
point is,
labour.
straight
ahead.
In
to
the
twenty
additional
tropics labour
shillingsa
for
each
is
month
head
generally
for
man.
very
each
Thus
cheap"
and
man,
for
a
from
ten
something
trifle of
ten
between
pounds,
work
for
deal
of
At
good
this
work
to
the
A
The
that
do
ten
great
a
and
work
will
It
is
set
to
it
as
will
speech
justifiedin stooping
the
But
money.
best
This
will
make
work.
As
soon
done.
being actually
brigade,
grow
after-dinner
an
obtain
to
The
immediately
be
superintendent
tricks
show
great fault.
a
fashion.
dinner
public
underhand
he
enough
has
He
openly
now
permission
in the
for
carrying
empty
or
useful
shot-drill
draining
to
will
be
; these
the
a
streets.
the
superintendent
ponds,
be
earth
and
and
very
one
or
useful.
of
would
Without
drain
to
obtained
from
carts
and
and
other
besides
implements,
men,
to
possesses
skilled
the
much
money
better
or
local
excellent
the
men
men.
work-
such
as
engineers
in
there
doing
employed
the
and
all kinds
public gaol
prisoners engaged
be
the
things,
nice
more
In
are
puddles
flower-pots
gravel
Department
number
men
dp,
to
direction.
the
more
bottles
Works
be
used
increase
must
every
Municipal
bringing
rubble,
he
as
he
scruples,
to
are
broken
for
in
carts,
government.
implements,
advice
sure
these
Public
and
cement
need
pits and
away
tins, and
The
whose
All
streets.
it
demand
piratical designs, especially upon
will
fill up
to
municipality
all
avow
He
government.
for
time
same
operations
abandoned
Having
must
the
At
should
superintendent
longer beg
his
extend
force, and
the
no
it.
upon
for this
necessary
money,
should
insist
but
is not
conscience
more.
are
will
to
set
treasury' overflow.
the
of
is
obtrusive
most
A
is to
way
reader
month
whole
a
be, should
it may
wonders.
any
for
the
assure
can
juncture modesty
proceeds.
work
I
be
may
against mosquitoes.
small
in
workmen
twenty
; and
working
men
however
and
ten
month
one
twenty
or
as
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
I8
in
superin-
MOSQUITO
tendent
was
cipher
a
official present
The
for it.
I
show
the
or
work
is
where
decide
the
will
manoeuvres
at
can
be
not
demand
campaign
this
in
manner.
themselves
do
yet
done
been
the
and
be
initial
these
"
and
"
should
this
that
superintendent
and
instruct
colonial
medical
organise
to
waiting for
of the
favour
necessary,
proceed
once
this
fight against mosquitoes
it has
than
inaugurate
municipality
or
the
on
has
generally speaking,
enterprise
public health
often
more
private
to
he
that
lives without
in
detail
in
to
And,
said
government
of
interests
be
to
carrying
upon
done
deal
by
the
enthusiasm,
official action.
upon
great
a
methods
he
paying
willing victim.
a
provided only
where
town
commenced
being
But
the
in
depending
there
and
energy
without
wants
be
probably
it is for anyone,
easy
necessary
useful
he
highest
the
on
once
has
he
both
possesses
machiavelian
these
19
call at
what
extort
official will
how
he
should
He
and
describe
that
; now
formidable.
become
BRIGADES
his
little
army.
Several
have
written
are
anxious
Can
obtain
My
out
funds
will
such
to
later
be
expressing
me
as
from
is to
in the
others
reference
what
given
on
a
soon
as
required
Working
the
raise
colony,
arm
hours
or
they
purpose.
business
among
begin
to
at
is
from
with-
once
sure
to
come
experience exactly
of it.
Brigade."
diamond-shaped
breast
and
money
and
the
for
Government
it knows
of the
A
badge.
the
services
that, though
regret
government
government.
Organisation
XX.
sewn
to
of
begin operations against mosquitoes, they
no
and
forward
be
to
to
advice
people
officers
junior
pay
is
a
day
good
Every
patch
man
of red
one.
should
be
fixed.
should
flannel
A
list of all the
should
Pay
be
t"een taught the
and
The
men
very
should
be
under
be
his
good
The
each
and
be
at
head
either
divided
once
the
to
the
by
should
honesty,
and
into
Each
gang.
who
man,
should
head
especiallythe
gang,
should
larvae
both
shown
be
of
Culex
intendent
super-
two
gangs,
gang
should
be
selected
should
and
much
The
and
be
for
given
time
this, nor
will
to
learn
easily
how
also
But
the
distinguish
and
and
duties.
to
^
adults.
over
men
find
to
by instructing
regarding their
Anopheles
the
work
begin
men,
how
catch
distinguish, and
matter.
kindly
it.
at
Anopheles
an
superintendent
spend
have
they
pay.
They
to
special
a
completely trustworthy agent.
a
special intelligence
very
after
men
invariably paid
should
special
a
is of
work
India, take
and
smart
by
or
brigade
gang
kept.
the
retain
to
Africa
of
himself
Culex
be
the
as
generous,
often
are
The
should
work.
both
Natives,
work
workers
it is advisable
and
nature,
a
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
20
it is not
necessary
deeply
go
their
find,
the
into
work
as
they
proceed.
funds
Where
begin
with
Culex
because
and
soine
premises.
should
natives
of this
the
a
are,
and
Duties
will
gang
characters
malaria
as
carry
object
to
rule, the
to
prevalent,
is very
for
of
trouble-
more
the
them
honesty
low-caste
people
into
the
In
"
private
all the
that
; and
person.
Gang.
Cutex
much
necessary
particularlyrespectable
often
a
it is best
gangs
easily suppressed.
more
It is, therefore, very
possess
be
unless
gangy
mosqliitoes
perhaps
duties
must
Culex
of two
permit
not
Organisation
12.
The
the
do
head
men
man
India, where
entering
their
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
yards,he
be
given
In
as
English
the
about
houses
The
first
broken
of the
gang
will
rubbish
door; and
theft, the
heap
head
a
from
One
or
generally
more
be
On
cart
other
is
in
order
old
man
informs
ask
to
article
which
natives
removed,
houses,
carts,
borrowed
drawn
from
to
an
may
all the
the
with
and
the
is
often
master
to
remove
In the
in
a
The
heap
accusations
This
is
value
to
all
whole
heap
required.
attach
the
of
whether
inmates
together
vast
alacrity.
placed
or
private
the
of cost.
similar
with
lections
col-
assigned dumping-ground.
by horses, mules,
the
of
gourds, and
offers
prevent
of
one
who,
"
collect
to
regards
gang,
dows
win-
which
as
free
rise to
the
enter
permission being given,
and
strewn
private premises
accepted
the
must
any
tins
by
form, because
of trifles.
into
next,
man
contains
important
piled
offer
collected
is then
the
kinds
the
be
errand, and
old
and
buckets,
place.
eithier in
his
this
for months,
marsh
flower-pots,
head
but
;
in
servants
occupants
miles
The
"
of
bottles
of cases,
majority
is
:
old
in these
any
procedure
follows
all his broken
an
The
to
find
can
of his servants
one
the
they
streets.
preijiisesis as
near
the
of
native
the
persecute
ten
prevails
immediately
bottles, tins, broken
the
carry
in proper
mosquito-larvae, giving
which
and
duty
like,which
such
of
within
exist
to
to
agents
proper
remains
their" presence
attribute
happen
or
Rain-water
mosquitoes,
the
by
kept
is
Europeans,
of
left
are
thousands
of the
course,
houses
meat-tins
of
should
man
duty,
carelessness
utmost
the
in
arid contains
in
the
everywhere.
numbers
and
name
regularly by
is removed
Even
bottles, and
Each
caste.
of all kinds
rubbish
towns,
tropics
respect.
good
of
man
credential.
a
dust-bins, and
in
a
specifying his
card
a
him
with
be
must
21
municipality.
or
oxen,
can
MOSQUITO
22
The
order
to
time
save
effectually used
most
otherwise
pits;
should
dumping-grounds
possible, in
be
BRIGADES
it must
be
situated
in transit.
in
fillingup
be
discharged
as
rubbish
The
and
ponds
the
at
as
near
can
burrow-
municipal
dumping-ground.
Dr.
Taylor
Logan
and
myself found,
that
our
work
in Sierra
Leone,
one
large
mule-cart
fully employed,
it
clear
can
vessels
fiftyhouses
daily
The
head
cleared
his
by
of the
houses
but
alone
for
the
his entry, he
the
by
crowds
education
even
a;
few
paper,
for
a
larvae
found,
and
in many
he
and
few
in
remaining
upon
If, however,
bottle
of
should
in the
full
then
vessel
the
ground,
the
water
they
of
ask
in which
they
the
vessel
for
he
will find
be
under
to
they
will
is
the
to
of
young
advanced
he
leave
In
stored
water
so
water,
them
where
in
address
the
are
Europeans)
half
the
house
attention
generally
sceptics to keep
He
call
(which,
will
people,
that
of these
that
believed
classes
a
tell the
days.
is not
the
certain
larvae
explain
to
where
perform.
to
pots of
or
times,
some-
one.
duties
should
He
larvae.
among
among
the
occupants,
If
mosquitoes.
record
tubs
endeavour
larvae,and
leave
several
Culex
of
simply
will find
he
inmates
If, as
house
other
has
man
all the
a
next
houses
of cartloads
ladies.
to
the
of broken
number
comes
to
on
average
all the
polite to
to
the
on
of
the
should
keep
can
five houses.
older
careful
go
cartloads
also
head
house
use
he
rarely,happens,
reference), and
But
of
the
especially to
"
ten
account
an
also
that
of
result
men
and
every
extremely
(being, however,
future
every
be
must
forbids
owner
and
gang,
He
removed.
keep
must
man
for
of six
gang
remove
cartload
one
"
and
a
the
as
were
the
is
case
"
should
place
bunged
with
observation
pour
out
the
originally
speedily perish.
required by
the
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
24
It
; but
The
and
appreciated
that
observed
the
within
day
of
the
in order
in ; and
find
leave
it
where
else-
water
do
they
gone
allowed
is
water
stagnant
is removed
insects
to
once
speedily
frequently
water
adult
the
be
I have
stagnant
probably
eggs
will
pubHc.
house
the
4,
house.
the
measures
all the
a
"
their
unless
by
as
two
or
lay
to
return,
soon
as
precincts
a
these
of
yard
back-
paragraph
in
within
actually
in the
water
stagnant
mentioned
as
effect
good
noted
from
found
of
pot
a
sometimes,
will be
larvae
be
generally
will
not
accumulate
to
again.
So
far
I
as
of
these
about
sundries,
such
a
year
boon
a
"
the
as
town
a
mixed,
natives
permanently
men,
houses
at
men
;^I50
a
active
five thousand
keep
few
and
Europeans
trained, and
for
estimate
can
;^i
of
free
month
a
small
very
the
a
dozen
Culex,
banishment
indeed
Culex
of
intelligent,
The
ought
to
salaries
the
oil, ought
sum
sisting
tropics, con-
employed,
each, and
kerosene
as
in
to
pay
from
so
of
cost
a
exceed
to
not
of
such
for
large
an
area.
I
have
said
of the
members
round
come
in
that
householder
a
brigade ought
; but
time
possibilityof employing
their
annoy
regulations
Havana
person
the
on
breeds
superintendent
from
the
point
would
and
law.
to
a
his
own
will
of
the
against people who
Municipal
quite justifiable;
But
methods,
mosquito
He
question
Americans
mosquitoes.
of British
of
be
admit
to
alone.
the
raises
legal measures
straight-thinking
experience
persuasion
left
be
to
refuses
neighbours by breeding mosquitoes.
the
who
this
who
from
a
I would
brigade
energies
quickly
than
very
advise
to
to
trust
any
and
in
fine
a
able
considera
British
rather
assistance
to
MOSQUITO
Organisation
13-
Gang.
in
The
"
the
well
and
shovel.
The
navvies
methods
of
In
almost
working
also
broken
marshes
then
In
often
climates
take
long
a
places
of
source
a
these, in
puddles
it is the
exception
and
but
nothing
middle
for
ditches
at
afford
result
the
highly
is that
India
and
large
for the
Where
a
in the
find
gutters
with
small
in
from
and
water,
In temperate
warm
they
ones
houses
by
; and
the
of the
of
for
ditches
the
ditches
the
water
have
rubble
cannot
are
they
often
rule
and
the
badly
very
both
much
often
sufficed, we
rude
a
as
common
have
the
in
only by
road-making,
are
with
generally
are
drained
towns
towns
streets
with
principal errors,
would
In such
streets
dressed
small
numerous
well-macadamised
Tropical
roadside
gutter
courses,
water-
ooze
surrounding
traffic, but
Africa, is that
small
by
again.
; but
engineers
amount
wells,
or
public streets.
pathways,
trained
which
from
sometimes
lakes
up
roundings,
sur-
road-making;
and
fill up
the
to
the
and
suburbs
ill-kepttropical towns,
margins.
these
dry
to
with
malaria-bearing mosquito.
wheeled
One
constructed.
the
to
broad
of
harmless
are
stone
the
time
form
stagnant
pavements
the
even
these
danger
breeding Anopheles,
Besides
and
margins
rainy weather
such
become
the
by
of
overseer
acquainted
building
gutters, ponds,
formed
soil.
for
and
pick
the
cisterns, gravel-pits,disused
ditches, old
the
taken
of
burrow-pits
numerous
formerly
was
of
surface
concrete.
especially in
are
the
on
trained
a
is also
and
principally
consist
use
be
if he
cement
all towns,
there
earth
useful
be
Anopheles
be, if possible, road-
the
to
should
man
the
of water
should
men
accustomed
head
it will
;
the
of
will
gang
collections
Hence
25
Duties
this
of
all small
ground.
makers^
and
duties
removing
BRIGADES
to
too
carry
often
in
off.
find
a
26
huge
trench
of
larger the
cost
which
results
streets
all, but
at
of
there
have
and
cost,
often
are
the
seen
moreover,
level
producing
of the
without
disposal of
particularly,out-crops
is not
only
by natural
water
The
such
be
is the
defects
asked
on
and
maps
ready.
The
cost
pounds
for
every
for
another
reply Ihat
or
.there
:
"
The
of
measurements)
few
approval
year
scheme
would
two
are
to
probably
spent
no
The
acres.
the
surface
ing
supervision regard;
and,
rock, which
**
contains
the
surface-
surface
engineer
drainage
a
the
work
scheme
thousand
at
in
funds
for
the
be
would
a
would
superior government,
would
pounds
scheme
out
with
deal
would
local
year's surveying (with
a
principal causes
municipalities
following
a
fall,and
stone.
most
prepare
After
town.
spent
to
I
gutters,
private premises
"
at
; and
to
weather-worn
itself,but
ridges of
in which
way
of
rock
repair the
to
of
from
storm-water
full of hollows
Other
want
Leone,
Many
deference
due
neglect
and
very
Sierra
elsewhere.
the
sands
thou-
breeding
water
in
in
stagnant
nearly stagnant
are
; carelessness
and
of
cost
drain
not
solid
end.
to
pools
stagnant
roads
the
end
from
do
strings of
cut
any
may
municipality;
the
thing
same
made
are
almost
full of
always
reason
the
Freetown,
in
money
place, the
houses
of the
trenches
old
the
frequently
Thus
numerous
to
of
first
constitute
merely
Anopheles,
are
great
ditchiCs
in front
puddles running
the
is ruinous
streets
place, the
second
In
its
greater
amount
Whatever
fingers.
disastrous.
are
the
larger the
the
the
; and
its cost
the
that
is
probably
anomaly
The
section.
in
yard
or
greater
certain
to
draining*'
the
is the
municipality,
sticks
be, the
foot
square
frequent
ditch
the
to
a
this
for
reason
"
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
thousand
be
mitted
sub-
which, after
considering it carefully,would
available.
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
I do
the
of the
large majority
temporarily
to
the
set
months.
A
have
work
in
order
methods
the
the
of water
Thus,
money.
should
first
of
it
because
simply
is necessary
they
will
water
in
few
better
be
been
tried
a
doned
abanand
himself
assure
already mentioned,
conditions
habitually
unsuited
money
without
larvae.
in
and,
often
contain
On
larva*
negative,
of water,
revisiting Freetown
in
exactly the
remained
permanent
and
breed
while
same
negative.
than
would
mosquitoes.
after
two
pools,
The
be
larvae
such
as
years'
however
most
thought
advisable
to
which
do
marshes
small
or
I
; while
was
other
year
attack
contain
after
do
;
siderable
con-
some
ponds, they
struck
by finding
pools previously
insignificant puddles seemed
possible, and
be
spend
others
in
occur
absence,
do
than
for
to
appear
to
larvae
more
many
though
It is useless
pools
too
when,
seasons,
it is not
As
are
and,
pools
some
the
even
experience,
my
yet
Again,
large,others
certain
at
larvae.*
the
to
discrimination
Some
up,
these.
over
bodies
*
change
contain
them.
scouring;
to
water
actually
contains
too
are
subject
are
large pools dry
instance,
much
pools
of
amount
superintendent
it does
constantly
remove
stagnant
The
water.
will
least
drain
to
that
it
some
others
small, and
for the
guided
first those
of which
mosquitoes
tendent
superinbe
Attack
principle :
it is stagnant
the
should
He
quite useless
is
results
best
obliteration
larvae, and, better, that
rain
and
pick
and
least
at
method.
with
the
number
largest
these
the
following important
collections
more
had
have
obtain
to
proceed
must
the
stagnant
scheme
drainage
simpler
It
gravel.
the
obliterated,
the
straight away,
of
most
of
be
of
two
or
is that
fact
failed.
But
by
out
formal
until
loads
at
gang
clear
probably
basket
few
a
each
can
stroke
a
The
procedure.
puddles
least, by
at
shovel, and
only
this
recommend
not
27
year
to
be
fill up
much
with
MOSQUITO
28
it
much
generally
are
must
marsh
exists
the
in
principal
find
that
The
so
of the
with
Small
of
to
the
Where
through by
six
inches
does
rubble
stamped
cut
in
should
channels
formed
in
square
water
in
filled with
of the
means
is
section
not
good
soft
earth.
for
or
of
not
flat surfaces
rubble, gravel, or
by outcrops
in
earth.
rock, the
latter
on
fall.
this
must
be
A
channel
roads
most
Turf
the
of
banks.
Pools
soil should
When
they
cut
a
of the
course
be
or
such
of soft
must
so
and
edges
the
sequence
con-
calibre
above.
the
in
cutting
drain
from
simply
pools
jumper.
to
Vegetation
first.
been
by rock,
binding
cleared, but
depressions
have
fillingand
or
which
measures
full of
enough
down
come
are
be
pickaxe
guided
useful.
be
of uniform
caused
are
be
maxim,
simplest
alternate
sible
impos-
method
the
must
the
only
become
channel
a
obstructions
cut
channel
into
The
:
have
silting,require
converted
be
where
soil,and
soft
in
out
more
character
it is
regarding
ditches, which
Wayside
"
rainfall,that
however,
may,
is
the
ground,
superintendent
of work
advice
Pools,
of the
remembering
kinds
most
to
general
dug
The
the
often
may
street
or
breeding pools depend
directions
minute
them.
the
of the
amount
judgment,
own
applies
Some
the
only
away.
of
nature
the
in
a
study
must
larvae; and
pool
mile
it is the
He
Anopheles
a
superintendent
that
malaria.
configuration
give very
dealing
by his
as
and
soil,and
to
of
marsh
a
the
on
iox
over
suppose, because
never
unobserved
number
much
the
search
than
dangerous
of
small
a
must
sums
puddles, easily
The
neighbourhood,
cause
point by careful
he
"
small
mischief.
more
nothing
suppose
when
Now,
pools.
large
spend
to
of water,
with, really cause
dealt
in small
numerous
economy
bodies
draining large
the
more
bad
evidently
is
BRIGADES
are
be
tained
con-
through
MOSQUITO
and
the
pools filled
that
remember
of water
puddles
and
bottom
rubble.
of water
away
in the
bed
of
mixed
with
the
rims
surfaces
can
channels
of
margin
generally
be
smaller
the
surface
where
the
their
do
not
free
Where
banks
like
from
in which
Ponds,
be
by rubbish
cannot
be
and
of any
ponds
houses
Disused
Wells,
if
up
It
Owners
about
places;
such
ought
to
larvae
be
is
of
in them.
filled
from
they
hide.
to
of
Larvae
on
rubbish
and
municipal
matter.
lected
col-
12).
vegetation
give great
it is
even
should
the
the
soon
These
"
often
case
how
with
can
vegetation
(paragraph
Tanks.
premises
in which
up
gang
cleared
approached
exist
filled
Pits, and
or
of silt.
be
up
the
away
astonishing
Culex
by the
free
collected
filled
love
with
dealt
kept
the
on
depth, especially when
be
can
possible;
regularly.
larvae
other
or
should
or
ting
cut-
crow's-foot
be
These
"
by
sand)
by
ground
can
should
of
two
small
streams,
the
water
open
from
no
Boggy
they
vegetation.
large pits
filled
better.
spoilt for larvae, by clearing
be
on
by
the
at
filled up
flat fields
on
with
found
released
released
possible by earth,
houses.
often
lying
drains
and
often
be
they
current
a
those
be
to
if
large stones
as
to
cement
tanks, and
Deeper Pools^ Pits,
up
with
or
must
earth
soft
rocks,
require
can
Water
Made
similarly.
they
We
surface
their
up
of
Portland
or
brick,
by running
in the
hollows
streams,
of
;
ponds,
pipes.
either
;
of rock.
the
"
in subsoil
require fillingin
drying
stones
stone,
formed
in the
It is seldom
formal
by breaking
or
courses
(one part
concrete
rubble.
spoilt for larvae, even
be
can
Pools
Pools
gravel.
lay
to
or
29
or
make
to
through them,
stones
gravel
cases
entirely drained
not
and
with
surface-drains,
cement
are
such
in
necessary
BRIGADES
be
oiled
trouble
ties
authori-
ever,
Often, how-
Used
Wells
these
be
always
can
small
up.
the
banks,
of the
and
rainy
a
These
"
work
this
can
be
Lagos.
It
prisoners
task,
at
as
much
will
be
done
deepening
the
good
and
by
lake,
the
dressing
this
looks
in
reality.
A
do
wonders
in
thing
is to
set
however
eradicate
to
end
drained;
or
by government.
the
the
most
rank
A
it.
work
the
at
in
vegetation,
it
small
into
a
Anopheles
and
draining
by
in the
as
cases
of
'margin
proximate
marsh
the
on
converting
draining
not
formidable
very
few
very
the
make
perfection,
the
at
dry
season,
as
It is not
so
in America.
done
All
to
training"
filled
that
and
effective
by oiling
or
swamp,
is often
marsh
ground
boggy
"
usefully employed
by clearing
do
generally
can
gang
lifted.
they begin
broom
undertaken
probable
or
sluggish
be
rocks,
the
of
most
by fillingit up
as
of
larvae, may
when
gradually
be
is
at
things required.
be
to
banks
the
in
use
must
ought
with
done
as
"
harbour
cannot
pools
the
are
Wells
cover
should
mosquitoes
generous
season
Marshes.
Gaol
the
the
larvae, and
of
Cementing
dry
bucket
on
grass
rains
prolificsources
become
to
in the
which
Torrents,
the
for
had
places.
shelter
sometimes
streams
the
and
Sedges
be
must
recourse
mosquito-proof
a
other
and
Gambia,
"
by
^When
"
periodical oiling.
to
grating
gauze
Streams.
but
protected
wire
Bathurst,
is rare,
and
clearing vegetation
to
Pools.
Drinking
j
larvae, which
contain
and
Pits
Washing
^
a
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
30
to
work
small
malaria
of
a
beginning:
a
measure
with
from
be.
a
few
months.
not
to
force
A
day
after
but
ends,
there
town.
will
great
counsels
is
single private
whole
day
The
form
with
means
whatever
it may
paper.
working
men
course
on
In
of
simply
available,
citizen
an
can
enter-
MOSQUITO
32
cal towns,
surface
up
its face
and
natives
wells
The
such
doings.
It is very
the
of
incompetent
made
filled up.
that
the
breeding places
of rank
quantity
in the
middle
vegetation.
is
and
proof
a
should
Efforts
See
places.
not
can-
of towns,
full of weeds
areas
set
to
clothes,
washing
management.
such
up
for
be
such
municipal
directly due
is
local
Young's
least
of their
possible
of
be
in
Paper
is often
far
paying
officers
high
that
that
who
will
quieter means
the
radical
a
citizens
Leading
principal home
large towns
condition
14.
to
larvae.
to
We
months,
cannot
may
be
obtain
the
be
allowed
which,
as
a
leaving
the
over
to
pools
write
to
matters.
made
themselves
by
to
It is monsti^ous
in the
in
places
the
It is
if they write
argued
destroy
but
supervising
ing
disgust-
fact, they often
merely
itation
san-
done,
in these
remain
of
to
ness
tidi-
for
reports.
attention
^As
"
and
improvements
breeding
time
continue
for
made
matter
of Larvx.
much
value
subject.
should
the
work
and
get
on
obliterate
spend
market
change
papers
the
tropical
tendency
available
money
salaries
generally
Destruction
it is better
than
in
the
a
cleanliness
getting
on
their
draw
show
in
part of the
the
on
the
to
of the
not
than
more
who"
time
attention
spent,
prevalent
nearly always
Much
towns.
sickness
mismanagement
to
These
authorities.
the
pay
of the
large proportion
towns
for
allow
ought
pipe water-supply,
a
may
a
ing
bank-
and
Appendix.
A
in
to
ill-kempt
clear
to
the
to
wrong
presence
owing
holes
government
cisterns
happen
found
digging
With
washing-pits
It will sometimes
of
local
constructed
and
easily be
fond
very
drains.
against
specially
most
are
BRIGADES
of
are.
paragraph
3
mosquitoes
destroying
the
with
oil
alone, and
yet
larvae
MOSQUITO
find
that
adult
after
insects
the
living in
indeed
of
area,
long, thoroughly,
will
destruction
end
but
the
and
in
result
the
the
end
breeding places
will
do
with
harm
no
which
"
of their
course
washing,
and
destruction
of the
Numerous
"
such
poisons
or
if
will
chemical
with
those
which
better
most
in the
of
be
effective
of them
be
for
the
those
just
for
drinking,
use
it is often
ferred
re-
impossible
fall back
must
have
of
the
to
larvae.
to
upon
always
pools
not
away
required,
against larvae
become
once.
unless
dangerous,
chemical
introduced
which
be
and
efforts
find
the
living
same
poisoned
are
had, therefore,
Moreover,
concentrated
inasmuch
;
their
often
can
larvae;
eat
It is much
which
and
do
that
we
them.
Waters
at
be
it is evident
with
suggested
Fish, tadpoles,
animals
other
cannot
been
of many
fish, and
successful, since
poisons.
drained
in
met
in the
employed
as
it
are
workmen
such
destruction
inimical
same
are
they
the
of water
introduced,
are
ing
obliterat-
is in progress,
men
places,
beetles, and
always
not
larvae
are
they
;
larvae.
but, unfortunately, they
even
by
by special
introduction
of
made)
permanently,
more
superintendent
substances
kinds
some
either
some
means
the
as
nately
(unfortu-
area
wherever
larvae
collections
the
if the
mosquitoes
thoroughly
work
other
irrigation purposes,
all, and
at
in
namely,
to,
or
velop.
de-
themselves.
done
work,
Indeed
purpose.
drain
be
can
larvae
economically, by
more
destroy
to
been
the
considerable
a
that
obtained
the
while
Nevertheless,
over
in
never
be
can
out
fresh
by
certain, that
not
reduced
has
probably
that
persistently, the
and
vastly
experiment
same
carried
be
by being
the
if
laid
are
eggs
houses, and
probable,
work
33
fresh
operation
every
It is
BRIGADES
few
;
as
poisons
and
children
then
and
MOSQUITO
34
suffer
cattle
may
wished
to
find
from
ideal
an
be
which
dissolves
some
well-meant
our
solid
should
BRIGADES
or
solution, destroys larvae without
of
surface
the
What
animals.
higher
whole
a
It is very
have
we
larvae, such
kill
have
that
possible
proved
On
the
Any
those
larvae
both
(paraffinor
kerosene
A
crude
effective.
Strachan
mechanical,
The
whole
oil
The
a
*
as
regards
differ
rapidity with
which
soluble
Agra,
British
informs
Medical
Journal^
is very
that
that
vol.
be
an
well.
the
hour.
regards
these
refrain
from
superintendent
oils in
film
the
local
spreads depends
in
the
mostly
over
for
I
the
the
lyptus
euca-
equally
as
cheapest
1901,
oil
to
much
oil
commonly
lasts
which
of
tubes.
lamp
spreads
constituent
me
surface
most
serve
the
to
up
refined
which
name;
the
have
recommend
price)
by
these
the
on
seems
so
for himself
slightly
of
oil
chemicals
furnace
fancy,
and
water,
ones
blast
film
a
of
best
examine
market.
Hankin,
also
the
specifying
should
the
samples
points (and
upon
of
surface
Different
produce
must
I
but
are
action
oils would,
many
so.
tunately
unfor-
breathing
and
Battye*
the
since
oil, and,
or
Casagrandi
and
film
creosote
and
keep
simply by
Many
their
petroleum
called
could
we
larvacide
best
choking
product
waste
injuring
exists, but
it.
thin
a
weak
practical work.
the
oil),and
in
of
It
cheap,
in six months
Celli
in
forms
by
is
larvae
{see Bibliography);
oil which
Rock-oils,
used.
which
on
disappointing
destroys
water
from
substance
a
whole, oil remains
present.
be if
yet discovered
experimented
hitherto
when
it, once
over
such
not
as
which,
free
town
scattering a cheap powder
which
it would
long
larvae.
mosquito
being capable
boon
a
I have
powder
and
slowly,
very
for
poison
substance
zeal.
the
addition
II., page
929.
oil.
of
Mr.
amyl
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
ajcohol
greatly expedites
is very
necessary
the
between
film
of the
its
depends
a
the
more
while
refined
quickly,
spread
spreads quickly
lethal
by
; blast
I
and
me,
oils are,
we
called
it is desired
or
drinking
The
poured
is
mode
of
a
kill the
similar
scarcely worth
sense
chief
thing
larvae, and
should
find
can
to
out
hours
larvae
after
just
as
such
use
merely
to
It is not
an
are
**
of
the
make
and
flavour.
Oil
well
when
as
the
it
by
water
stick.
a
to
them
manner
which
as
; but
man
any
to
of oil has
as
been
they
Thekill
the-
as
if it
a
pool!
looks
returning
on
happy
writers
for himself.
a
film
by
here,
"
oil in
unusual,
of
cisterns
importance.
as
referred
a
the
of
fine kerosene
or
over
wrinkles
application
numerous
of
spread
discussing
is to
kill them.
end
details
while
do
not
the
to
wells
''painted"
or
when
in which
water
disagreeable
a
crude
pollution
in
is often
not
ones.
but
use;
Thus,
larvae
tried
crude
water,
to
without
imparting
does
The
refined
other
or
is also
samples
is waste
indicated.
application
tied
rag
the
best
be very
well, and
of the
;
creosote
to
samples.
the
are
ally
gener-
kerosene,
as
seem
lasts
treated
larvae
are
slowly often
in
of
it is
the
oils
not
and
for weeks
Crude
than
drinking
without
water
Numerous
some
with
sprinkled violently,
means
of
be
such
does
cheaper
film
oil will
eucalyptus
petroleum
sooner.
and
tion
dura-
of oil used
last
it
its way
The
may
experience
destroy
evaporating
water,
which
for other
to
deal
to
crude
spreads
much
durable
to
Heavy
long, but
answer
water
a
amount
one
from
speak
the
making
are
oil
cannot
Where
oils
lasts
of course,
the
evaporate
and
makes
which
lamp-petroleums,
but
furnace
lethal.
very
film, but
slow
film ; and
of water-weeds.
upon
rapidity of evaporation.
makes
film
a
leaves
and
of the
formation
obtain
to
stalks
the
35
to
made,
were
to
find
before.
I
last to
come
larvae
when
"
out
out
the
puddles
After
the
the
on
all,the broom
hands
shower
of
into
rain,
innumerable
and
available
man
dashed
and
in
After
the
the
chance
some
employed,
of muslin
15.
have
the
to
water
return.
been
here
and
Every
the
and
inhabitants,
the
into
swollen
generation wiped
out
nets
the
of water
have
the
adult
lay
properly drained,
there
that
their
eggs
drainage
catch
to
as
"
of Adults.
observed
to
has
neither
gauze
Destruction
I presume
find
town
possible
be
wire
house,
whole
required
where
it may
often
a
the
on
for removing
of water.
cases
or
collections
of
of the
area
collections
In
delicate
for
work.
will still be
broom
its
seething
weapon,
soil,or swept
"
remain
broom.
primeval
with
heated
watercourses
hours'
few
a
the
on
the
of
up
brightly, and
normally
triumph
isolated
breaking
out
lie
weapon
an
are
comes
mosquitoes,
puddle,
every
sun
this
deadly
rains
small
broom.
a
After
gang.
them
for
;
with
most
would
with
is armed
out
of
the
comes
of
contents
the
which
legions
breed
then
gutters
when
;
the
perish
empty
earth
out
continuous
puddles,
ground,
are
Anopheles
when
or
them
them
quickly
of water,
perhaps
is
the
of
single showers
weeks
brush
destroying
by emptying
absorbent
on
of
way
they
vessels
or
ground,
is
where
"
For
gravel patch
a
that
and
ground
dry
cheapest
and
best
raining).
it is
on
the
practicable;
upon
(unless
in
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
36
As
"
fact
in
very
living
wander
or
to
can
by
in wells.
in
after
soon
from
the
away
drink, and
be
means
already mentioned,
removed
insects
larvae
example
that
been
they
for
the
oil
nor
the
all
vicinity
appear.
dis-
rooms
elsewhere
then
I
to
forget
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
rank
Removing
down
close
trees
'*
well-kept
Towns
(in the tropics)houses
of
full
gardens
in the
long
I do
that
think
of
number
exist
In
dealing
is to
done
adults
the
taken
time
better
in
some
yellow
mosquitoes,
many
of
insects
walls
; or
bottles
insects
be
can
be
can
them
over
it may
easily killed
when
in
windows
and
first
burning
ate
moder-
a
that, if
may
thing
b^
to
Attempts
to
kill
thej
generally be.
in houses
be
safely
germs
are
is that
nets,
seated.
of
But
insecticide
some
or
closing
that
assumed
diseases.
they
as
destroy
to
of these
by hand
with
infected
necessary
butterfly
they
frequently adopted
most
the
contain
caught
hand,
larvae.
notably
because
other
shows
will
attempts
the
rank
profitable, because
malaria, it becomes
adult
The
such
like.
vegetation.
then, the
rule, be
however,
or
the
a
attacking
cases,
fever
as
fertile
bush,
to
I
and
mosquitoes
breeding-grounds.
making
in
spent
In
not,
the
objection
much
to
open,
the
and
experience
mosquitoes
the
will
and
;
proximity
with
remove
On
carefully excluded,
are
in
even
trees
an
by
little
as
possible.
is much
there
in
surrounded
contain
as
grass
large
breeding-waters
not
should
tropics
the
distance;
a
irrigation pools,
cisterns,
vegetation, and
not
at
pots
flower-
towards
situated
trees
cutting
away
assist
to
be
to
with
compound,*'
dislike
always
often
seem
houses
prefer
I
result.
same
taking
and
windows,
verandahs,
the
from
the
house,
the
round
vegetation
to
37
sit
on
the
by placing
the
the
method
and
doors
substance
in the
house.
Numerous
the
destruction
in
conservatories,
gardeners
insecticides
patent
and
of
green-fly and
and
chemists.
can
When
are
other
usually
these
in
common
use
for
pests by fumigation
be
are
obtained
not
from
locally pro-
38
curable,
The
we
MOSQUITO
BRIGADES
burn
sulphur, tobacco,
may
sulphur
is put
water,
and
damp,
brown
paper
lighted.
The
and
they
the
window-sills
mosquitoes
be
the
of
they
in
bath
a
from
mosquitoes
to
whether
see
not
by
given
attire whole
to
cap-a-pie
with
generals
when
armies
example
their
on
the
on
tropics at
Celli*s
(Eyre's translation),pages
203,
and
sat
is
have
them
down
them
to
in
the
attempt
to
of
means
hands
march
in
mosquitoes
veils
; and
to
read
we
in the
the
are
same
the
their
round
the
in
a
photographs
see
green
of
custom
a
by
We
hunt
to
particularly
fact, mosquitoes
According
312.
much
previous practical
sage
heroic
tropics.
least, mosquitoes
Malaria
310,
have
This
caparison
to
and
time
no
hopeless
by light.*
tively
effec-
published,
who
of
be
against
discover
it is
forth
frequently
insects.
who
cannot
matter
a
going
is that, in the
for
as
gloves
to
that
any
writers
tions
opera-
measures
were
attracting
attracted
armed
thick
and
I advise
1898
these
therefore
general
Thus
persons.
philosophers
See
the
houses
mosquitoes.
when
of other
repelled and
of
Italian
bright light,because,
*
of coarse,
obtained
natives
cannot
by people
certain
facts
Gampagna,
of
habits
destroy mosquitoes
fact
be
such
subject without
the
on
with
imagining
advice
to
of
and
written
of the
knowledge
hats
standing
killingthe winged
in
been
books
of
tin
examined
houses
researches
has
works
be
must
contemplated,
are
my
nonsense
case
shreds
experiment
short, where
In
wasted
Since
the
has
the
glass windows,
closed.
make
large
a
quite impossible, because
no
money
After
majority
are
possess
in
with
of
basin
a
really dead.
are
In
mixed
pyrethrum
burnt.
the
on
is put
in
pot, placed
strong
a
lighted. Tobacco
chemists, and
found
in
pyrethrum.
or
The
rarely bite
New
Researches
MOSQUITO
40
adequate
by law,
powers
the
representation to
if
especially
I said
As
the
After
of the
the
and
estimated
As
One
thing
be
can
be
Anopheles
the
will
of
the
municipal engineer
officer.
Finally, it
business
will
should
Culex
just
allow
be
more.
If
and
quiet
opposition.
make
that,
begun,
once
local
ning;
begin-
a
intelligence
town
under
the
paid
public
for
to
happy
dozen
it is
only
difficult
of
to
of affairs.
ought
more
keep
to
make
to
required
men
to
rainfall, the
drainage system
employed.
upon
certain
it in
drainage system
no
:
repair.
the
become
; and
it should
be
supervision
hoped
that
hands
of
that
the
the
by voluntary
say
This
tenance
main-
permanent
directed
of the
whole
last
if possible the
a
services
constant
end,
have
straightened
state
men
bulk
the
the
be
the
necessary
require the
the
is to
be
depend
as
however,
still
the
its
gutters
this
keep
to
into
recommend,
gang
to
fall
and
completed,
will
a
the
not
will, in
gang
the
the
number
will
of
gang
gang
work
of
is to
the
but
;
the
This
which
made
12,
accepted
maintenance
a
Culex
perfection
may
the
do
been
it
up,
regarding
the
soil, and
has
paragraph
Anopheles,
exclude
the
more
unless
maintain
to
free of
estimate
an
As
nature
removed,
filled
men
in
houses
S,ooD
tins
pits
enough
required.
par.
and
pots
vocated
ad-
remove
to
a
dropped,
original work
the
old
employ
of
below
much
such
is of
not
are
government
soon
great thing
be
likely to
is very
out,
work
to
Friendly
generally suffice,
value
it up
will
papers
will
measures
and
take
to
created.
be
sense
begin
before, the
and
it is not
seldom
the
influential
to
be
costly
refractory, petitions
remains
letters
that
and
will
see
will
municipality
it
to
indeed
were
powers
such
begin
citizens
and
sweeping
and
"
BRIGADES
health
of
the
official.
I
permanent
contributions
in the
by
matter.
"
MOSQUITO
who
Those
than
more
Britain,
of
passers
by.
within
will
most
find
myriads
backyards
civilized
in
has
in
up
; and
Lagos
and
the
in
in
noting
Havana
city
prohibiting
order
have
of
to
and
to
now
ones.
Sierra
Leone
already
taken
;
it
consolation
has
mayor
standing
unless
limits,
city
the
"
time
hard
as
it is
the
even
that
keeping
the
English
in
has
ally
gradu-
streets
as
in
campaign
we
report
the
the
within
tropics,
government
official
an
the
the
in
windows
of
out
begun
latter
the
in
only
just
be
bred
drains
sewage
Similarly,
it will
being
towns
poured
enterprise
but
when
arrive
mosquitoes
slops being
Private
an
of
control.
the
on
has
and
of
civilized
windows
of
enterprise,
municipal
assuredly
the
of
mode
in
employment
by private
usual
the
much
not
householders
out
The
tion
consumma-
that
since
by
them
pleasant
a
remember
passed
adopted
empty
come
find
has
to
inaugurated
was
of
slops,
was
should
century
a
of
disposal
head
reached
41
such
of
despair
may
beiYig
ever
BRIGADES
issued
water
made
where
any-
mosquito
proof."*
If
and
have
I
by
means
kind
of
is the
best
*
Report
Governor,
way
only
enterprise
I
because
beginning
it ;
leads,
public
enterprise
of
Statistics
of
Sir
encouragement.
Vital
Charles
King
Harman,
in
space
private
it is
of
much
so
which
warfare,
enterprise
and
spent
Havana,
has
discussing
the
begin
this
can
and
given
will
and
must
May
where
that
In
1901.
us
every
novel
that
convinced
am
ways
this
private
follow.
Sierra
possible
Leone,
the
assistance
MOSQUITO
42
BRIGADES
SUMMARY,
of
17. Summary
(i).We
any
to
deal
in its suburbs,
(2).We
do
much
town.
aim
only
do
aim
at
(4). We
in the
think
not
dealing
in which
town
of every
rid
number
mosquito
of the
insects
as
(i). We
with
otherwise
or
town.
possible.
as
many
from
town
which
miles
preventing
Methods
work
at
just
may
away.
the insects
breeding
:
"
whatever
with
once
means
we
together.
operate
(3).We
clear
the
tubs
how
people
to
outwards.
centre
a
backyards,
and
in them
larvae
show
from
houses,
empty
gauze.
drain
to
mosquitoes
of
(2). We
and
as
the
ourselves
start
scrape
(4). We
possible
in the
with
into
Summary
rubbish;
it
itself.
town
destroy
in
mosquitoes
in the
get
the
exclude
blown
content
i8.
them
to
reducing
at
cannot
possibly be
We
with
propose
breeding place
every
We
exterminate
possible.
as
treat
not
in this
(3).We
wire
only
propose
We
"
to
propose
livey and
even
can
not
:
continent.
entire
We
we
do
Objects
cisterns
by
how
protect tubs
gardens
containing
of
larvae,
all
or
of oil.
means
to
and
do
and
these
things
cisterns
by
for
selves,
them-
means
of
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
(5). When
deal
to
have
we
with,
(6). We
fill up
wells, and
cleared
clear
we
drain
or
puddles
we
as
many
them
over
houses
as
again.
pools, ditches,
especially those
"
mine
deter-
we
and
again
all the
away
can
43
which
old
contain
larvae.
most
(7). Such
pools
cleared
and
deepened
(8). Streams
and
be
cannot
as
of weeds,
water
if
filled
up
they
contain
which
courses
drained
or
are
larvae.
larvae
possess
are
"trained."
(9). Where
periodically
or
by other
we
with
and
of
gang
destroy the larvae
we
them
by brushing
oil,or
endeavour
to
men
interest
to
educate
the
for
purpose
the
our
into
town
free
absolutely
gardens
else
with
out
brooms,
means.
(10). We
work,
nothing
do
can
of
of
neighbours
maintaining
the
keeping
stagnant,
in
the
special
a
and
streets
mosquito-bearing
water.
Motto.
19.
will
shortly
namely
Our
"
should
motto
the
become
first
be
law
of
Water.
Stagnant
REMARKS.
MISCELLANEOUS
make
Where
general
some
of
less
the
because
he
has
to
remarks
be
to
than
moment
reader
Mosquito
start
left them
first learnt
proposed
to
not
I have
are
tropical sanitation,
"
No
20.
I think
which
one
will
not
exactly
done.
concerning
the
last, not
those
be
the
scope
matters
of
because
the
already
able
I
Brigades."
dealt
now
ance.
importmatters
with, but
to
consider
them
and
nature
of the
until
work
MOSQUITO
44
In
first
the
localities
certain
commence
a
mainly
The
are
of labour
to
at
drainage
for
example
farm, situated
forest.
In
windows
in the
such
and
cisterns
and
isolated
houses
be
direct
to
pay
leave
also
Towns
and
small
present,
and
them.
unless
than
one
forward
(4).
to
be
be
waste
permanent
of time
that
and
towns
we
Travellers
is
and
will
will
in
most
provide
the
money
Unless
the
scarcely
no
one
will be
no
one
generally
their
present,
are
be
marked
more
to
the
it is
Europeans
there
shall
at
drain
the
to
of the
even
there
villages to
is
to
breeding
gangs
observe
labour
cheaper
of course,
Unless
can
"
or
mosquito-nettings.
place
we
much
a
Camps.
to
under
place
second
fear
there
civilisation
comes
in the
first
take
tropical
screens
from
premises,
"
in the
I
native
much
gauze
Villages,
house;
be
larvae
sleep
of the
cost
of dense
time,
Culex
to
the
plenty
unprofitable
or
villages,mosquito
; because
and
wire
where
railway station,
a
same
back
and
;
them,
for
the
be
The
of
generally
the
prevent
in
in towns
possible
to
to
tubs
(3).Native
present
At
doors.
always possible
value
building by
field.
have
we
generally
of marshes
it will
tions,
habita-
dry country,
a
rest-house,
midst
cases
whole
the
protect
are
expense
of the
beasts
houses.
the
exceed
the
far from
unless
or
isolated
travellers'
a
in
it will
round
often
may
of the
breeding pools,
drain
to
attempt
to
go
country
Except
"
command,
our
cannot
open
comfort
Houses,
few
very
We
"
of
tracts
for the
(2). Isolated
'these
"
Open Country.
merely
are
profitable to
enemies,
winged
our
be
scarcely
there
:
draining large
there
it will
against
war
that
understand
must
we
in which
follows
as
(i).
of
place,
BRIGADES
or
have
fate
to
for the
advance
unless
of
some
required.
camp
is intended
abundant,
it will
surrounding
area.
generally
MOSQUITO
Where
21.
is abundant,
labour
and
Mines,
these
Considering
just
great when
as
when
as
the
it
house;
in
Hence
we
the
for
relative
so
points
active
measures
Lastly,
it will
of
of the
year.
In
to
to
ground
into
first
only
protect
a
case
one
thousand.
rule:
general
be
house
one
protect
the greater
The
"
the
consideration
locality,the
sity
neces-
the
are
of industrial
presence
soldiers, railway centres,
suffer
severely
more
from
malaria
therefore
and
usually do,
demand
against mosquitoes.
generally
mosquitoes
deciding
campaign
order
The
may
the
in
it
agc^inst
candle.
contains
But
governments,
adults
more
the
country
of
following
taken
men
native
which
campaign
a
mile
that
observe
mile
order
in
of the
White
get rid
bers.
num-
the
in
the
be
to
than
to
in any
is worth
square
case
importance
on.
men
against mosquitoes.
institutions,
and
game
incurred
at
start
density of the population
measures
Other
shall
thousand.
a
second
arrive
to
square
that
be
will
the
greater
a
contains
expense
white
Towns,
the
draining
live
men
principles, we
wherever
of
white
advisable
be
generally
expense
labour
and
where
Farms
and
few
are
live.
men
where
Especially Large
mosquitoes
pools
is abundant.
(3). All Settlements
will
Brigades.
the
white
where
(2). Plantations,
live
where
Houses
and
45
Mosquito
start
to
(1). Isolated
BRIGADES
is
be
in
a
much
the
for
a
advisability
against mosquitoes,
easy
and
dry locality than
water-logged
upon
more
we
must
cheap
in
considerable
of
in
one
part
inaugurating
be
guided
by
a
the
following principles:
"
(i).
The
effortshould
always
be made
in every
town
of
MOSQUITO
46
importance,
if
count
can
we
in
with
will
do
(2). In
isolated
good
small
there
are
are
few
and
are
available,
better
conditions
other
I must
Finally,
the
in
smallest
and
exist
not
the
pools
sufficient
be
do
conditions.
where
where
can
started
it
funds
at
once.
often
may
be
against Mosquito-borne
this
; and
it is my
where
if
in number,
Diseases.
only enough
Three
"
namely,
In
all,the
The
same.
which
from
*
We
be
to
are
blood,* and
patient by
this
by
really due
a
inference
the
to
no
on
only in the
worst
place
ceeding
suc-
in the
reduced
the
be
carried
job.
by
fever, and
mosquito
small
exist
case
titled
en-
Mosquito-Borae
of
quitoes,
mos-
yellow
acts
is the
parasiticorganisms
which, when
mosquito,
quately
ade-
not
greatly
is spent
known
in which
manner
is
Preventing
are
but
are
"
ex-
actually
now
very
elephantiasis, malarial
live in the
know
of
the
of the
one
there
money
diseases
diseases
a
that
cannot
Methods
Other
is
experiment
mosquitoes
Until
failed, we
in
it is impossible
anywhere
perfunctorily,
Indeed,
opinion
that
mosquitoes
has
and
idea
locality.
not
"
idea.
the
places, Freetown,
22.
tried
"
entertain
to
of
number
water-logged
been
the
against
persistently
and
sucked
the
local
men,
and
measures
the
most
has
periment
fever.
because
people.
by
brigade
protest
reduce
to
world
even
(paragraph 22).
disease
even
of
guided
with,
mosquito
adopt
to
and
area,
number
white
easily dealt
these
Where
be
numerous
a
insects,
villages,plantations, mines,
must
we
the
completely;
populated
large
a
towns,
houses,
Where
them
to
because
difficulties
;
greatly reducing
on
densely
a
the
great
exterminate
dealing
effort
least
at
cannot
we
how
matter
no
BRIGADES
the
in the
blood
insect
yellow fever.
Is
for
of
like
something
ought
The
to
one
diseases
rich
and
will
due
annoyance
poor,
guard
them
the
condition
(4)that
;
by private
even
apathy
of the
to
appreciable
any
it
the
healthy,
themselves
of
doors
wire-gauze
house,
a
the
The
Europeans.
net
from
costs
house,
even
five to
about
of
use
a
not
pounds
per
the
population,
not
afford
be
such
compelled
not
be
when
at
to
(4) that
in
their
they
least
much
be
own
visit
who
houses
less
of
by many
people
the
those
scrupulously
will
careful
be
apt
neighbors
to
;
ployment
em-
and
for
mosquitofit
to
whole
a
would
the
cost
constant
India,
the
under
bulk
vast
of
tropics, could
people
measures,
the
a
m
in the
quito-nets
mos-
punkahs
screens
(2)that
as
of
windows
; and
town
for the
use
while
even
put
mosquitoes
of
use
more
;
any
adopt these
the
the
or
operations.
(i) that
obtained,
annum
in
even
the
wire-gauze
or
be
secure,
all
are
luxuries; (3) that,
attempted
them;
bites
pounds,
of the
shillings;
with
one,
prejudices
will not
more
to
possible
twenty
could
punkah
twelve
about
to
small
ten
be
to
disadvantages
ten
a
if
municipality,
scrupulous
screens
and
necessitate
wholesome
the
(supposing
demands
alone)
constant
of mosquitoes^ both
bites
during sleep, and,
of
the
moreover,
account
on
the
left
are
who,
the
and
of
regardless
expense
against
and
by
tary
its sani-
to
it will
effected
householders,
Protection
(3) that
of
area
mosquito-borne
from
clean
persons,
the
addition
generally
be
can
in
people
insects;
a
all
from
(2) that,
in
num
an-
it will protect
living within
it will preserve
to
(i) that
are
and
being kept
town
sick
measure
simultaneously;
advantages,
per
expenses.
of the
advantages
operations,
the
these
house
shillingsper
two
or
cover
all persons,
or
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
48
legally
cannot
latter will
who
avoid
become
(5) that
simply
afford
can
mosquitoinfected
nets
and
MOSQUITO
will
screens
will be
certainly be frequently
disputes
constant
which
to
as
shall
supply
nets
check
and
screens
recommended
in
parasites
they
j"atients,and
healthy
of
taken
regularly
medical
disease
within
all the
patients
for
given
that
adults
arie
be
force
to
and
we
*
In
seldom
the
1 1
to
"^pQ
spend
provide
to
Since
himself.
tenants
will
am
a
not
be
a
wire
houses
found
informed
year.
4
Hence
screens.
are
willing
that
on
penny
in
rent
their
generally
to
incur
Lagos
the
the
their
taken
houses
the
it is impossible
(5)
destroy filariae;
rich
will
will
the
in
people
quinine.
from
and
tenant
by
(quinine)
law
refuse
or
property,
providing
itself
of
fever
the
of
say,
prophylactic drug,
any
nine-tenths
Europeans
treat
of the
many
cost
the
of,
town
British
take
yellow
to
drug
absolutely
cure
tropics, most
to
care
induced
would
the
Under
to
that
sure
colony
does
Quinine
(4)
people
be
may
British
any
great. f
very
and
necessary
and
are
under
out
children
the
quinine
stamp
a
month
natives,
generally
not
have
to
or
who
do
this
quarter,
cost.
animal
;
is not
months
(3) In
Freetown,
time
same
of
to
be
area.
staff
medical
order
half the
in
as
the
four
from
advantage
treatment
or
even
infect
turn
double
doses
it would
of the
infected
at
large
three
area,
within
the
disease
(2) In
inhabitants, where
requisite
so
one
Anopheles^
their
in
(i) The
least
at
infected,
are
the
is
become
has
the
advice.
a
tenant
destruction
the
not
unless
30,000
would
do
drawbacks,
skilled
the
longer
method
successful
be
likely to
there
which
malaria
that
so
;
no
preventing
many
and
breezes
tke
namely,
This
and
it has
cooling
consequently
persons.
curing
but
KocH,
in. swarms,
exist
house-owner
controlling
by quinine
man
(6)that
;
mosquito-screens ;* (7) that
the
for
by
left open
between
the
49
climates.
method
Another
if
hot
in very
necessary
BRIGADES
quinine
bill
alone
will
amount
be
for
few
MOSQUITO
50
hence
this
three
the
BRIGADES
would
method
Segregation of Europeans
The
diseases.
Indian
they
is
stations
live
is
will protect
other
for business
be
fail to
far the
only
of
that
will
known
for
partial and
They
the
of
authorities
without
prejudices
of the
these
very
generally
think
*
that
In
West
believes
I
am
Africa
acquired by Europeans
to
right
it
is
in the
other
saying
that
probable
that
many
houses
natives.
of
by
probably
the
fatal
be
has
malaria
in the
stre
more
long
defect
:
undertaken
run.
while
by
wishes, convictions,
methods
at
of
Verbum
quinine,
until the
present,
the
worst
sat
or
Now
in
and
public
disease.
cause
the
depend
must
to
for
in towns;
methods
resorted
mosquitoes
in
presents
Mosquito-nets,
generally
least, the
large scale
a
almost
the
that
scarcely
practicable
expensive
reference
be
found
other
can
quantities.
will not
segregation
The
mosquitoes
the
shall
drainage against
one
public,
into
difficult
at
is, indeed,
on
more
moreover,
extirpation
upon
much
then
very
which
measure
disease
of
it
;
going
large towns,
It
generations.
probably
possess,
carefully we
for
effect
good
be
cost
; and
from
often
ultimately
be
large
a
measure.
is the
reducing mosquito-borne
been
this
advantages.
and, in fact, the
refrain
that
necessitate
segregated
are
remarks
mosquitoes
which
at
It will
adopt
these
greatest
one
town.*
convinced
extirpation
who
fact
cantonments.
cases
many
settlements
absolutely
to
men
in
in most
the
to
all
regards
British
in separate
will
persons
the
study
we
the
persons
parts of
If
fresh
of
only
if such
only
natives
mended,
recom-
as
the
due
largely
measure
one
enjoyed by
segregation
construction
last
excellent
probably
the
the
is
an
health
from
apart
Unfortunately
the
evidently
good
of
out
one
diseases.
mosquito-borne
and
against only
protect
I
spite of
infections
sapienti.
are
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
the
insects,
colonies
not
fiwtper
not
believe
complete
even
that
educated, and
will
prefer
to
us
take
that
for
perhaps
the
world
in the
the
the
conversion
in
on
which
**
risk
The
subject.*
pathology,
be
to
well
thousands
leads
the
taking
for
of
trouble,"
cranks
No
large scale,
a
public;
must
not
out
it
quito-borne
mos-
wait
for
general
adopt
without
executed
of
against
clear
to
must
covery,
dis-
people
still write
we
we
remember
civilised
wish
; if we
Let
JenNer's
after
century
a
of years.
scores
vaccination, and
of
it, while
be
can
**
to
so-called
the
of
the
of the
day.
which
measures
the
than
disease
natives, probably
themselves
imagine
tropical
our
prevails regarding
case
tenth
of the
for
of
diseases, probably
a
in
general personal prophylaxis against
any
disbelieve
press
heard
who
more
now,
As
the
given against
Europeans
thing.
ever
taking
**
example
even
been
peculiar apathy
surely prevent
mosquito-borne
such
which
people
of
even
has
ignorance
among
people
cent,
in any
mille
ontper
have
proofs that
overwhelming
51
deference
to
private opinions.
Of
where
course
^ble (paragraphs
in isolated
railway stations,
under
areas
as
measures
It is not
Such
above
at
least
such
can
to
is my
be
dilate
in West
specially
as
of
so
regards
on
companies,
on,
undertaken
experience
other
pitals,
barracks, hos-
as
and
further
profitr
rest-houses,
while
control
mines,
on
be
travellers'
as
the
under
areas
necessary
*
such
control,
large plantations,
given
will
planters' houses;
and
gaols, or
fallback
must
window-screens
buildings,
be
likely to
not
are
21), we
government
and
such
and
20
Wire-gauze
measures.
useful
operations
all
the
ously.
simultane-
these
Africa.
points.
MOSQUITO
52
intelligent reader
The
will
they do, then,
doubly
and
trebly
after
permit,
should
we
the
be
possible
that
employ
to
nets,
and
mosquitoes
Probable
single illness
followed
immediately
are
and
we
in
the
extirpate
not
of
Some
very
not
Italy.
disappear
or
in
with
given
the
practice
been
chiefly used
called
upon
to
deal
above
with
; but
such
a
less
have
of
some
and
been
and
writers
and
clude,
ex-
insects;
vigorous.
Measures
from
the
that
town
this
advocated
has
In
forget
that
a
sequent
sub-
disease
soon
as
by
on
of
consists
tropical sanitation.
civilised
always
immunity
given
;
account
other
fever
there
adopted
no
will
many
expect
may
mosquitoes
schemes
familiar
more
we
have
quinine
are
the
by
Hence
attacks.
*
but
Yellow
to
way
operations against
of Anti-Mosquito
Disease."
It is
persuaded
be
on
body cool, comfortable,
EfTect
doing
tropics mosquito-
Mosquito-nets
only stray mosquitoes,
be
should
the
least
drug.
always
former
two
been.
the
should
should
of
in this
made
if
make
at
"
way
of the
in the
and
that
brigades.
people
best
be
successful
have
may
Mdsquito-borhe
we
The
however
punkahs keep
will
The
segregation
practicable.
not
the
to
vendors
screens,
think
principle, and
Then, again, rich people
punkahs,
24.
Koch's
street
ourselves
mosquito
our
profit could
enough
abandoned,
and
started
malaria.
appoint
wire-gauze
wherever
be
of
because
measure.
one
I
please.
all
but
one
render
can
we
we
add
to
not
than
more
supplying quinine
to
expenses.
pay
further
out
practical advice,
for
if
have
we
employ
course,
secure
prevention
this would
is not
of
endeavour
arrangements^or
for
think
to
should
suffice
not
Where
funds
able
be
we
This
measures.
rule funds
a
as
that
stated
It is often
possible
will
himself.*
for
details
BRIGADES
as
actually
who
persons
Italy screens
in
the
intelligent people
tropics
as
live
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
GORGAS,
Major
that
reports
stamped
out
the
result
the
as
chief
the
where
Havana,
in
happened
53
has
disease
the
of
oAoei^
sanita^
been
cally
practi-
vigorous campaign
against mosquitoes.*
the
But
malarial
and
in which
ones,
removed
to
Britain.
very
is
who
will
to
die
in the
latter
two
of
case
not
of malaria
see
effect
under
several
have
malaria
campaign
such
as
labourers,
areas
and
newcomers
many
on
as
is
died).
vanish,
We
if
as
which
ought
to
concerned
"
Report
often
cease
have
for
to
town,
relapses
yellow
the
of
quitoes
mos-
Indeecf,*except
the
after
in
of
case
ation,
oper-
the
case
tiasis
elephan-
majority
of the
therefore, expect
Certainly
will
effect
an
by magic, immediately
against mosquitoes.
those
in the
not,
must
due
a
from
manifest
(that is, until
years
of
this action
marked
born
be
and
years,
in
extirpation
first.
children
likely to
that
elephantiasis
and
the
as
words, while
the
sudden
as
diseases
much
under
patients
produce
not
such
took
we
and
Hence
patient has
agents
other
malaria
once,
slowly.
more
will
the
at
malaria,
obvious, then, that
before
In
the
after
In
the
elephantiasis,and
from
suffer
out
much
It is
infected
became
lingering
disease
infective
the
all
destroy
after
time
by the parasite.
are
mosquito.
permanent
a
tiasis
elephan-
for years
alive
healthy climate,
malaria, long afterwards.
die out
the
a
completely
we
people
fever
on
long
a
will continue
of
for
caused
after
even
by
with
diseases
the
of introduction
Elephantiasis
mischief
these
Both
parasites remain
continue
relapses
different
somewhat
be
fever.
the
first moment
still
will
case
after
to
our
out-breaks,
bad
soldiers
and
fairlyabruptly, provided
that
occur
been
September,
among
properly
1901
"
dealt
^Appendix.
with
; but
from
suffer
to
their
weekly
will
be
this will not
it
reduced
malarious
have
been
number
oi
countries,
almost
all
of
fresh
of
fever
in such
Hence,
at
in
afford
malaria
by
in malarious
children
a
places
shall
we
by
measure
which
medical
Less
only
gauge
be
the
the
in
of
decrease
that
of the
the
by
even
this
that
against
good
method
native
blood,
show
can
the
employed
latter
discovered
we
The
number
The
children.
prove
the
ous
non-malari-
operations
method.
only
can
to
that
relapses.
to
from
KocH
our
In
effect
quitoes,
mos-
of the
ever,
how-
is one,
well-instructed
a
man.
methods
accurate
the
of
and
noting
in
For
that
of
they
the
the
the
have
before
latter
since
contracted
after
and
of
criterion
fresh
it
examined
their
the
the
examining
in
decrease
newcomers
operations
may
consist
children
spleens
necessary
area
able
be
exact
an
newcomers.
the
after
decreases
percentage
due
If, then,
preciably
ap-
adults
so
large percentage
very
birth.
after
resident
another;
the parasites of malaria
possess
nionths
few
a
the
judging
process.
are
reasonably expect
arrive
of
just given.
often
born
means
accurate
an
who
newly
excellent
an
can
but
fresh infections.
or
is
we
people
in
countries, and
will
these
in
localities,
infections
time
one
disease
mosquitoes
may
we
Of
theory;
reasons
the
as
of the
mosquito
the
in
infected
appearance
soon
as
' '
of fever.
go
for the
number,
in
parallel reduction
very
the
disproves
hand,
*'
this continuance
to
fair argument,
a
other
the
On
that
claim
will continue
residents
monthly
or
sceptics will point
course,
and
old
will still linger'on',
dnd
oldCiases
a
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
54
the
tions;
operain
infections
is, of
have
course,
not
arrival, because
disease
larged
en-
outside.
left
wise
other-
56
the
on
the
sudden
the
Of
proximity
the
mosquito
It may
be
now
that
of
I cannot
we
mosquitoes
; or
that
Suppose
if
give
are
infected
become
to
in
a
duplicate
ratio.
then, roughly,
;
the
of
number
bites
infected
persons,
among
the
turn,
because
to
persons
insects
the
bite.
in the
one-half.
of infected
formerly
was
as
In
remain,
insects
Hence,
will
many
the
case.
fact, we
may
will be
be
reduced
in
number
disease
will
thousand
in every
sand
thou-
infected
bites.
in the
locality
reduced
byone-
people
will
But,
since
be
find
fewer
the
number
reduced
perhaps
decrease
a
infected
will also
now
on
now
the
by biting previously
of
ultimately,
localitywill
persons
as
.the percentage
which
will be
infected
are
be
mosquitoes
also
estimate
every
one
will
people
by the
on
The
in
given locality one
?
statistics
in the
?
a
mosquitoes
an
decrease
ratio
a
of
expect
duplicate
themselves
mosquitoes
by
follow
to
actual
any
we
and, consequently, only half
;
lying
of diminution
attempt
the
as
by one-half, the mosquito
half
that
overlooked
number
a
in
reduce
we
found
expected
in
suffered
bites
Now,
ask,
is infective
mosquitoes
in the
ratio
diminish
be
perhaps
We
same
probably
be
percentage
may
yet
as
may
the
in
such
report
of water
and
house,
asked, what
priori grounds.
disease
to
pool
or
in
mosquitoes
generally
vessel
of reduction
but
point,
it will
disease
given percentage
the
of
warned
be
affected
guard against
gangs.
mosquito-borne
I regret
numbers
should
some
the
to
large
course
from
come
in
a
of
People
once.
insects
always, however,
must
appearance
houses.
at
cases
We
subject.
single
in
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
by
assume
to
mosquitoes,
reduced
infected
sons
per-
of infected
much
that
in its
more
the
one-quarter
"
than
number
that is,
MOSQUITO
in the
duplicate
one-tenth,
we
/ think
that
is it that
why
towns
must
surely
the
in
The
medical
which
extend
into
of money
from
;
of
out
obviously
public
Cuba,
In
disseminating
Hence
is at
action
Gorgas
Major
been
never
at
any
in
which
period,
mosquito;
and,
disinfection
results
to
be
this
of
local
lesist
September,
carried
this
last
also
these
on
the
"As
1901,
condition
150
known
February,
out
See
to
the
have
we
during
fact/^
in
above
that
all
the
commence
?
be
to
ordered
denied
and
inspectors,
proved
was
word
delay
to
of
the
mence
com-
toes.*
mosqui-
such
ous
vigor-
possible.
reports
time
a
of medical
extirpation
be
scarcely
can
by
of
heavy
a
than, without
staff
the
"
pendencie
tropical de-
indicated
fever
sanitary
our
to
mosquito
yellow
remedy
approximation
an
disease)
it
the
was
branches
and
directed
improvements
obvious
the
*
be
an
the
country
host
the
cannot
once,
possesses
in motion
set
moneys,
agent
the
hesitation,
be
engineers
sooner
no
the
sanitary
necessary
in
costs
it not
can
up
of the
it at
to
Britain
towns
which
why
oflScers, of
paid
that
why
cleaning
regarding mosquitoes.
of
small
very
asked,
province
sanitary machinery,
even
headquarters;
health
discoveries
machinery
a
"
and
attend
to
Government
and
possible.
it will be
lies in the
ought
of recent
view
Imperial
enormous
the
who
"
be
by private enterprise;
which
one
prevalence.
always
draining
as
commenced
is
matter
especially
or
be
ever
will
to
mosquito-borne
In conclusion,
"
measures
authorities
public
sum
reduction
of the
mosquitoes
part of its former
degree of
such
the
the
reduce
to
Sanitary Anarchy.
25.
of reduction
reduce
can
one-hundredth
this
57
percentage
hope
may
the
to
of the
ratio
Similarly, if we
mosquitoes.
disease
BRIGADES
This
years.
that
the
(the
yellow
Military
lines.
campaigns
I
at
New
fever, there
yellow
to
freedom
is
fever
first
the
Vork
our
in
during
year,
directed
the
very
has
from
by
conveyed
was
Governor
attribute
Havana
of
that
the
our
surprising
Appendix.
MOSQUITO
58
But
love
They
mosquitoes
British
this
period
in
has
control
to
of Manson'
been
s
this disease
and
yet saved
The
held
Lagos,
I doubt
the
country
rigorously
under
collectors, and
tax
affairs, and
thing
to
and
of
governments
is
statement
mainly true,
of
experience
the
head
obvious
most
sanitary
medical
thousands,
in the
"
our
of
executive
energetic
absence
unscientific
men
whom
of scope
Twenty
years
elapsed
tropical hospitals
in the
before
Laveran's
diagnosis
and
and
Imperial
our
that
defects
exist
many
able
disgusted
discovery
of
was
fever.
in
o{
death
recognition
treatment
the
ordinated
sub-
absolutely
so
are
or
sponsible
re-
even
life and
The
possess
powers
skilled
disgraceful
Gross
services.
they
for their
be
men.
these
is
years'
twenty
with
the
but
enforce
the
should
{e.g,^the
now)\
no
and
hard
a
seems
from
and
It
with
men
sanitation,
connection
in
are
public
for
is
direct
to
They
our
speak
There
vices
ser-
soldiers, lawyers,
of Africa
services.
scientific
to
I
and
concerned
matters,
medical
and
exceptions
are
Coast
empowered
teachings.^
its
This
it.
there
matter.
movements
and
scientific
about
West
authorities
manage
little
has
but, except
the
to
who
care
certainly
the
whether
all
means
theory
years;
of the
politicians
nothing
say,
three
thumb
of the
large scale by
a
am
during
badly organised.
very
I
whole
made
Imperial sanitary
the
believe
in the
attention
by
of whom
most
know
certainly
life
are
proved
mosquito-malaria
nearly
single
a
I
been
on
for
fact is that
of the
The
discovery.
Hong-Kong
effort
Manson
but
single spot
a
stuff.
pondering
on
go
since
years
single
a
fully established
have
in
in not
dominions
will
elephantiasis;
carry
that
right in saying
They
It is twenty
years.
of different
made
are
things.
ponder
to
for twenty
that
authorities
British
the
BRIGADES
also
ajid
by the
for
their
generally
used
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
services
while,
;
incapable,
the
by
their
and
it is
hopeless
for
from
the
it is for
that
I have
the
reason
work
present
It is
the
to
of
civilised
which
will
living
men
in
should
endeavour
only by
exertions
made
first part
*
A
connection
the
that
If
one
write
fear
to
only
matters
with
a
who
The
to
this
the
high
and
more
right
usual
what
speak
to
business
that
there
men,
frequently made
in
by
the
in
discoveries
recent
such
the
in
whose
people,
trouble
; but
for
of
real
acting
be
the
councils
and
to
fewer
of
I
countries.
Here
of
the
on
he
has
deny
their
must
matters
they
not
not
are
often
are
then,
seen
who
if
nected
con-
anywhere,
susceptibilitiesof
persons
remarks.
is, of
in
out
who
those
officials
our
has
or
will
have,
Sanitary
communities,
his
chairmen
Colonies,
but
poured
congenial
should
truth.
sanitation
being
as
who
one
sanitary matters,
on
regardless
bad
no
British
of
the
whole
out,
money
mayors
is
whole
of
all
at
injured by
given
more
write
to
welfare
rarely prevents
time
not
personal
own
indicated
to
some
capitals
thinks
he
death
excuse
taxpayers,
due
is
offend
some
to
upon
themselves
but
have
tropical sanitary organisation
called
entire
consider
may
But
the
has
man
of
even
life and
the
facts, and
prevention,
their
themselves
save
will
remarks
exactly
of
quito-borne
mos-
obtained.
of
feels
of
experienced
disease
is to
opposition
these
experience
truth.
opposition
mosquito-borne
shocking condition,
much
as
the
information
1 1 fear
I
by
these
by
manner
tion
sanita-
Sensible
persecuted
cause
but
the
tropics.
remember
the
in
book.f
of
the
making
scientific
the
deal
with
in
object
of this
great
the
in
and
only public opinion
the
are
agitation,
constant
action
private enterprise.
created
it is
which
further
to
of
in
should
diseases
concerted
has
and
sanitation
countries
anarchy
frequently appealed
so
which
countries;
enforce
of
to
of the
spite
public sanitary services;
initiative
alone
public opinion
in
condition
a
rise
to
congenial
so
rise
to
immediate
against mosquitoes
this
generally
apathy,
such
any
perfunctory,
most
seem
continue
Under
look
to
their
of
and
incapacity.*
gravest
officials
inertice
surroundings,
the
hand,
other
out-of-date
vis
mere
the
on
59
and
colonies.
of
want
course,
other
channels
regulate
the
lawyers,
and
Doctors,
municipalities.
of
funds.
less
useful
It
budget.
more
also,
is
doctors
should
be
6o
MOSQUITO
there
Fortunately
will
have
while
the
convince
begun
to
With
future.
reader
take
this
of
the
that
a
lively
combination
evidence
strong
now
attitude*
sanitation;
matter.
the
is
the
in
improvement
tropical
BRIGADES
of
a
towards
government
dedication
of
influential
interest
much
this
people
in
great
at
this
will
book
home
important
be
done
in
APPENDIX.
OF
HISTORY
1880
in
finally
the
enter
human
being
sick
the
from
proboscis
of
is
this
conjectured
also"
King
namely.
in
ANSON
the
that
The
in
malaria
these
human
the
by
mosquito,
into
return
to
the
convey
follows
as
fresh
a
from
parasites
:
mosquitoes
in
discovered
Laveran
"
Subsequently
1880.
in
did
parasites
in
Laveran
others
but
;
it
X884,
be
must
conjecture,
beyond
go
people
these
X883-4,
not
several
carry
and
1896,
scientists
;
but
fact
of
amplified
by
Zeitschrift
that,
Laveran,
fur
and
and
at
or
Bull,
Hygiene^
Bd.
Times
19th
Malaria
and
V
32,
MANSON,t
These
researches
in
were
James,
; Lord
1901.
Mosquitoes.
de
on
ment
state-
which
but
to
able
admirand
confirmed
and
Ziemann,
Van
Scheer,
Fernside,
British
the
of
execution
by
der
i/Af"?"Vf"?, 31st
LiSTER,
option
and
1898-9,
Annett,
to
no
the
Van
1899
boastful
based
was
Manson,
Academie
Sept.,
researches
a
me
in
importance
my
such
work
and
Daniels
de
by
leaves
my
of
which
mosquito
leading
simply
matter
of
group
mosquito-theory
of
make
this
misrepresentations
while
RuGE,
^
my
this
own.
NUTTALL,
1900;
t See
in
of
to
constant
Stephens,
HfiRLEKON,
See
the
my
KoCH
Christophers,
forced
LAVERAN
were
and
the
kind
facts
solely
am
that
also
of
it
I
of
the
other
of
life-history
proof
of
of
treated
add
hypothesis
completion
is
been
I must
so.
and
that
regret
has
public
the
;
obtained
were
the
the
regarding
determination
malaria,
I
1895-99.*
Dec.,
discovered
Low
patients
order
in
Koch
1883,
mosquito
first
connection,
*
in
facts
the
the
;
carries
do
of
simply
briefly
BiGNAMi
fundamental
parasites
the
and
covered
dis-
was
hypothesis.
most
this
blood
insect
that
in
1894,
understood
the
disease
independently
M
the
elephantiasis
James
1900,
mosquitoes
malaria
of
parasites
and
healthy.
of
story
In
ANSON.
that
MOSQUITOES.
mosquitoes
sucked
so
;
the
to
The
the
M
by
parasites,
the
that
between
connection
The
AGAINST
WAR
THE
Jan.,
Medical
and
1899;
many
KocH,
Journal^
8th
APPENDIX
62
NAMI,
and
which
I had
similar
in
by
the
three
of the
one
to
of these
impudent
most
trusted
be
I
me.
when
except
of the
of the
add
I must
persons,
especially
piracies on
works
in
parasites
rest,
last, constitute
and
record,
the
on
found
that, for the
the
of
Big-
{Anopheles),
in India, and
scientific
directlybased
important
most
mosquito
development
that
regret
a
898-9, Bastianelli,
malaria
carry
Italy the stages
previously described
writings
to
x
of the
the genus
previously proved
insects
In
parasites.
ascertained
Grassi
discovered
1897, MacCallum
In
of the
life-history
in the
fact
then.
since
others
of
little
are
reliable
more
observers.*
^^%2S(^\x\%yellow fever, FiNLAY,
that
hypothesis
been
disease
Agramonte,
by
persons,
died.
of
means
the
Attempts
soon
and
by
in the
again,J
over
advocated
towns,
and
Mr.
tion
of the
the
same
at
to
but
1899,
I
Sierra
Leone
to
make
a
with
the
of the
value
Leone
Sierra
*
in the
in the
July,
page
as
Policlinico, Rome,
York
Letter
1899.
1400
;
" Memoir
Medical
to Government
Also
British
Journal
II. of
had
we
regards
Quarterly Journal
his
by
of
i6th
great
May,
ist
^
30th
in
Dr.
my
Arnett
attacked
energy,
; but
whole
KoCH*s
he
munities.
com-
method,
clearly demonstrated
of 1900.
advisabilityof
impartially
marshalled
1901.
In
our
segrega-
by Nuttall,
See
also
my
letters
1901.
February,
of Arts,
persuading
cinchonising
Science^ May,
Journal
over
mosquitoes
with
1901.
India, partly published in Indian
Medical
of Society
the
1900,
in
of
question
thorough local^investiga-
the
been
and
of
experiment
mentioned
was
recommended,
went
Manson
of Microscopical
Record^
I
fever
the
employed
Campagna
priority have
Nov.,
of
Italians
; and
screens
latter
report
facts
The
t New
X
window
that
"
clothing
tropical possessions
German
the
attack
with
KoCH,
method
malarial
succeeding
in
Meantime
of the
extermination
without
in certain
in
to
though,
Simultaneously
together
the
in this manner,
means
discovery.
of
of
number
failed.f
infection
new
a
Reed,
days previously
bitten
by
it ;
another
recommended
the
in
the
fact has
Carroll,
more
was
necessary
principle
subject.J
question
all
of
once
light of
adopt
Austen
who
The
disease
or
persons
method
above,
to
countrymen
twelve
Lazear,
methods,
exact
the
fed
numerous
other
it became
determined,
prevention
infect
the
as
mosquitoes
of the
held
long
conveyed by mosquitoes.
inoculation
disease.
to
patients,and
As
direct
by
patientswith
on
is
has
Havana,
recently quite conclusively proved by Lazear,
and
of
the
of
July, 1899
November,
Liverpool Tropical School
;
Medical
Lancet^
1900,
1900.
publications, 1899.
Gazette^
vol.
11,
APPENDIX
64
to
standing uninhabited,
built
being
of
because
pulled down,
be
inhabitants
suffered.
For
authorities
I
made
extensive
with
to
prevention
the
collected
larvae
and
talis
I
history
and
civil
areas,
suggestions
as
and
from
and
developed
in
ity
captiv-
distinct
in different
From
measured
around
repeatedly
the
to
as
these
of
localities.
distinctlyand
information
cos-
species
breeding pools
had
nidus.
and
Anopheles
"
dozen
a
Anopheles
given
a
examined
varying
important
some
I have
distances,
range
chosen
with
rough
had
all
up
over
me
pools
and
pools
safe
in
had
in the
bogs
bogs
numerous
than
of
Anopheles
building
them
malarial
This
the
half
hills,and
an
Kong
City.
Three
years
ago,
malignant type
being
down
with
had
property
shrubs,
trees,
Hong
most
a
valuable
and
malaria)
assumed
having
grass
were
and
exist
rank
;
be
grass,
the
the
from
an
sanatorium
name
breeding
this
aggregate
lie hidden
like African
;
of
which
remedy, by destroying
vicinity of
with
bogs
of
notorious
others
immediate
these
more
of the
haunts
of dozens
discovery
yards
suggesting
preventing
the
the
the
distinctlylocalised
very
and
cause
in
and
around,
streams
hundred
the
out
In
around.
few
a
and
could
various
captured,
within
bush
nothing
the
were
acquired
acre,
of
there
Anopheles
pointing
of mud
fever
sent
closed.
above
instructive.
companies
two
hillside.
the
places
breeding
made
be
for
hillside
is most
carefullyexamining
adult
many
of
the
on
appearance,
breeding
their
accommodation
last company
to
deserted
SANATORIUM.
with
situated
presence
of the
cent,
After
the
nearly
malaria
building
this
the
to
grown
less
and
where
building,
of
most
this
the
and
abundant
are
MILITARY
quarters,
building
and
Anopheles
full details
officers*
(80 per
a
which
military
making
secured
various
THE
isolated
owing
the
from
having
maps.
An
The
and
considerable
over
and
cause
Anopheles
from
give
I.
and
gives
area
six, of which
sketch
of
districts
infected
an
of
the
of
itself
manifested
the
breeding pools
sinensis,
proportion
selected
twenty
of
varieties
localisation
The
various
Anopheles
the
Culex,
the
fever
under
experiments
mosquitoes
from
distinct
two
of
amount
months
out
unletable,
terraces
of malaria.
adult
from
Alike
the
six
finding
of
object
the
whole
fever
in the
swamp.
area
in
the
building
of not
hollows
of
These
APPENDIX
with
forming
and
subsequent
of the
main
building
four
The
officer
at
the
best
of mosquitoes.
life-history
with
I
ordinary teaspoon
an
the
Hyderabad
began by clearing the hillside,working
out
from
cutting and
this for
months.
distance
The
of 300
for
troops
is
remained
modern
the
outbreaks
sent
hospitalfrom
to
important
On
the
north
in
On
and
the
have
Mosquitoes
have
been
been
in the
conforms
malaria,
after
3.
A
with
as,
airy and
**
no
surface
The
kept
health
ing
the build-
the
on
sea,
The
Harbour.
of
stream
question
hollow
this
hill
sistent
per-
patients
extremely
an
have
round
by
of
the
police station
police,no
malaria.
Anopheles
the
among
native
the distribution
Thus
of
to
the
find
outbreak
one
of
of
breeding
Sakiwan.
KENNEDY
building,only opened
conveniences,
the
the
history
QUARTERS,
all modern
by
free from
been
unable
was
of larvae
cultivated
is the
reported
the
hills, I found
barracks.
population.
I
fields
building,
are
search,
the
hundreds
rice
**
to
of
were
of the
which
fevers
1,500
larvae
Unfortunately
5
the
the
the
yards
accurately
new
of two
is to be
area
continuous
in which
around
80
MEN'S
magnificent
district.
and
exhaustive
MARRIED
rooms
and
Anopheles
creepers
period
a
time, and
Kong
regularlycollected
villageof
Anopheles
pool
the almost
bogs
within
caught,
police or
Hong
to
village of Sakiwan,
Chinese
this
above
feet
side, iSoyards from
west
building,
by ordinary
the whole
building rendered
small
case
one
main
military authorities.
especiallyin
Anopheles^
Chinese,
and
contingent,
tangled
for
men
years
side, nestling in the
pools
numerous
this
the
to
one
two
200
Pass
and
and
full
me
BARRACKS.
situated
of fever
up
soldiers.
white
Northern
scooped
impenetrable undergrowth.
LYEMOON
building
commanding
least
the
the
drained
then
good during
by
2.
A
of at
the dense
inhabited
now
pools were
period
a
rigorously free from
has
yards occupied
and
bogs
draining, and
of the
troops
burning absolutely the undergrowth
a
80
having given
(General Gascoigne)
Indian
150
(Within
time.)
one
commanding
granted
for the
nidus
of
libertyand
we
larvae
Anopheles
around
vegetation
development
yards
"
luxuriant
the
65
builders
left
a
year
little
or
rubbish
ROAD.
ago
in
July.
malaria
no
and
The
in the
pools lying
66
APPENDIX
around
the
larvae
oi
house.
in
the
After
August.
hundreds
that
living in the
Note
time
what
have
before
began
of 73
under
10
record
to
under
Women's
50
per
; and
in
a
microscopic
cent.,
few
and
French
attacks
relinquish
mile
a
Madame
the
Musso
had
little
unable
was
old
the
found
site
of the
300
yards
further
malaria
discover
breeding
and
as
One
130,000
dols.
and
facts
the
on
house
sold
deaths
3
children
the
blood
conform
and
this
an
to
by
In
children
they
examination
while
is the
to
half
common.
150
by
strong
over
tinuous
con-
had
site about
careful
most
accurately
afford
for schools
almost
to
been
Anopheles,
As
MOUNT
for
has
occupied
hundreds.
private
children
therefrom, they
Fathers
by mosquitoes
was
,
the
by
travelled
finest
of the
building
building occupied
fever
west,
it would
5.
houses
crowded
were
another
to
in another
malaria,
and
distance
the
loss of life
\3irva.o(
the
in
three
the
bought property
remove
again,
;
one
around
there
in
children
of this
later, owing
years
and
;
and
them
Anopheles
loss
place
no
them
fever, of the
the
their
parasites.
ago
sad
the
old
or
to
years,
over
and
building occupied
present
have
I
the
from
opening
among
years
four
considerable
at
became
cases
were
POKFULAM.
which
of fever
Military Hospital
had
fore
be-
from
the
of
cent,
but
examined
gradually
of the
in
building.
I found
inhabitants
contained
sixteen
training colleges,
the
I had
unfortunately
examination
Fathers
the
per
and
selected
4.
The
33
and
no
and
driven
which
Then
six months
children
years
result.
were
developed
were
of
them
drained,
around
pools,
pools
attacks, and
within
and
women
best
in
and
in and
Anopheles
next
negative
the
until
the
around,
a
must
secured
were
the
feverish
patients,
out
took
streams
complained,
with
they
When
with
have
to
around
;
pools
There
examined
I
of 2,(i\A\.Anopheles
breeding pools they
months
when
streams
hundreds
were
building.
filled up
bush
in the
ponds
were
these
occurred.
December
of this
fiftyyards
surrounding
a
artificial
of these
one
within
Anopheles
Anopheles
then
In
in and
Madame
around
Musso
I
history extending
the
prevalence
evidence
presumptive
infected
of
area.
RICHMOND.
residences
something
in the
Colony, originallycosting
like 25,000
dols.
At
the
request
67
APPENDIX
of the
owner
I read
the
following
history
The
"
there
I
hardly expected
pool
within
that
you
the
and
the
owner
enhance
following
X7th, 1900,
results
malarial
the
of
have
the
of the
marked
We
made
results
our
the
this
at
yards
the
by
a
date
of the
civil
and
We
the
examined
under
^
50
of malaria
; 2
cent,
cases
of
and
cause
greatly
small
cost.
Kong,
ber
Novem-
gives
Thomson
the
of
prevalence
contain
and
40
the
that
of His
inquiring
there
into
to
the
two
important
marshy
and
larvae,
from
causation
Government
Anopheles.
important,
yards
the
of
abundant
instructions
recently.
around
places
most
Excellency
Excellency's
fever
attention
year
the
the
to
points
which
above
stream
:
(i)
even
within
are
matshed
the
the
From
80
occupied
referred
to
is
*
of
were
the
microscope
blood
often
children
found
the
from
police station.
*
per
the
prolific breeding ground.
village nearest
In
breeding
proved
(2)
His
purpose
that
police station,
permanent
C.
of
causation
with
direct
we
staff; and
The
would
Hong
John
in all directions
for
in the
and
of malarial
search
breeding pools
?
report, for the information
for the
matsheds
and
malaria,
which
cure
report, dated
the
accordance
Tai-po
search,
late
into
from
a
:
to
in
careful
and
that
to
a
saying
STATION.
YouNG
M.
prevalence
buildings
of
Tai-po
that
proceeded
from
single
a
in
separated by
comparatively
a
from
fullyjustifiedin promising
was
POLICE
J.
honour
at
localised.
so
fullyexplains why
immunity
effective
property
inquiry
an
at
Governor,
we
Drs.
free
I
and
property,
were
that
out
TAI-PO
this
sure
name."
this
comparative
and
extracts
by
fever
We
houses
of his
6.
the
other
permanent
value
that
I felt
hesitation
no
valence
pre-
vicinity,but
Anopheles
I have
of
yards
in
oi
fever-stricken
a
50
for years
a
the
The
had
immediate
building
larvae
fever, and
without
space,
the
to
house.
distinctlymarked
so
are
hundred
your
has
close
so
a
within
lived
inhabitants
effect
district
clear
a
of
be
not
is it that
Why
them
nearly
yards
could
for years
road
80
him
to
the
it alone
from
the
breeding pools in
find
to-day taken
I have
sent
report
buildings and
various
instructive, and
most
some
to
of the
me
gave
was
be
must
the
from
:
you
of malaria
that
this district, and
examined
I
the
cases
of
*
*
examined
benign type
we
and
3
*
malignant,
parasites
and
while
APPENDIX
.68
all five children
pheles feeding
disease
when
which
In
described,
in the
with
have
we
for the
which
that
have
the
was
of
the
parasite
that
namely,
the
of
capable
the
Anopheles
almost
close
of
of these
healthy
that
the
transmitting
gamete,
is
proximity
to
of
Ano-
any
undergoing
insect.
many
factors
form
mosquito
near
infective
the
fevers
the
later
days
the
cases
mosquitoes
in the
population, by
them,
few
a
breeding grounds
their
rendered
of
of that
body
of
buildings, and
native
2
mosquito, rendering
observation
our
abundance
the
in
ingested by
metamorphosis
the
to
capable
persons,
under
actually came
form
them
upon
other
to
infective
were
prevailed
mosquitoes
who
the
among
infected
being
are
be
may
tinuously
con-
bitten
by
conclusively
and
sufficiently
account
ment
Govern-
the
to
up
extensively
an
persons
above
genus
officers
Government
at
Tai-po.
We
has
of
are
observed
been
the
harvesting
of
their
numbers
the
I would
larvae
the
of their
undergrowth
vegetation
gas,
by
lime,
in which
the
gallol, etc.,
disturbance
or
period
the
at
paddy,
disturbance
such
and
finding
their
in
way
; and
which
large
of
live. Culicicides,
mosquitoes
hidden
after
found
the
the
with
the
only
were
account
on
only subsidiary
are
of
account
on
places,
breeding
adult
and
growing
reach,
of
times
these
at
their
germicide
any
removed
was
and
that
cases
practical impossibilityof dealing
the
mosquitoes
fever
hills.
the
on
the
the grass
afield
flying further
houses
of many
nature
to
within
of
increase
ploughing,
is due
coming
emphasise
of
of
time
usually resting among
resulting in
to
seasonal
rice crops,
Chinese
on
the
the
at
two
mosquitoes
feeding
that
opinion
luxurious
petroleum
although
measures,
doubtedly
un-
useful.
The
in
all
(2) destroying
and
;
residents
in
regularly
burn
in various
Extensive
mosquitoes
dragon
mosquitoes
West
Africa
the
and
grass
to
in
the
have
their
larvae
flies,tadpoles, small
is
of
have
by
cleared
a
;
even
a
then
vation
obser-
of immense
as
vegetation, and
found
this
old
and
out,
over
again emphasised
road
intervening
made
community.
been
the
and
adopted
and
from
Alike
area
without
over
that
undergrowth,
by experience
Kong
health
a
fly far
this
Hong
experiments
place
will
bush, and
localities
and
long
I would
no
difference
all
be
to
seems
breeding places by draining, etc.
experiment,
importance
method
effectual
(i) clearing
Kong:
Hong
all the
and
only permanent
made
"natural
fish ; the
whole
as
to
destruction
the
enemies
subject
of
of
mosquitoes,"
seems
to
me
of
APPENDIX
20
collected
Anopheles,
larvae, and
Anopheles
the
fatter
the
any
for
until
pool
forms
are
he
himself
being
with
factor
explaining why
in the
overcome
is
there
numerous
more
for
struggle
effect
trace
of the
lens
in
in
seem
realise
stagnant
a
the
various
Culex
larvae, then,
places
where
"w^dktr
the
not
can
watch
to
many
did
on
and
The
one
goes
malaria,
no
larvae
no
no
swarming.
is
water
indeed,
hand
the
was
Xht Culex
which
large
a
kind
;
which
important
are
them
for existence
struggle
forces
of life with
an
absorbed
there
hours
lean
like Pharaoh's
Culex
20
pools, together.
twenty-four
having
the
intensity of
repeatedly put
different
from
Within
astonishing.
was
I have
practical importance.
little
69
quitoes
mos-
Anopheles
existence.
CONCLUSIONS.
results, and
These
following
conclusions
:
malaria,
in every
That
1.
with
That
2.
in
no
without
houses
Anopheles
there
is marked
That
pools
in
case
district
adult
infected
cide
is
alone
In
area,
and
would
New
York,
a
and
they
these
where
district
in every
examined
tained
con-
and
caught
vftv^
is,
their
from
distance
the
breeding
localised
and
tively
compara-
draining.
effectual
found
then
to
their
and
select
to
drive
the
away
breeding pools;
the
treat
by clearing the
were
etc., in order
draining
scatter
few
if
pools
other
with
pools
larvi-
any
to
this
their
lay
an
cleared
the
from
fever.
island
by
like
our
investigation made
recent
carried
properly
of malarial
years
be
corroborate
results
district
that
horrors
may
of
repeatedly, that
of children
always
were
bamboos,
grass,
I believe
free
within
itself
neighbourhood
from.
conclusion,
the
that
by
that
breed
by others,
in the
yards.
150
absolutely essential,
means
and
larvae
than
surface
mosquitoes
combination
blood
greater
a
pools
breeding
of all shrubs,
female
vicinity.
is fever, and
only practicalsteps
the
found
the
there
was
easily treated
5. That
the
to
me
localised.
no
the
That
4.
immediate
parasite, Wv'ingAnopheles
houses
the
to
lead
invariably associated
was
manifesting
there
malaria
breeding pools
3.
fever
found, there
are
malarial
the
in the
Anopheles
malarial
where
places,
place examined,
were
case
other
"
breeding pools
Anopheles
of
details
the
out,
haunts
It is
oi
no
even
over
Anopheles,
Utopian
Hong
Kong
breaking
the
or
idea
Stretton
a
limited
and
to
sequently
con-
think
Island,
extra-corporeal
life
APPENDIX
70
malaria
the
of
circle
and
Leone
Sierra
and
Entomologist,
would
I be
Kong.
Island,
Stretton
at
I
Notes
New
of
Medical
the
Lagos,
These
few
of
prevention
ments
experi-
of these
none
S.
U.
Howard,
than
malaria
Measures
His
by
places
in
Hong
Sir
Excellency
taken
being
now
WILLIAM
Governor
C.B., M.D.,
K.C.M.G.,
field
written
is
to
in
the
seen
Dr.
that
state
visited
Lagos.*
of
asked
have
under
I have
year
Journal,
MACGREGOR,
of them
last
work,
at
York,
Anti-Malarial
on
in
been
Ross
unhesitatingly
hopeful
more
British
"
Major
seen
the
Within
parasite.
notes
the
on
them
prepare
read
of
suggestion
of
sensible
deeply
be
to
a
"
at
discussion
a
Major
the
honour
request
which
Ronald
has
The
Ross.
conferred
have
malaria
on
him
on
writer
by being
willingly been
very
plied
com-
with.
The
general
is here
accepted
the
outline
at
size is the
be
subject
and
malaria
be
can
malaria
natural
Nigeria.
wanting
far
the
of the
It
to
make
Lagos
and
are
clear
Lagos
the
Northern
Nigeria,
undertakings
are
malaria
is not
perhaps
practicable,
British
but
Medical
malaria
Journal
in
and
less
is the
more
1901,
vol.
^
of
been
the
of malarial
of
and
680.
by
extension
connected
important
II., page
are
town,
control
urgent,
it is the
Northern
the
are
a
It is
things
two
practice closely
the
on
commercial
things
two
Lagos.
reputation.
practicallyonly
These
same
whether
has
province
prosperous
upon.
it is to
geographically
interior
that
Africa.
to
;
and
great
a
unenviable
very
great
than
Lagos
not.
notes,
of the
country
by
purposes
touched
are
largely depends
or
parasites
these
In
Ross.
other
commerce
enough
in West
two
*
of
outlet
Railway
The
for
practical
importance
very
a
malarial
question
no
combated
earned
situated
seems
greatest
fever.
Both
of
port
future
successfully
favourably
very
of greater
industrial
has
Major
to
the
for
of the
that
premised
of malaria
that
centre
of
practical aspects
once
Its economic
historyof
labours
glorious
therefore, only the
It may
natural
sufficientlyestablished
as
and
unique
of the
the
gether,
to-
two.
therefore
APPENDIX
72
shall
be
repeated
of the
more
medical
that
certain
by
the
question
not
have
has
has
attacked
of
and
It is
of the
of interest
that
the
at
Belief
of malaria.
have
i"
could
one
should
people
could
one
here
theory
or
country.
degree
a
that
the
believe
than
the
public mind
important
the greatest
; while
netting
is
attention
administration
the
by
foreseen.
is
It
being given (i) to the
of
the
(3) at
quinine
(2)
to
is
mosquito
the
time
same
and
;
breeding ground.
OF
that
highly probable
of
this country,
to
very
of
one
intelligentappreciation
an
ADMINISTRATION
It appears
use
by
language, by
native
understood.
malaria
in his
the
are
in the
general
THE
by
subject
understand
of gauze
use
means,
and
operations
prevention
the
natives
It is
more
active
that
created
gradually becoming
In
officers
been
expected.
become
the
of the
generally
outset
places, in
these
importance
vast
different
at
quinine
as
least
at
preventive
a
QUININE.
the
by
as
much
as
done
be
can
here
of
employment
quito
mos-
netting.
The
but, of
course,
always
be
quinine,
fever.
is
in
1st
an
by
23rd
3.38 days.
have
days, against
gives
total
a
This
of 94
In
of
cases
days,
4.5
of
cases
native
European
an
uary
Jan-
From
European
15
47
remedy
1900, 79
officers.
been
of
preventive
a
against 149
native
among
7.5
as
will
tolerate
cannot
duration
average
figures
of
This
an
there
cases
aging
aver-
cases
and
cases
196
cases.
Recently
Then
fresh
no
in the
effects
in
malaria
person
of
a
had
itself,and
as
officer
an
form,
shared
the
from
the
first one,
same
that
if it had
whom
on
so
one
that
quarters
for
the
for
Lagos
been
he
should
quarters
could
of
have
were
nearly
occurred
case
made
to
a
as
not
the
take
it
theory,
contracted
full of
month.
tunely
oppor-
order, for it
its evil
produced
quinine
demonstration
symmetrical
that
in
occurred
doctrine
aggravated
an
As
officer
case
presented
case
one
for the
was
the
it
use
officers.
officers, as
days
3.4
duration
average
native
medical
of
May
to
the
they
in this service.
European
as
officers, of
European
duration
average
for native
required
such
dozen
a
not
quinine regularly,
compulsory
is not
because
will
reason,
half
some
either
that
men
other
some
are
treated
were
of
for
or
of
take
officers
taking quinine
as
residuum
There
of fever
long
so
a
much
as
ofGovernment
number
greater
as
a
a
ventive.
pre-
second
the
tagion
con-
mosquitoes.
APPENDIX
he took
But
much
value
proved
The
mass
the
place,
quinine
each
to
present
be
natives
some
is
dispensary
suburb
a
from
and
2,000
to
reach
a
this
work
up
formed
themselves
exposed
to
of them
have
able
be
may
would
been
attend
the
of
and
These
ladies
well
educated
The
the
is at
league
the
at
would
of
still fail
take
To
have
Lagos
of administering
specially
or
Africa, but
many
that
hoped
that
quinine
they
otherwise
tional
educa-
important
an
tween
be-
second
one
of
It is
least
town,
appointment
purpose
of West
take
to
for this
ignorant.
England.
natives
many
it.
in
the
ladies
natives
are
special
A
third
a
at
dispensary
suffering from
others
A
annually.
educated
the
this
more
dose
not
in the
exists
natives,
and
will
Lagos.
and
of
tons
of this medicine
At
great
second
daily grain
a
of
poorer
indigent
children
refuse
simply
70
this, and
league, chieflyfor
a
induce
to
the
preventive
Lagos,
felt that
was
number
into
fever.
for
as
treated
in
of the
native
to
to
number
large
a
quinine
It
officer
large
the
even
purchase
are
constructed
Metta.
special medical
in
give
town
the
place,
and,
pay
a
of the
population by
first
;
g^eneralhospital.
patients
3,000
of Ebute
to
of the
for the
the
being
the
treatment
masses
whole
public dispensary already
A
distance
the
to
Quinine
outside
made
been
has
uneducated
In
afford
required
people.
of
to
the
preventive
medicine
the
not
be
of 3,000,000
given
this
protect
to
take
could
would
that
extend
to
prophylactic.
not
particular purpose.
at
how
a
would
year
of "500
vote
as
Government
a
preventive.
a
impossible
quinine administered
natives
the already
escaped, thereby illustrating
particularlyto
more
simply
It is
of
as
difficultyis
service,
the
natives.
quinine
of
great
beyond
and
quinine
73
institution.
It is not
obtained
great
from
home
the
objection
it checks
in
likely that
of
use
in
one
is the
This
cold
a
is
netting
suffocated,
outside.
native
completely by
could
man
spend
that
netting
It is not
it.
the
suffers
in
from
be
or
is
to
in
a
be
officers
a
highly disagreeable
way
Or
others
of
singular
evils
and
feasible
fullybrought
are
delusion
to
so
and
moist
sit inside
poisoned by
remedy
as
European
even
mosquito-proofroom.
the
be
cannot
worried
a
be
One
choice
hardly
can
Italy.
in
as
low-lying, hot,
a
possible to protect
Few
day
and
results
good
as
that
difficulty
to
comes
The
houses.
a
But
it
and
Lagos
serious
climate.
localitylike Lagos
stewed
like
place
mosquito-proof netting
it here
to
ventilation.
to
a
occupied
Certain
that
the
quitoes
mos-
regards
quarters
that
it is that
mosquitoes
they
any
bite
APPENDIX
74
only during
days,
or
the
even
limited
officer.
this
In
if he
will
be
to
do
chooses
reached
Much
us.
of the
alone
in
few
We
weeks
have
had
netting
in
rose
houses
building
Those
year.
of Public
This
Works,
shows
wire
galvanised
and
Lagos,
article
expensive
THE
The
The
ON
of
fillingin
the
swamps
convict
labour,
but
will
kerosene
is
About
mosquito.
of the
Many
contain
engaged
water
tanks
seldom
from
Fortunately
It
per
cent,
and
tanks
of
about
do
not
20
feet
for
Lagos
the
some
is
an
the
is
while
town
It
in
of
the
that
larvae.
first
and
duty
Lagos
are
on
that
fact
most
many
common
all
one
it will
the
Government
haunt
has
be
day long.
found
are
tinsmith
A
power.
pools most
swamp
the
costly
chiefly by
steam
quarters
from
appears
is built
by
soon
Lagos,
many
many
mosquitoes
done
unfortunate
of
the
of
being
of the
European
whose
breed
deep,
That
on
mosquito
England
for
instead
numbers
unhappily they puncture
^
for the
conclusive
slow, laborious,
the
parts
of
mosquito-proof.
mosquitoes
over
being
certain
water
the
expedited
used
in
numbers
large
been
that
70
Anopheles
are
much
be
more.
years
MOSQUITOES.
Lagos.
Anopheles,
is, at least
Anopheles
House
the
of
same
Director
years
used
be
used
was
of copper.
is
expensive
most
score
seems
will
yards of
Assistant
half
some
diminishing
lor
one
by
and
of the
for four
good
gauze
ATTACK
various.
favoured
of
compound
are
Meanwhile
kind
and
August
the
experiment
of
taken
measures
be
of
climate
The
in
by
will
they
this
this
made
tion
queswhich
materials
250
some
England
House
examined
been
netting.
in future
from
Government
says
vitalityin
a
now
mildew
the
to
as
1894,
May,
obtained
was
have
who
the
as
netting,
full of
experience
In
gauze.
at
houses
hospital
the
to
metallic
becomes
useful
very
metallic
wire
quitoes
mos-
exposed.
a
galvanised
making
from
only just
attached
the
of each
only muslin,
has
be
to
Muslin
climate.
here
for the
required
in
used
being
of the
wards
November
seems
used
when
have
last
free
few
a
are
quarters
evening
European
we
England
be
to
last in this
a
The
so.
here
the
to
the
spend
to
importance
material
can
rots
in
ordered
netting
wire
able
by spending
cure
Operations
Lagos.
Hitherto
similarly protected.
are
in
speedy
a
mosquito-proofroom
one
he
have
hours,
few
a
supplying
to
would
night
to
to
recently
all
make
observations
wells, though
considerably
they
are
shallower.
sand, through which
rain
APPENDIX
pools
would
be
It is
to
disappear by
soon
from
infected
academic
it
were
this
the
apart,
that
little,or
admitted
and
effected
the
during
about
fact that
a
last
are
while
at
not
and
speaking
the
granitic
as
large
for
mortars
surface
is that
is
along
filtered
which
for six months
practically at
a
extremely dry,
hardly
ever
sees
in
a
remains
to
be
of
runs
is
standstill
in that
numerous
Up
put
up,
reason
of
the
the
the
In
has
the
that
and
other
of
The
have
tions
excava-
the
through
formation.
A
final
The
sures,
fis-
hand,
soil
sandy
for several
beds
been
natural
fissures
at
The
numerous.
exceptional.
in the
abound
localities
two
excavations
interior.
of
interior,
most
numerous
propagation
for
quarters
Europeans
gravelly
country
we
receptacles
least
these
condition
manner
more
about
On
in the
save
marked
other
of porous
subsoil
pool anywhere
are
artificial
consists
quinine.
The
of
In
the
be
hills, the
numbers.
year
will
mosquitoes
hills there
com.
water
the
them
of
always
a
which
the
population
cleanliness.
residences
large
into
complete
and
the
numbers
in
pools
simply
in
quarter
and
of the
tops
gneissic
rain
of
at
expect
to
almost
low-lying coQntry
rain
the
grinding
breed
mosquitoes
which
places
and
or
tanks
the
Lagos
we
a
none.
of greater
two
regard
sometimes
served
results
reasonably
with
the
frequency
greater
would
in
consist
quarters
explanation
In
camps
were
and
do
in
European
every
there
mean
To
dwellings.
native
nor
can
much
are
European
make
What
in
Lagos
native,
never
myself
remedy
would
administering
on
about
mosquitoes
the
and
mosquitoes
at
the
Lagos
The
live apart
perennial.
the
impressed
than
of the
of
From
in
the
with
cannot
become.
places
at
radical
followed
for
that
doctrine.
Separation
so.
would
swamps
quarters
generally,
one
been
they
done
here
part
that
the
European
given.
fever
uneducated
to
one
place
view.
no
along
remain
it should
native
in
be
would
weeks
seems
Europeans,
which
from
has
few
a
many
difference
water,
infection
do
to
live
academic
policy
Here
try
should
afford
natives
that
few
European
there
the
quarters
unacceptable
an
The
the
not
the
would
less, would
port
for the
take
chiefly by reclaiming
It is
it is
it is not.
should
European
matter
are
of
commercial
great
accident
competent
called
improvement.
to
least
source
protect
that
Europeans
and
is to
they
at
the
of view
which
matters
leading
way
be
may
ungenerous,
practicable,
work
this
is
in other
as
mosquitoes
point
view
for
But
in certain
This
natives.
administrative
the
on
recommended
strongly
from
apart
filtration.
uninhabitable.
simply
get away
75
clay
result
is
mosquitoes
soil becomes
months.
of rivers
and
One
creeks
APPENDIX
^("
of
considerable
a
bred
larvae
the
on
the
with
dry
River,
dry
to
for
example.
their
prevent
enemies.
It
shower
was
of
been
absence
in
make
out
make
to
determine
how
town
the
With
taken
far
netting
have
dry
to
In
a
crowned
have
much
of the
freer
that
wish
to
they
lose
should
suffer
or
more
A
sites of these
the
The
water.
have
they
places
fever.
from,
on
of
use
those
at
little
so
Department
that
state
kerosene
or
be
shifted.
of
to
Lagos
pumping
been
chiefs
'*
no
black-
now
there
will
is
being applied
are
"
pits
The
peculiar
the
on
mosquito
Certain
quarters.
nothing
all stations
near
them.
on
disappear
all but
being
measures
town
Burrow
in other
as
ings
build-
in this.
railway
In
with
drainage.
trees,
of which
adopted.
subsoil, which
power
of the
"
the
State
is used
there
But
large
has
of
condition
railway.
mosquitoes
trees
from,
is
of them
children
on
Secretary
sanitary
to the
up,
matter
the
the
employed
compromise
great
the
attention
the
deprive
of
be
season
reasonable
account
sanction
is to
are
long-continued
admit
Medical
them.
there.
filled
being
free
unanimously
practicable
as
the
first
if they
as
revive
there
some
Others
all.
at
that
probably
towns
improve
to
are
the
"
fever
water
on
inland
these
they
soil, that
of
the
his
considerable
a
the
to
chiefs
of observations
would
settlements
native
of
far
of the
fever
no
number
due
of
ally
how
to
from
mighty
a
before, just
something
The
It is intended
sufficient
a
present
nature
towns.
have
they
it.
by
European
as
inland
that
children
the
to
were
measure
is
scene
New
arrival
here
the
to
practicable
were
this 7ear
on
here
exterminate
encouraging
once
long-
British
their
season
Lagos
without
great
a
and
most
at
none
abroad
dry
a
at
if it
coast,
the
and
brought
go
rain, and
many
near
where
it is in
of
fever
to
the
like
possible to
hinterland
noticeable
fell
be
its
mosquitoes
place
a
ing
Dur-
be infested
to
and
country
of
in
perhaps
that
this
quito
mos-
Oloke-Meji,
at
seen
expected
number
with
Lagos
clear
mosquitoes
unable
the
fish the
of survival.
be
to
have
soil of
met
mosquito
that
Doubtless
those
in the
very
of rain
number
had
the
against
one
It would
quite
would
porous
production
It is
mosquito
a
reduces
of
altogether
elsewhere.
factor
that
season
fraction
mosquitoes
that
sandy
small
Guinea,
not
was
full of small
are
little chance
extremely
place
a
It is the
them.
very
have
there
latter
these
As
there
season
Ogun
continued
a
size.
that
growing
must
here.
there
It
is made
be
On
did
up
are
not
other
a
by
few
in
Lagos,
desirable
appear
of sand
exercised
the
not
and
the
hand,
mud,
many
these
to
of the
largetrees
APPENDIX
did
shelter
afford
all
to
undergrowth
be
allow
free
It is
short
is far
begin
hoped,
let it be
Malarial
and
under
be
cannot
which
machinery,
[After
total
other
effect
with
set
sum
the
ence
refer-
special
for
apart
current
of
parts
ity
mortal-
sanitary
is not
year
More
revenue.
the
administrative
sanitation.
stop
read
was
paper
in
general public
the
if
ance,
continu-
great
a
part of the whole
MacGregor's
to
creates
incurred
colony during
would
delivered
been
The
deranging
in turn
William
Sir
had
which
without
and
the
their
encourage
that
be
to
one-seventh
about
or
done
has
this
to
against
Lagos
years
to
Lagos.
at
beginning,
a
three
or
disease
only
it is
removed
blows
at
that
scale.
greater
the
but
as
been
done
being
out,
branches
lower
generally
two
even
extent
an
a
in
purposes
"34,500,
for
for instance.
dysentery
health
on
is
required,
expenditure
Large
to
is
such
is not
fever
here.
what
that
thinned
been
have
tree
which
breeze
continued
felt to
be
to
away,
sea
of what
are
measures
will
the
to
passage
all the
and
disfiguring the
painfully apparent
malaria
these
cut
off without
lopped
could
been
have
They
mosquitoes.
many
has
-jj
of lectures
copies
Lagos
passed
were
round.]
Officer
Health
DOTY,
Staten
in
Measures
Anti-Malarial
of
Island,
the
by
Port
Dr.
of
New
York.*
selected
Doty
Dr.
contain
consisting
of
boundaries
feet
a
in
diameter
small
of
from
water
larvae
in
a
acre
houses,
showed
that
the
or
or
yard
shape
well
large quantities
British
mile
square
Medical
in
as
were
30
in
thrown
not
A
of malarial
barrels, cisterns, and
the
about
found.
iQOi.
from
more
of the
cent,
whose
five
than
house-to-
inhabitants
fever.
In
typical breeding places
all stagnant
Journal^
extent,
premises.
pools, were
Large
vol.
tubes
II., page
645.
for
cesspools.
Samples
examined,
were
to
section,
within
apart.
form
found
This
pools varying
per
chronic
practitioners
chronic.
distance
least
of rain
local
contained
area,
some
were
receptacles
as
at
acute
in the
these,
the
and
acute
more
or
wooden
either
abandoned
than
by
twenty-five stagnant
an
house
every
mosquitoes,
of
to
inspection
almost
less
some
suffering from
were
or
a
were
hundred
house
basin
known
both
of malaria,
cases
many
district
a
and
distributed
APPENDIX
78
the
among
infecting
of
one
On
the
Anopheles
and
a
taken
blood
who
malaria,
acute
The
have
completed,
will
the
larvae.
being
of
different
kill all
to
strong
published.
of
after
alive
hours.
the
be
and
effect
might
same
with.
experimented
superiority of petroleum
to
be
oil which
barrels,
rain
equivalent
as
a
of oil.
larvae
is due
oil
the
from
dangerous,
is
There
the
by introducing
way
it is
if the
became
water
evident
it to
is
that
vicinity of
during
the
to
usually
to
a
seemed
another.
over
pools
obtained
and
also
c.
of
of water
less
the
is
and,
;
than
death
that
of
cm.
This
hours.
by
that
and
amount
gallon
believe
respiration,
there
this
of the
emanation
both, is particularly repugnant,
or
he
a
says,
the
the
these
long
grass
Special
under
the
with
contact
of the
if not
were
and
weeds,
the
attention
the
this
In
pools
places of
therefore
gained
larvae, particularly
particularly
abiding
was
oil is
water.
petrolising stagnant
In
places,
effect
best
depth
in direct
agitated.
day.
that
considerable
surely brought
more
oil
marked
3,500
four
or
little
full-grown mosquito.
doubt,
no
of
to
agents
the
stagnant
added
lived
ponds,
but
minimum
a
in three
was
of
product
with
this
is inclined
DOTY
its odours,
or
to
result
obstruction
to
them
drops
twenty
Dr.
of
in
other
and
some
they
tests
manifest,
petroleum
killed
of fact, this
matter
amount
larvae
these
petrolising the
centimetre
about
to
in
crude
a
cubic
containing
water
is
etc.,
One
naphtha.
used
was
mosquito
produced
petroleum
one
tain
ascer-
slowly,
and
acid
During
became
soon
of
this agent
use
when
to
solutions
permanganate
of
special advantage
no
Lima
The
oil
to
carbolic
solutions.
strong
work,
made
larvae
the
unsafe
of
said
for observation.
2,000), sufficiently
to
weaker
In
be
Potassium
in very
except
affected
micro-organisms,
therefore,
(i
from
parasite.
destruction
the
of mercury
indefinitely.It would,
etc.,
in
In
logical
bacterio-
a
corner,
been
have
tests
lected,
col-
insect.
laboratory
the
of
were
were
malarial
of the
malarial
suffering
large glass jars
agents
twenty-four
old
from
one
malarial
opposite
presence
bichloride
all but
years
the
on
Many
five
were
the
were
seven
in
Anopheles
night twenty-two
laid, and
been
be
solution
A
child
house
a
there
toes
mosqui-
secured
were
taken, and
one-half
placed
already
value
second
the
were
which
the
a
showed
mosquitoes
eggs
Many
in
in
the
the
latter
mosquitoes
were
from
lived
examination
live
than
more
the
among
five
On
of
collecting some
and
house
a
night
species.
of these
of
drop
of
first
the
On
of
purpose
evenings
two
bedrooms
the
subjects.
the
neighbourhood,
the
found.
were
for
houses
it
soon
in the
the
given
mediate
imquito
mos-
to
the
APPENDIX
8o
Further
Some
Work
Theory,
with
Special
Around
New
York,
Mosquito-Malaria
the
on
Reference
Conditions
to
WILLIAM
by
KELEY,
BER-
N.
M.D.*
A.B.,
******
As
fair
a
In
to
conditions
Around
a
coachman
his
From
infection
the
same
A
other
case
in
of
a
going
These
far
last
as
seemed
in
which
to
be
the
from
on
original
the
a
pond,
servants
across
pond
was
one
fairly
search
proper
segregated pools
fish),and
as
numerous,
at
post-holes,
buildings
many
and
of
malarial
while
away
of
had
the
the
in
germs
cachectic
otherwise,
till
for
the
smaller
the
;
of
terminatio
Ex-
seclusion
from
danger
(i)
tion
introduc-
in of the
blood
capillary
cases
out
(3) Continuous
pond.
or
"
systematic
(2) Filling
doors.
:
sent
men
and
houses,
in
patient, by netting
he
of
party
a
of the
drainage
recommended
were
possible, by
in windows
places, and
sending
area
measures
found
breeding
mosquitoes
the
quadrimaculatus
A.
were
relapsed.
of
and
mile
a
itself contained
Anopheles
screens
every
of
had
side
one
of
that
was
up.
of all
purpose,
at
five fresh
or
case
and
direction
that
in
pond (the pond
as
the
child.
following practical
The
of
small
bedroom
excavations.
were
another
first
The
quarter
a
breeding places
The
of the
edge
a
prevention.
four
town
stablemen
other
to
in
mile
in
in every
the
of stables
row
of
distance
the
appeared
made.
long
a
physicians
of
means
elsewhere
malaria
caught
resident
mer.
sum-
"
passed along
quarter
abundant
and
had
last
town
a
:
vicinity of
in the
the
advise
recently developed.
had
to
of
one
and
ground,
York
New
by
I cite
locallyaccomplished
suburban
a
brieflythese
had
side
site.
the
the
quarters,
the
in
large pond
who
be
may
requested
was
were
of malaria
cases
was
I
August
there, examine
go
The
a
of malaria
outbreak
small
of what
example
if
bite
of
possible,
relapse
was
certainly passed.
These
and
the
single new
measures
results
were
local
*
intelligentlyput
were
case
Medical
as
prompt
of malaria
Record^
New
as
they
developed.
York,
26th
into
operation
were
gratifying.
Anopheles
January,
at
1901.
once;
Not
a
disappeared
APPENDIX
Culex
and
was
where
greatly
diminished
the
during
expect
houses
from
promptly
more
of
by Major
The
is the
of
city with
In
had
As
larger
I
inaugurated,
with
infected
are
doing
I have
much
as
in all of
been
these
in this
and
every
house
ideal
the
in
in
cesspool
number
main
larvae
killed
6
the
A
has
for
kills the
that
siderably
con-
very
recently
and
in
about
and
month
the
little oil is
about
into
the
various
placed
and
kerosene
these
that
a
have
tacle
recep-
into
every
Nearly
cesspools
way
recently examined
and
oil
have
every
ounce
oil in this
bay,
ditches
houses
in
seen
considerable
;
mosquito
connections.
water
The
the
20,000
now
formerly
as
putting
an
not
are
to
the
about
I have
We
men
is found,
cesspool,
larvae.
this method.
these
having
a
own
out
floatingout, showing
by
days.
ist, both
measures
force
cleaning
mosquitoes.
empty
of 43
indication
large.
our
of
and
water
houses
Havana
sewers
of
being
and
water
manner.
the
breeding places
of the
are
sink
with
in
During
containing standing
closet
houses
stagnant
places.
over
continues
employed
are
went
results.
two-thirds
about
This
We
April
to
this
the
that
deaths.
yellow fever, is
to
I think
time,
most
for the
that
period
a
26th
March
is
record.
killing mosquitoes
work
of
Army,
fever
no
any
cases,
no
indicates
to
sanitary
where
gone
it also
cleaning
They
streams
tirely
en-
Regla^
S.
report,
and
have
with
that
having good
transferred
of the
fever
we
from
was
at
regard
of
amount
brigades.
and
think
body
yellow
20th
U.
yellow
to
population, subject
than
now
favourable.
the
regard
of which
April
to
inclusive, 7 days.
The
even
will
and
Surgeon
the
of
cases
longest period
area,
measures
April, 1901.
from
seen
two
March
the
1900
be
April report
8th
the
from
the
It will
smallest
terror,
authorities
malaria
and
Guanabacoay
Officer.
have
we
local
same
mosquitoes
Havana^
Sanitary
encouraging.
the
out
carry
both
The
numbers.
C. GORGAS,
W.
condition
month
to
previously a night
1
there.
Statistics
Chief
been
in
that
believe
disappear
Vital
it had
coming spring
rigidly,and
8
runs
are
into
several
a
large
number
APPENDIX
82
May,
made
showing
hand.
free
I think
what
But
June
with
This
is
same
the
the
city this
city free
fever.
due
part
hope
that
to
the
large
amount
in the
point
of
no
has
We
mence
com-
being
cases
entered
ever
also
May
on
June
commenced
May
6th
and
7th, four
or
four
contiguous
three
April
carefully gone
were
and
closed
pound
look
as
if the
in
the
occurred,
days
April
of
Formerly
only
21st
and
suburbs,
thoroughly
case
next
We
again
and
7th.
case.
the
disinfected
We
again
away,
results
had
8th
Then
an
been
after
our
outbreak
and
;
of
rate
The
March
case.
was
drained
drained.
sick
house,
houses
at
was
be
went
15
disinfected, and
particularlyimpressed
more
am
systematic
our
these
on
and
infected
them
water
again
houses
particular point,
till the
I
of
twice.
and
;
of the
in
not
that
at
commenced
of
in
the
one
attention
particular
no
yellow fever,
destruction
about
as
that
process
infected
two
or
do
we
the
to
mosquito,
merely
for other
killed
diseases.
infectious
the
mosquito,
the
was
rooms.
"*"-""
of
amount
and
standing
occurred
infected
side
taken
6th
a
the
patient
22nd.
May
we
paid
for
used
attention
of the
cases
burned
it could
days
without
"
The
expending,
are
February,
part
formaline
is in great
have
in each
room
All
cases.
we
disinfecting
condition
we
two
every
feet.
of the
42
days
on
powder
where
fever
time
insect
case
figures,as
middle
houses,
infection,
went
next
24
gone
these
*
circumstances
had
we
Each
Every
of
the
we
till the
*
money
the
yellow
22nd,
and
oiled
focus
In
disinfection,
and
; and
of
cases.
cubic
1,000
eradicated.
exceptionallygood
of labour
21st
and
possible,and
where
this
over.
sealed,
to
*
8th, outbreaks
first time,
our
and
mosquitoes
The
The
Havana
fever.
direction.
same
March
Since
the
yellow fever,
from
*
but
destruction
in the
by
yellow
to
as
year,
April
is,the unusually favourable
us
first time
^k
I cannot
have
to
way.
*
I
the
probably
yellow
from
important
most
by
1901.
now
all the
cleaned
sanitary
is
paid
small
out
;
work
to
the
done
destruction
streams
and
continues
pools
in
the
oiled
large
of
suburbs,
and
;
but
mosquitoes.
have
drained.
been
most
of
The
pretty
APPENDIX
The
This
protected
We
do
this
it
about
have
to
used
have
we
last
and
months
half
a
While
recurrence
that
of this
disease
whole
about
the
and
medium
is the
Reed
Walter
When
be
made
and
discovery,
from
by
the
this
27th, and
and
and
no
There
on
2
January
date
March
1st, when
7th, when
other
have
cases
been
disinfection
we
23
of
i6th
order
an
We
then
occurred,
and
again
years
to
four
cases.
fever
every
by
this
strengthen
continuing
; in
February,
issued
was
ing
adopt-
fever.
22nd,
February
on
8th.
yellow
been
7 deaths
yellow
for
cases
new
were
has
yellow
and
cases
February
and
work
that
indicated
lines
the
known,
directed
the
usual, the
as
had
had
there
beautiful
Board.
of disinfection
two
person,
of which
made
were
on
months'
the
up
2nd
the
Charles
Commission,
Wood,
Leonard
On
we
Fever
experiments
of four
opened
methods
new
After
been
by
Yellow
based
to
person
finallyentirely established
by
5 deaths.
and
the
6th
In
1900.
cases
20th
1901
year
and
years.
that
supposition
from
thing
some-
we
Dr.
out
reached
the
upon
to
in past
elaborated
these
result
done
pretty
say
due
a
President.
of
carry
the
conclusions
The
8
to
fever
be
have
not
of this year,
February
forward
General
Military Governor,
effort
i6th, three
can
we
not
its transmission
was
results
the
during
way,
will
must
have
we
of
of the
experiments
complete
as
of oil.
we
is over,
year
which
yellow
of
and
of Havana,
Major
the
of
theory originallybrought
FiNLAY,
to
long
as
March
on
conditions
middle
the
management
mosquito
occurred
the
present
doing
now
are
we
this
In
have
I expect
rate,
any
certainty that
any
before
excellent
the
Commencing
our
with
say
positivelythat
and
ago.
cannot
we
not
1901.
fever
yellow
from
death
and
;
gallons
1,400
June,
The
; at
result.
about
work,
month
summer
happy
present
water
mosquito
last
mosquitofound
fined.
owner
this
the
made
standing
the
in
men
the
during
the
past month,
and
city during
month
all
of standing
keeping
unless
city limits,
; and
75
the
prohibiting
emptied,
is
whole
the
every
seems
the
being
employing
over
the
enforced
required
as
are
gotten
is
order
an
within
anywhere
water,
proof.
issued
has
Mayor
83
had
no
Since
until
cases
fever
more
no
May
23rd,
until
and
April
May
there
have
yellow
fever
7th
fever.
in which
there
was
very
little
APPENDIX
84
in the
city during
which
it has
The
the
of
have
we
1899
are
detween
for
been
as
at
the
two
occurred
cases
difference
great
previous
these
and
"
in which
years
are
the
months
three
and
instance,
for
year,
long periods
in
none
present.
during
this
but
now
; but
other
years
entirely free
"
fever.
from
from
free
this
1899
In
Since
i6th,
May
I select
1899
other
any
of the
rid
The
city was
infected
city was
never
entirely
never
was
and
half, the
a
city has
convalescent
become
having
case
the
this
of
free
;
if
marked
more
an
the
until
city
we
sider
con-
in favour
method
our
by
March
On
the
8th
different
three
by
Dr.
has
introduced
from
once
:
two
turned
and
apparently
been
visited
Tam-
several
coast
from
cases
H.
A.
May
ago.
times
The
town.
a
off
infection
of
has
had
which
interior
an
fever
until
again
focus
months
two
yellow
Transport
Army
fever
20th
killed
apparently
from
other
nearly
Hospital Service,
Marine
that
Disinfection
promptly recognised
were
that
20th.
free
was
no
months
April
disinfection
;
and
now
outside
from
once
and
mosquitoes,
developed.
time,
the
fair inference
a
fever
as
past three
from
ports, and
years
infection.
mosquitoes,
from
pico, once
is much
me
infected
focus
since
Havana
preceding
the
again developed
all infected
the
to
seems
off
then
another
During
of
comparison
mosquitoes,
developed
of
month
one
best
very
the
city of
the
of infection
shipping
the
as
killed
had
6th, when
into
infection
the
fever, the last
from
facts, it
of disinfection
killed
the
year.
these
From
any
of
period
a
year,
present
focus
that
7th
May
date.
that
we
After
case.
of.
entirelyfree
been
the
not
was
disease, showing
this
rid
gotten
on
1898
number
is that
and
consideration,
under
months
three
entirelydisappeared
years
fewest
the
Chief
Glennan,
the
to
over
the
Sanitary
Department.
third
The
one
of the
case
these
facts
pursuing present
from
and
now
that
but
the
las
de
Santiago
Vegas,
and
went
to
large private hospitals.
From
fever,
in from
came
its
outside.
If this
condition
imposed
upon
I think
methods,
not
spread
may
This
should
can
commerce
be
have
we
cause
only
be
be
can
we
prevented,
the
brought
ideal
about
for
the
rid
Havana
even
when
in all
most
by quarantine
can
belief
sanitary
of
be
the
done
that, by
of
yellow
introduced
measures
;
restrictions
away
with.
APPENDIX
85
September,
*
"
for this
month,
any
previous September,
number,
there
2,397,
be
It will
occurred
in the
number
This
year
deaths
the
record
up
to
when
occurring
in
1899;
^^^
greatest
September,
1901,
This
18
were
of
; the
deaths;
of
month
number
deaths
166
deaths
greatest
70
average,
number
1S99, when
year
when
during
there
the
deaths
of
there
period,
36
were
deaths
659
were
same
sidering
con-
that, for the sin
seen
smallest
the
ist, and
April
it is
years,
1897,
year,
least
commencing
the
in
that, for the
deaths.
October,
in
fever
were
eleven
past
of
of deaths
number
and
the
ist
fever,
fever
"
of
having
difference
a
of 71
there
for
from
the
had
knew
yellow
yellow
under
has
past month
account
have
we
way
deaths
the
statistics
we
from
deaths
2
to
the
of March,
deaths
had
have
we
into
in every
52
during
is difficult
look
to
since
year,
instead
;
have
reasons
100
how.
fever
glance
; but
evident.
are
dailyengaged
The
result
32
and
11
is,that,
from
malarial
from
malarial
heads
two
quite
men
and
fever
these
first
at
been
favour
in
of
year.
The
house-to-house
constant
to
force
the
They
condition.
people
have
to
made
has
inspection
the
keep
great
interior
this
enabled
of
the
houses
ment
Departin
in this respect
improvements
good
since
September.
"
Further
150
as
number
killingmosquitoes
never
year
occurred
comes
one
This
last
fever
ist
gratifying surprise,
this
2
of the
the
there
had
deaths.
small
The
in
in
5 deaths.
been
a
deaths
in
attained,
ever
For
the
years,
have
we
greatest
296
average,
of
877.45.
there
when
1896,
disease
; the
best
496
yellow
to
when
1899,
yellow
the
this
was
eleven
past
year
year
Taking
1889,
average,
;
regard
the
in the
deaths.
months
with
seen
during
September
since
1898
number
"
deaths.
339
were
from
in
least
The
city.
the
decidedly
are
any
"
"
"
conditions
health
The
1901.
been
years.
"
remark
an
"
is unnecessary.
approximation
This
"
is the
to
this
first year,
As
"ii
to
yellow fever,
condition
during
"
that
at
any
time
period,
in
there
has
in the
last
which
we
APPENDIX
86
during
out
the
each
As
month
of the
problem
felt when
focus
a
infection
be
our
; and
mosquito
that
disinfection
our
surprising
very
in this
has
been
city.
that
little
results
introduced
the
the
covery
dis-
is
anxiety
now
in
successes
methods,
disinfection
present
be
that
by
repeated
From
may
solved
and
;
that, with
fever
yellow
from
more
is its conveyor
believe
we
fever
confident
and
more
yellow
develops
stamped
First
of
mosquito
last six months
can
I attribute
feel
we
passes
control
the
that
any
lines.
the
by
directed
Military Governor
these
on
conveyed
was
fact.
this
the
fever
yellow
February
carried
be
to
that
known
have
into
the
city
out.
of the
Report
Progress
in
F.R.C.S.,
D.P.H.,
October,
RONALD
Leone,
by
F.R.S.
Dated
Sierra
quitoes
Mos-
against
Campaign
ROSS,
Liverpool, 15th
1901.
PRELIMINARY.
This
after
Shortly
had
that
the
would
be
last I resolved
On
with
admirable
The
and
operations
been
very
of
The
measures
and
Young
limited
to
Strachan
Dr.
in
area.
May,
honour
which
malaria
of
in
malaria
and
towns
of the
to
the
insects
1901,
be
to
I received
the
was
instituted
against
Thomson
I shall
in
Hong
presently
malaria
largely
Kong,
refer
to
the
carry
adopt
this
and
the
quitoes
mos-
a
with
Lagos
of others
in
idea
private
gentleman
sand
thou-
one
he
amount
energy
different
work
of
of
this
the
years;*
two
help
sum
and
in
on
"
cantonments
from
;
adopted
project
conducted
work
in
which
the
by
acquainted
commence
are
work
:
1895-98, 1 suggested
authorities
starting
of
ist
researches
the
of
entirely unavailing during
upon
the
doubled.
since
*
the
I have
pounds
Gregor
almost
however,
following circumstances
parasites
places
induce
to
the
my
breeding
efforts
All
whom
has
the
by
extirpate
to
way
drain
to
enterprise.
with
determined
in the
of
development
been
remained,
at
the
proper
disease.
and
undertaken
enterprise was
by
by Sir W.
lines
; and
elsewhere,
the
Macthe
have
Havana.
Original
Note,
APPENDIX
88
consider
repute
In
time.
distinct
that
addition, it
carry
from
malaria
Taylor
under
twelve
force
This
buckets,
breed
the
houses,
in
piled
They
assigned
to
the
a
was
found
and
removed
of
rains).
little oil
that
the
wherever
effect
The
be
the
Every
and
pools
weather,
of
or
it went,
these
have
been
sidered
uncon-
and
Stegomyia
the
gang),
to
of the
backyards
of
in
the
prevalence
contained
the
previously been
The
larvae
that
Culex
and
that
about
this
season
welcomed
they
had
not
by
It
bottles
(the
the
been
gomyia
Steone-
breeding mosquitoes
occupants
stated
at
or
fiftyhouses,
broken
of
stroying
de-
live.
they
and
it is remembered
when
of
them,
about
tins
an
larvae
manner
in which
cleared
it into
the
showed
contained
empty
the
on
they
work.
rapid
very
discharged
water
gang
of
did
in its
gang
able
to
for years.
gang
insects
men
broken
similar
Anopheles
then
time
same
this
some
rubbish
six
of
all the
genera
man,
which
surface
garden.
and
head
which
work
had
Governor
CAMPAIGN.
cart-loads
this
men,
implements.
gang
and
and
streets
the vessels
bottles
house
Anopheles
of
of
the
houses
the
them
average
ten
the
instructed
the
imagined
tins
get rid of their
The
on
about
the
and
the
on
backyard
own
all kinds
twenty
and
small
a
(called
carts,
At
by emptying
can
third
climates.
over
carts
private
of
native
a
into
houses
of
calabashes,
OF
shoot.
of
them
daily.
heat,
the
to
breed.
under
rubbish
rubbish
occupants
dropping
an
cause
warm
Excellency
;
from
gang
PROGRESS
gang,
gangs
in
puddles
Anopheles
Culex
His
mosquitoes
larger
a
two
tins, old
which
and
pools
in which
The
their
from
against
the services
necessary
collect
to
empty
and
:
into
gang),
vessels
drain
fevers
next
life in
campaign
our
the
gave
divided
Culex
and
Culex
tropical
undoubtedly
of
these
To
men.
and
men,
was
(calledthe
bottles
push
to
quitoes
mos-
some
tropics, and,
drawback
immediately engaged
intelligenthead
added
in the
principal
therefore,
mosquitoes
to
that
indiscriminately.
mosquitoes
Dr.
thought by
time
from
and, altogether apart
;
of
kinds
annoyance
the
perhaps
determined,
We
typhoid
most
of
amount
be
to
there
existed
has
diseases, especiallyvarious
and
pathological agency,
constitute
beginning
other
may
immense
is
also
fever
yellow
had
a
in Freetown,
minutely
difficult
more
both
described
in
by
the
two
task.
rains
The
and
previous
breeding
the
dry
scientific
APPENDIX
this
At
expeditions.*
rapid
too
gardens
possessed
These
rock
which
earth.
and
to
the
inches
the
in
;
future.
those
touch.
and
time
which
puddles
of
the
the
in
worst
streets
as
soon
and
simplest
least
works
for
speciallyemployed
were
crude
with
had
fairly
were
exceptionally
permanent
spite
and
ground,
of them
the
soft
hundred
one
were
many
workmen
fairlyrapid
was
with
in the
of the
more
treating
or
filled
about
at
drain
men
for them.
channels
nature
reserve
several
brooms,
Progress
many
to
suited
by cutting through
adopt
to
and
yards,
were
puddles
to
advisable
same
with
out
peculiar
and, in order
first,and
at
the
At
brushing
the
drains, these
deemed
methods
creosote,
to
in Freetown
was
Some
large rainfall, (estimated
annually), to
well
by making
or
impetuous
streets,
evacuated
were
them,
surface
possible,it
expensive
Others
defective
very
numerous
as
the
to
the
; but
in
methods.
many
contained
Owing
sixty
by
contained
courses
of rain-water,
pools
turf.
and
earth, rubble,
water
live
to
numerous
attacked
were
the
larvae
for
torrents
the
season
89
of
petroleum
yet had
not
the
drained
well
time
of
deluge
in
or
rain
;
few
a
weeks.
On
and
22nd
the
the
Gold
of
M.B.,
India,
Coast.
the
the
McKendrick
I
returned
to
with
Dr.
of
Dr.
errand
same
weeks
some
His
care.
report
that
progress
The
Culex
and,
I
has
gang
calculate,
Report
of
Dr.
on
Harrison
and
of
Harvey,
on
the
by
five
left after
of
will be
the
17th and
28th
days,
the
given
at
methods
the end
Liverpool
and
Sons,
6,500
houses
removed
Malaria
Reports
St. Martin's
up
more
Expedition
of
the
Lane,
Malaria
London.
to
than
to
School
arrived
Sierra
Committee
on
remained
with
Taylor
the
a
after
great
of this report.
Dr.
September,
nessing
wit-
Shortly
also
He
his
after
London
satisfactory,although impeded
have
Dr.
in company
Liverpool School),
studied
and
subject
must
send
to
and,
affairs.
private
McKendrick.
the
cleared
termined,
de-
in Freetown.
August,
Superintendent
had
Press, Liverpool, 1900;
Society,
i6th
work,
Taylor,
been
the
the
Lieutenant
had
is due,
month.
a
on
(conveyed
dated
letters
In
*
with
for
of
government
much
so
Lagos
McKendrick,
The
operations
our
England,
Daniels,
as
1898
visit
to
Lieutenant
arrived.
in
study
Leone
for
order
Surgeon-General
excellent
Medicine
Tropical
the
Sierra
McKendrick
departure
my
of
there
Taylor's
Dr.
action
to
remained
McKendrick
later
Service,
initiative
in
Leone
days
Medical
well-advised
on
Lieutenant
left Sierra
few
A
Indian
whose
to
July, I
of
says
by heavy
rain.
former
date,
thousand
Leone,
of
cart-
University
the
Royal
APPENDIX
90
of
loads
twelve
the
lent
Excellency
has
Berkeley,
of
done
much
the
taking
active
barracks.
places
distance
; but
28th
again,
the
rains
is
detailed
in
more
future
a
will
always
diminution
a
on
general
already
week
or
or
so,
at the
house
I should
sure
I
myself
of the
I think
*
House
was
is
in the streets
A.D.C.
of
our
before
gauge
For
the
several
we
have
dealt
the
that
Dr.
by
will
be
hundred
a
of the
times
at
that
Governor,
with
had
is
rely
must
we
Lieut.
so.
bitten
been
once
the
Government
day
are
McKen-
After
first
House*
though
town,
I
in both, before
writes
the
or
this, the results
of the
a
number
increase
present
having
Taylor
but
drying
October,
their
from
of
centre
doubt
arrival.
to
bitten, either
Dr.
will
season.
ist
in Freetown.
stay
no
to
the
operations
unexpectedly
month's
bitten
the
estimate
exact
conscious
operations.
there
up
centre
PRESENT.
Judging
expedition,in the
Capt. Hodgins,
larvae
an
never
been
have
of
{Anopheles)
make
not
was
his
during
commencement
"
he
that
me
by mosquitoes
THE
indeed,
"
the
shortly.
TO
opinion.
that
possible
It is
certainty.
of
encouraging
most
informs
drick
UP
consensus
town
operations
at
These
employed
mathematical
with
centre
working
the
of
at
from
anywhere, and, therefore,
mosquitoes
is
gang
commence
work
concrete.
difficult to
very
CuUx
chieflybreed
report.
be
to
to
the
keeping
dry-weather
the
the
with
progress
have
able
startingwork
chiefly in attacking
consist
RESULTS
of
now
Anopheles
rocks
in
men
It is
be
military
eral
inspect sev-
to
to
nine-tenths
cleared
already beginning
fillinghollows
view
is
Leone,
various
able
in
the
previously
Major Smith,
the
a
Dr.
work.
will
in which
had
of
in Sierra
been
with
while
ceasing,
now
These
courses,
Taylor
or
it will
perfect its former
shortly begin.
water
gang
September,
are
from
Freetown,
had
and
As
Corps
have
mosquitoes,
this
who
specially employed
are
from
as
Medical
Taylor
from
men
free
elsewhere
to
at
and
assistance
Service,
expel mosquitoes
to
fifty-three. His
the
in this connection.
Royal Army
Daniels
town
the
the
Two
Medical
in Freetown
Drs.
also.
the
of
work
Taylor
ing
includ-
employed,
number
now
Dr.
given
steps
a
Governor,
Colonial
the
of
head
the
by
ot workmen
number
total
also
useful
able
there
The
rubbish.
number
on
the
of
the
17th September,
mosquitoes
diminishing;
partially cleared
am
the
people
Government
APPENDIX
in
resident
of
the
streets
tins
that
and
pots
diminution
in
September,
he
the
streets
Anopheles
Have
also
fright. They
see
only
;
those
who
The
valuable
in his report
work
of the
the
the
and
All
other
cautious
and
I think
Altogether
with
end.
be
difficult
in
means
find
to
have
Culex
true
be
got
a
I seldom
tropical town
a
in
still to
are
correct) they
The
28th
only
know.
can
Daniels
those
who
have
the
to
effect is
same
familiar
are
with
his
will know
given
important
that
he
is
one
of observers.
trustworthy
we
the
decline, and
parts they
tropicaldiseases
that
On
the
on
number
considerable
a
exceedingly
to
this
of Dr.
testimony
at
most
in such
still
scarce.
very
What
again."
malaria
on
untouched
getting
resided
have
in the
(or Stegomyia,
are
and
now
in it is
made
Stegomyia.
are
working
the
; and
once
has
mosquitoes
course
Culex
for the
at
also
meanings
The
"
that
removed
been
been
Of
now.
As
got.
have
writes,
we
tell you
will
Cw/"?^""
the
91
be
to
reason
than
more
satisfied
made.
progress
ACCOUNTS.
It
On
the
the
from
its
Taylor,
hammock
other
and
half
a
and
cement,
the
The
pound
a
School
and
able
each.
and
Committee
C.M.G.,
Nathan,
start
with
arrange
similar
work
the
to
was
despatched
there
"
a
and
Governor
of
Bathurst,
Dr.
to Bathurst
thing
which
of
the
and
of
may
eight
is for three
that
of passages,
twelve
be
of
lent
men
roughly
put
have
of
expedition, and
is exclusive
and
of the
cost
fittingout, salary
September,
accounts
oil,
the
by
about
at
been
submitted
Gold
Coast, I
to
subscribers.
during
GEORGE
colony. Consequently,
whole
EXPEDITIONS.
Sir
in
house
This
Detailed
of
expensive.
very
forty workmen,
workmen
of the
wages
been
The
cost
of
end
of carts,
services
month
the
at
only "304.
to
passing Bathurst,
to
has
slight.
to
twenty
OTHER
On
been
fittingof the
amounted,
of the
Governor.
one
of from
months,
work
beginning, including
rent
items, had
has
expense
wages
boys,
all this
that
imagined
contrary
expedition
Dr.
be
might
Denton,
the
and
EVERETT
to
had
visit to
my
make
not
a
the
principal
DUTTON,
done
Gold
Major
Coast,
Myers
survey
; and
was
to
of the latter
towns
Walter
preliminary
yet been
and
K.C.M.G.,
and
Gambia
in the
the
to
Fellow,
of the
start
ject
subsome
APPENDIX
92
operations against mosquitoes,
of
sum
Coast,
from
money
Sierra
the
handsome
a
with
the
fund.
Leone
of money
sum
has
I
happy
am
the
accepted
be
to
able
to
that
state
of these
Details
post.
to
Governor,
As
the
pay
the
regards
Dr.
will
expeditions
at
my
has
Stewart
Balfour
be
a
Gold
delegate;
ofa
salary
of
and
specially placed
been
disposal bya philanthropicalgentleman
and
of the
help
in later
given
reports.
APPENDIX.
Letter
Note.
C.
from
In
"
Daniels
inspected
two
months
after they
the
above."
headings,
Daniels,
this
reading
Dr,
under
W.
the
letter
Sierra
had
OF
little
operations
commenced.
PROGRESS
See
than
more
remarks
the
also
Campaign
THE
that
to remember
it is necessary
Leone
been
Cantab.
M.B.
Esq.,
and
Results
"Si, Ross.
October,
\st
Dear
1901.
Ross,
I
have
carefully examined
undertaken
with
mosquitoes
in
found
are
Filaria
:
view
Two
Culices
Uganda
The
Leone.
fas
carrier
supposed
mosquito
is known
but
Highlands,
both
does
attack
not
have
in
number
the
to
and
taeniatus)
carry
East
or
yellow
Filaria
of
brindled
fever.
and
Shire
found,
were
of
also
nocturna,
and
Coast
man)
been
mosquitoes
of malaria,
carries
the
on
which
common
(Culex
data
(I think, fatigans, which
which
another
the
works
diminution
costalis, the
Stegomyia
Calcutta,
various
serious
Sierra
Anopheles
"
the
to
Freetown,
nocturna.
mosquito,
and
a
the
but
not
commonly.
A,
funestus
In
of success,
of
number
of the
The
the
not
been
yet.
complete.
been
; and
overlooked
in the
or
Even
the
the
found
works
crowned
been
noteworthy
in the
houses.
in the
there
themselves
undertaken
are
diminution
The
a
in
number
of course,
are,
as
of the
town,
perhaps half,
longest
under
treatment,
part
parts
with
diminished.
only recently begun,
streets,
streets
a
enormously
been
Freetown.
have
been
considerable
A
touched.
yards adjoining
grounds
been
has
has
genera
operations, having
yet far from
has
as
in
not
efforts
your
there
first two
breeding grounds
but
near
opinion, already
my
large degree
the
found
was
still
numerous
occasional
have
places
not
been
in
breeding
have
either
effective
as
APPENDIX
rainfall
the
excessive
would
of them
less.
be
the
with
them
too
are
The
earth
much
narrow,
cuttings
labour
and
work
extra
also
are
be
a
been
and
most
by
some
prolonged
one,
and
in
made.
The
after
rock
each
tings
cut-
shower.
This
fall in.
results
in
and
supervision
work
the
impervious
importance,
considerable
as
keep
to
is
blocked
to
in the
in Freetown
permanent.
liable
supervision,
required, constantly,
is
has
being
very
Even
of great
are
not
of them
many
the soil is
Leone
beginning
will
work
importance
dry weather,
in Sierra
season
excellent
an
great part of the
A
week's
a
of
only
in.).
200
breeding grounds
place these
dealing
wet
be
i.e,,where
in. to
(x lo
destroyed by
As, however,
for this
could
of Freetown,
circumstances
peculiar
and
with
breeding places dealt
The
93
done
in
should
be
already
order.
I
that
suggest
broadened,
broader
this
There
few
are
a
flush
opinion,
large
other
work
is
complete
be
are
a
Exact
larg^eamount
very
far
and
current.
grounds
is insufficient
to
will
incomplete
that
should
as
places
to
uniformity
of
frequently,
labour
the
two
Europeans
deal
is
in
point
work
great,
to
is not
be
will
pools
this,
permanent.
sufficient
the
is
that
least
at
Constant
engaged
(quite twice
of the
able
prefer-
traffic
here.
spent
man
be
rock
it is essential
one
workmen
would
the
if the
by fillingup
the
prove
and
much
so
be
of
think, suffice
I
drains
done
where
even
edge
clear.
to
been
cement,
least
at
has
the
at
will,
brick
easier
are
stones
ones,
; but
and,
season
larger staff of
other
they
as
with
so
be
required,
*
a
where
pools,
breeding
supply
water
smaller
cement
stones,
wet
should
and
the
of
persistent
a
Anopheles
for
placing large
by
is necessary,
supervision
There
of
of work
strengthened
The
of water,
in which
with
amount
broken
small
when
sides
greater
sides
sloping
formation
liabilityto
suitable
behind
strengthened
in my
with
is
water
have
cases
amount
things more
blocked
channel,
A
small
plan adopted
is
of
the
bottom,
drains.
The
work
in all
the
drainage system
the
the
at
rush
the
cuttings
requisite.*
should
a
rock
inches
When
minimises
with
even
ensures,
be
the
season
three
least
60".
cuttings
earth
possible,as
than
will
dry
the
at
about
at
cutting
The
be
to
as
so
inclined
being
during
European
for the
in the
one
purpose.
supervising
present) would,
require redoing,
I
;
think,
there
and
with.
not
essential, but
clearing
is of
the
an
channels
importance.
approximation
; and
as
this
to
it will
requires
to
save
be
done
a
APPENDIX
94
Towards
the
springs
from
which
shallow,
have
been
surface
the
below
There
is
there
that
sure
till there
and
is
a
Sierra
important
few
of the
I do
additional
fish
the
speedily disappeared,
wells
the
as
would
covers
private wells,
and
could
be
when
in this
done
be
are
; these
I notice
of tins
are
as
the
well
the
and
not
a
at
are
an
contain
infested
fish died.
the
would
numerous
be
costlyand
cases.
difficultyin closing
them
smaller
a
supply
number
is obtained
supply,
water
they
of the
one
in many
water
it is
of
much
expected,
to
removed
bottles
for
will
which
probably
and
season,
filled
filled with
being
are
from
certainly
fall
of the
dangerous
are
Anopheles,
contain
which
disused
during
water
harbour
Anopheles
up.
houses.
fillingin pits,but
practical experience
for
breeding grounds
dry
be
overflowing)
cases
many
from
pits remaining
numerous
as
pits
some
adapted
(in
the
require
that
ground
town
will
which
repair
so
serious
Such
deep pools
of
part
greater
larvae
few
a
the
are
use
but
reasons,
There
the
in
Those
other
good
direction.
Equally dangerous
for
be
substituting for
a
still
of
numbers.
these
of the
covers
used
common,
sanctioned.
shortly
latrines.
in
would
that
fish in
to
with
be
not
there
that
that
them
tion
condi-
Africa.
in
wells
many
but
;
and
districts
found
were
few
but
are
in many
public
a
safe
are
provide
informed
but
case
and
wells
public ones,
will
in any
placing
on
I feel
obtainable
of Central
importance,
broad
larvae
uncertain,
am
of the
none
two
Barracks
places
experience
great
found, and
broken-down
these
In
larvae
larvae
Covered
I
of very
be
say
stream.
being
Such
previous
verted
con-
general waterlogged
numerous
{costalis)
nearest
information
so
are
"
by
be
District, and
hillydistricts
the
in
from
year
source.
were
wells
think
not
the
fine weather.
ones
I think,
Wilberforce
the
with
with.
dealt
definite
wells, which
in the
season
any
and
more
Anopheles
Leone,
Though
rains
to
larvae
deal
to
the
Grassflelds
the
near
continued
some
the
are
In
prevent
Pits, usually
underground
drain
a
both
constant
ground
of the
into
in
place
difficult
be
numerous
Anopheles
should,
yet, been
as
others
are
The
Kissy.
near
similar
one
will
overflow,
an
leading
"
places
in these
permanent
with
places have,
of these
None
district, and
more
wells
in
are
constantly running.
of them
Some
covered
into
is
water
the
there
Aureole
in this
dug
and
cuttings alone;
feet
the
found.
constantly
are
of Mount
foot
in.
details
the
mixed
Broken
the
use
On
these,
bottles,
of tins
gained by
assortment
as
Dr.
or
is to be
on
other
Taylor
others,
avoided,
points,
will
be
96
APPENDIX
Leone
give
of
conclusion,
the
principles
to
have
you
we
an
not
are
This
was
and
purpose
cleaning
but
;
especially
the
School
condition
have
no
ago.
of
of
continue
our
the
will
Freetown
discontinue
if
them
when
remain.
that
the
arrived
we
for
be,
former
is
for
course
to
will
The
I
be
the
work
the
to
I
one
local
promise
materially
very
town
sink
to
only
can
choose.
this
"
ultimately,
^then
them
age
drainfor
money
confidently
the
give
to
by
ever.
can
allow
"
It
simply
belongs
^properly
they
"
in
was
in
will
of
that
malaria.
carry
mosquitoes
sum
we
here
state
is
of
work
then
efforts,
to
mosquitoes
large
rubbish
Medicine,
Tropical
intention
a
continue
to
collection
disease
doubt
opportunity
application
advisable
towns
spend
to
is
present
tropical
prepared
to
they
it
the
M.B.,
of
that
"
choose
disease
I
it
Our
ridding
prepared
and
however,
mosquito-borne
that
they
of
are
not
are
mosquito-borne
If,
the
We
up.
and
DANIELS,
W.
again
over
prove
long
manner
drainage
If
reduced.
into
the
we
the
authorities.
that
in
lesson
object
to
established
fully
personally,
practical
misapprehension,
against
undertaking
now
fact
guard
for
sincerely,
very
London
to
you
am,
C.
order
then
elucidated.
Yours
In
to
British
I
*
will
infection.*
to
Medicine,
real
first
Barbadians
thanks
my
Tropical
of
the
liability
express
the
seeing
in
infection
present
School
of
me
the
wish
I
Liverpool
afforded
the
malarial
indication
an
In
to
for
requisite
that
say
may
add,
back
the
ever,
how-
adopted.
OrigintU
Note,
BOOKS.
On
of
Publications
KocKs
Christy's
Co.,
School
of
of
the
Royal
Medicinische
Medicine,
State
and
Mosquitoes
Medicine.
Tropical
Harrison
Society;
London.
Deutsche
of
Mosquitoes.
Committee
Lane,
;
Journal
and
1900;
Malaria
Papers
and
Liverpool
Martin's
St.
Sons,
the
the
of
Reports
and
Malaria
Wochenschrift,
London,
Malaria
October,
Sampson,
;
1899,
1901.
"
Marston
Low,
London.
Malariakrankheiten
Rage's
Neveu-Lemaire's
Gustav
;
H^matozoaires
Fischer,
du
Jena.
Paludisme
;
Balli^reet
Fils,
Paris.
CellVs
Eyre
Malaria
R61e
Mosquito
vols.
;
Medical
in
etc.,
Researches,
and
the
Baltimore
Malaria
Journals,
Journal
Gazette,
American
;
in
Journals
LaverarCs
New
in
the
New
and
his
translated
by
York.
of
Spread
Disease
Detailed
Centralblatt
;
Johns
of
History
fiir Bakteriolo-
Publications,
7
Journal,
of
from
1896
Lancet,
to
Indian
Tropical
the
present
Medical
Medicine,
and
English.
Paludisme
and
languages,
Journal
in
Parasites
Sydenham
Mannabergy
all
Hygiene,
the
Du
in
Medical
British
of
On
Society's
of
New
London
Co.,
Insects,
Theory
particularly
Martin,
"
Reports,
the
to
25-27.
Also,
time
of
Hospital
Hopkins
gie,
Green
Longmans,
;
NuttalVs
the
according
;
Society,
Marchiafava
vol.
CL.,
Masson
Human
et
Blood.
Cie.,
Paris,
translated
London.
and
London.
Bignami
;
New
Sydenham
by
BOOKS
98
Accounts
Brief
MansotCs
Osier's
edition
Diseases
Tropical
Practice
Medicine
ot
Malaria
and
London
Co.,
"
edition.
; last
London
Kimpton,
Henry
;
Mosquitoes
School
Tropical
last
;
and
Marchiafava
Medicine
;
Bignami
Sampson,
London
Gnats
last
;
and
Malaria
on
20th
;
Practice
Century
London.*
Low.
Mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes
Theobald's
Celli
Revue
;
Danielsson,
"
Sons
Bale,
John
;
edition.
Howard's
Medicine,
French
into
1900.
On
Giles*
Trans,
pool
Liver-
and
29th March,
Nature,
;
Publications.
Scientifique, 23rd June,
;
of
Mosquitoes
York.
New
Co.,
"
Philips
McClure,
Classification
of
Journal
;
Tropical
15th July, 1901.
various
La
Casagrandi's
and
d'Igiene Sperimentale,
by
Cassell
;
Subject.
Whole
(1901).
Ross's
of
the
of
vol.
delle
Distruzione
IX.,
Destruction
1899.
Annali
Zanzare,
of
Mosquitoes
Chemicals.
On
Hanson's
Diseases
Tropical
Diseases
Davidson's
and
Elephantiasis
of
;
Cassell
Mosquitoes.
Co., London.
"
Climates
Warm
and
Young
;
Pentland,
Edinburgh.
On
Medical
Feb.,
*
Yellow
Journals
;
and
Fever
Mosquitoes.
Medical
especially
Record,
i6th
York,
New
1901.
The
Italian
scientific
reader
must
works
are
bad
in this
books
be
respect,
I have
that
and
therefore
should
the
The
apocryphal.
largely
;
warned
not,
omitted
historical
works
I
of
think, be
them
from
passag:es
B.
Grassi
included
this
in
of
in
any
of
many
Rome
are
list of
bibliography.
"
R.
the
pecially
es-
honest
Ross.
PUBLICATIONS
LIVERPOOL
OF
SCHOOL
TROPICAL
OF
MBMOIR
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Residents
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of
Places.
Giving
of
account
8".
2s.
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disease
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Myers,
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by
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the
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E.
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Austen.
Major
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gnats
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in
Ross,
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As
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few
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and
los.
6d.
copies
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renewed,
E.
of
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first
this
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important
of
malaria,
to
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collo-
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in
left
are
copies
remaining
the
five
of
Press
University
School,
observations
previous
and
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of
parasites
maps
By
and
D.P.H.,
of
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some
four
(1899).
M.B.,
the
to
embodying
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Leone
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relating
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H.
account
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Being
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history
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the
at
(printed
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solution
the
tution
Insti-
of
the
problem.
Notes
LOW
Britain
Great
permission
malaria
Mosquitoes.
on
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in
Parii,
by
The
Yel"
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Fever
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above
of
to
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Ronald
Organize
to
Ross, F.R.C.S., D.P.H., F.R.S., Walter
LiverpoolSchool
Svo.
How
$0.90net.
Diagrams.
Svo.
$1.00.*
[JustReady.
BRIGADES
MOSQUITO
And
With
of
TropicalMedicine
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;
Them.
Lecturer in TropicalMedicine,
Medical
Service,retired. Crown
Myers
Major, Indian
[Jt^stReady.
PHOTOTHERAPY.
By
Professor
on
The
Niels
R. Finsen.
Assistant
Dermatological
London
Hospital.With
Longmans,
Translated
from
the German
Edition and
with
an
Appendix
of Lupus by James H. Sequeira, M.D., Lond., M.R.C.P.,
Treatment
Lig^ht
and Medical Officer in Charge of the Light Department at the
Illustrations from Photographs. Crown
Svo.
$1.75.*
Green, "
Co., 91 and
93 Fifth
Ave., New
York,
List
A
of
Works
in Medicine
SANITARY
A
Practical
and
Surgery.
ENGINEERING
Treatise
the
on
of Sewage
of Works
of
Disposal
and
and
Collection,Removal
Design and Construction
Final
the
and
Drainage
Sewerage
the Disposal of House
Refuse and Sewage Sludge, and
With
a SpecialChapter on
sive
Numerous
Hydraulic Tables, Formulae and Memoranda, includingan Extenof Velocity and Discharge of Pipes and Sewers,
Series of Tables
Formula
speciallycomputed by Gang^illet and Kutters
E.
Colonel
By
C.
S.
R.E.
MOORE,
of " SanitaryEngineering Notes," etc. FormerlyInstructor in Estimating
of MilitaryEngineering, Chatham.
and Construction
at the School
Author
Large 8vo, with
534 Illustrations and
70
Large Folding Plates.
Pp. xxvii-621,$10.00*
II. Sewerage.
Summary of Contents : Introduction.
Chapter I. Collection and Removal.
IV. HydraulicMemoranda
III. The Flow of Liquid in Pipes and Open Channels.
of Durcy and Bazin, and also of Ganguillet
V. Applicationof Formulae
HydraulicTables.
VI. Construction and Materials.
VII. Ventilation.
VIII. Traps. IX. Appaand Kutter.
ratus,
C.'s.
Latrines and W.
X. Apparatus (continued),
etc.
Urinals, lavatory Fittings,
"
"
Surface
XI.
Water
Collection.
XV.
Sewage Disposal.
The
a.
followingare some
The entirely
and
new
egg-shapesewers,
Kutter's
b. The
The
c.
d. The
The
e.
XII.
Subsoil
Disposalof Sludge and
formula
of the
XIII.
Refuse.
Drainage.
House
of
leadingfeatures
this
SanitaryNotes.
importantwork
XIV.
:
extended series of tables of velocity
and dischargeof circular and
This is the firstpublishedseries of such tables,based upon
etc.
and they have been specially
calculated for the work.
full manner
in which all sections of the subjectare illustrated,
both by lithographic
platesand smaller illustrations in the text.
with illustrations of importantworks of Sewerage and Sewage
special
descriptions,
Disposaland the valuable information on the Disposaland Destruction of House
Refuse and Sludge.
importantinformation on the flow of water in Pipes'and
Open Channels.
extensive series of Hydraulicand other Tables beyond those justmentioned.
that no book
Consideringthe grave importanceof SanitaryEngineering,it is remarkable
has hitherto been published.
dealingwith the subjectin a thoroughand comprehensivemanner
In the preparation
of the work Colonel Moore
has availed himself of valuable information
furnished by leadingspecialists
in particular
of whom
is the late
branches of the subject,
one
Colonel Waring, whose work in the disposal
of sewage and garbage is described at length.
OPINIONS
**
OF
THE
PRESS.
engineercan
afford to be without a copy of this comprehensive manual
of sanitary
engineering.
"
fiiU and complete epitome of the latest practicein sanitary
book is
engineering
; a gl^ce at the
listof authoritiesquoted at the commencement
of the work will show how
Colonel
thorough and how painstaking
has been.
Moore
As a book of reference it is simplyindispensable."Th" Public Health
Engtneer.
No
The
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"
.
*'
Pew
than are revealed in the
departments of applied science can show greater or more
dangerous errors
historyof sanitation,but a volume like this shows the immense
procuress which has been made, and leads us to
think that at last we
firm ground
are
on
a great
book, mvolving almost infinitelabor on the part of the
llie
author, and can be recommended
as
undoubtedly the standard work on the subject.
cellent,
type is exthe misprints
remarkably few, the illustrations in the text most clearlydrawn and reproduced, and the
foldingplatesare models of what such platesought to he,"" The Builder.
...
.
.
.
**
It is the only book yet received by The
of the
which presents a good description
Engineering Record
various biologicalsystems of sewage disposal
number
of new
now
attractingso much attention. It contains a large
tablesof undoubted
value as time and labor-savingaids in computations.
tails
deIts illustrations of sewer
hydraulic
^
well chosen.
The
in general is treated in an interesting
and
subjectof disposal
manner,
of refuse cremation it will be difficult
in so convenient a
elsewhere
to secure
book is very good from beginningto end, and will be a valuable addition to the libraiy
of any
.^
one
who wishes to learn the general theory and practiceof so much
of sanitary
engineeringpracticem Great
I'he discussion of various theories of the flow in sewers,
Britain as b embraced
in its scope.
and the tables to
assistin applyingthem, is a feature which is alone worth the priceof the volimie."
"Engineering^ Recordt New York.
are
numerous
the information on
form.
The
.
and
systems
British^
.
Longmans,
Green, "
Co., 91 and
93 Fifth Ave., New
York,