1. business and industrial
2. energy
3. coal

MINES;
HIDDEN
How
THEM
FIND
TO
CONTAINS
THE
FOR
BY
THE
CALLED
INFORMATION
BUSINESS
ORDINARY
MAN,
REASONS
BUSINESS
FOR
WHO
IS
INTERESTED
ONLY,
IN
METALS
MINES,
W.
THOS.
NEWMAN
Toronto
The
M.
Rogers
ORES
AND
:
Publishing
1895
Co.
Entered
according
Canada,
in
thousand
the
in
the
M.
by
Office
of
Parliament
the
eight
of
and
hundred
one
year
ninety-five,
of
Act
to
the
Toronto,
Newman,
Rogers
Minister
of
Agriculture.
Ontario,
PREFACE
provide
of
or
interest
great
of
knowledge
no
and
undertake
to
of
understanding
and
scientific
in
to
of
an
more
books,
of
now
those
in
from
influence
to
prospecting,
commercial
The
where
of
use
and
taken
explain
to
In
the
short
business
settler,
little
induced
account.
this
and
knowledge
to
when
turn
used,
their
meaning
work
is
that
has
and
knowledge
been
application.
for
investor,
Mines
avoided
been
and
generally,
of
gaged
en-
Minerals,
care
intended
the
those
myself
are
in
has
terms
man,
are
only.
scientific
possible,
as
who
interested
motives
exploiting
confining
people
or
ing
entic-
matters
and
value,
the
and
such
avoiding
scientific
likely
for
simple
as
into
insight
an
searching
carefully
purely
to
of
in
give,
to
possible,
as
Mines,
be
tunity,
oppor-
necessary
number
great
endeavored
business
a
herein;
the
nor
comprehensive
more
have
language
the
study,
the
little
have
print.
I
of
the
time,
to
ject,
sub-
a
treated
matters
the
on
who
many
the
neither
have
who
to
is
work,
information,
practical
little
a
this
attempting
in
object
My
the
benefit
the
who,
Mining,
to
ranger,
if
given
might
practical
PREFACE.
4
first
The
third
The
to
minerals,
and
their
commonly
of
the
value
names
with
met
of the
in
contains
of the
treatment
on
fifth
or
of
contains
various
be
may
last
on
and
confined
there
to
for
a
and
elements
such
as
they
of
tested
employed
non-metallic
as
concise
by
in
than
other
at
erals;
min-
of
and
stones,
the
utilized,
present
description
precious
arts,
scale.
purposes
;
each
in the
are
methods
section
in
is
likely
matters
mining,
follows
mining
or
a
December
THOS.
1894
facts,
interest
of
the
how
and
one
any-
becoming
complete
and
terms
to
desirous
very
3ist,
of
medley
a
W.
Toronto,
ores
identified.
various
engaged
how
metals
also,
use
describes
used
gems
The
different
known
commercial
a
their
of
the
section
those
extraction
hints,
of
and
means,
The
all
ployed
em-
description
a
metals,
knowledge
simple
list of
a
means
symbols.
ores
a
the
identify,the
or
with
four
Part
they
with
ing
giv-
formed
are
deposits
sketches
part
determine,
and
and
they
them,
rocks
rocks,
sections.
mining
their
in
of
how
mineral
how
characters
with
of
occur
commerce
and
so,
and
altered,
and
with
deals
proper,
idea
general
a
to
part
glossary
phraseology.
NEWMAN
CONTENTS,
PART
I.
INTRODUCTORY.
of
Importance
pectors
a
as
hidden
Class.
wealth
How
FORMATIONS
of
Metal.
ores
bearing
rocks.
usually
found
The
metal
in
How
TO
DISTINGUISH
of
Trials
of
List
of
weights
Veins
Iron-
pays.
descriptions
and
of
rocks,
sections
!3~23
III.
ORES.
Hardness;
Specific
uses
contain
to
that
vein
are
rocks.
deposited.
mining
PART
sarily
neces-
rocks
formations
and
Names
not
Metamorphic
are
bodies.
ore
rocks,
How
rocks.
Likely
How
other
of
knowledge.
rocks.
Eruptive
Where
DEPOSITS.
knowledge
a
Stratified
made.
grow.
II.
ORE
scientific
a
Mines
Pros
9-12
AND
Necessity
Metals.
lies
PART
ROCK
for
exploring
the
Streak;
Gravity;
Blowpipe.
Elements,
with
Tenacity;
Crystallization;
Explanatory
symbols,
and
netism;
Mag-
Simple
notes.
atomic
24-34
6
CONTENTS.
PART
DESCRIPTIONS
ores
how
Lead
treatment.
; with
ores
Mercury
value
found.
where
;
and
found
formations
Iron
Ores,
ores,
and
their
with
various
Tin
their
tions.
associaand
ores;
Cadmium.
Manganese
uses.
how
tinguished.
dis-
Tellurium.
(Blacklead).
Metals
Rare
35~73
PART
MINERALS
OF
Aluminium.
Potter's
COMMERCIAL
Kaolin,
Natural
China
Clay.
Gas.
"Mineral
Paints.
Cryolite.
Spar.
Fire
Fluorspar.
Lithographic
Heavy
Monazite.
Sulphur.
Coal.
tite.
Apastone.
Lime-
Spar.
Common
Phosphorus.
Peat.
Wool."
Infusorial
Clay.
Asbestos.
Limestone.
Mica.
Natural
Asphaltum.
Shale.
Soapstone.
Lithia
Arsenic.
Alum
Marble.
Hydraulic
Salt.
VALUE
Meerschaum.
Manganese
Gypsum.
Mica.
or
Marl.
Clay.
Actinolite.
Rock
V.
Bauxite.
Orthoclase.
PRECIOUS
;
and
;
Molybdenite;
.Graphite
OTHER
ores
Bismuth.
useful.
how
ores
ores.
in.
their
characteristics.
Copper
Cobalt
and
Nickel
and
commercial
their
Zinc
treatment.
Antimony
ores;
chief
its
Platinum;
value.
Silver
them.
test
to
ORES
AND
extracted.
and
found
how
;
METALS
NATIVE
OF
Gold;
IV.
Petroleum.
Pitchblende.
Earth.
Amber..
74-90
STONES
Diamond.
Sapphire.
Zircon.
Quartz
Emerald.
Gems.
Opal.
Rutile
net.
Gar-
9i~99
7
CONTENTS.
PART
POINTERS
PRACTICAL
in
Error
for
How
What
When
to
develop.
of
The
of
Risks
the
computed.
and
of
for
melting
of
wood
fuel.
cast-iron.
GENERAL
ores,
glossary
INDEX
metals.
Weight
alloys.
of
machinery
mining
terms
are
Weights
of
quired
re-
the
steel.
temper
metals.
of
they
calculate
To
cost
stocks.
Water
case-harden.
Common
and
in
metals.
To
Approximate
treating
complete
of
small
mining.
how
etc.;
of
way
Selling
To
weld.
points
proper
investor
stream.
a
or
as
weights
ordinary
of
solder,
of
earth,
discovery.
successful
quartzmilling.
water-power
To
to
Relative
volumes
The
The
ores,
Choosing
a
drill.
business.
of
Measures
making
diamond
Cost
prospect.
a
begin.
Essentials
ore.
Samples
capital.
on
should
Mining
lots
do
to
information
"Kit."
obtain
to
select
to
Chemist's
Describing
Railway.
route.
How
Prospector's
comparison.
of
a
The
assay.
sufficient.
not
samples.
rejecting
for
samples
A
VI.
Table
and
Cement
mining
value
for
and
100-128
129-138
139-145
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
FRONTISPIECE
?"
WHAT
"
is
THERE
SECTION
IT
IN
FORMATION
ROCK
OF
CUTS
23
PANS
36
OF
'
'
DOLLY"
39
BANDED
A
VEIN
HIDDEN
99
PLACER
103
GALENA
VEINS
SHAFTS,
104
ADITS
BEAVER
LEVELS
SILVER
106
MINE.
OF
AND
.
"
HARD
THE
LUCK
DIAMOND
"
MINE
DRILL
.
108
CORE-BIT
113
DRILLING
114
PART
PROSPECTING
To
and
of
sport
defiled"
strength
at
is
as
fortunes
can
time,
realized
in
in
to
a
the
mine,
he
find,
he
to
which
for
with
what
a
in
other
calling
without
explorer
feeling,
other
no
community
successful
at
the
that
converts
possibly
and
the
day,
the
and
as
business,
the
making
the
at
same
fortune
can
causing
be
and
misery
others.
When
the
no
hardest
health
and
which
made,
enrich
and
in
quota
forty.
at
man
per'-
its
the
added
heart
un-
taste
brings
pleasure,
and
"Nature
eternal,
such
in
way,
be
necessarily
a
young
other
no
it
business
ordinary
In
it
make
as
sixty,
the
loss
with
the
and
is his
exploring
springs
hope
brings
of
then
not,
of
day
enjoyment,
labor
has
freedom
the
wilderness,
delights
who
every
for
taste
any
untrodden
the
(and
verted);
of
has
ever-changing
pure,
PROSPECTORS.
AND
who
one
I.
he
clear
adds
mine
sum
receives,
conscience.
the
of
wealth
into
his
supplies
large
a
once
finds
prospector
present
The
value
nation.
When
the
medium
of
and
wants,
may
able
valu-
the
therefore,
and
a
he
opening
change
ex-
receives
gives
enjoy
of
his
of
value
gains
mines
in
locality,means
any
and
work,
good
prospector
takes
Prospectors
are,
the
both
men,
with
the
by
head."
The
with
necessarily
fortune
the
cases
and
amount
of
the
his
cures
his
this
mad
ears
delusion.
disease,
the
and
him
save
only,
cutting
"
of
the
off
that
until, weary
They
this
experience
and
also
seem
tail
a
by
cination,
hallu-
can
used
remedy
continue
is
he
millions;
on
close
this, financially interpreted,
majority.
many
apparently,
his
a
firmly
of
friends
Nothing,
must
reasoning
or
his
; in
nay
idea,
argument,
and
that
and
possession
ofttimes,
canine
"
the
each
become
to
pressed
im-
himself,
by
forthwith,
dispossess
can
that
each
be
to
value,
with
in
seems
seems
are
"swelled-
same
idea,
indisputable
while
cure
finder
they
"
called
once,
immense
the
this:
the
are
trouble
greatest
is
of
in
share
The
be
already
to
hard
deposit, found
discoverer
friends,
and
mistaken
honestly imbued
no
active
or
due
is
and
one,
rule, unusually
them
at
for
searching
public benefactor.
a
commonly
all
the
vein
every
of
"
added
an
"
physically,
symptoms
victim
the
a
field.
disease
a
as
and
in the
of
laborer
honorable
an
rank
as
majority
attacked
case,
is
the
farmer
business
mentally
when
workers
his
the
fit
bene-
lasting
to
the
to
mines,
developing
and
therein;
wages;
therefore,
market;
and
direct
a
dwellers
the
all
to
and
PECULIARITIES
PROSPECTORS
IO
to
is what
in their
growing
ceit
conscar-
of
city
in
not
teaches
cash,
in
(which may'
the
worth
often
will
refuse
never
(received
before
sufficient
dollars
be
enough)
is
hundred
is
his
for
his
for
him
and
its
on
ploitation.
ex-
business,
prospect,
if the
development)
reward
wealth,
hundreds,
spent
offer
proper
to
one
understands
cash
a
in
until
cost,
who
prospector
their
genuine
find
one
of
II
tender.
legal
it
than
thousands,
The
be
of
OFFER
that
be
is, not
more
CASH
them
sense
a
shape
truth
The
A
REFUSE
NEVER
his
same
time
and
labor.
who
Everyone
and
prospecting,
the
recognize
find
may
sell
it," and
each
year
become
be
or
anyone
always
are
realization.
it is
is
becomes
it
tend
and
work,
large bodies
of
low
dividends
be
can
prospector,
advance
of
gold
searching
for
to
remember,
that
New
what
grade
at
the
saving
is
ore.
and
desired
day
to-
Many
present
the
and
processes
closer
to
will
prospects
In
quantity.
machinery,
paying
well
in
to
man
they
of the
satisfaction
economical
is
before
mines
the
to
requisite
is
mine
into
mines,
improved
mining
essential, that
more
expectations
other
first
more
and
possible
any
clever
a
of
"that
universally understood,
more
developed
whose
business
will
prospects,
saying,
it takes
of
experience
any
mining
the
but
the
as
of
of
truth
more
disposed
handling
mine,
a
had
has
a
time,
that
few
a
the
in
then
of
deposits
low
be
commercially,
these
all
each
to
the
see
therefore
and
be
carefully
of interest
the
is
value
of
seeing
riches
in
taken
is
of
habits
a
better
immediate
of
have
wealth."
of
wealth,
used,
and
from
it, and
to
is
untried
who
walked
mine
a
with
this
in
this
the
Right
years,
for
better
There
in
mines,
under
paths,
lies
is
than
proved
beaten
for
roaming
much
anywhere,
ground.
dividual
in-
propensity
a
of
nection
con-
Most
away,
field
grows
valuable,
prospectors.
follow
over
minerals.
more
develop
earth,
becomes
with
deal
surroundings
those
been
all who
may
and
the
neighborhood.
prospecting
there
from
application,
new
class
and
rials.
mate-
to-morrow,
come
long distance
a
immediate
where
hint
this
gypsies,
the
to
it is
more
there
than
must
are
to-day,
valuable
deposits
most
the
larger
worthless
very
or
mechanic
different
for
uses
materials
Unlike
scientific
is
appliance,
new
matter
feet
be
to
appliances
liable
should
ore
new
which
That
the
grade
and
grow,
the
and
finding
constantly
no
grade
chemist,
The
as
is
at
after.
looked
as
methods
year
worked
low
too
direction
this
in
be
not
of
the
by
Every
use.
tendency
could
was
ore
treated
profitably
GROW.
ago
years
all, because
a
MINES
HOW
12
the
which
"hidden
PART
ROCK
The
first
requisite
of
does
It
of
the
rocks
which
such
To
minerals
be
in
manner
are
three
hundred
three
their
varying
so
distinct
kinds
of
value.
greater
fifty
and
of
the
and
rocks;
cognized
re-
divided
and
according
below;
definite
seldom
are
minerals
fast
making
lines
Granite
in
and
more
and
into
be
can
will
in
a
few
less
difference
often
kind,
that
drawn
yards
in
them
combinations
rock
one
another
in
endless
or
but
compounds,
distributed
are
proportions,
gradually
Thus,
and
of
explained
as
appearance;
and
rocks
by petrologists,
named
change
their
the
able.
valu-
origin.
various
each
hundred
and
knowledge
is
occur,
two
classes,
Rocks
the
they
of
although
necessary;
general
a
ledge
know-
constituents,
recognize
and
under
scientific
a
in
rocks.
desirable
very
to
between
and
to
able
which
There
into
is
sight,
on
is
and
these
chemical
formed,
are
education
an
that
or
names,
in
a
have
to
ores,
occurs,
is
value,
certain
ore
searching
likely
are
follow,
not
in
success,
rocks
the
DEPOSITS.
commercial
containing
conditions
what
of
what
mines
them;
to
deposits
knowledge
ORE
AND
FORMATION
mineral
for
II.
between
become
in
changes
no
hard
them.
Gneiss,
The
action
wearing
material,
picked
and
in
of
water
is
it, particles
the
the
solution,
water,
bind
are
the
The
into
ited,
depos-
of
mingling
with
of them
down
with
floating
chemical
all
and
in
deposited
highest
first
the
Ocean,
some
are
those
the
Ocean,
atoms
further
of
currents
share,
Islands.
Again
on
months,
it
The
others
Minerals
the
in
precipitated
the
drop,
to
on.
specific
and
salt
help
to
rest.
their
shore
by
as
is
actual
the
carried
some
and
in
at
gravity, being generally
in
matter
finer
and
matter,
others
combinations,
lighter being
eroded
down
bringing
of
kinds
these
route,
the
carried
flowing
arriving
On
endless
all
constantly
irregular shapes.
constantly
currents,
solution.
along
of
other
many
vegetable
finer
river
a
ously.
continu-
on
but
still water,
less
or
instance,
with
slowly,
and
clay,
it reaches
more
The
going
rain, frost, and
ice, ground
until
goes,
is
is
Schist,
on.
route), being
en
Mica
to
way
existing Rocks;
(sand,
up
water
of
the
away
so
rocks
destruction,
of
agents
and
of
formation
The
give
turn
rock,
other
some
for
in
Gneiss
the
and
or
FORMATION.
ROCK
14
line
its
the
the
loosened
whole
in
a
material
also
from
is
Ocean
shores,
are
lime
perhaps,
disappearing
the
Ocean,
ing
carry-
the
Coral
continually
of
sections
few
years,
being
or
carried
croaching
en-
the
even
off
METAMORPHIC
This
process
after
day,
going
into
is solidified
These
the
Rocks.
and
boulders
Other
in
cooled
subterraneous
by
gases
under
of
the
many
and
was
The
great
or
alternate
called
have
have
Igneous,
formed
probably
have
and
great
cases
melted
been
forced
been
through
pressure,
and
of
expansion
Granites,
Rocks
have
the
These
enough
probably
to
continued
the
undergone
perfectly
called
are
is
of this
areas,
have
been
change
are
large
over
cases,
crystallized.
not
which
the
Sedimentary
Rocks.
;
up
sures,
fis-
gases
crust.
Dykes,
changes,
in
most
are
enormous
by
in
are
They
heat,
formed
In
they
as
ejected from
These
Rocks.
by
Trap
stones,
Lime-
sand
;
lie
and
state,
slowly.
the
of
etc.,
corals
been
original Rocks,
rending
called
are
consist
These
have
fused
a
very
from
beds.
what
and
whole
Strata.
Eruptive
or
shells
Rocks
depths
form
of
pressure
the
massive
day
layers
time,
They
gravel.
called
layers
in
Conglomerates,
from
formed
of
layers,
Sandstones,
are
of
course
series
or
Sedimentary
intermission,
being formed, great
a
beds,
elsewhere.
results
year,
in
and
forms
without
on
thickness
developed,
15
varying
after
year
tremendous
is
in
deposited,
be
to
ROCKS.
due
to
for
ages.
whole
great
partially
or
Metamorphic
heat,
fusion,
cause
origin.
which
but
was
which,
l6
DEPOSITS
ORE
These
rocks
action
by the
of heated
in
and
evaporation,
and
their
dropping
from
matter
often
contain
than
rocks
naturally
contain
where
section
a
much
Trap
of
rocky
country
succeed.
the
rock
brings
us
likely
caused
the
by
rock,
and
to
softened
prospector
appearance,
is
of
mineral
rotted
being
matter
Veins,
of
metal,
on
the
A
generally
are
in
or
the
composed
de-
(iron
Gossan;
as
the
more
surface,
known
acter,
char-
favorable.
is
places
deposits
and
Spar
soft, schistose
The
in
angles;
the
there,
have
to
all
at
and
Quartz,
decomposition
most
rocks
tilted
and
burnt
or
the
with;
met
discoloration,
less
This
and
Dykes,
to
hope
may
of Commerce,
metals
shows
disturbed,
frequently
are
more
mines.
Where
been
molten
rocks
origin.
of
sections
to
condensation
by
these
of the
another
springs,
electrolytic action,
Thus
deposits
filled
by ejection of
or
below.
of
and
perhaps
contents;
been
heated
or
vapors,
solution,
contorted
have
fissures
the
and
metals
holding
much
generally
are
fractured,
and
VEINS.
oxide).
Ore
deposits,
according
called
are
beds,
and
Veins
known
to
veins
are
as:
their
veins
or
occur
most
Fissure
be
may
divided
of
modes
lodes
also
;
kinds,
These
occurrence.
pockets, placers,
of four
frequently
Veins;
four
into
met
(often
and
kinds.
with,
called
true
and
are
veins.)
l8
THE
deep,
two
or
be
may
be
to
and
especially
the
vein
and
the
vein
Deep
mining
shows,
much
the
distance,
gangue,
may
as
this
the
to
which
which
point
surface
often
enriched
veins
meet,
cutting
is
formation
one
band
where
as
in the
on
quantities
"
a
a
to
intersects
contain
and
in
penetrate,
is
cut
or
by
a
value
ore
centre,
two
Trap
while
barren
another
the
are
where
contact
the
and
Veins,
their
paystreak,"
ticularly
par-
distance
sometimes
will
proves
im-
vein,
the
"
able
is poor
vein, sometimes
prove
kind
in
of
what
being
a
times
some-
side.
one
While
it
veins
Many
known
that
the
working,
viz.:
vein
the
vein
a
productive
Rock.
where
of
some
or
fathoms.
point
face,
sur-
for
down,
been
ten
or
the
at
or
Also
Dyke.
of saturation,
five
the
on
Often
first
on
has
pretty
contents
it is followed
water
be
may
metal
case
talcose
selvage,)
studied
be
can
from
permanent.
appear
considerably.
vary
the
they
walls,
continue
veins
as
the
in richness
to
that
surface
although
is
down
also, is likely to be
below,
the
soft
a
by clay, (called the
or
same
if the
separated
distinctly, by
gossan,
where
be
likely
more
productive,
footwall,
contact
a
and
areas,
by miners,
and
matter,
or
smaller
Beds.
permanent,
casing
PAYS.
or
is considered
vein
A
larger
over
called
THAT
VEIN
rich
of
ores
low
are
grade
much
pay
sought after, large
best.
IRON
Iron
BEARING
rocks
bearing
the
in
larger,
gneiss,
limestone
likely
into
band
formation
the
for
varieties
and
both
Crystalline
to
the
distance
the
surface
comparison
manufacture
the
beds
are
usually
and
equal
furrows.
plough
the
and
depth,
about
the
round,
year
1"
limited
for
Fah.
ROCKS
VARIOUS
OF
feet
in
reached
depth
is
constant
feet
of
in
increases
invariably
60
but
canons
hundred
one
In
merely
are
temperature
each
Earth
miles.
grandest
levels
lower
at
the
mountains
about
at
in
Rocks.
3,956
to
our
The
cleavable
of
centre
formable
con-
however,
Stratified
the
insignificant ant-hills;
found
are
highest
our
The
dip.
and
from
is
most
for
Ironstones,
The
the
ore,
strike
the
to
is
side,
line
crystal-
a
iron
and
metal,
hornblende
or
with
one
on
oldest
being thicker,
Mica,
sometimes
schists,
or
beds
ore
rocks.
these
IQ
preferably, the
are,
geological formations,
and
ROCKS.
descent,
to
ordinary mining.
ORDINARY
OCCURRENCE
AKGILLITES:
Clayslates, breaking
CONGLOMERATES
Any
or
these
into
thin
slabs.
even
:
rock
composed
pebbles,
are
When
PUDDINGSTONE.
cemented
angular
the
of
it is
fragments
fragments,
coarse
together.
called;
are
a
When
BRECCIA.
rounded
;
a
OF
DESCRIPTIONS
2O
ROCKS.
CHALK:
Soft,
white
called
;
limestone.
is
is
"chalk"
of
oxide
clayey
"chalk"
Red
so
French
Iron.
soapstone.
a
CHERT:
Flint
in
Hornstone,
or
occurring
nodules
as
Limestone.
DOLOMITE
:
Carbonate
of
of
lime,
containing
in
strictly speaking,
magnesia;
in acid
proportions. Effervesces
DIORITE
carbonate
equal
heating.
on
:
Triclinic
feldspar,
and
quartz.
A
without
or
gray,
to
blackish
rock,
tough
in color.
green
with
hornblende,
light
Eruptive.
"
DOLERITE:
dark
green
to
brownish
Color,
grained.
Coarse
(Basalt, Trap.)
black.
Eruptive.
"
GRANITE:
Quartz,
Feldspar
of
monuments,
Mica,
and
layers
or
cleavage,
taking
etc.,
with
a
fine
no
used
pearance
ap-
for
polish.
"
Eruptive.
GNEISS
:
Like
Granite,
but
flagstones,
GABBRO
in
etc.
"
layers, used
for building
Metamorphic.
:
Cleavable
Labradorite
;
(Lime-soda
Feld-
OF
DESCRIPTIONS
spar)
to
HYDRO
and
black
21
Pyroxene.
Color, dull
of
origin.
Igneous
red, gray
SCHIST:
A
MIC
;
ROCKS.
Green
soft.
and
gray;
in
white
to
color
sometimes
;
quartz.
Foliated,
shapes.
Smooth
often
Mica
Hydrous
thin
splittinginto
with
wedge
and
surface,
greasy
dark
pearly
lustre.
ITACOLUMYTE:
Flexible
Sandstone
mica
quartz with
in
Brazil.)
A
flinty quartz
schistose
a
"
talc.
or
granular
(Diamond
bearing
JASPER:
color, and
green
LIMESTONE
dull
red,
breaking
smooth
yellow,
or
flint.
like
:
of
Carbonate
contains
or
Lime,
clay
some
nearly
Usually
white
sand.
or
of
;
generally
Color,
cream
and
brown,
black.
Crystalline
various
drop
a
Sedimentary;
or
fossils.
the
with
Calcite
or
blue,
;
contains
forms
MICA
of
marbles.
stone
limevesces
Effer-
hydrochloric
acid.
if crystalline;metamorphic.
SCHIST:
Mostly
Mica,
Divides
Feldspar.
shaped
Crumbles
with
slabs.
much
easily
Color, from
readily.
quartz
and
into
silvery to
Metamorphic.
some
wedgeblack.
PORPHYRY
ROCKS.
OF
DESCRIPTIONS
22
:
massive
A
from
rock, showing
crystals
distinct
matrix.
the
QUARTZITE:
Sandstone
Indurated
of quartz,
but
Merely
a
solidified
quartz
sand,
;
that
showing
not
is, composed
grains.
SANDSTONE:
clay
for
Used
generally
sand,
mica,
contains
sometimes
fossils.
or
of
bed
grindstones;
ing,
build-
etc.
SERPENTINE:
Massive,
easily
the
to
greasy
silicate
a
STE
of
ATITE-SOAPSTONE
a
and
and
knife,
Dark
mottled.
magnesia,
high polish,
and
to
green,
of
Composed
little iron.
a
is called
Takes
"marble."
:
Consists
Gray
SYENITE
touch.
and
yellowish,
with
cut
of Talc.
to
soapy.
white.
and
green
Feels
Massive.
:
A
rock
Feldspar
or
TALCOSE
without
Slaty
for
Talc.
Talcose
Hornblende,
Flesh
quartz.
and
colored
white.
grayish
SCHIST
of
composed
:
Mica
Schist
Schist,
but
is often
does
mistaken
not
contain
Talc.
TRAP:
The
common
term
for, basic
Igneous
rocks.
SECTION
rocks
Igneous
but
the
away
of
as
such
Slates.
t."
(Metamorphic).
Gneisses
P.
Vein.
2nd
"
1,000
L.
"
ist
N.
purely
=
c.
Limestone,
"
"
Tilted
Vein.
V."
l
does
not
planing
or
exposed,
pearing
ap-
veins, tilting
accidents
e.
Granite
o."
face,
sur-
on
inch.
feet
Quartzite.
"
Faults,
are
limestone.
F.
it is
the
on
erosion,
strata,
phenomena
Crystalline
"
23
matter
the
chimney.
a
SCALE,
a.
fluid
by
overlying
often
all
the
until
open,
the
FORMATION.
frequently overflow,
sometimes
reach
and
ROCK
OF
Trap
"
flow
over-
(Eruptive),
Slates.
R."
Contact
Vein.
Newest
x.
"
m.
"
Vein.
Stringer
(diagrammatic.)
a
large
scale.
be
had
of
alternate
by
have
a
lime
to
supposing
layers
of
body
be
cause
portions
parts
lime
would
would
to
a
of
sand,
mixed
fissure
to
occurrence
heap
be
lifted
fall
fill all crevices.
may
heap, composed
gravel
in
the
with
the
naturally
their
confined
quicklime
become
would
of
idea
An
all
The
the
while
slaked
to
the
effect
directions,
bodily,
in, and
clay,
and
centre
water.
in
and
and
other
liquid
PART
HOW
TO
the
and
does
but
show
of
a
The
and
a
of
the
definite
tests,
to
the
shows
their
by
the
amount,
or
distinguished,
are
hardness;
reactions
color;
are
and
prospector,
of
ation
crystallizhaving
first
The
five
practical
most
easily
most
streak;
minerals
;
composition.
which
those
the
also
only
not
specific gravity;
chemical
are
are,
each.
"
metals
chemical
and
mineral,
or
ingredients
of
but
malleability;
;
ore
constituent.
each
recognized,
determination
an
amount
compound,
ores
lustre;
in
ANALYSIS:
of
percentage,
is the
"
different
the
QUANTITATIVE
nature
:
the
what
not
ORES.
contained
elements
shows
DISTINGUISH
ANALYSIS
QUALITATIVE
of
III.
in
made
use
the
fields.
This
HARDNESS:
distinguishing
in
from
Pyrites
of
value,
minerals.
not
from
by
i
the
quality
"
Iron)
pebbles
This
as
is
resistance
(represented
Diamond).
gems,
the
to
by
particularly
(such
ores,
many
and
is
in
deciding
and
quality
blows.
Talc);
resisting
The
to
possible
non-metallic
many
of
Copper
as
the
ful,
use-
10
scale
sion,
abraruns
(represented
26
HOW
amined.
ORES
The
latter
frequently show"
outside
three
small
a
and
This
then
the
MALLEABILITY:
As
is
cut,
rule,
a
likely
mineral
is
gum)
;
it
"
The
soft,
of
ing.
break-
and
easily
valuable.
of
being
if it will stand
and
Also
a
easily broken,
sliced
property
kinds
with
knife.
a
reflecting light, or
lustre
are:
pearly; silky;
tarnish
ores
in
some
on
cases
vitreous
"
resinous
or
(or
like
as
in
guide,
a
this
and
exposure,
determining
ore.
DIAPHANIETY
is
is
is
be
of
quality
brittle,when
can
streak-plate.
a
without
value,
it
sample,
adamantine.
serves,
to
the
that
ore
be
The
:
Many
the
hammer
of
to
metallic;
stoney;
the
out,
sectile, when
shining.
is
the
on
ing
draw-
by
across
or
This
any
be
to
said
LUSTRE
file
the
from
examined
thumb,
under
hammered
being
or
"
out
best
and
streak,
difference
cornered
across
flattened
is
the
called
is
marked
""
color.
TESTED.
ARE
"
through,
pass
distinctly
when
not
The
:
as
seen
;
property
transparent,
the
through
light
of
allowing light
when
substance
is transmitted
but
object
an
;
lucent,
trans-
objects
are
seen.
SPECIFIC
of mineral
water,
difficult
GRAVITY
compared
which
to
is taken
ascertain
:
Is
"
with
as
in
the
an
of
weight
equal
a
standard.
the
woods,
bulk
a
piece
of
pure
This
requiring
is
a
HOW
balance.
delicate
in
a
the
subtract
the
Usually
guide
the
to
:
magnetic
of
heated,
the
iron
in
in
of
work.
does
of
D.
for
S.
the
commercial
exception
tion,
attrac-
sometimes
the
needle
being
these
is
and
Structure
determination
the
a
complete
fall
within
the
desire
to
Mineralogy
copy,
of
study
of
the
fessor
Pro-
by
work:
larger
by
study
the
Lithology,
the
of
scope
pursue
a
and
or
pass.
com-
Messrs.
J.
A
D.
Dana.
list
of
Form
procure
Dana,
of
System
The
most
should
Mineralogy
James
E.
not
who
Those
mineralogy,
New
in
sidered
con-
by ignition.
While
crystallography
Manual
and
"
service
itself, and
this
oxide
magnetic
less
natural
perfect
a
attract
great
minerals,
is
Pyrrhotite
it.
is
decided
only
CRYSTALLIZATION:
are
or
more
Sp.
good
a
are
will
the
to
is
in
having
one
form
is
contained
minerals
being
changed
to
as
Some
after
only
again,
result
"
by
first, and
(Lodestone)
ore
Nickeliferous
but
so
ores
Iron
the
be
to
the
substance
a
metal
Many
"
Black
magnetic.
of
amount
MAGNETISM
of
it
weigh
from
difference
weight
of mineral
suspend
and
60"
at
the
piece
then
and
weight
by
2.J
small
a
water
second
first
the
TESTED.
manner,
distilled
the
divide
ARE
Weigh
ordinary
hair, in
G.
ORES
of
in
the
following chapter,
from
ores,
which
at
purposes,
those
used
metals
in
are
present,
small
comprises
obtained
with
quantities,
the
or
28
THE
for
other
BLOWPIPE.
ordinary
prospector
the
Although
of
not
reasons,
from
of
amount
and
standards
The
like
that
the
A
of
the
:
the
follow
referred
a
least
native
tarnished
of
effervescence,
an
the
substance,
which
be
the
here.
in
ending
of
concentrated
to
be
a
lamp;
of
are
BLOWPIPE
(which
soda;
minute
in
is
small
very
spirit lamp,
examined,
grease
carbonate
a
a
on
Those
Blowpipe.
blowpipe,
a
brief
given,
"
the
aid
A
hints
on
flame
the
charcoal;
borax;
minerals.
work
tube
substance
useful
most
a
Chapman's
are;
tapered
may
of the
tinguish
dis-
to
serves
attempted
up
standard
essentials
a
is
be
Professor
"
orifice, by
alcohol;
to
to
PRACTICE
Acid
different
desire
pieces
the
being
heating
This
"
need
candle,
made.
the
even
by causing
description only,
merely
in
look
ores,
without
BLOWPIPE
The
be
test.
determining
who
proper
accordingly.
Hydrochloric
always,
THE
should
condition
carbonate,
a
during
the
alloyed.
drop
not
is
ore,
sufficiently
to
up
contain,
they
natural
a
often
and
few
pure
found
come
varies
in
metal
never
to
the
to
man.
allowance
very
metal
in
metals
in
due
specific gravity
Note,
but
are
impurities,
interest
business
or
given, practically ores
free
much
or
tity
quan-
powder)
spirit lamp;
platinum
and
BLOWPIPE
iron
inch
%
pointed
steady
in
soda,
The
most
either
of
should
The
minerals
These
smooth
piece
charcoal,
in
some
minerals,
ground.)
back-
for different
the
as
support
examined
best
on
in
used
paris,
or
cases
dark
a
change
of
entirely,
different
by
are
plaster
without
a
place of
charcoal.
To
in
end)
one
found
A
for
test
mineral
held
the
on
flame,
colors
charcoal.
fuses
or
of
excess
firm
against
deposits
of
an
deposit left varies
or
the
and
cools.
be
The
a
powdered
vaporizes
noted
coating
is
of
infusible,
colors,
be
maintain
to
piece
coating
metal.
various
tinged
at
small
jeweler.
any
mineral
sometimes
a
from
without,
a
proves
leaves
globule
the
a
tube
glass
mouth.
the
or
in
metal,
again,
(this
pair of
the
tests
hollow
a
yielding
is
and
necessary
with,
substance
and
is
of air from
making
laid,
and
of
had
be
may
practice,
stream
In
pieces
diameter,)
Blowpipe
little
A
in
few
a
2Q
forceps.
The
a
bone-ash,
wire;
(about
TRIALS.
the
lower
heat
and
condensed
piece
in the
Sulphur,
of
place
water,
to
Arsenic,
of
the
size
try the
powdered
tube, (closed
test
if any,
will
part.
upper
the
and
a
moisture
; the
at
mineral
forceps
end
little
a
of
a
pin head,
fusibility.
Selenium
compounds,
is
THE
3O
like
detect
and
soda
silver
infusible
with
on
will
with
without
or
and
deposit.
a
stain
;
yield
soda.
give
Cobalt,
and
Antimony,
Cadmium
Mercury,
the
volatilized,
are
Lead
Bismuth
grains.
latter
two
leaving
sublimates.
colors
Manganese
wire
platinum
end
one
a
into
loop
it,
of
on
and
ore;)
a
color,
green
the
color
Lithia,
and
small
particle
small
very
(formed
a
borax
the
Chromium,
Strontia,
of borax,
bead
fusing
a
up
color.
carmine
a
(No. 27); by making
and
taking
violet
flame,
deep
red.
THE
the
mineral
place
and
Tin,
Nickel,
Iron,
beads,
heavy
MICROSCOPE.
thin
very
either
metallic
Zinc,
then
and
if present,
Copper,
beads,
Platinum,
on
fuse
sulphur,
Silver,
malleable
and
little
a
black.
Gold,
brittle
moisten
smells
horseradish.
decaying
paste;
a
The
coin.
coin
like
Sulphur,
into
Arsenic
odors.
peculiar
Selenium,
garlic.
To
the
their
off
give
MICROSCOPE.
of the
an
The
this
=Hardness.
rock
word
examination,
microscope,
The
By
following
work:
or
with
BB.=Before
G.=Specific
the
under
of
microscope,
minerals
many
Macroscopic
without
made
only
abbreviations
of
examination
an
absence,
or
ascertained.
signify
of
slices
presence,
"
a
are
the
pocket
used
is
used
the
to
use
lens.
out
through-
Blowpipe.
Gravity.
is
H.
LIST
The
at
known
in
found
the
in
The
stating
LIST
OF
symbols
the
are
composition
AND
Al.
Antimony
Sb.
Arsenic
As.
Barium
Ba.
Beryllium
Be.
Bismuth
Bi.
207.5
B.
Bromine
Br.
Cadmium
Cd.
they
the
elements
and
weights
all
indicate
combine
cally.
chemi-
abbreviations,
the
used
in all text-books.
THEIR
SYMBOLS,
27.
120.
74.9
Hydrogen
H.
Indium
In.
Iodine
I.
Iridium
137.
Ir.
113.4
126.5
192.5
Fe.
55.9
Lanthanum
La.
138.
10.9
Lead
Pb.
206.4
79.8
Lithium
111.7
Li.
Mg.
24.
54.8
58.7
Manganese
Mn.
Calcium
Ca.
39.9
Mercury
Hg.
Carbon
.C.
12.
Molybdenum
141
Nickel
Mo.
....
Ni.
.
Chlorine
Cl.
35.4
Niobium
Chromium
Cr.
52.5
Nitrogen
Cobalt
Co.
58.7
Osmium
Columbium
(see Niobium.)
Oxygen
Copper
Cu.
Palladium
63.2
7.
Magnesium
Cs.
Ce.
i.
Iron
9.1
Caesium
Cerium
are
WEIGHTS.
ATOMIC
Aluminium
Boron
chemist,
WITH
ELEMENTS,
all
atomic
which
in
proportions
The
the
to
minerals.
31
contains
table
following
present
ELEMENTS.
OF
Nb.
N.
Os.
O.
Pd.
199.8
96.
58.6
93.7
14.
191.
16.
106.2
Didymium
Di.
142.
Phosphorus
Erbium
Er.
166.
Platinum
Pt.
194.3
19.1
Potassium
K.
39.
69.9
Rhodium
Rh.
73-3
Rubidium
Rb.
Ruthenium
Ru.
Fluorine
Gallium
Germanium..
Glucinum
Gold
F.
Ga.
..Ge.
(see Beryllium.)
Au.
196.7
Scandium
P.
Sc.
31.
104.1
85.2
103.5
44.
32
ACID
Selenium
AND
Se.
Silicon
Si.
Silver
Ag.
Sodium
Na.
BASIC
78.9
Tin
Sn.
28.
Titanium
Ti.
Tungsten
W.
107.7
Strontium
Sr.
Sulphur
S.
ROCKS.
1
17.4
48.
183.6
23.
Uranium
U.
87.3
Vanadium
V.
51.1
32.
Ytterbium
Yt.
172.6
240.
Tantalum
Ta.
182.
Yttrium
Tellurium
Te.
125.
Zinc
Zn.
65.1
203.7
Zirconium
Zr.
90.4
Thallium
Tl.
Thorium
Th.
The
chemist
their
to
Arsenides
work
is
miners
the
constituents,
I
have
save
each
other
or
considered
it
ore,
of
the
head
the
where
leave
undesired
the
values;
of
the
have
and
out
any
of
contents
affects
same
other
about
those
to
ested,
inter-
substances
ingredient,
also,
of
use
only
affect
under
better,
except
may
valuable
mention
special
nothing
care
they
as
grouped
metal,
the
and
the
are
this
As
valuable
commercially
contain,
ores
for
who
men,
Sulphides;
etc.
;
primarily,
ing
accord-
ores,
as:
Carbonates
;
business
the
various
characters,
intended,
in
the
groups
Borates
and
89.
232.
chemical
;
Y.
the
mercial
com-
value.
Acid
a
contain
ores
no
or
slags;
Basic;
little
(not
silica, in
which
a
contain
those
free
slags,
a
state.
very
which
silica ;
free
than
more
those
are
of
high percentage
cent.)
per
or
rocks,
45
In
(60
rocks,
or
or
50
per
smelting,
tain
con-
to
80
which
cent.)
those
large percentage
of
DELETERIOUS
34
SUBSTANCES.
considerable
carry
much
treatment
troublesome.
and
The
in
the
prevents
causing
of
these
"flour,"
fitable.
unpro-
very
minerals
"sicken,"
or
forms
from
gold
loss
a
of
coating
a
often,
frequently
are
to
their
renders
and
presence
condition
which
Zinc
quicksilver
the
iron;
difficult,
more
Antimony
causes
of
quantities
it,
over
amalgamating,
less
or
more
and
thus
metal
in
the
tailings.
testing
In
the
make
and
allow
will
in
found
be
With
the
or
the
simplest
identify
purpose
portion
vein,
of
test
each,
intended,
of
common
but
when
sense.
blown
will
ores
they
mixed
be
only
with
found
distinguish
to
will
even
together.
out
known,
tests
or
which
invariably,
the
lined,
out-
mentioned,
variations,
almost
same
description
the
order
slight
exist
to
from
samples
for
here
means
the
in
trials
margin
a
the
by
ore
any
serve
a
sufficient
the
PART
NATIVE
IV.
METALS
AND
ORES.
GOLD.
cubic
One
Standard
The
100
of
largest
x
9
Thus
weighed
$41,883
value
is
and
of
Canadian:
87
and
crystals
:
found
such
as
need
never
2.5-3.
in
Pyrites,
be
or
96
less
Average
Californian,
90:
gold.
cent.
per
isometric
the
system,
but
for
mistaken
for
varying
bead.
gold,
anything
with
amount
Is
not
eral
min-
minerals,
Many
state.
mistaken
malleable
malleable,
only, yellow-,
are
G.=i9.3-;
gives
more
and
carat
12
metals.
and
90
natural
a
be
parts
found.
the
Is
"
tained
con-
copper,
Equal
would
85
seldom
are
COLOR
in
part
gold.
other
89: Australian,
was
fine.
carats
24
contains
gold,
between
Crystallizes
at
carat
sometimes
It
gold.
metal,
native
was
and
ounces,
twenty-fourth
23
another
All
silver,
be
found
1858.
June,
estimated
one
would
and
of
of coin.
ever
2,166
of pure
parts
parts
gold
in
$363,561.96.
goo
1,000
of
Australia,
silver,
gold.
equals
in
alloy,
nugget
Gold
is worth,
Gold
silver,
gold having
gold
B.B.
of
inches;
Pure
or
or
Ballarat.
at
20
gold
and
metal,
foot
but
else.
of
touched
gold
H.=
alloy.
by
36
SEARCHING
of one-fourth
consists
GOLD.
dissolves
but
simple acids,
FOR
in
Regia, which
Aqua
nitric to three-fourths
chloric
hydro-
acid.
also
Gold
with
occurs
and
bars,
in
the
upper
to
the
bottom.
is
where
part,
If
it will
zircon, heavy
picking
the
of
gravel bed,
the
found,
be
bottle
a
by breaking
of
the
wood,
iron
or
shape
miner's
free
pan,
well,
pinch)
it with
to
a
on
water.
retain
the
A
inch
1
for
a
for
pan
white,
enameled
(a frying
crystals.
them), place
After
little
with
for
grease,
circular
practice
finer, heavier,
;
2.
foot.
is better
a
pan
QUARTZ.
in
"pan" is shown
gravel washing.
and
from
and
l
=
shovel
a
circular
Fig.
ordinary
blende,
quicksilver.
shallow
a
SCALE,
is
platinum,
various
FOR
and
all, that
at
ores,
i.
size
looking
pebbles (carefullyexamining
stuff, in
Fig.
i
of
the
get down
"
with
and
GRAVEL.
best
in
there
along
monazite,
coarse
them
finer
The
time
is
gold
gravel
forming
rocks,
waste
you
the
out
FOR
the
first the
Never
the
spar,
with
of
some
color.
magnetite, pyrite, copper
iridosmine,
Carry
in
(combined
bronze-yellow
a
examine
gold,
holes
streams.
of
lead-gray
a
for
the
of
beds
of
again
searching
In
Telluride
a
sometimes
Tellurium);
color, and
of
as
the
2
is made
quartz.
will
do
very
swing,
will enable
sand,
Fig.
cuts.
Fig.
and
wash
anyone
allow
the
WASHING
lighter
the
into
pan
stuff, to
coarse
lens
for colors
a
and
gravel,
put
in
and
rub
fines
into
returned
on
a
examine
of its
that
interferes
all
quartz
than
so
when
the
with
is
gold,
veins.
clay
slates,
mica
fine,
Those
are
schist,
as
microscope.
to
be
or
the
is
have
you
called
as
The
it
softer
the
better
writer
and
is
chance
has
hard
looking
it
"mother
is
known,
the
cutting
usually
gneiss.
invisible
of
derived
The
gold
except
to
is
a
of
the
gold,"
from
schists,
talcose
favorable,
most
seen
reasonable
a
present,
the
veins
with
ore.
the
gold,
to
remainder
If
veins.
clear
as
it
dish,
perfect crystallization
far
so
clean
the
the
gold
Quartz
quartz.
in
Though
fof quartz,
squeeze
silver
quick-
gold, together
quartz
glass, containing
theory
it is
appearance,
carrying gold.
specimens
or
in
quartz
all
and
redness.
lead
any
shake
the
a
as
treated,
so
pour
Place
to
left
malleable
Next
into
bottle.
from
thoroughly
then
back
heat
silver, and
some
and
and
shovel,
anything
as
its
to
been
and
shovel
taken
buckskin,
buckskin
the
be
of
piece
a
have
together,
pocket
Finally, after
gravel,
quicksilver,
the
with
process.
of
the
remains,
in another
put
possible,
as
some
through
the
of
edge
nothing
then
gold,
shovels
places
many
the
examine
sand,
repeat
of
number
the
of
37
over
When
black
little
a
of
slip
stream.
but
GRAVEL.
GOLD
rather
frequently
powerful
38
TRYING
A
small
crush
pestle,
the
treated
and
fill
and
known
of
vein
of
of
a
be
Aqua
Regia,
when
the
the
and
will
gold
which,
be
made,
of
of
estimate
the
in
tity
quan-
as
will
in
added,
copperas
rubbed,
given
a
dissolved
precipitated
being
on
close
be
solution
a
very
may
is very
occupied
space
quartz
in
rock,
This
the
ore
inch
an
powdered
the
ore,
milling gold,
Or
trying quartz
quicksilver.
practice,
carries.
of
the
marking
by
some
free
powder,
be
may
glass tubing,
with
weight
after
may,
to
necessary,
which
sand,
full
it well
convenient,
a
are
method
of
one-third
shake
by
fine
better
piece
a
diameter,
and
mortar,
above.
as
to
and
to
quartz
Another
is,
QUARTZ.
brown
a
show
the
metal.
and
Mica,
often
of
sulphide
mistaken
for
gold,
iron, (Pyrite),are
most
these
brittle
but
are
minerals.
known
In
to
have
an
gold bearing territory,it
of the
assay,
persistent veins,
to
be
invisible,
"Gold
not
found
be
to
even
in
a
Very
;
no
of all
well-defined,
frequently
it,"
man
given
is
say
locality;
as
lens.
old
an
may
fine,
so
pocket
strong
find
and
geological formations;
schists
a
you
miners,
amongst
is
gold
as
is where
quartz
is advisable
saying
it
where
subcrystalline slates,
will
the
and
occur.
few
veins
carry
visible
gold,
and
they
WORKING
the
seldom
are
arsenic,
and
or
is
carrying
will
with
$5.00
cury,)
mer-
in
ton,
per
vein
if the
from
substance,
contact
metal
the
milling
free
ore
an
as
handsomely
pay
free
refractory
low
as
39
A
by simple
easily accessible,
is
large,
distributed,
evenly
easily milled.
and
A
sale.
to
The
cheap
find
of
lode,
as
device,
will
hook.
a
a
a
show
following
known
A
to
means
quartz
sell
can
development
work
purchaser,
it
as
in
crush
E."
bars.
enough
B.
Spring pole.
-Hollowed
F."
after
Dolly.
for
working
sufficient
small
two
ore
up"
block.
G."
simple
a
each
a
way,
freely.
gold
and
satisfactory "clean
-Cushion
a
coarse
Dolly,"
before
shows
working
it
fair prospect.
a
sketch
of auriferous
offering
lode,
quartz
carrying
"
find
a
before
extent,
some
should
He
it, if he
very
should
prospector
gravel,
a
REEF.
meant,
other
any
amalgamating
gold,
RICH
valuable.
most
which
(by
quartz,
A
with
men
week,
to
and
rich
It
this
give
by Sunday.
C."
Iron
Sluices.
shoe.
D."
is
Chain-
HOW
40
To
a
make
section
of
six
six
inches
inches
of
leading
The
side,
one
the
called
riffles,nailed
fine
hold
in
water
more
Placer
with
a
rockers);
ores
grinding,
First.
to
"
crushed
passed
with
under
over
mercury.
quicksilvered
that
first
is combined
spout
a
sluice-box.
a
bottom,
by
cross-bars
sufficiently
having
all
paratively
com-
and
turn
"choked."
get
you
by hand,
(a
solid
as
broken
Dolly,"
small
washing
trough
of water
on
under
gravel, through
different
in
reduced,
sluices.
by
in
ways,
stamping
or
pulp.
Freemilling
In
a
away
bottom
on
treated
fine
Cut
a
hydraulic mining.
are
a
the
down
being
cases
three
of streams
use
is called
latter
as
of
bank
have
"cradle,"
a
the
washing
Gold
all
with
by
or
pressure,
This
or
pan,
thick,
the
your
is carried
mining
iron
quartz,
some
intervals,
at
wrought
on
After
"swing
small,
in
of
the
or
the
attach
end
(in
on
should
sand.
in
block,
which
to
across
be, dump
solid
secured.
and
blankets,
hole,
inch
one-half
covered
be
may
square
a
fit
higher
of
may
of
;
firmly
strips
as
a
top
long,
over
to
cut
wide
and
sluices
tight
the
inches
deep,
portion
in
"DOLLY."
A
log firmly planted
a
stream),
MAKE
"Dolly,"
a
basin
hollow
bars,
TO
wet,
stamps,
plates,
copper
The
gold
surface,
in
with
the
;
with
and
the
form
quicksilver, and
is
covered
itself
of
simply
pulp
surfaces
attaches
the
is
ore
to
the
amalgam,
is
scraped
42
REFINING
the
mineral
is
CONCENTRATES.
washed
table
jets
back
the
lighter sand,
down
the
incline
there
is
side,
at
The
(the
cases),
or
obtained
by chlorination
In
after
roasting,
and
each,
introduction
chlorine
of
oxide,
the
permeate
silver.
another
new
in
carrying
as
the
is
gold
placed,
are
two
and
forms
the
(by
solutions
and
We
deal
Walker
into
cast
in
have
last
which
of arsenic.
process,
metal
bars.
year,
;
be
namely,
by
by
record
to
to
This
by
or
pans,
appears
ores
gold,
reduced
be
may
to
tated
precipi-
off, the
run
the
ganese
man-
of
chlorides
afterwards
are
ores
is
in
three
or
allowed
process,
Carter-
the
generated
amalgamating
great
and
many
which
treating mispickel
a
in
way,
holding
salt,)
sulphide
direct.
smelting
refining
to
and
metals
and
sold
gangue.
smelting.
gas
collected, dried, melted,
roasting,
the
acid,
The
the
from
sulphuric
ore,
to
materially assists
chemicals;
separately,
Or,
side
sulphur, arsenic, etc.;
barrels,
or
from
concentrates
expel
to
gas-tight tubs,
and
the
chlorination,
motion
treated,
or
addition
In
be
further
the
flowing
water
profitable
most
of
belt, wash
away.
which
can
be
may
the
mineral
concentrates
companies,
tons
shaking
of the
head
the
it
right angles,
the
on
and
washes
separation
At
playing
water,
steady
a
or,
in the
of
off.
cessful
suc-
those
is known
which
the
ANTIMONY
is
ore
roasted
in
and
saved,
ORES.
closed
the
43
obtained
gold
acids
the
chambers,
by
vaporizing
mercury.
Colonel
expert
gold
on
favorable
mispickel
known
widely
makes
milling,
-which
process,
difficult
the
solve
this
on
the
and
mining
report
possibly
treat
Beckwith,
Harvey
may
of
problem,
a
how
to
carrying gold.
ores,
ANTIMONY.
This
is
brittle
a
is
metal
chiefly, as
used,
metal
silver-white
ores,
which
with
silver, lead, zinc, and
The
IB
from
ore
is
commerce
ST
N
in the
occur
GREY
ANTIMONY.
It
from
its
rocks, frequently
G."
ores.
the
of
most
is the
E
IT
iron
obtained,
alloy.
obtained
primary
which
an
sulphide
6.7.
of
metal
;
.
Trimetric,
Color
and
streak,
Tarnishes.
cent,
white
is
of
of
fumes.
7.1
cubic
will melt
Generally
"
H.=3
often
"
with
3.5.
with
flame
massive,
Color
G.=6.6
B.B.
ton.
of
a
per
dense
This
ore
candle.
occasionally
and
"
tains
Con-
28.2
volatilized, with
in the
silver.
shining.
4.62.
"
antimony;
feet=one
crystals.
appearance.
Lustre,
G.=4-5
Is
B.B.
sulphur.
rhombohedral
white.
H.=2.
cent,
per
soft, and
NATIVE.
lead-gray.
Brittle.
71.8
fibrous
with
commonly
6.75.
streak,
Pure
in
tinmony;
Anti-
volatilizes, tinging
SILVER
44
flame
the
deposit
and
green,
leaving
charcoal.
on
with,
rich
feet
in
ton.
one
Silver,
silver
in
white
heavy
a
and
Antimony
when
and
cubic
4.8
of
Compounds
met
ORES.
often
are
make
a
able
valu-
ore.
Is
than
a
gold,
The
all
white
pure
but
softer
of
ores
geological
the
coal
and
other
of
and
or
Generally
has
per
in
zinc,
and
contains
gives
dull
some
of
shining.
and
copper,
cuts
arborescent
G.=IO.I
3.
"
"
n.i.
sometimes
bead.
malleable
GLANCE.
modifications,
and
lead-gray.
malleable.
87.1
the
on
and
octahedrons,
streak, blackish
Contains
color, among
Malleable;
H.=2
dodecahedrons,
cent,
in
white
dark
in
massive.
knife, slightly
7.4.
is
SILVER
and
ferent
dif-
many
lead, antimony,
brownish-black.
ARGENTITE.
Color
below
abundantly
streak, silver-white
Occurs
B.B.
gold.
of
are
found
as
only,
knife.
shapes,
In
such
vein
of
of
rocks
ores.
tarnished
with
is
silver
and
silver, though
surface,
Often
ores
10.53.
=
in
kind
any
The
SILVER"
ores
in
ages,
G,
found
are
harder
ductile,
very
copper.
silver
ores,
copper
NATIVE
than
measures.
kinds,
many
metal,
per
sulphur.
H.=2
cent,
A
of
"
2.5.
or
massive.
Cuts
G.=J
silver, with
valuable
silver
with
"
12.9
ore.
SILVER
B.B.
malleable
gives
feet
make
Rhombohedral.
G.=5-7
red.
Usually
with
5.5
Pyrargyrite.
in
feet
of
cent,
part,
weigh
BRITTLE
STEPHANITE.
massive.
of
16.2
gives
of
with
crystals,
weak
of
ft.
weigh
will
or
2.5.
=
silver;
B.B.
antimony.
acid,
nitric
H.
cent,
of
5 cubic
HORX
In
or
Cuts
cubic
5.8
ton.
one
silver
a
copper.
Isometric.
shining.
placed
re-
SILVER.
per
15.3
soda.
in
clean
green,
arsenic.
compound
68.5
and
CERARGYRITE.
gray,
antimony
streak, iron-black.
and
sulphur;
Dissolved
piece
in
Contains
bead
Contains
5.56.
BLACK
often
;
Color
G.=6.27.
ORE.
ton.
one
Trimetric
bead
gives
ton.
the
wholly, by
of
cent,
per
one
"
with
cent,
per
B.B.
SILVER
silver;
or
22.5
G.=5-4
red.
H.=2"
59.8
weigh
RED
LIGHT
per
brilliant.
and
times
some-
bright
to
crystals.
feet
cubic
PROUSTITE.
65.5
in
ORE.
crystals,
Contains
sulphur;
antimony.
Like
in
Lustre,
5.9.
"
17.7
soda.
cubic
4.4
SILVER
black
Color,
bright
with
silver.
RED
Usually
massive.
silver;
of
bead
DARK
Streak,
45
ton.
one
PYRARGYRITE.
2.5.
ORES.
blue.
like
SILVER.
or
massive.
Color,
Lustre,
resinous.
Streak,
cubes,
horn
or
wax,
and
on
an
46
TREATMENT
outcrop
looks
flame.
Contains
24.7
gives
like
bead
OR
bromine.
Bromine,
A
cent.
There
cement.
75.3
per
in candle
Melts
of
cent,
A
list
BROMic
silver
valuable
SILVER.
42.6
common
are
above
dirty
ORES.
and
;
B.B.
ore.
easily.
BROMYRITE,
per
SILVER
of chlorine.
cent,
per
OF
Silver, 57.4
cent.
per
and
Silver
"
ore.
other
many
comprises
of
ores
the
all
silver,
but
the
commonly
ores
worked.
Silver
direct
ores
for
This
pans.
several
and
Zinc,
be
in
to
simplest
salt
strong
flakes,
wTill turn
Have
and
on
black
any
with
the
sometimes
and
with
ore
requires expensive
mining
dissolve
sulphides.
Iron, Copper,
as
the
Silver;
salt,
to.
large capital, with
The
Native
of
of
series
a
interferes
roasting
or
resorted
Silver
metals
base
concentration,
roasting-milling,
must
to
forms
Antimony,
or
when
process
through
applicable
or
charge being
each
pans,
certain
of such
presence
Lead,
is
freemilling,
by
hours,
method
Silver,
Horn
is:
in
amalgamation
worked
The
treated
are
the
for
exposing
if the
ore
acid, and
throws
these
to
contain
suspected
of
presence
nitric
This
water.
ore
the
in
ore
and
management.
expert
test
plant,
to
down
the
sun,
silver
pour
white
they
silver.
contain
silver
SILVER
On
assayed.
NATIVE.
Is
"
mark
on
G.
LEAD
GALENA.
Isometric.
Color
Easily
broken.
86.6
of
cent,
with
streak,
fine
of
bead
bone-ash
or
bone-ash,
obtained
the
will be
nearly
pure.
is the
Color,
red
yields
bead
of
per
several
charcoal
placed
and
feet
cubic
on
a
filled with
in ; and
further
silver
the
weigh
one
of lead.
source
OXIDE.
Pulverulent.
yellow.
to
be
in charcoal,
4.3
LEAD
MINIUM.
bead
absorbed,
chief
13.4
to
covers
pressed
smoothly
two
or
tains
Con-
7.7.
carefully treated, finally
cavity
a
lead
Galena
ton.
one
"
rarely
Shining.
pure);
B.B.
If
lead.
cup,
treated,
(when
of silver.
If
or
lead-gray.
from
and
ounces
easily,
charcoal.
on
granular,
G.=7-25
of lead
cent,
yellow deposit.
yields
also
H.=2.5-
sulphur;
thousand
fuses
B.B.
=11.85.
cubes,
and
per
Leaves
SULPHIDE.
In
fibrous.
ore.
metal.
gray
as
$13,008.67.
yellow ring
a
ton
per
paying
a
Malleable.
paper.
$10
is worth
soft, bluish
a
47
least
at
of silver
occurrence.
rare
ORES.
constitute
to
volatilizes, leaving
and
B.B.
LEAD
average,
foot
cubic
One
Of
an
is necessary
mined,
a
IN
lead.
Manufactured
G.=4-6.
for
the
arts.
CERUSSITE.
Color, white
WHITE
to
gray.
LEAD
H.=3.
ORE.
"
3.5.
G.=6.48.
48
Contains
acid
75
and
are
various
found
are
All
their
ores
silver
in
the
occurrence.
proportion
for
worked
less
than
and
nickel,
matte
is
smelting,
and
of
lead
cent,
per
40
frequently
sold
for
Also,
experts.
mixture
and
success,
of
these
for
different
heavy
spar
depressions
the
which
soil
are
in
crumbling
in
a
found
carboniferous,
Silurian
the
of
in
the
limestones
rocks
by
that
be
or
taken
of
all
ages
slates.
or
limestone,
red
lead
up
largest being usually
overlying
vary,
ore,
the
indicate
a
made,
and
lead
magnesian
surface
plant
continually
straight line,
or
operations
mines
Fragments
ores.
on
The
essential,
an
which
alone.
management
different
proportions,
by
product
carefully selected,
be
must
certain
skilful
on
from
first
furnace
all
it is almost
ores
smelting
refiners.
to
and
treated
are
or
the
copper,
necessarily costly,
depend
silver,
carrying
ores
Like
of
rare
blowpipe.
when
not
average
concentration
in
the
but
ant
abund-
some
by specific gravity,
valuable,
contents,
which,
metal.
Lead
is
of
of
all
galena,
once,
before
lead
are
should
alone,
at
lead, containing
almost
with
distinguished
Lead
of
localities,others
by yielding
carbonic
oxygen,
ores
silver,
in association
are
and
other
of
in certain
ORES.
Artificiallymade.
many
amounts
LEAD
lead, with
cent,
per
impurities.
There
of
OF
TREATMENT
color
veins,
to
found
the
in
5O
QUICKSILVER
Used
barometers,
NATIVE.
"
in
derived
largely
Bright, white,
and
melting
39".
from
the
at
identical
million.
in
in
Gneiss.
up
the
The
and
the
knife.
weigh
Contains
both
age.
Never
of
of
86.2
sulphur.
older
the
found
from
fissures
sometimes
in
in
such
is obtained
commerce
it is
It
ver-
crystallized rocks,
more
mercury
buckets,
same
9.
"
feet
cubic
slates,
later
are
pigment,
red
13.8 percent,
distillation, although,
in
G.=8.5
3.6
a
and
of
those
quantity,
by
;
schists
and
rocks,
with
cut
of mercury
Found
as
be
Isdull, of
"
brilliant
the
Lustre,
Crystals
2.5.
"
vaporizes.
Can
percent,
ORE;
H.=2
with
B.B.
ton.
one
LIVER
streak.
brownish.
or
scarlet-red.
nearly transparent.
is
gangue,
massive.
crystals,or
blackish
Streak,
and
32".
at
sulphide;
bright red,
unmetallic.
normal
at
the
through
In rhombohedral
"
color
monly
Com-
G.=i3-6
.
Color,
mirrors,
in medicine.
liquid,
scattered
globules
CINNABAR
for
silver;
QUICKSILVER.
temperature,
Occurs
and
etc.,
called
and
gold
extract
to
ORE.
dipped
rocks
the
taining
con-
ores.
COPPER.
Is
a
color, taking
Used
and
tough,
very
a
largely
other
are
metal,
of
a
fine
red
bright polish,but quickly tarnishing.
in the
alloys,
now
ductile
used
arts, both
also
in
alone, and
plating.
in electric
in
Large
railway plant.
brass
tities
quan-
NATIVE
NATIVE.
veins
in
;
crossed
where
floors.
in
on
in
with
cooling,
nitric
one
acid.
of
cent,
per
Trimetric.
often
tarnished
G.=5.5
and
20.
2
R N
IT
of
cubic
and
but
H.=2.5
cent,
per
weigh
"
3.
copper;
gives
B.B.
sulphur.
sive.
mas-
lead-gray,
to
green.
79.8
feet
also
crystals,
VARIEGATED
E
easily
yielding
blackish
streak,
Contains
5.7
when
compound
cent,
per
Dissolves
GLANCE.
blue,
5.8.
"
of copper.
B O
and
covered,
copper.
In
Color
which
becomes
mined
COPPER
CHALCOCITE.
of copper,
oxide.
is
It
panied
accom-
occasionally spread
but
hot,
in
enriched
usually
bead
yields
black
H.=
out.
Sometimes
silver, and
brightly while
shines
Color,
occurring
:
masses
B.B.
drawn
copper
dykes.
by
native
by
out
and
forms.
be
Can
Pure
grains,
5!
tree-like
Malleable.
G.=8.84.
3.
"
and
Isometric,
"
copper-red.
2.5
COPPER.
bead
ton.
one
PYRITES.
.
Isometric.
red
to
Generally
massive.
Color,
Tarnishes
pinchbeck-brown.
rapidly.
Streak,
grayish-black, slightly shining.
H.=3.
G.=5.
iron, 16.36
but
varies
globule.
per
Contains
cent.;
greatly.
Also
CHALCOPYRITE.
Dimetric.
called
with
B.
copper
55.58
sulphur,
B.
fuses
copper-
28.6
to
Brittle.
per
cent.;
percent.;
magnetic
ERUBISCITE.
PYRITES.
Generally
in
octohedral
crystals,
52
or
COPPER
massive.
Color, brass-yellow. Streak, greenish-
black, dull.
34.6
and
H.=3.5
per
cent,
30.5
per
B.B.
as
bead.
not
less
make
a
carry
mined,
to
Isometric.
to
gray,
H.=3
of
cent,
containing
per
10
and
or
copper,
weigh
one
Isometric.
4.
cent,
of
B.B.
gives
one
G.
30
=5.85"
bead
of
per
and
of silver,
cent,
per
antimony.
A
B.B.
bead
gives
silver.
contains
able
valu-
cubic
6.6.
of
feet
platinum.
ORE.
massive,
or
times
some-
shades.
dark
Brittle.
Lustre, adamantine.
with
copper,
Contains
6.6.
11.2
per
cent,
5
cubic
copper.
88.8
of
per
oxygen.
feet
weigh
ton.
THE
CHRYSOCOLLA.
Color, bright green.
G.=2
to
octahedrons,
Streak, brownish-red.
red.
sometimes
Color, red, of various
earthy.
to
greatly,
COPPER
In
inclined
varies
and
RED
Color, steel-
91.9
Sometimes
CUPRITE.
H.=3.5"
forms.
easily worked.
ton.
of
cent,
per
Contains
cent,
copper
one
ORE.
streak
usually iron, zinc,
ore,
weigh
5.12.
"
but
six
COPPER
with
G.=4-5
copper,
than
tetrahedral
iron-black,
4.5.
"
with
In
feet
glass.
profitable ore.
GRAY
TETRAHEDRITE.
sulphur;
scratch
not
cubic
7.6
of
cent,
Will
Contains
4.3.
"
per
34.9
of iron.
cent,
Should
metal,
G.=4.i5
4.
"
of copper;
brittle
gives
ton.
ORES.
"
2.4.
Contains
SILICATE.
Lustre,
30
per
shining
cent,
or
to
earthy.
35
per
TO
of
bead
and
is
ore
shades
paler.
Soft
22
per
of
polished,
of
colors
important
Copper
those
described,
the
metal.
weigh
ton.
one
transparent.
ornamental
purposes.
phosphate,
arsenate,
as
combinations,
many
which
are
the
G.=
4.5.
"
vana-
other
important
than
to
ores
miner.
Native
ores
of
quickly yields
H.=3.5
for
only
in very
and
feet
Brittle.
occurs,
date,
and
cent,
per
source
a
Sometimes
blue.
Used
8
oxygen;
CARBONATE.
bluish.
3.85.
"
cubic
BL.UE
deep
as
Streak,
of
and
;
green,
8.2
AZURITE.
3.5
flame
copper.
Streak,
acid
of
Contains
cent,
per
14
work,
green,
appearance.
carbonic
the
Color,
in
or
light green).
to
copper;
Not
water.
blue
Colors,
dull
of
cent,
metallic
soda, gives
for inlaid
used
and
(deep blue
ore,
cent,
B.B.
with
CARBONATE.
jewellery.
varying
per
secondary deposit,
B.B.
GREEN
even
56
A
53
copper.
MALACHITE.
This
ORES.
silica.
valuable.
sometimes
but
COPPER
with
of copper,
cent,
a
RECOGNIZE
are
is
copper
recognized
distinguished
and
nearly
and
B.B.
find
of any
all
tinge
The
native
and
always
turn
the
bright
flame
of copper
ore
act
on
green
the
are
lively colors,
on
The
green.
the
compass.
on
The
once.
by
depends
veins
metal
mainly
at
exposure,
value
the
of
a
quantity.
paying
mines,
When
the
SUDBURY
54
of the
prospect
get
deposit being large
The
assay.
an
concentration,
Copper
of
hand
by
sulphide
calcination,
NICKEL.
chiefly as
COBALT,
AND
and
Is
used
for
mainly
the
a
NICKELIFEROUS
much
is identical
with
it carries
is
Ontario,
which
pyrites,
the
is
and
very
metal,
in
nickel
at
of
this
a
mixed
least
one
at
It
Sudbury,
from
with
galena;
case,
is
ore
pyrites, save
besides
little
blue
commerce.
entirely,
contains
plating,
native.
From
of
brous.
fi-
the
smalt,
nickel
The
in
except
"
intimately
occasionally
and
sometimes
"
found
are
almost
often
does
reddish-gray metal,
nickel.
derived
which
It
ordinary magnetic
the
of
process
plating.
production
of
the
used
PYRRHOTITE.
obtained
in
to.
ductile.
Neither
matter.
and
metal,
granular
as
after
is
in
sometimes
Is not
gold;
little
COBAI/T.
very
lustrous,
a
brittle, and
coloring
is
alloy, and
an
"
cobalt;
of
ores,
is resorted
brilliant,white
a
tarnish,
ore,
by
preliminary
a
roasting,
or
Is
"
that
purchased
machines,
or
ores,
NICKED,
but
simple
by smelting,
reduced,
are
ores
concentration
not
after
other
several
times
some-
may
commercially.
interest
case
satisfactory,
copper
readily
are
are
is
advantage,
to
and
There
refiners.
of
ores
shipped
be
RANGE.
NICKEL
tin.
this
copper
the
nickel;
silver,
or
Although
NICKEL
the
average
than
2^- per
and
cent.,
if
it
40
per
in
and
will
which
are
while
but
in
the
L IN
N
the
deposits
of
pay
(a
"
eruptive
rock
covered
dis-
already
ore
for
for
the
metal
years,
many
of
section
the
properly prospected.
which
some
found
are
:
are
SULPHIDE
E
will
DIORITE
small
been
range,
per
samples.
colored,
made
of nickel, of
ores
E IT
has
30
nickel-bearing
true
be
as
nickel
all demands
to
area
Canada
A
black
to
comparatively
nickel-bearing
high
in
cent,
is less
ore,
in certain
cent.,
the
supply
a
the
as
be
likely
Other
of
55
quantities.
large
to
appears
ORES.
runs
per
greenish
Sudbury,
at
cent.,
two
tough, hard,
rock);
contents
over
mine,
to
nickel
even
Anything
COBALT
AND
"
OF
COBALT
AND
NICKEL.
.
Isometric.
steel-gray, tarnishing
H.=5.5.
gray.
58
pure,
in
B.B.
yields
deep
of
cent,
per
blue.
with
6.5
cubic
Rhombohedral.
Color,
gray
tarnish.
4.6
5.65.
of
nickel,
yields
but
feet
weigh
no
metal.
when
6.2
borax
bead
ton.
one
in
to
needle-like
tals.
crys-
bronze-yellow,
with
Streak, bright.
35.6
sulphur.
PYRITES.
brass-yellow,
and
dark
when
of
cent,
colors
Usually
Contains
pale
generally replaced
per
CAPILLARY
MILLERITE.
"
42
Streak,
Contains
5.
"
Cobalt,
metal,
no
Color,
copper-red.
G.=4-8
by nickel,
part
massive.
Generally
per
cubic
H.=3
;
pure
cent,
feet
of
3.5.
"
64.4
per
sulphur.
weigh
one
G.=
cent,
B.B.
ton.
56
AND
NICKEL
ARSENIC.
COBALTITE.
Contains
G.=6.63-
cobalt;
often
sulphur
and
with
of
cent,
per
with
massive.
each
cent,
of nickel
cent,
some
feet
weigh
I CCO
B.B.
gray.
from
to
per
44
of
cent,
per
22
arsenic,
4.7 cubic
metal.
NICKEL,.
Generally
56
massive.
brownish-red.
G.=7-3
4.2
dark
ton.
Streak,
metal.
often
cobalt,
yields no
COPPER
nickel, and
globule;
Contains
7.2.
"
50
one
5.5.
gives
forms,
Streak,
alone, with
Hexagonal.
"
B.B.
magnetic
many
and
LITE.
H.=5
in
nickel,
iron.
and
with
of
cent,
per
copper.
tin-white.
of
35.5
arsenic;
GLANCE.
G.=6-4
6.
"
of
bead.
Occurs
Color,
H.=5.5
no
fumes,
COBALT
Isometric.
and
and
cobalt-blue
a
SMALTITE.
N
iron
H.=5.5.
cent,
per
sulphur;
arsenic
borax,
per
45.2
reddish
a
Brittle.
grayish-black.
tinge. Streak,
19.3
with
Color, silver-white,
Isometric.
7.7.
"
cent,
per
cubic
feet
of
Color,
metallic.
Lustre,
Contains
44
arsenic.
weigh
one
per-red.
cop-
cent,
per
B.B.
yields
ton.
GERSDORFFITE.
Color, steel-gray. Streak, blackish-gray.
bright.
35
per
cent,
cubic
cent,
H.=5.5.
of
of arsenic;
feet
weigh
G.=5-6
"
nickel, (sometimes
and
one
20
ton.
per
cent,
6.9.
Contains
more);
of
tre,
Lus-
45
sulphur.
per
5
58
rarely,
cobalt, occurring
and
abundant
more
of
nickel
but
leave
Compounds
yield
with
metal,
no
rich
the
nickel
and
concentrate
of
use
the
expel
refining,
costly
in
when
is
copper,
;
The
obtain
and
brick,
common
the
the
American
ideal
wrought
Outer
through
iron,
wall,
which
circulates,
except
or
for
thus
an
be
in
as
roasted
to
sulphur.
The
is
and
slow
a
being
are
cessfully
suc-
this
that
probable
done
and
by electrolysis.
of
these
skill
great
quires
re-
ores,
is necessary
or
lined
with
jacket
mild
jacket,
furnaces;
furnace,
built
steel,
protected
of
the
of
protecting
the
accident,
is
being
stream
a
built
of
fire-brick, whether
reverberatory
furnace,
or
formerly,
were
water
blast
is
ore
by
results.
and
furnaces,
blast
acids
into
refined
first
the
treating
furnaces
Smelting
of
it
and
economical
gray
smelted
The
cases.
methods
new
large capital,
to
blowpipe
then
sulphide,
future,
mining
and
with
but
near
found
of borax,
first
are
portion
adopted,
will, in the
lower
are
the
bead
a
most
done
process,
before
matte,
a
greater
when
in the
occur
invariably,
ores
or
acids
other
nickel.
of reduced
specks
Cobalt
All
ores,
of
products
as
nickel.
with
in connection
or
ores.
cobalt
and
formations,
a
FURNACES.
SMELTING
of
nothing
to-day
iron,
cast
by
an
material,
same
water
but
constantly
furnace,
compels
that,
so
a
stop-
ORES.
TIN
page,
unless
plant,
at
allowed
to
without
is
into
tapped
flows
slag
in iron
pots
or
and
a
cold
air,
much
contained
sulphur
the
making
in
blast, of
is effected,
which
pyritic
ores
nace
fur-
A
utilizes
fuel, thus
as
itself.
smelt
ore
water.
fuel
introduced
been
lately
into
obtained.
capacity
and
sometimes
or
saving. of
and
lighter
top,
powerful
a
moved
re-
gravity,
the
the
at
drop
to
of
great
a
greater
has
the
it
introduction
the
while
wheels,
on
by allowing
its greater
spout
a
easily
operation),
pots,
or
from
granulated
hot
moulds
steadily
is removed
By
sinking by
metal,
the
thence,
the
and
fused, into
as
(on wheels,
stopping
the
metal,
molten
constantly,
well,
of
overhauling
The
run
protected
water
a
general
a
intervals.
long
is
slag,
for
59
TIN.
Is
but
malleable,
a
coating
for
There
occur
also
copper
worth
but
in
Tin.
mica
two
The
iron
working,
in
gravel,
alloys,
and
or
as
the
but
is
in
few
then
called
granite, gneiss,
minerals
associated
a
is
Tin
quartz.
and
They
these
tin, and
of
occur
pyrites.
when
of
veins
veins
slate, and
and
used
ores
small
from
obtained
high lustre,
metals.
other
usually
of
metal,
ductile,
not
are
Stream
and
white
silvery
a
are
inches
considered
wide.
are
6O
BISMUTH.
Massive,
G.=4-3
per
cent,
of
and
13
cent,
TIN
CASSITERITE.
massive,
and
Streak,
is
characteristic.
soda
like
Looks
feet
weigh
The
Cornish
and
are
mines
now
U.S.,
very
are
ore.
Also
black.
to
shining.
H.
of
cent,
per
with
B.B.
oxygen.
or
dark
a
with
Mined
were
minerals
in
The
tin
and
also,
steel.
worked
gold-bearing,
Very
garnet.
chiefly
deep.
quartzite,sandstone,
Phosphate
of
sparks
ton.
one
of
tin.
blende,
strike
will
hard,
of
bead
gives
worked
brown
78.67
cent,
per
copper,
30
high specificgravity
Its
Contains
21.33
of
compounded.
Lustre,
7.1.
"
tin ;
ton
one
Color,
brownish.
G.=6.4
7.
of
oftener
and
often
grains.
to
gray
tin, and
is
in
H.==4.
ORE.
Crystals
Dimetric.
"
tin,
to
sparingly, hardly
feet make
cubic
7.2
cent,
cent,
per
Found
of
ore
steel-gray
Brittle.
per
30
of iron.
an
for copper.
=6.
27
sulphur;
called
Color,
blackish.
Contains
4.6.
per
ORE.
grains.
Streak,
"
be
in
or
iron-black.
to
METAI*
BEMi
STANNITE.
and
cubic
4.7
in
Cornwall.
times,
Roman
veins
the
in
kota,
Da-
formation
slate, overlying granite.
abundantly.
occur
BISMUTH.
NATIVE.
Color
tinge.
"
and
Rhombohedral.
streak,
Tarnishes.
massive.
Generally
silver
May
white,
be
with
hammered
slight
out
a
red
little
61
CADMIUM.
is brittle when
heated, but
when
G. =9.
H.=2
"
fuses very
B.B.
8.
cold.
easily,vaporizes,
and leaves a dark yellow coatingon charcoal,
which
becomes
paler on cooling. Pure Bismuth,
feet weigh one
Found
with ores
ton.
3.2 cubic
2.5.
7"9.
of silver, cobalt, and
Used
gold.
ingredientin fusible metal, also
as
a
occurs
pigment. Bismuth
Found
ores.
in
in
gneiss and
other
an
medicine, and
in
in several
formations
same
chieflyas
as
other
curring
Oc-
copper.
crystallinerocks.
CADMIUM.
This
metal
leaves
mark
a
for
tin),
is
on
white
like
Used
paper.
aluminum.
There
GREENOCKITE;
THE
tin, but
as
a
is but
SULPHIDE.
one
In
"
so
solder
soft it
(with
ore:
hexagonal
prisms. Color, light yellow. Lustre, brilliant;
H.=3
nearly transparent.
G.=4.8
3.5.
5.
B.B.
fuses easily,and
leaves, if fused on a piece
of plaster of paris, a dark
brown, or reddish
brown
ton.
deposit. 6.5 cubic feet weigh one
"
Cadmium
A
lustrous
with
copper,
and
B.B.
while
as
on
to
paint;
covers
with
is often associated
bluish-white
brittle,
very
"
fresh
make
also
charcoal
hot, white
when
ores.
and
metal, crystalline,
surface.
broken
brass;
to
zinc
coat
with
cold.
as
roofing sheets;
iron
zinc
Used
(galvanized.)
oxide, yellow
62
BLENDE.
SPHALERITE.
Generally massive;
Isometric.
Cleavage
perfect.
0.^=3.9
4.2.
"
feet
weigh
Hexagonal.
red.
bright
of
cent,
per
fuses
but
Contains
with
feet
cubic
weigh
Rhombohedral.
white,
Lustre,
"
which
80.3
per
but
brilliant;
H.=4
a
A
ton.
soda
moistened
with
zinc
ore.
pure
Color, im-
Streak,
uncolored.
Brittle.
about
leaves
coal.
ZINC.
52
Cadmium.
some
on
coating
OF
Contains
bead,
no
valuable
brown.
a
deposit
of
H.=5.
cent,
per
B.B.
nitrate
and
zinc;
gives
leaves
G.
4.5.
"
of
cent,
Translucent.
often
with
JACK.
grains. Color,
B.B.
and
or
green
4.45.
8 cubic
Usually massive.
stony.
zinc, with
alone,
Mica.
CARBONATE
SMITHSONITE.
G.=4-3
like
one
infusible.
Lustre,
oxygen.
borax,
33
ORE.
orange.
Foliated
5.7.
"
BLACK
4.
"
zinc;
gum.
in separate
Usually
Streak,
translucent.
19.7
'
dirty
as
ZINC
of
nearly
or
brown.
H.=3.5
cent,
per
Known
RED
ZINCITE.
=5.4
resin
ton.
one
reddish
to
B.B.
sulphur.
pieces of
like
Looks
67
fibrous.
rarely
Brittle.
Waxy.
Contains
of
cent,
per
white
Streak,
colors.
Various
5.8
ORES.
ZINC
on
of
infusible
charcoal,
cobalt,
turns
green.
DRYBONE.
CALAMINE.
Trimetric.
bluish, grayish,
Usually
or
massive.
brownish.
Color,
Streak,
white,
uncolored,
IRON
vitreous.
Lustre,
H.=4-5
of
cent,
7.5
Yields
10
zinc
of
cubic
feet
Zinc
ores
\copper,
of
"res
the
with
and
zinc
of
not
metal.
It
in
gold
to
treat.
The
in
retorts
of
and
is
silica; and
almost
infusible.
same
Smithsonite.
as
rocks
lead
of
much
There
are
as
making
a
various
forms.
require
considerable
various
of
source
ore
difficult,
distillation
by
The
with
substance
the
obtained
rally
gene-
often
detrimental
mines,
is
ages,
and
value,
a
metal
all
ores,
silver.
often
silver
accessories,
skilled
in
iron, tin
per
ton.
one
occur
associated
acts
67.5
of
cent,
B.B.
but
weigh
Contains
per
water.
metal,
no
25
Brittle.
transparent.
3.9.
"
oxide;
cent,
per
Nearly
G.=3-i6
5.
"
63
ORES.
furnaces,
and
capital,
and
management.
IRON.
NATIVE.
Found
"
and
but
metallic
the
occasionally,
in
unless
weight
ton
a
rocks,
some
quantity,
of
masses
some
in meteorites,
state
grains
in
commercial
in
never
except,
in
we
in
found
Sweden.
Isometric.
Usually
brass
Color,
Lustre,
6.5.
ORE.
NON-MAGNETIC
PYRITE.
of
crystals,
G.=4.8
magnetic
yellow.
"
"
5.1.
globule.
in
cubes,
B.B.
Contains
massive.
brownish-black.
Streak,
brilliant.
or
Brittle.
yields
no
46.7
H.=6
metal,
per
cent,
"
but
a
of
64
and
iron;
53.3
valuable
to
Will
scratch
glass.
6.5
Often
G.=4.4
4.5.
"
but
changes
of iron;
cent,
under
of
head
vitrol.
39.5
as
feet
Trimetric.
Brittle.
of
Also
Streak,
but
fumes
garlic, and
ore
one
6.
be
and
46
green
34.4
gold,
per
but
rid
of
Color, silver-
massive.
cent,
until
of
cent,
of iron.
recently
the
arsenic,
treatment.
Now,
to
which
feet
arsenic
cent,
per
could
the
equal
(which
of
phur;
sulit is
Sometimes
this
no
odor
striking
on
cubic
5
the
have
perceived
owing
yields
B.B.
G.=6-3.
per
shining.
Lustre,
constituent); 19.6
profitably extracted,
successful
(See
ton.
one
hammer.
a
Contains
ton.
getting
per
Tarnish-
make
to
arsenic, which
of
with
smartly
in
used
equal
60.5
nickel.
of
ore
Also
occurs
may
is its valuable
rich
metal,
no
sulphur.
grayish-black.
H.=5.5"
metal,
H.=3-5
MISPICKEL,.
ARSENOPYRITE.
white.
of
tween
be-
Streak,
Contains
an
Nickel.)
cubic
7.1
ton.
one
Color,
yields
oxide.
cent,
per
equal
tarnish.
dark
B.B.
red
Valuable
easily.
'es
the
to
feet
commerce.
copper-red.
with
4.65.
"
of
being
ore,
massive.
and
bronze-yellow
grayish-black.
acid
latter
PYRITES.
Generally
Hexagonal.
this
cubic
MAGNETIC
PYRRHOTITE.
of
part
sulphuric
the
obtain
used
sulphur, which
of
cent,
per
the
constitutes
ORES.
IRON
SULPHIDE
not
be
difficulty of
the
prevented
however,
with
its
lately
66
MAGNETIC
THE
MAGNETIC
MAGNETITE.
Isometric.
Contains
metallic
and
infusible.
B.B.
frequently
discovered
compass.
If
point
and
freely up
round,
on
down
found
be
very
magnetic
completely
some
in
of
by
to
boulder.
indicates
lode.
a
evidence
as
such
veins
in
few
in small
contain
turn
when
An
tion
attrac-
be
to
caused
strike
the
attraction
strong
pieces through
it
is
times
Some-
one.
Often
ore
and
expert
even
along
valuable
a
surprisingly
get
sand.
any
but
to
An
rock.
a
of
deposit
ore
needle
continuous
than
swing
to
exists,
feet, is apt
black
commercially
seldom
the
deposit,
a
dip-
a
quantities,
can
it continues
A
a
small
of barren
of value
veins, distributed
not
a
If
found,
but
of
iron
pivots, instead
the
needle
feet
many
confined
better
the
of
misleading.
very
knowledge
covered
a
in
it is
use
accurate
by
when
over
for
look
exposure
cause
the
inclines
means
two
no
will
ore
and
compass;)
when
cases
the
the
are
of
suspended
between
like
one,
may
in
needle
(a magnetic
needle
By
contact.
ton.
one
variation
west,
or
oxygen.
deposits
wavers,
east
nearest
that
the
compass
much
of
equal
so
by
your
very
the
along
much
so
of
cent,
per
cent,
feet
G.=
6,5.
"
72.4
per
cubic
6.4
Strongly magnetic,
to
pure)
27.6
Color,
granular.
H.=5.5
(when
iron;
ORE.
also
;
black.
Streak,
5.1.
"
IRON
Massive
iron-black.
5
NEEDLE.
in
quartz
the
quantity,
of value.
vein,
and
NATURAL
LODESTONE.
Some
"
Place
in
floating
north
basin
a
south,
and
specimens
piece
a
67
COMPASS.
on
being
natural
a
wood
it will
and
water,
nets.
mag-
of
light chip
a
of
natural
are
turn
compass.
FRANKLINITE.
reddish-brown.
Streak,
G.=4-5
part
of
B.B.
with
iron
Occurs
O
N
like
replaced
soda
in
Brittle.
Formula,
by
H.=5.5
zinc
and
6.5.
"
less
but
than
so
with
but
magnetite,
charcoal,
on
iron -black.
Color,
Usually magnetic,
5.1.
"
magnetite.
L IM
massive.
also
Isometric;
manganese.
zinc
gives
coating.
large deposits.
BROWN
IT E
HEMATITE.
.
with
Massive;
Color, dark
brown
Various
forms;
from
contains
BOG
per
14
of
ton
one
hard
a
cent,
G.=3.6
4.
"
clay ironstone,
Same
of
light
Streak,
5.5.
"
spongy.
as
but
hematite,
8.4 cubic
water.
to
feet
ore.
ORE.
This
in
occurs
value;
for
fluxing
pure,
about
beds
smaller
a
areas.
low
ground,
furnishing
chiefly used,
iron, though
in
H.=5
ochre.
brown
or
ochre-yellow.
to
yellow.
and
yellow
equal
brown
dull
to
surface,
smooth
more
difficult
two-thirds
few
feet
its
deep,
by
and
large
local
ores.
weight
spread
is
of
siderable
con-
quantities
furnaces,
Contains,
of iron.
over
of
and
when
Occurs
larger
or
68
IRON
HOW
SIDE
Usually massive,
Rhombohedral.
light grayish
imcolored.
62.1
H.=3.
cubic
8.4
feet
equal
Isometric.
dark
G.=4.3
5.5.
fusible
with
equal
Iron
the
iron)
above
to
a
molten
is
in
netite,
mag-
cubic
feet
combinations,
of
iron
interest
(as
become
ores
and
manganese
from
obtained
blast
furnaces,
large capital
very
operation.
the
as
oxide
its
stone
lime-
with
flux, the plants being of large capacity,
requiring
Bessemer
B.B.
above.
iron
smelting
by
all
H.=
paint.
all
contain
some
mentioned
metal
as
and
and
as
The
ores,
include
B.B.
dull.
7
as
face.
sur-
Streak,
same
in endless
nature
ores
clayslate.
magnetic.
the,
largely
commerce.
magnetic,
zinc,
in
occurs
found
rough
or
Chromium.
Used
largely
brownish-black.
Nearly
contains
ton.
one
with
Slightly
borax.
but
but
schist, and
submetallic
4.6.
"
Used
steel, and
massive,
to
Lustre,
brown.
netic.
mag-
IROX.
Usually
Color, iron-black
becomes
and
CHROMIC
CHROMITE.
with
Often
ton.
iron
of
Contains
3.9.
"
but
one
rocks, gneiss, mica
many
Streak,
protoxide.
infusible,
manufacture
the
G.=3.7
iron
B.B.
manganese.
in
of
foliated.
and
brownish-red.
to
4.5.
"
cent,
per
for
IRON.
SPATHIC
RITE.
Color,
OBTAINED.
IS
process
metal,
Steel, is made
of
in
forcing
open
air
for
their
chiefly by
the
through
upward
crucibles,
cessful
suc-
no
further
MANGANESE
fuel
being required.
in
but
smelting,
with
made
iron
so
case
a
is
is
mixture
of
within
fillingall
the
Rocks
of
the
are
the
purposes,
other.
any
In
any
required.
of
being
after
facilities.
be
and
An
is
conditions,
to
quality
extent,
great
shipping
above
investment
best
to
some
used
iron
of
deposit depends,
a
reach
easy
is
ores
its
on
for
and
fuel
usual
quantities
superior
of
value
proved,
mine
large
made,
The
is the
Coke
charcoal,
69
ORES.
iron
possibly,
(See also,
got.
Iron
19.)
page
MANGANESE.
Is
but
is
used
never
is
used
largely
as
chiefly
in
used
a
found
in
the
metallic
metal,
but
color
many
a
the
for
It
oxygen.
is
It
the
B.B.
bead
borax
state,
bleaching, clearing
purposes.
state.
pure
of
source
arts
other
and
no
as
the
glass,
in
metal
a
never
ores
yield
violet.
PYROLUSITE.
Trimetric.
Massive,
iron-black.
Streak,
Contains
4.8.
This
ton.
for
of
cent,
per
63.2
black.
cent,
per
6.6
oxygen.
ore
is
illuminating
now
fibrous.
sometimes
used
as
H.=2
2.5
"
of
manganese;
cubic
feet
a
or,
ColG.=
36.8
equal
one
of oxygen,
so.urce
purposes.
PSILOMELANE.
Occurs
black.
massive.
Streak,
Color,
reddish-black
black
and
or
greenish-
shining.
H."
MOLYBDENITE.
70
5
G."
6.
"
of
4
baryta
some
equal
BOG
Massive,
the
Used
a
beds,
Rhombohedral.
3.5
ores
under
easily
3.4
acid, with
found
conditions
silver, which
one
in
regular
ir-
depth,
makes
a
; and
38.6
of manganese
part
iron.
or
and
formations,
same
also
iron, and
as
Contains
3.7.
"
magnesium,
in
like
Cleaves
protoxide
by calcium,
are
same
G."
4.5.
"
of carbonic
replaced
The
of
CARBONATE.
of manganese
cent,
per
ton.
one
more
or
Color, rose-red.
H."
cent,
often
equal
MANGANESE
Calcite.
Earthy,
4.
"
consists
foot
a
black
soil.
RHODOCHROSITE.
per
feet
sometimes
and
in
globules
61.4
feet
streak,
G.=3
6.
"
cubic
9.1
paint,
with
Color, and
H.=i
fingers.
as
mixed
cubic
7.6
ORE.
earthy.
or
brownish-black.
soils
and
varies,
but
potassa.
or
amount
same
ton.
one
WAD.
or
nearly
pyrolusite,
as
manganese
contains
Contains
4.4.
"
ing
contain-
valuable
very
ore,
and
worked.
MOI/YBDENUM.
MOLYBDENITE;
plates,
tinfoil.
with
THE
or
green
H.=i
and
tinge.
"
1.5.
in
streak,
Lustre,
G.=4-5
thin
plates
bright
4.8.
on
like
the
streak
fresh
age.
cleav-
lead-gray,
"
in
Hexagonal,
"
foliated
masses
Color
SULPHIDE.
B.B.
infusible,
GRAPHITE.
but
fumes
gives
molybdenite
pure
This
mistaken
but
graphite
from
which
leaves
a
has
is best
by
seen
other
59
also
and
is
(blacklead),
it is
black
with
on
in
of
the
sometimes
which
it
which
across
china
a
crystalline rocks,
and
sembles,
re-
while
paper,
streak,
piece
a
lead
of
easily distinguished,
mark
drawing
cent,
per
of
cent,
color,
Occurs
feet
little, chiefly in
greenish-black
a
plate.
sparingly;
but
graphite
cubic
6.9
ton.
one
blue
a
molybdenite
or
used
of
for
sulphur.
equal
is
ore
preparation
as
of
71
tains
Con-
ores.
copper
and
molybdenum;
but
41
per
sulphur.
GRAPHITE.
BL.ACKLEAD.
PLUMBAGO.
Color, black
lead
2.25
Lustre,
Contains
pure
in
the
to
95
infusible.
of
Not
99
and
cent,
of
per
lubricants
of
for
called
of
the
acids.
one
ton.
generally
ore,
a
common
G.=
2.
"
feels
greasy.
carbon.
B.B.
cubic
heavy
feet
used
Largely
pencils, crucibles,
stove
machinery.
Also
Found
chiefly
etc.
also
forms
distributed
massive.
13.9
blacklead.
crystalline limestone,
schist, and
by
lighting, plating,
Commonly
as
H.=i
fingers,
equal
manufacture
in electric
metallic.
touched
graphite
polish, and
in
the
Soils
2.27.
also
Streak,
steel-gray.
to
pencil.
"
foliated,
Usually
Hexagonal.
in
only
gneiss,
a
small
and
mica
age
percent-
evenly throughout
the
TELLURIUM.
72
and
lime,
NATIVE.
=6.i
and
volatilizes.
Brittle.
lead
equal
with
chief
the
G.
2.5.
flame
the
combination
is
which
ores,
Color,
H.=2"
feet
cubic
5.4
in
obtained
Also
massive.
fuses, tinges
B.B.
6.3.
"
for
Test
acid.
streak, tin-white.
and
A
impurities
value.
Commonly
Hexagonal.
"
its
sizes.
all
Such
pure.
destroy
iron,
of
masses
when
hydrochloric
with
lime
in
or
mineral
valuable
as
specks;
in
gangue
green,
ton.
one
silver, and
of
source
supply.
RARE
Certain
quoted
and
people
mines.
of
in
most
of
not
is
but
and
a
interest, except
limited
very
even
if
BARIUM
exists
in nature
a
is
sulphate,
a
very
native.
metal,
a
metallic
state,
light, tough,
part
white
is
inclining to white,
a
be
baryta (or heavy
as
in
metal
any
should
V.)
metal,
malleable,
found
are
There
chemists.
for
quantity
(described
PALLADIUM
to
market
priced,
their
usually mentioned
Those
is
high-priced
the
to
as
cause
attending
expense
reduction,
the
but
and
used,
great
they exist
that
native,
seldom
scarcity.
much
believe
to
are
lists of chemicals,
price
found
the
cases
their
led
are
being
extraction,
or
are
Some
their
in
high prices
at
below,
mentioned
metals
rare
so
found.
spar)
MAGNESIUM
never
found
steel-gray
native, with
some
PART
MINERALS
OTHER
We
have
and
of
metals
of
VALUE.
ed,
extract-
are
commerce
interest
greatest
chief
the
described,
briefly
now,
such,
as
COMMERCIAL
OF
which
from
ores
V.
the
to
general
public.
ALUMINIUM.
Is
third
heavy
as
(26,000
iron,
or
and
interest
other
any
to
taking
therefore,
and
Its
price
weighs
and
gold
until
an
BAUXITE;
pounds
ore
processes
to
of
remain
metals.
of
cubic
weighs
foot
487,
foot.
of
source
clays,
discovery
iron
cubic
of
all
A
while
per
valuable
likely
the
on
extraction.
pounds,
1206
(and
new
of
163
most
present
purely
of
celled
ex-
special
of
base
abundant
tarnish
is not
not
the
being
cast
white
to
which
it is
yet
most
depends
but
The
the
methods
cheaper
metal,
prospectors,
liable
not
polish
a
for
beautiful
a
one-
strength
pounds
16,500
odor,
or
only
tensile
great
hardness,
and
taste
no
corrode,
by
is
against
inch)
with
of
iron,
as
being
promise,
great
Bounds
per
color,
of
metal
a
the
extraction
aluminium,
most
are
at
valuable
developed)
called:
This
iron-stained
mineral
clay,
is
and
a
soft
the
granular,
color
is white
pact,
com-
to
CORUNDUM.
brown
reddish,
or
It is
2.55.
and
a
sometimes
or
hydrated
soluble
iron,
75
bluish.
sesqui-oxide of
in
aluminium
acid.
sulphuric
G.=
find
A
of
value.
EMERY.
CORUNDUM.
of
Occurs
g,
of
the
next
or
colors, blue,
many
red,
diamond.
G.=3.g
clear
crystals
An
4.1.
"
H.=
etc.
oxide
aluminium.
When
in
When
Sapphire.
called
called
are
blue
Rubies.
crystals
in
mica
the
gem
red
are
Precious
under
(See
chiefly
Found
forms
they
Stones.)
schist,
and
granular
bluish-gray
and
blackish
limestone.
The
variety having
colors, is called
as
a
polishing
Distinguished
ALUM
from
"
shale,
other
or
in
This
is then
lumps
by
once
The
or
in
last
solution.
containing alunogen
On
by heating
aluminium
and
potassium
cooling
the
sulphate.
cisterns, the
stone
by evaporation,
powder.
is obtained
commerce
mineral,
produce
to
of
shape
hardness.
its
rock
some
extensively,
very
the
of
alum
lixiviated
concentrated
the
in
bearing
alum
rock
to
material
at
SHALE.
Used
EMERY.
the
lye
added
alum
tallizes
crys-
out.
ORTHOCI.ASE.
FELDSPAR.
COMMON
Monoclinic.
massive,
Usually
granular,
or
fine
in
thick
grained.
prisms,
Not
and
striated.
76
white
Color,
and
of
silica; 18.4
16.9 per
of
cent,
manufacture
of
CRYOLITE.
of
sodium;
as
a
and
is
compound.
12.8
an
of
of
a
is
white
value.
and
To
to
free
test
tains
Con-
per
cent,
Used
its
salts; soda
;
Melts
easily in
the
decomposition
not
it, and
from
in
the
of
grit
is
the
not
the
the
clay,
observe
that
good
clay
in
a
for
pure
use.
of
turn
of
in acids.
with
met
find
a
Insoluble
a
fine
clay, easily
iron, is
in
above
"gritty,"
even
this
or
rarely
quality
and
of
touch.
but
of
manufacture
deposit
essentials
dish
it does
it is
3.
CLAY.
the
the
white
a
the
to
fit for
try
article,
that
and
purpose,
condition
in
good
of
one
used
A
Soapy
is
the
snow-
fluorine.
and
glass.
"
32.8
of
cent,
per
derived
clay
a
chinaware.
accessible,
in
candle.
feldspar,
any
aluminium;
CHINA
This
G.=2.g5
aluminium,
KAOLIN.
It
of
54.4
opaque
flame
and
used
Largely
H.=2.5.
and
source
per
aluminium;
peculiar, translucent,
a
cent,
per
of
64.7
chinaware.
This
"
white
potash.
Moonstone
Contains
cent,
per
with
fuses
acids.
by
varieties.
are
greenish-
B.B.
opaque.
touched
Sunstone
cent,
to
Not
difficulty.
sometimes
flesh-red,
or
Translucent
white.
of
CLAY.
CHINA
that
darker.
but
an
will
wet
in
Also
analysis
not
a
a
little
good
observe
is needed
fully prove
its
MEERSCHAUM.
value.
contains
Pure,
"
60
from
from
turn
brown
to
silica, and
potash,
coal
generally, underlying
POTTERS
CLAY.
if it
to
40
50
shells,
many
be
free
free
much
carbonate
of
from
silica.
of lime;
Sometimes
fragments
or
free
Found
plastic, and
cent.
per
45
almost
or
earth.
some
containing
Clay
"
about
seams.
usually contains
iron, and
MARL.
Must
"
free,
alkaline
or
with
clay,
unctuous
of
cent,
per
soda,
from
white
iron.
FIRE-CLAY.
to
will
B.B.
77
contains
shells.
Used
as
a
fertilizer.
SHALE.
is
Is
"
often
tile,
indurated
an
and
ground
with
is
required
of
incipient fusion,
up
the
so
pores,
of
absorption
bricks,
fusion
high
a
to
before
water,
for
clay,
point,
the
and
bricks,
shale
or
but
which
completely
to
as
a
extent
an
clay,
used
extensively
vitrified
For
etc.
compressed
capable
will
close
prevent
the
material
lutely
abso-
melts.
SEPIOL.ITE.
MEERSCHAUM.
Color,
green.
a
smooth
Contains
of
white
or
of
Compact,
feel.
60.8
magnesia;
and
infusible, gives much
of
per
water,
bluishwith
earthy texture,
2.5.
"
cent,
12.1
fine
a
H.=2
per
sometimes
creamy,
Floats
on
silica; 27.1
cent,
and
a
water.
per
cent,
of water.
B.B.
pink color,
with
78
solution.
cobalt
earth
reddish
surface.
to
dark
brown,
when
hot,
like
is
but
colored
Takes
handsome
ornamental
cold.
and
in
Used
colored
a
Looks
glaze
on
makes
and
polish,
making
a
stone.
its
white,
are
also
Consists
and
51.3
per
and
fuses
to
When
of
cent,
green,
an
into
name
48.7
softness.
and
purple
G."
H.=4.
of
cent,
per
is
but
clear
or
parent
Trans-
sky-blue.
or
of calcium.
3
"
3.25.
Fluorine;
decrepitates
B.B.
enamel.
massive
the
light
rose-red
compact.
or
gems,
cleavage
translucent.
Brittle.
some
easy
or
rarely
or
crystals,
resembles
colors,
distinguished by
yellow,
in
commonly
bright
under
when
violet
deep
FL.TJORITE.
Occurs
is made
brown
high
a
FLUORSPAR.
Colors
is
heavier.
54.1
becomes
bead
glass,
stoneware.
B.B.
borax,
reddish
and
silica; and
protoxide.
with
and
stony;
G.=3-4
6.5.
"
of
cent,
per
black
Lustre,
H.=5.5
45.9
feldspar,
violet
In
uncolored.
of manganese
cent,
flesh-red),also
sometimes
yellowish,
or
opaque.
Contains
"3.7.
stratified
pipe-bowls.
(usually deep
Streak,
transparent
in
masses
FOWI.ERITE.
greenish,
brown,
per
for
Used
SPAR.
Color,
on
in
Occurs
deposits.
MANGANESE
a
SPAR.
DERBYSHIRE
receives
a
high
candlesticks,
vases,
of
DERBYSHIRE
polish,
and
and
sold
etc.,
SPAR.
Hydro-
GYPSUM.
fluoric
with
acid,
from
which
other
is
glass
also
fluorspar;
and
copper
79
used
hence
ores,
etched,
as
the
is obtained
flux
a
for
fluor.
name
CALCIUM.
PHOSPHATE
APATITE.
Hexagonal.
Color,
white.
reddish
flame
with
bluish-green,
in
Occurs
yellow.
hornblende
;
from
feldspar by
This
is
;
of
trial
white
H.=i.5
at
white
pure
it is
and
thick
seams
schist.
ed
Distinguish-
of Lime.
it is
as
fibrous
limestone
becomes
fuses.
SATIN
When
parent
trans-
when
SPAR;
Found
PARIS.
OF
and
plaster
when
"
PLASTER
a
B.B.
ALABASTER;
"
It is used
and
exfoliates, then
in
stone
lime-
crystalline
G.=2.33.
when
ground
reddish-
hardness.
sulphate
called
SELENITE;
"
burned
and
once
the
PLASTER.
2.
"
ton.
tinges
mica
and
Brittle.
acid,
land, for agricultural purposes,
for walls.
in
hydrous
a
the
times
some-
one
acid
fertilizer.
a
LAND
GYPSUM.
on
as
but
weigh
sulphuric
without
always
3.25.
"
feet
gneiss;
extensively
yellow,
crystals,
pyroxene
Used
sometimes
G.=3
cubic
10
moistened
prisms.
Streak,
in
H.=5.
stony.
six-sided
brownish.
occurs
massive.
B.B.
in
shades,
or
Generally
Lustre,
LIME.
Commonly
of various
green
blue, and
OF
clay
beds.
MARBLE.
Crystalline limestone,
of
a
fine
polish,
is
marble.
or
dolomite,
Colors
susceptible
are:
white,
80
CELESTITE.
pink, red, mottled,
Massive.
from
called
marble.
LIMESTONE.
LITHOGRAPHIC
Is
is sometimes
Serpentine
black.
and
bronze,
yellow,
fine
compact,
a
impurities,
other
grit, and
If free
limestone.
grained
makes
valuable
a
quarry.
HYDRAULIC
LIMESTONE.
An
which
alumina,
will
which
under
set
of
cent,
per
being
on
silica
containing
limestone,
impure
burned
affords
cement
a
Contains
water.
and
15
to
25
clay.
BARIUM.
and
Color, white,
H,=2.5
tinge
green
soda,
stains
used
to
silver
feet
Trimetric.
cleavage.
reddish.
transparent.
After
black.
When
lead.
the
parts
im-
fuses, and
fusion
with
ground,
in
Found
of
part
as
pearly.
or
is
veins,
7.1
gangue.
ton.
one
STRONTIUM
SULPHATE.
crystals, with
rhombic
In
Color,
B.B.
flame.
white
lead,
weigh
CELESTITE.
or
coin
adulterate
generally with
to
parent
Trans-
vitreous
4.7.
"
reddish.
or
Lustre,
G.=4-3
3.5.
"
a
yellowish,
translucent.
or
cubic
SPAR.
HEAVY
BARITE.
clear
vitreous.
Lustre,
H.=3
white,
"
3.5.
decrepitates, tinging flame
tinged
with
Brittle.
G.=3.g
"
bright red,
distinct
blue,
Nearly
4.
B.
B.
and
fuses.
82
ASBESTOS.
TAIyC.
SOAPSTONE.
STEATITE.
Trimetric.
G.=2.5
H.=i.i5.
is
It
easily
of
variety
white
dark
silicate
A
of
magnesia.
colored
greenish
green.
massive
talc.
is
slaty
The
Color, light
Sometimes
2.8.
"
cut.
POTSTONE:
and
massive.
or
white.
shining
or
green
Foliated
impure
FRENCH
structure.
kind.
Soft
and
of
soapstone
dark
is
CHALK
milk-
a
touch.
the
to
greasy
color
B.B.
infusible.
FOLIATED
TALC.
greenish-white
a
lathe, without
for
various
as
a
and
saw,
Takes
purposes.
face
a
with
for
difficulty. Used
heated.
being
of
talc
white,
or
color.
is cut
Soapstone
foliated
Pure
"
Also
used
; and
powder
a
polish after
adulterate
to
as
gas-jets, and
fine
a
in
turned
fillingfor
;
soap
paper.
AMPHIBOI/E.
HORNBLENDE.
Occurs
generally
in
ASBESTOS.
fibrous
silicate
fine
threads,
mass,
and
Used
rough
to
a
form,
Color, green
"
hydrous
as
of
massive
as
then
cover
cloth,
steam-pipes,
and
white.
magnesia.
twisting
for
many
sionally
occa-
:
or
by separating
rock, but
Fibrous.
May
the
fibres
it, with
etc.,
in
purposes
be
spun
into
the
the
a
A
into
silky
fingers.
form
of
requiring
COMMON
incombustible
an
half
crossing
ACTING-LITE.
for
Used
tar,
The
"
in
length of
fireproof material,
running
the
the
long-bladed
from
seams
width,
another,
one
the
making
seam
in
Occurs
inches
several
to
parallel, or
each
material.
inch
an
83
MICA.
width
of
fibre.
greenish variety.
chiefly roofing, with
asphalt.
or
MICA.
COMMON
MUSCOVITE.
Monoclinic.
sheets,
to
2
black.
G.=2.7.
used
in
for
stoves,
and
standing
in
purposes
is used
as
the
and
(3x3
is
amber
When
whitens,
B.B.
edges.
;
Light
black,
LITHIA
plates,
5
value
spotted
it is
colored
per
cent,
Ground
not
micas
of
are
al
ornament-
in
large
electrical
little
fuse
; it
valuable,
most
for
lating
insu-
or
poses.
pur-
value.
no
except
but
thin
on
vite
Musco-
mostly
Biotite.
L.EPIDOMTE.
rose-red,
and
does
but
MICA.
Color,
to
good
as
for
white
pure
is
upward)
it is used
making
The
fire-proofpaint.
sheets
in
H.=:
extensively
and
;
plants.
and
lubricant,
a
heat
electrical
is
sheets
In
great
a
elastic.
mineral
ground.
brown
green,
and
tough
This
3.
"
sheets,
and
Color, white,
scales.
Transparent,
2.5.
"
crystals, splitting easily into
In
in
or
MICA.
lilac
and
aggregations
of
the
metal
of
to
white.
scales.
Lithium.
In
small
Contains
2
84
VITRIOL.
LITHIUM.
Is
"
soft, whitish, metal,
a
and
specific gravity,
is
fusible.
very
lead,
as
in
TRIPHYLITE.
mineral
A
B.B.
having
a
as
lustre,
sublithia
containing
beautiful
a
G.=
H.=5.
and
mineral
any
flame
the
tin, and
found
also
grayish-white,
Streak,
colors
is
It
:
"
resinous.
alloy with
an
Lithia
solder.
a
phosphate,
3.50.
in
light
tenacity.
considerable
Used
of very
crimson.
deep
SULPHUR.
This
of
acid
metallic
many
for
found
is
commercial
NATIVE
to
and
to
with
clay,
or
extinct.
Purified,
iron
is
pyrites, from
SULPHURIC
ACID.
ores
making
as
Oil
veins
of
sulphur-
or
Lustre,
it is the
"
largely
which
ores
is also
manufactured
being preferred
of these
Vitriol.
blacking,
from
The
and
ores
uses
for
flame
nated
contami-
or
Found
sulphur
H.=
blue
a
sulphur,
pitch.
inous.
res-
Brittle.
with
Pure
obtained
also
and
in
vicinity of volcanoes,
the
gypsum,
which
streak,
:
Burns
odor.
sulphurous
obtained
translucent.
G.=2.O7.
2.5.
chiefly
orange-yellow.
Transparent
1.5
Color
sometimes
or
is
from
purposes
"
mineralizing agent
and
ores,
SULPHUR.
yellow,
the
as
beds
of
active
or
of commerce,
copper
and
magnetic
(the non-
this
purpose),
valuable.
It is known
of
for
medicine
sulphur
are
well
powder,
gun-
known.
ARSENIC.
PHOSPHOROUS.
This
is
also
with
bined
lime,
also
APATITE;
the
moistening
flame
the
is
in the
Used
other
the
B. B.
with
assay
tinged
found
valuable
com-
mineral
lead, etc., and
copper,
ores.
when
substance,
frequently
forming
with
iron
in
injurious
acid,
an
be
may
is very
detected
by
sulphuric acid,
is
It
green,
refined,
arts; for makin
and
g
when
white,
a
poisonous.
very
matches,
waxy
and
various
purposes.
ARSENIC.
This
is
of
ores
economic
NATIVE.
and
value,
with
"
in
acid
common
a
connection
occurs:
lead
silver, and
G.=5-65
3.5.
=
the
fusing, with
pale
flame.
blue
of
odor
Also
Brittle-
gray.
volatilizes
B.B.
5.95.
"
garlic, and
fore
be-
with
burns
with
combined
occurs
and
Color,
ores.
streak, tin-white, usually tarnished
H.
with
phur,
sul-
as:
REALGAR.
of red
"
3.6 containing
ORPIMENT.
3.5.
Obtained
rite) for
It
is
an
of
having
chiefly
commercial
silver, and
very
29.9%
i.5
=
other
difficult, and
of
H.
often
=
i.5
"
2.
mispickel,
(Arsenopy-
Very
poisonous.
"
ingredient
ores,
"
sulphur.
purposes.
unwelcome
3.4
sulphur.
39%
from
G."
2.
"
Bright golden-yellow.
"
G.=3.4"
H.
color.
making
in
their
unprofitable.
many
gold,
treatment
86
JET.
COAI,.
STONE
ANTHRACITE.
Color, black
sectile.
and
with
more
be
some
inch
an
of
in
high
H.=o.5
less
or
with
clay
rocks,
known
than
G.=not
anthracite.
Used
oil
it
in
much
to
confined
to
Carboniferous.
than
more
make
to
the
and
coke
of
amount
Softer
1.5.
tar,
gas,
or
gas,
yields.
BROWN
LIGNITE.
COAL.
brownish-black.
Color,
in appearance
Like
but, contains
Sometimes
oxygen.
wood
from
make
coke.
JET.
from
COAL.
black.
varies
and
run
commercially
mostly
as
SOFT
BITUMINOUS.
Color,
is
but
often
Believed
found
Never
and
seams
thickness.
in
vegetable origin.
upper
The
bon,
Car-
1.80.
"
hydrogen,
slate.
or
Brittle
Opaque.
G.=i.2
and
oxygen,
forty feet
to
lustre.
2.5.
"
crystalline rocks,
the
"
black
in
COAL.
is
a
which
variety
it
was
fine
a
20
the
coal
of
structure
and
the
will
It
is hard,
polish,
of
cent,
per
formed.
of coal, but
color, taking
to
15
shows
bituminous
of
a
much
not
dead
used
jewelry.
Large
obtained
pound
quantities
from
of coal
coal.
of
different
colored
It is said, that
will color
5,000
yards
dye
dyes
from
of cotton
are
one
cloth.
PETROLEUM.
NATURAL
Gas
the
rock
gas
of
thickness
other
rock,
extent
will
supply
be
exhausted
that
exist
not
is but
of
while
each
of
however
escaping
any
ant,
abund-
will eventually
and
surface
No
gasflows
small
some
of
gas
locality.
except
gas,
considerable
capping,
temporary
in
rocks,
Limestone,
by
body
which
does
formed,
as
commercial
locality in
the
in
covered
with,
the
Trenton
no
or
found,
are
stratified
impermeable
met
the
indicate
be
clay,
be
indications
called
must
or
in
only
is
close
a
GAS.
found
what
in
generally
and
be
can
87
ASPHALT.
quantity.
PETROI/ETJM.
MINERAL
OIL.
The
in the
crude
higher
morphic
rocks
common
coal
of the
rocks.
or
the
Ib.
residue
of
natural
ASPHALT.
street
in meta-
is the
of
purified,
less
gallon)
This
volatile
the
Petroleum,
oils left
of
Paraffin
duct
pro-
ing
lubricatwards
after-
and
perhaps
wax,
"
10%
is the
is the
wax
commerce
behind,
and
The
originally
;
found
in
state.
"
is
paving.
H.=(when
and
of
"
only
gas;
found
be
commerce,
value.
OZOKERITE
a
the
to
natural
cannot
heavy
or
like
crystalline formation.
any
oil of
more
i
It
distillation
oils, are
(or
is found
oil
is very
Pitch, used
mineral
Color,
solid)
i
"
2.
inflammable.
black
G.=i
roofing
and
blackish-brown.
to
"
for
2.
melts
at
90"
F.
88
MINERAL
WOOL.
PEAT.
This
vegetable
brown
When
found
in
when
not
dried
locomotives,
in
or
an
WOOL
artificial
scoria
condition
its
as
into
but
in
sound;
of
valuable
a
fit for
ores.
by converting
in
and
is
and
and
natural, but
a
while
soft
fire
not
made
state,
fibrous,
preventive
is
slags,
fibrous
a
It
water.
It forms
is
It
certain
nature,
a
called
product.
and
i.
"
COTTON.
so
"
of
25%
iron
SILICATE
MINERAL
G.=o.5
strongly compressed,
smelt
to
decomposition.
to
bogs.
simply
but
Spongy.
15%
and
or
of
state
a
contains
beds,
mineral,
a
black.
to
dried
fuel
in
matter
Color
is
is
substance
melted
a
inelastic.
and
frost,
in
really glass
to
Used
deaden
buildings.
URANIUM.
The
oxides
giving
and
a
fine
black
a
color
when
grayish
submetallic
H.=5.5.
other
in
painting
the
baked.
porcelain,
enameling
The
chief
fire,
is:
ore
PITCHBLENDE.
Color,
cent,
in
color
orange
URANIIMITE.
Lustre,
used
are
or
brownish
dull.
Contains
oxides, with
impurities.
in
B.B.
nitric
acid
or
Streak,
G.=6.47.
of uranium
slowly
to
velvet-black.
black.
75
to
que.
Opa87
per
silica,lead, iron, and
infusible
alone.
when
powdered.
solves
Dis-
AMBER.
THE
red
OCHRES
iron
in
that
them,
and
washed,
with
clays,
which
have
and
ground,
be
cannot
fine
are
;
been
sifted,
or
naturally
to
imitated
profitably
brown
extent
an
by
art.
TRIPOI/ITE.
INFUSORIAL
EARTH.
formed
from
besides
its
with
This
"
for
use
siliceous
minute
very
polishing
to
explosive
extensively
make
shells,
the
Dynamite,
is
and
mixed
is
metals,
nitro-glycerine
used
earth
polishing
erful
pow-
in all
heavy
color
to
rock
cutting.
AMBER.
MINERAL
RESIN.
Is
"
resinous.
Lustre,
in
yellow
Transparent
H.=2
resin, but
JL_Z
_"
all
when
mainly
called
solvents
to
lucent.
trans-
G.=i.i8.
2.5.
"
electric
a
whitish.
comes
Be-
rubbed.
that
one
Is
resists
Succinite.
It is
-
'
supposed
which
to
has
be
been
a
altered
imbedded.
while
along
size
head.
to
It
ornamental
resin,
by sulphur
Generally
in
sea-coasts,
pea
vegetable
as
is
found
from
masses
large
used
necklaces
as
a
to
man's
make
of beads,
mouthpieces
-\
*
.
--
\^^^=".^^
pipes, cigar
for
hol-
PRECIOUS
of the
Stones
SAPPHIRES,
America,
discovered,
The
fact
is,
all
at
most
about
not
entirely
the
from
apart
stones
suspected.
know
that
that
due
thing
anyand
crystals,
or
minerals,
tions
sec-
hitherto
not
even
aware
of
specimens
have
haps
per-
many
prospectors
precious
are
and
in
existence
few
very
found
they
their
that
EMERALDS,
OPALS,
be
yet
where
or
cases
handsome
Crystals
have
them
value
a
the
as
or
source
metals.
few
Very
brought
have
people
by polishing
out,
idea
any
even
of
the
beauty
stones
common
very
pebbles.
or
In
idle
an
hour
yourself
amuse
clear
pebbles,
When
in
mail
turn,
to
This
day,
in
the
scratched
being
be
well
a
put
it
in
for
by
your
is
your
dealer
the
will
result,
trouble.
there.
and
which
one
scratch
also
mineral
and
any
represents
or
pocket,
in
of
scratched
not
which
nine,
lake,
or
find
may
that
nothing
almost
surprised
paid
or
you
of hardness,
number
by
stream
hardness,
case,
your
scale
Lapidary
costs
one
of
the
crystals
or
across
in
nine
bank
trying
corundum
number
the
on
by
come
you
the
by
it
GARNETS,
will
been
kinds
"
RUBIES,
in
of
valuable
most
DIAMONDS,
in
STONES.
send
it
by
specimens.
you
and
Again,
may
find
when
one
self
youryou
SIZE
92
handsome
a
across
run
Crystals, do
other
likewise.
the
Sometimes
recovered
or
unusual
other
Precious
stones
is
The
grains.
used
An
in
^-y
of
a
a
reference
stone
weighing
carat
is
I
a
about
into
than
Troy
dried
to
their
with
this
inch
-^
3
bean
gold.
of the
various
varying
table
is
which
Diamonds,
n
Ttf
divided
a
size
carat,
a
weighing
of the
of
cial
commer-
much
lighter
comparison
size
of
Specimens.
from
for
be
crystals
good
not
so
little
Africa,
by
approximate
follows,
a
idea
had
be
may
specific gravity
the
in
approximate
gems,
at
is derived
term
few
a
weight,
are
weight
a
as
sold
in
found
long trip,may
a
Cabinet
as
conventional
a
discovered
stones
of minerals,
are
grains, which
four
of
than
or
gravel.
collecting of
specimens
value
which
gold
Quartz,
are
various
expenses
the
by
Gems
the
washing
or
of
cluster
by carefully examining
panning,
GEMS.
OF
in
diameter
a
u
S2
1
"
"
i
"?
"
"
n
n
it
it
*
i
6
"
"
"
a
u
n
"
Ttf
Diamonds
Emeralds
Rubies
are
"
^
worth
"
"
from
$30
"
$10
"
$8
to
"
"
$150
per
$75
$90
"
""
carat.
of
as
DIAMONDS.
Precious
They
rocks
polished
from
worth
are
$IO.OO.
tO
IOC.
when
stones
93
in
occur
the
eruptive.
are
tell their
drift
where
the
Transparency
country
and
hardness
value.
DIAMONDS.
Isometric.
Color,
colorless,
pure,
also
black.
yellow,
colored.
The
hardest
The
until
hardness,
and
its
before polishing,
B.B.
for
Look
a
Diamond
a
of
berly mines,
conglomerate
known
the
the
to
first
100
The
best
always
rubbed
showing
tive
posiunless
negative
are
gems
is the
test
this
stone
rough,
burns.
dull
white
grayish
form
in
in
Brazil
with
silica
miners
feet
of
as
soft
as
the
with
while
it is
Africa,
a
base.
"blue,"
friable
ends.
opposite
but
be,
in
quartz
Kim-
the
at
a
the
to
appears
filled
schist
South
at
diggings,
gravel
Itacolumyte,
in
pebbles, having
pointed
rock,
mica
called
grains,
in the
sparkle
not
electric, when
bearing
species
Carbon.
becoming
found
Generally
Pure
and
unless
Transparent,
polished.
octohedral
worn
able)
valu-
most
known.
electricity. Other
polished.
curved.
blue, brown
G.=3-5
does
or
(the
green,
orange,
substance
found,
as
white
or
H.=io.
Diamond
often
crystals
adamantine.
Lustre,
dark
of
Faces
magnesian
The
matrix;
consists
yellow shale,
for
al-
SAPPHIRES.
94
from
tered
which
pulverizes
feet
of
Then
it
gives
mines.
much
is
It
The
The
"blue"
until
pulverulent,
as
drills, and
A
powder.
finger ring
a
inch
in
total
The
out.
powder
has
of
out
less
trap
whole
with
thin
hornblende
the
acres.
air
open
valuable
polishing
and
used
are
material.
with
succeeded
"
mine
is eleven
in
to
35
many
abrasion
its
in
lately
perfect stone,
one
still
carefully washed
as
by
cut
few
Dolerite
area
lie
it is
a
surface
basalt
contains
to
dish
red-
shale
the
mica, pyrite, and
when
cutter
for
the
encircles
The
is
Diamond
shale
from
feet
"blue"
in
and
stratified
un
allowed
picked
stones
The
ing
is
date
a
carbonaceous
amygdaloidal
an
throughout,
the
an
of calcspar, and
occur
pinkish
285
which
"
agate.
veins
to
way,
feet, then
2
black
"
The
first
are
recent
to
a
260
to
unknown
depth
or
by
extends
when
of
yellow
a
feet, succeeded
which
to
Tufa,
calcareous
forming.
"chimney"
inches
2
air.
the
to
exposure
the
from
sand
crystalline rock,
colored
on
of
rocks
encasing
50
slate-blue
a
own
cut-
f of
an
diameter.
SAPPHIRES.
Rhombohedral.
but
very
but
the
and
H.=g
remains
irregular.
stone
occurs
hairbrown.
or
next
Usually
in
six-sided
Blue
is
the
; red
;
yellow
Transparent
the
unaltered.
Diamond.
Pure
true
; green
Alumina.
color,
violet
translucent.
or
G.=4
prisms
"
4.16.
Dark
B.B.
colors
TURQUOISE.
called
are
and
for
Test
is
Commonly
in
schist,
the
as
A
highly
pounds
found
and
Troy,
scratches
in
in
granular
polishing powder.
a
quartz
very
gravel washings,
gneiss, with
and
stone,
crystalline lime-
matrix.
usual
the
gem,
prized.
and
95
occurs,
as
It
valuable
very
most
used
hardness.
easily.
mica
(which
EMERY,
appearance,)
EMERALD.
-
One
red
colored
specimen
is transparent,
being
weighs
without
18^
flaw.
a
TURQUOISE.
In
opaque
bluish-green.
but
green,
without
Lustre,
waxy.
becomes
B.B.
2.8.
masses,
does
flame
for
green
imitated
much
by
art,
softer.
in
chloric
hydro-
acid
tinges
to
but
artificial
the
though
in
owing
valued,
highly
Occurs
the
moment,
a
Is
present.
copper
with
"
flame
the
tinges
Soluble
moistened
acid, and
the
and
fuse.
not
G.=2.6
H.=6.
brown,
Color,
cleavage.
the
closely
gems
are
veins.
EMERALD.
Color,
Streak,
uncolored.
Brittle.
H.=y.^"
is
the
true
green.
but
Transparent,
8.
emerald.
Colored
AQUAMARINE.
Not
becomes
bluish
sometimes
green,
touched
clouded.
by
by
or
translucent.
The
0.^2.7.
The
yellowish.
or
rich
bluish-green
when
chromium
acids.
One
are
B.B.
specimen
green
called
pure
infusible,
weighs
96
TOPAZ.
nearly
the
but
finest
in
Occurs
pounds.
seventeen
gneiss,
OPAL.
crystals
found
are
and
granite,
in dolomite.
TOPA2.
Trimetric.
Color,
cleavage.
H.=8.
B.B.
infusible.
both
in
in
loose
by
crystals
heat.
jewelry the
Becomes
electric
crystals
quartz
also
in
used
under
silica.
acids.
by
Found
in
and
pebbles,
or
and
veins
rocks.
metamorphic
When
affected
Not
reddish
translucent.
to
of alumina
Consists
perfect
white,
yellow,
Transparent
G.=3-5.
with
prisms,
pale
blue.
greenish
or
rhombic
In
known
are
is often
color
heating.
on
False
as
altered
Topaz.
The
(See
Quartz.)
OPAI,.
PRECIOUS
white
OPAL.
colors.
H.=about
has
yellow,
Composition
ten
per
natural
like
cent,
of
or
G=about
bright
and
quartz.
quartz,
but
of water.
stormy
Opaque
2
FIRE
"
.
fire-red
reflections.
B.B.
infusible.
Some
stones
clouded
becoming
weather,
of
play
usuall}7contains
brighter reflections,
settled.
earthy.
beautiful
with
by
barometers,
approach
showing
6.
scratched
Easily
to
Compact
bluish-white,
or
OPAL;
"
and
as
are
on
clearing,
the
weather
two
good
the
and
comes
be-
98
and
opaque,
red,
and
following
ROCK
all
CRYSTAL.
of
"whitestone"
with
per
silicon,
minerals.
soda.
The
quartz.
The
quartz.
jewellers, often
used
for
optical instruments.
and
Purple,
"
of
other
pellucid
Pure
"
spectacles
of
varieties
H.=7.
53.33
cent,
per
fusible
alone, but
are
AMETHYST.
nominally;
46.67
banded
are
black.
to
iron, clay, and
contains
infusible
colors
brown
Contains
2.8.
oxygen;
often
B.B.
and
blue,
to
of
cent,
the
sometimes
green,
G.=2.5
but
GEMS.
QUARTZ
bluish
or
violet
of
;
great
beauty.
ROSE
QUARTZ.
in
Light yellow,
"
and
cut
CAIRNGORM
PRASE.
sold
for
STONE.
Leek
"
rose-colored.
or
Seldom
crystals.
TOPAZ.
FALSE
Pink
"
AVENTURINE.
Common
"
smoky
Quartz.
quartz.
quartz,
spangled
with
mica.
yellow
CHALCEDONY.
massive
green,
crystals. Often
Topaz.
Simply
"
clear
Translucent,
"
massive,- with
waxy
lustre.
CHRYSOPRASE.
"
CARNELIAN.
"
Much
SARD.
by
AGATE.
"
red
Bright
used
Deep
"
Apple-green
for
chalcedony.
chalcedony,
Variegated
polished.
tint.
seals.
brownish-red
transmitted
of rich
chalcedony,
light.
chalcedony.
blood-red
Beautiful
when
A
Moss
AGATE.
ONYX.
99
moss-like
iron
by
Agate
"
VEIN.
Contains
"
caused
DISPLACED
delineations,
oxide.
the
having
colors
tal
flat horizon-
in
layers. Usually light brown
white.
CAT'S
EYE.
It is the
BLOODSTONE;
of
spots
red.
WOOD.
FLECHES
with
in
rutile
SECTION
SHOWING
This
shows
one
lost
decide
cut
side, in such
altogether.
in
which
A
variety
(or oxide
vein
a
of
with
green,
Jasper.
wood,
quartz
having
of
with
study
of
the
direction
to
go,
;
DISPLACED
BY
which
if worked
by
will
formation
without
hairs.
fine
pay-streak
that
manner
titanium) penetrating
like
VEIN
Quartz
Arrows).
(Love's
"
BANDED
a
owing
wood.
direction
every
Deep
Petrified
the
D'AMOUR.
when
asbestos.
A
"
replaced
to
of
HELIOTROPE."
or
dony,
chalce-
surface,
spheroidal
inclusions
SILICIFIED
translucent
peculiar opalescence
a
with
polished
opaque
for Cameos.
used
Greenish-gray,
"
with
to
material
and
any
A
FAULT.
has
a
enable
lost
been
slope
labor.
thrown
it would
the
miner
be
to
PART
VI.
PRACTICAL
POINTERS.
That
there
in
regards
worked
in
in
existing
the
prospecting,
is
various
and
ores
until
to
with
metals,
"thing
which
would
from
going
A
simply
as
ore,
he
and
for
valuable.
does
not
submit
examination.
know
them
of
every
a
This
a
ore
or
to
principle.
of
samples
he
deposit,
of
no
the
should
which
value,
mineralogist
competent
at
This
recognize
be
or
very
return.
not
lode,
two
the
by,
contrary,
will
tlie
familiar
but
wrong
does
positively,
to
of
reject
the
On
each
is
best
never
he
all
Study
pass
on
in
once.
the
work
because
with
ores
often
should
samples
procure
the
yield
to
at
not
success
prospector
will
and
prospector
veins,
it
ores
does
to
sight.
most,
at
three
comes
by
average
GOOD
RTTLE.
familiar
rocks
The
A
become
munity
com-
only
course
requisite
recognize
can
you
of
this
have
the
the
with
as
mining
where
first
very
old
mineralogy,
and
familiar
territory,
The
apply.
is
general,
are
least
at
To
and
out,
recognized,
un-
than,
fact,
a
geology,
over
season,
territory.
the
thoroughly
be
to
mining
where
passed
every
believe
new
districts,
mineral
and
each
I
discovered,
been
of
posits
SAMPLES.
de-
valuable
more
are
REJECTING
any
rate
serve
COLLECTING
one
good
the
substance
purpose
is, and
small
SAMPLE,
of
parts
the
however
be
will
therefore
five
pounds
and
all
is of
be
of
of
each
was
got,
with
other
time,
sample,
test
the
giving
and
paint
sample
the
which
where
in
sample
if necessary,
that
given
any
and
future;
time
the
depth, date,
regarding
in
for
ruled
so
the
on
particulars
exact
from,
of,
number
a
make
a
keep
tion
collec-
value.
sending
chemist,
a
of
rule
for
ore,
sample,
volume;
made
time
any
CHEMIST.
a
to
silver
or
columns
taken
be
may
When
As
and
three
thus
enter
thought
THE
opinion
almost
poor,
Collect
every
and
vein
of
duplicate samples,
of
and
of this
end
items
at
too
properly
blank
the
affidavit
an
sample
it will
or
taking samples,
the
part
different
One
as
matter,
to
each
the
at
purpose,
vein
on
in
rich
break
portion.
a
at
value,
what
assay,
many
iron, galena, gold,
^n
and
for
as
learn
knowledge.
possible.
little
chance
SAMPLES.
from
too
or
retain
his
to
misleading.
COLLECTING
spot,
add
as
either
some
always
thus
pieces
quartz
assayer
will
prospector
deposit
large,
invariably
IOI
selecting samples
"
TO
the
"
^n
HOW
SAMPLES.
the
the
no
or
ore,
chemist
metal
or
samples
people
many
further
some
will
other
for
do
more,
assay
expect
to
an
information.
than
ingredient,
simply
asked
for
sender.
The
purpose
for
the
by
of
the
give
when
he
will
as
a
opinion
an
is
as
of
assaying
the
of
mining.
in
ASSAYING,
the
of
amount
the
pay
the
ore,
the
cost
in
varies
of
few
a
follow
of
on
of
mining,
and
every
of
of
know
to
more
make
cially
espe-
the
that
mine
depends
taken
be
the
taken
ment
ship-
working
their
to
of
mined,
as
in
(which
cost
A
out
scale;
treatment
things.
proportion
only
commercial
a
which
assays,
in
ore,
knowledge
interested
can
case);
other
many
tons
the
which
treated
knowledge
a
and
"
for
not
miner.
or
but
to
point
metal
simply paid
any
ore,
even
miner-
anyone,
the
when
valuable
are
vital
almost
and
;
have
necessary
the
amount
of the
on
is
in
and
and
requires, not
metal
amount
that
"
mine
a
is
have
or
owner,
IN
he
made,
need
to
property
and
man,
must
expert
The
OBJECT
the
metallurgist
chemist
no
of
as
or
competent
business,
assays
expert
an
"
his
not
information,
value
himself;
mining
Every
the
knowledge
no
seldom
business
for
chemist
is
to
commit
not
the
and
competent
a
has
which
as
That
mine.
a
as
opinion,
an
ASSAYING.
chemist
is wanted,
analysis,
on
IN
OBJECT
IO2
proper
skill
the
test
should
place
of
the
sampler.
1"
WHERE
TO
a
by
the
strike
of the
for
route
ing trip, be guided
PROSPECT.
extent
choosing
to
country
a
a
prospect-
considerable
rock.
Follow
HIDDEN
along
in
fault,
any
by
in
change
of
for
bars
the
gold,
the
Try
all
the
This
A
.V
.V"
metal
beds,
The
as
and
reach
E
if
New
"
the
take
to
a
Fault.
F"
found,
the
source
O
5
5"
"
by
an
follow
of
by
and
by
the
the
much
as
overflow,
trap
line of
a
the
that
a
"fault."
gravel.
overflow.
Trap
that
of
and
gravel
capping
trap
course
gravel,
old
thick
a
overflow
up
gravel
gold-bearing
covered
covered
sometimes
caused
O
streams,
present
appearance
contain
along
course,
Channel.
sudden
forgetting
not
of
caused
and
covered
bed
new
or
streams
beds)
river
old
an
river
formation.
are
rock,
shows
the
"Earth.
A
of
section
forced
river
if
any
rock,
tin, etc.,
old
dry placers (or
which
notice
of
side
either
especially
strike
stream
formations.
two
along
and
dyke,
timber.
the
search
disturbance,
or
eruptive
an
of
contact
any
carefully
to
the
through
runs
zig-zag fashion, continually crossing
a
re-crossing
Linger
I03
if such
granite ridge;
a
country;
and
PLACERS.
or
until
the
lavaJ
you
veins.
LEAD
104
Use
the
at
pan
all material
ores
where
got,
exists,
the
bare
Lead
The
Pocket,
the
TO
possible,
distance,
cause
in
M
ore
tion
indica-
other
a
main
"
straight
bodies
tion.
oxida-
series
a
of
on
of
results
occurrence
Limestone.
coming
the
OPEN.
as
slight
common
peculiar
a
line.
Galena
of
of
Veins,
c"
ore.
a
Lode.
After
HOW
a
or
discolorations
sometimes
shows
NN"
or
and
other
or
section
Clay.
"
veins,
drift, and
or
exposure
''sinks," running
above
s
lead
as
earth
stains,
veins,
or
Surface
oo"
the
no
save
rock,
hollows,
such
pyrrhotite, by observing
throughout
is often
study
by washing, carefully saving
found,
are
nickeliferous
stain
and
substance.
Many
red
opportunity,
every
obtained
unknown
any
VEINS.
and
spend
outcrop,
where
some
across
it
time
a
on
can
in
the
be
vein,
first
strike,
far
as
for
traced
choosing
low
fol-
the
most
a
io6
PROSPECTING
SILVER
BEAVER
WORK.
MINE,
SCALE:
This
should
cut
shows
laid
be
successful
a
out.
o
400
Trap.
"
In
doing
WORK.
plant, machinery,
hand
labor.
down
the
first
a
the
shaft
steam
a
be
purchased,
deep
"
also
until
will
wet
in
"
the
or
air
mine
working
is for other
which
and
reasons
a
be
put
with
the
aid
be
second
case
;
drills
is
may
vided
pro-
fifty
hoisting, unless
attached
pump
Steam
the
all the
do
into
possible by
should
and
brake)
pecting
pros-
absolutely
as
shaft
(which
a
in
or
money
fifty feet,
or
of
any
long
a
mine
a
shafts,
work
put
as
how
Earth.
other
work
very
until
c
CANADA.
and
buildings,
good
hoist, with
underground
Slates,
not
forty
horse-whim,
economical.
unless
Mine,
windlass,
with
feet
Silver
Ordinarily
common
a
inch.
any
or
the
Do
feet=i
"
do
character,
necessary.
ARTHUR,
sinking prospect
PROSPECTING
of
D
PORT
is
should
proved
extensive
decided
a
the
light
most
not
be
producer,
exploring
upon.
LUCK
The
main
steady
than
close
a
sheer
other
any
when
be
may
devoted
those, who,
opportunities
made
by
others
be
remembered,
is
valuable,
need
not
should
but
be
be
the
to
no
This
the
further
and
conditions
fully known,
than
prospecting
cheaply
of
work,
with
poor
they
with
may
greater
enterprises.
new
general knowledge,
difficulties
only,
Economy
working
how
foresight,
and
several
applies, perhaps
more
always
disappointments
all
in
matter
discoveries
attempts.
in
have
business,
in
two
or
development
experience,
judgment
one
in
applies equally
in
find
one
the
rewards
it should
nevertheless,
economy
no
men,
this
mine,
shown
larger
in different
watchword
is
much
by
that
be
interests
that
and
bought.
force,
More
or
;
would
as
; and
secure
discourage
there
tools,
to
rich
a
certain,
ensure
engaged
the
will
star,
on
considered
mining
to
in
occasionally
lucky
stumble
calling, will
the
occasionally happen,
a
application,
how
came
It has
will
without
come,
they
them.
under
fortune,
steady
same
to
born
it
how
doubtless
man
good
while
and
sense.
formed,
are
is
business,
common
often
not
prospecting,
of
by
rocks
find
now
and
happened,
lines
does
how
in
success
other
deposited,
we
107
backed
of
study
positions
that
in
success
were
ores
to
perseverance,
Nevertheless
a
ECONOMY.
essential
more
even
VS.
sound
the
requisite before
are
to
afterwards;
be
overcome,
when
good
are
man-
io8
PROSPECTORS
make
large
LUCK"
A
good
set
18
steel,
fin.
in.
and
is
mine,
it often
which
Core
A
good pocket lens,
A
dipneedle,
of
one
of
one
a
-
6 Ib.
A
good light
A
light
A
small
shovel
axe,
is the
in.,
two
best)
36 in.,
and
miner's
A
few
3.00
1.50
pick,
pick,
inches
of
pan,
pounds
2.50
of
half
and
wood
with
or
dynamite,
handle
vided
di-
inches,
1.50
iron,
(Eclipse)
2.0O
with
fuse, etc.,
jack-knife,
2.50
1.25
prospecting
A
2.00
of
-
into
A
$
10.00
dip
12
Drill.
striking hammer,
A
to
easy
very
Use
MORAL:
(one showing
compass,
of
a
MINE.
"KIT."
A
out
PROSPECTOR'S
THE
It
rectify.
to
sums
HARD
needed.
laying
in
errors
costs
is
alone
agement
OUTFIT.
3.OO
with
one
blade
magnetized,
I.OO
HANDLING
A
of
case
small
SAMPLES.
of
samples
IOQ
for
ores
parison,
com-
-
A
scale
A
vial
for
of
and
and
mercury,
steel
pestle
4.00
-
samples,
.50
of
bottle
nitric, and
acid,
of
number
small
them
keep
chloric
hydroi.oo
cotton
of
bags
in,
etc.,
to
to
abrasion,
least,
not
other
or
crystals,
from
last, but
of
one
-
samples
carry
And
small
brush,
small
A
2.00
-
vermillion, for numbering
and
A
trying hardness,
mortar,
tubeof
A
10.00
-
.25
simple blowpipe
a
outfit,
5.00
Archibald
rocks
be
never
can
in books,
of
Geikie
but
the
from
gained
acquired
be
must
rocks
instructions
given
from
ling
hand-
advise
would
!
scale
of
be
take
the
which
vein
can
on
case
to
fifteen
of
set
from
the
minerals
also
hardness,
of
samples
may
buy
to
SAMPLES.
a
for
ores
place
of
also
the
of
be
a
dealer
in mineral
comprising
with
compared
while
ores,
is
but
case
the
cost
of
the
a
about
one
can
mineral,
of
the
tive
representa-
trifling,being
of
of
which
else
samples
of
the
case
of
most
Nothing
sample
known
for
prospector
prospector's
a
pieces.
spot,
dollars
a
every
comparison,
small
very
actual
themselves."
PROSPECTORS'
samples,
of
knowledge
"A
says:
from
ten
hundred
COST
IIO
and
ores
should
be
made
private collection,
which
in
this
fully,and
a
both
covering
specimens,
RAILWAY.
OF
if the
of
record
each
rocks
the
time
pretty
of
nucleus
be
specimen
able,
valu-
be
may
faithfully
kept.
of
discovery
a
value
in
finding
This
field.
It
in
the
venture,
or
other
and
will
success
former
price,
which
time
to
to
a
fullest
develop
the
thorough
the
lessor
to
the
or
much
the
tious
vexa-
chances
is
at
be
agrees
made.
a
a
make
prospect,
and
expense,
ore
In
to
to
on
own
of
at
period, during
if
his
amount
option
an
allowed
and
In
royalty.
give
to
sold
usually
on
definite
property
test
reasons
access
are
leased
or
purchaser
an
a
"search"
while
properties
investigation,
the
build
to
strong
save
per
lessened.
be
certain
a
such
remove
lease,
for
$10,000
of
will
sale.
a
selecting
your
means
it is usual
case
fixed
be
disappointment,
not
in
to
make
you
outright,
PROSPECT,
the
and
Mining
A
SELLING
the
one
possible,
as
delay,
of
near
as
of
country,
there
and
try
contrary,
$5,000
unless
difficulty
effecting
sight
mining
average
therefore,
railroad,
to
from
costs
the
and
lost
frequently
added
an
in
reduction
a
and
or
and
large vessels,
means
property,
railway,
a
to
purchaser,
a
is too
mile
mineral
of the
the
a
accessible
point
ACCESS.
between
mile
Every
OF
MEANS
mine
as
the
a
to
allow
case
minimum
of
a
DESCRIBING
imount
of
certain
sum,
option
made
condition
a
will
the
and
mine
worked,
pay
a
An
is sometimes
sum,
Occasionally
plant
a
under
fixed
a
to
mined.
ton
lease.
allow
to
and
year,
fixed
a
in the
arrange
receiving
on
for
Ill
for each
royalty,
or
PROSPECT.
each
during
ore
purchase
to
owner
A
conditions,
proper
of
percentage
erected
be
to
an
the
gross
output.
1"
HOW
margin
favor
between
the
the
property;
of
"about
half
It
long."
just
by
or
state
:
the
timber
possible
;
;
and
water
the
surface
the
facilities
the
assays;
sight"
being
shafts,
show
should
be
when
be
by describing
and
an
ore
cause
a
prospect
the
The
body
etc.,
a
so
to
is
by
average
of
ore
of
"in
sight"
developed,
allow
a
mine.
;
buildings;
"in
term
and
strike
and
amount
;
as
by
ment.
measure-
disappointment
customer
as
supply
well
as
for
sites
only
should
approach
;
It
many
; the
dip
shot
if
as
accompanied
stated.
undercuttings,
Never
the
possible
should
of
is
rifle.
description
means
working;
rifle
the
geology,
giving
;
for
and
used
the
show
"a
of country
trail, and
Where
samples.
The
;
the
it
any
facts, in
outcrop,
describe
kind
the
the
loads
the
to
title
the
who
paces.
many
and
or
pur-
have
to
say
wide,"
measure
it, and
so
never
on
to
easy
pacing
feet,
of
as
depends
possible
to
careful
description
acre
an
find
a
be
chasers,
DESCRIBE.
is
describing
TO
112
THE
DIAMOND
these
In
of
use
on
of
expensive
large capital,
with
touch
to
enable
to
realize
There
on
the
is
only
in
facts, that
twelve
inches,
prospector
shape
by
report
the
quickest
CORE
Drill
tunnels,
In
in
time,
certain
and
be
possible
authoritative
An
is
outsider,
end.
vein,
a
the
mineral,
advantages
of
or
Core
shafts,
over
or
drifts.
the
conditions
of
means
should
exploiting
deposit
and
aim
best
unbiassed
Sometimes,
he
The
the
this
that
misstating
foot,
a
in
nection,
con-
word,
prospect,
a
a
ative,
represent-
or
inches.
of
known
way
exploring
economical
six
reach
and
of
work
say
investigation.
well
his
of his
man
he
to
offers
a
buyers
other
DRILLS,
prospect,
treatment,
exaggerating
not
before
a
is
vendor
induce
to
necessary,
such
capitalist, or
of
and
fair
of
when
or
it
place
to
the
the
habit
the
in
one
a
obtain
to
way
vendor
plain
a
one
by convincing
not
some
of
owner
assured
the
employment
property.
be
that
the
absolutely
or
the
costly plant,
with
is
men,
prospector
and
is:
connection
a
when
with
on,
and
necessitating
monied
a
carried
are
machinery,
scale,
large
a
mines
all
of concentration,
days
SECURING
CAPITAL.
DRILL.
small,
Core
allow
method
expense
Drill
or
is
it fair
of testing
in
veins
irregular
not
reliable.
play,
an
ore
underground
it is the
the
When
most
body, saving
work,
and
ORES
HOW
satisfactory
.
with
contract
to
driller, for
price
certain
is
way,
SOLD.
ARE
the
work
an
perienced
ex-
required,
at
a
foot.
per
DRILLING.
In
conveniently
ORES.
is
that
necessary
being
moment
the
of
course
happens
for
pay
is
sell
a
that
the
matter
discretion,
to
for
any
such
ore
capital
be
sale
it
;
which
ore
necessary
expense
requiring
considerable
decide,
developed,
fore
be-
is
a
be
may
can
before
not
it
development.
sufficient
is
where
and
obtained,
property
a
offered
to
when
cases,
many
It
of
matter
sometimes
obtained,
be
incurred.
judgment
entering
on
in
mined,
the
to
This
and
work,
WHEN
depending
sold
be
but
from
the
minimum
price.
of
place.
price
a
metal
the
and
Ores,
unit,
per
must
not
the
will
average
the
analysis of
how
much
the
amount
time,
will
you
what
to
a
silver,
copper,
able
be
to
lead
and
which
that
care
possible,
as
who
other
work
will
bills of
lading
for
shipper)
some
deposit
exists,
begin.
The
ore,
to
and
a
years
Further
keep
should
above
absolutely
to
MINE.
gold,
ores.
has
been
pay
and
done,
for
profit,
supply,
all
plant
which
for
be
the
refining works,
by
before
work,
reduction
be
pushed
so
guarantee
the
at
tests,
deciding
works.
The
ahead.
to
on
a
of
couple
a
means
tested,
working
sufficient
development
necessary
should
thoroughly
mining
expose
constantly
reserve,
value,
and
usually
development
this
should
exploration
paying
a
then, should
till
not
that
prove
the
at
found,
the
the
the
complete
a
available
on
will
BEGINNING
TO
of
ship, confining
to
be
sufficient
After
sold
grading
and
have
value
consideration
(often
which
nearly
may
part of the
a
usually
samples
as
you
purchaser
a
advance
State
be
percentage
high,
too
ore.
ore
and
be
not
the
not
may
are
pile, taking
ore
ton,
to
as
ore,
below
Send
run.
fairly represent
of
minimum
being usually fixed,
ore
hint
A
can
the
by
or
mattes,
a
Ore
ore.
single carload,
required, by purchasers
out
at
the
the
MINE.
return
a
by
at
data
on
TO
to
as
ore
the
nearest
process
of
Il6
A
treatment.
this
of
the
the
risk, than
careful
same
supervision,
honest
in
conducted
loss
preliminary investigation, provided
the
it receives
and
further
no
of
expenses
PROCESS.
enterprise
mining
involves
way,
WRONG
THE
SELECTING
business
all
as
management,
ventures
demand.
TREATMENT.
of
one
a
the
itself.
followed
Some
ores
need
is
grinding
coarse
it pays
the
varies
each
under
this
the
until
this
dollar
point
direction,
of
purchase
the
best
point.
experimenting
concentration
and
The
no
with
others,
while
sionally
occa-
one-third
as
of
mining
eighty
to
cents
large mills, working
in
little
at
and
or
the
in
the
dollar
new
of
use
market
should
ideas
be
or
cost
by
ability in
decide
should
company
advice
a
direct.
on
cost
cents
decided
plant
Not
chlorina-
smelting
special knowledge
and
free-
requires
much
as
is
ore
conditions.
be
can
the
having
lose
obtained,
local
One
economical,
to
in
art
an
perhaps
by
twentv-five
from
is
ores.
or
tailings.
the
different
This
one
in
gold
starting
grinding;
more
best,
failure, in
next
best
fine
possibly,
another
by smelting,
works
is
ore,
This
the
process for
wrong
gold
example
fourth
a
of
causes
concentration;
and
tion;
for
given
a
by free-milling;
best
milling
gold
treating
enterprise.
for
Take
suited
of
the
greatest
mining
new
only,
Selecting
THE
SELECTING
a
on
process,
is had
on
spent
on
costly plant,
FARMER
which
although
mine,
If
a
suit
be
company
mining
and
it
the
be
The
and
be
of
business.
The
of
be
chances
greater
be
season
too
be
The
of
that
weather,
and
is
the
the
equally
low
the
or
so
all
his
mine.
his
crop
is
and
general
gives
but
The
by
of
public
the
mining
of
of
and
is not
familiar
of
"salted"
Mining
knowledge,
mines
Engineering
ability,
and
"
of the
into
is
pute,
disre-
Mining
experience,
with
to
only
metal
dishonesty.
opportunity
day
and
metal,
profit
heed
no
actually operating,
unusual
profession
men
those
risk
one
the
and
his
thus
takes
brought
the
weather
round,
takes
He
If
grasshoppers
prices, and
miner
lines
takes
If the
return.
no
incompetence,
part
other
plants.
requires special skill,adaptability
on
than
is in itself,
he
has
What
money.
mining
crop
wet,
other
every
farmer
gets
it is
unavoidable
to
as
the
to
The
legitimate
proving
a
other
any
fallacy.
too
or
make
crops
and
idea, that
every
he
propitious,
goes.
a
dry
too
to
in
mining
confined
speculative,
on
numerous;
extra
mining,
to
is
for
used
legitimate,
popular
enterprise,
invested
funds
should
risky, and
more
consideration.
strictly tabooed.
natural,
incidental
other
some
money
should
risk
hazard,
at
under
MINING
BISKS.
117
tested
ores
diverting
should
purpose
the
formed
venture,
only,
MINER.
thoroughly
not
may
VS.
the
is
is
and
that
the
ness
busi-
pulous,
unscru-
passing.
occupied
probity,
and
Il8
SELECTING
the
familiarity
claims
to
public,
with
Science"
"
rapidly
are
of the
who
man
used
mining,
business
his
on
"frozen
being
pretended
a
foist
to
of
knowledge
a
ignorance
is
the
and
"crook,"
MANAGER.
A
bogus
innocent
an
out,"
the
as
public regarding mining
dispelled.
Neither
should
himself,
is
a
and
manager.
The
being
skilful
addition
be
in
it, and
pay
ed
STOCKS.
Go
thirty
him
also
and
afford
to
"cheap"
employ
serious
of
every
case,
within
in
of
he
will
and
man,
mining
a
he
return
even
a
very
of
profit of twenty
short
though
he
the
and
venture,
his
medium
a
Ask
for
entire
time,
be
give
same
show
In
annum.
per
look
will
him
immediately
cent,
-
ment.
invest-
show
with
which,
fifty per
a
and
man
connect
mining
consideration.
in
the
of
is assured
cent.,
per
expect
same
services,
can
business
business
profit
addition,
that
the
a
invest
to
almost
with
risk, he
most
a
Such
peculiar feature,
one
enterprise
of
amount
man
his
to
in
must
man.
owners
afford
is
to
other
it his
or
cannot
There
or
for
price
owner
MINING
any
and
business
record
a
machines.
or
men,
round
he
selecting
have
economical,
good
the
mining
and
unless
in
so
should
manager
all
a
arid
mine
to
supervision,
own
experienced,
an
gets
man
a
undertake
man
his
under
or
competent
as
a
and
more,
capital,
and
known
in
further;
as
one
of
MINING
the
cautious,
most
will
stock
buy
about,
at
is
into
he
the
the
men
not
even
the
he
dividends,
worked
thousand
dollars,
"floating"
say,
twenty
sell
half
a
million
cents
mine.
other
or
No
"a
legitimate
company,
five
for
many
sand
thouand
millions,
company
fifty
perhaps,
and
share.
and
trusts,
apparently
at
offer
stock,
at
100
per
show
be
the
such
expected
business
only
cent.
in
interest
railroad
but
can
thing,
need
sixth's
can
the
They
make
to
business,
business
and
so
hundred
one
dollars,
dollar
own
"sugar"
ness;
busi-
handsome
pay
capitalize
shares,
million
still
No
a
why
once,
to
Apply
another
expends
They
profit, and
standing.
or
purchase, development,
on
same.
three
perhaps
does
unscrupulous
and
mine,
good
and
of say
An
often
As
with
"stocked"
all.
at
money
acquaintance
worked
be
to
examine
to
money,
at
is
thousands
account.
his
record
mine
his
else
private
seen
are
"
where
anyoue
capital
a
dollars
a
be
might
on
the
figuratively,to
it will
which
mines,
buys
their
up
dollar,
day's journey
a
see
with
methods,
and
go
personal
no
entrusts
look
nothing
the
on
amount
and
his
on
has
he
same
not
not
send
or
investors,
knows
cents
what
property
matter
he
of
investing possibly
will
put,
not,
as
after
at:
the
being
mine
a
asking
dollars,
inspect
conservative,
twenty
or
even
capitalized
and
in
ten
without
of
DIVIDENDS.
the
lation,
manipu-
profits.
of
such
public
I2O
is
blame,
to
accorded
that
the
manner
to
any
on,
many,
benefits
of
the
community
the
incurred,
member
each
has
the
Given
by
to
better
those
of
and
any
development
mining
operate
in
any
large.
small
class,
and
mining
stock,
in
other
borne
are
in
failure
when
interest.
and
ful
care-
stocks
long
over
are
periods,
than
dividends,
in
investments
honest
likely
companies
direction.
tage
advan-
better
mining
constant
other
the
When
investigation
more
shares
the
to
individual
extending
concerns,
than
profitable
a
obtained,
amongst
at
is
and
scale,
be
few,
investing,
statistics
shown,
pay
but
before
Operations
may
a
also,
the
companies
larger
to
cautious
same
scrutiny
much
going
loss
stock
distributed
are
capital
On
many.
results
instead
of
obtaining
joint
preciate,
de-
to
mines.
are
a
economic
the
while
of
of
on
of
opposite,
intended
not
developing
efforts,
better
thus,
is
method
advantages
carried
be
can
the
vestments
in-
offered.
it
hand,
individual
over
other
mining
treat
directly
and
the
contrary,
will
they
popular
opening
for
a
other
the
On
COMPANIES.
because,
in
is
STOCK
JOINT
to
and
mate
legiti-
prove
organized
more
to
122
USEFUL
RELATIVE
WEIGHT
Cast
Cast
TABLES.
Iron
OF
being
the
METALS.
Unit.
Iron
Wrought
Iron
Rolled
Copper
i
,000
i
,072
1,226
Tin
i
,01 5
Zinc
947
Brass
1,170
Steel
,086
i
Lead
1,574
Gold
2
,
702
Silver
i
,448
Mercury
i
,880
WEIGHTS
VOLUMES
AND
OF
ORDINARY
METALS.
Cubic
Metals
Feet
Lbs.
Brass
488.75
"
in sheets
512.6
"
in
wire
524.16
cast
543.625
Copper,
plates
"
Iron,
"
"
cast
450.437
plates
wrought
Lead,
"
486.75
bars
481.5
cast
7"9-5
rolled
711.75
Mercury
(60
Steel-plates
"
547.25
soft
degrees)
848.7487
487.75
489.562
.
USEFUL
TABLES.
Tin
455.687
Zinc,
cast
488.812
rolled
' '
440.437
.
WATER
REQUIRED
boiler;
For
each
1 20
72
gallons
per
tanks
gallons
If
be
may
about
loss; say
twenty-five
discharge
to
about
of
water
weighs
contains
TO
the
per
rate
volume
of
height
power
per
a
one
of
(pounds)
33,000
of
cent,
A
a
turbine
of
hours.
24
this
A
gallon
and
pounds,
8^
POWER
measured
of
number
Multiply
fall.
and
and
Divide
the
the
result,
In
may
by
timing
feet,
cubic
volume
foot), and
wheel.
power
the
total
result
the
relied
this
by
horse
practise only
be
or
by 62^
multiply
is
by
found
be
can
distance,
cubic
BE
this
and
width,
(which
the
TO
STREAM:
the
by
minute,
per
the
FROM
gives
(the weight
by
WATER
minute,
This
them.)
THE
depth
floating chips,
in
equal
water;
inches.
GOT
the
settling
considerable
of
(U.S. standard)
CALCULATE
multiply
lons
gal-
60
cent.
feet
cubic
cubic
231
pan;
INCH
gallons
17,000
into
less
per
MINER'S
2.250
settler;
run
For
each
For
be
again,
hour.
per
each
water
used
A
will
H.P.
For
the
MILLING.
hour.
per
hour.
hour.
it
QUARTZ
7^ gallons per
stamp;
per
FOR
on.
80
A
USEFUL
124
horse
is
power,
pounds,
foot, in
one
to
faint
To
To
To
temper
in
salt
hard
the
etc.
"
A
degrees.
etc.
etc.
cool
"
to
blue.
bright
cool
"
down
down
to
this, the
than
lost.
A
aid
vessel, will
in
effect
handful
of
obtaining
a
temper.
iron
For
tinned
For
SOLDER
zinc.
iron;
or
sweet
zinc;
resin.
red, rub
dull
USE:
WELD,
or
sal-ammoniac.
or
chloride
sal-ammoniac,
of zinc.
or
For
chloride
of
chloride
of
zinc.
For
lead;
lead
and
tin
pipes;
resin
For
oil.
TO
Heat
resin,
brass;
For
tallow
OR
steel; borax
or
and
copper
to
metals,
537
blue
is
process
water
TO
and
Dark
higher
hardening
the
a
;
purple.
a
springs,
heated
steel
grees
de-
430
blue, nearly black.
Grayish
In
soft
to
"
to
respectively
chisels,
cold
saws,
33,000
color.
wood,
spots
560 degrees.
to
is
degrees
axes,
down
straw
for
purple
550
cool
"
which
pale
a
510
temper
600.
of
to
with
brown,
steel
knives
temper
down
cool
to
and
yellow;
raise
METAL.
degrees,
450
will
minute.
one
TEMPER
drill
temper
which
power
a
TO
To
TABLES.
CASE
HARDEN.
the
article, after
with
prussiate
red, and
immerse
of
polishing,
potash,
in
water.
to
allow
bright
a
to
cool
USEFUL
TABLES.
CEMENT
Two
and
and
of
part
make
for
cast-iron
ounces
mortar,
this
into
CAST
sal-ammoniac,
ounces
16
FOR
dry.
powder
to
one
Mix
well
using,
parts clear
20
Sulphur,
ounce
When
with
paste
IRON.
filings.
keep
stiff
125
and
water,
in
take
iron
a
one
filings,
it is
ready
use.
CEMENT
Equal
parts
FOR
red
JOINTS.
FACE
and
white
lead, with
linseed
oil.
TABLE
OF
Water
Ice
POINT
MELTING
boils
becomes
at
at
METALS.
F.
degrees
212
fluid
OF
32, degrees
F.
F.
38.2 degrees
Mercury
Sulphur
230
Tin
446
Bismuth
480
Lead
612
Zinc
680
Antimony
"
"
842
"
"
Bronze
1652
"
"
Silver
1873
"
"
Copper
1996
"
""
"
"
"
"
"
"
2012"2282
Gold
Cast
Steel
Bar
2786
Iron
2372"2552
Iron
2732
"
3012
Platinum
4532
Glass
2377
126
TABLES.
USEFUL
ALLOYS
Babbit
Metal
Yellow
Brass
Gun
White
Copper,
"
Valves,
Brass
Nickel,
Church
Lathe
Copper,
weighs
18.4.
Cord
We
of
soft
33.4;
10.1;
equal
dried
to
coal,
is
is
equal
is
equal
wood,
is
matter
Elm,
or
of
the
above
equal
the
about
weighs
Ibs.
whether
weighs
Ibs, of coal.
925
about
Oak,
Ibs. of coal.
1450
Pine,
to
Black
or
to
1050
from
assume
no
Red
average
3850 Ibs.,
coal.
equal
to
coal.
weighs
Poplar, Chestnut,
air-dried
dry
of
FUEL.
Maple; weighs
Ibs.
Oak,
Ibs.
44.
AS
Hard
2,000
Beech,
air-dried
and
to
40.
WOOD
or
White
1715
12.5.
56; Zinc,
OF
Hickory,
Ibs., and
may
of
10.
20.
60; Zinc,
Copper,
air-dried
Ibs.,
2,000
80; Tin,
VALUE
is
Ibs., and
2350
Ibs.
air
3250
Cord
"
air-dried
equal
Cord
10.
5.6; Tin,
81.6; Tin,
87.5; Tin,
AND
Ibs., and
is
Zinc,
33.3;
Zinc,
Copper,
"
WEIGHT
and
Zinc, 80; Tin,
10;
Copper
"
Plates
Sheathing
Cord
Tin,
4.3.
Metal
4,500
go;
80;
Bearings--Copper,
Cord
Copper,
"
Copper,
Bushes
Muntz
34.
7. 3.
33.3.
Lead,
"
Antimony,
3. 7;
66; Zinc,
Copper,
"
Bells"
Gongs
etc.
Copper,
"
Silver
German
USE.
Tin, 89; Copper,
"
Metal,
COMMON
IN
to
coal.
;
one
wood
that
2^
pound
be
pine
TABLES.
USEFUL
maple,
or
should
of
evaporate
coal.
good
this
long
so
is
In
it is
as
to
7
127
of
Ibs.
10
A
dry.
practice, only
per
Ib.
cent,
of
water
75
per
attained.
APPROXIMATE
COST
MINING
OF
DIFFERENT
Varying
AND
TREATING
ORES.
Local
with
Conditions.
TON.
PER
and
Gold
Silver
mine,
to
ore,
Freemilling..
from
"
of concentrates,
"
Chlorination
"
Copper
costs
ore
to
Smelting
to
matte
Smelting
to
black
Nickel-copper
ores
Smelting
matte
to
Refining
diem,
and
A
day,
12.00
5.00"
30.00
"
2.50
3.00"
6.00
"
"
7.00
10.00
2.50"
5.00
"
100.00
"
200.00
cost
to
mine....;
or
about
iron,
capacity
with
to
about
"
of
nut
4
of
size)
"
costs
20
1.50
"
10.00
say
10.00
"
.25
14.00
tons
about
per
$250,
H.P.
pulverizer, crushing
$1,500,
"
5.00
"
(crushing
costs
3.00
.50
"
bullion
base
breaker
mill
15.00
:
to
requires
"
:
Smeltingtopig,perton
A
15.00
"
"
"
ores
Smelting
"
8.00
"
copper...
3.00
3.00
"
matte
Silver-lead
ores
mine
2.00
"
"
matte
to
"
.50
"
Roasting-milling
$5.00
to
i.oo
"
Treatment
Smelting
$1.00
-.
Concentration
Iron
boiler
good
and
requires
20
about
tons
per
8 H.P.
128
USEFUL
A
per
concentrating
day,
An
A
small
milling
gold
45
to
feet
drill
steam
;
16
an
air
about
uses
about
plant,
will
20
feet
ten
on
will
drill,
an
2
tons
H.P.
tons
per
for
free-
$500.
hours
by
hand,
will
average.
make
50
complete
about
cost
drilling
men
15
A
ore,
20
$1,500.
prospecting
Three
make
and
treating
about
cost
about
treating
$2,000,
amalgamator,
will
day,
plant,
about
costs
TABLES.
an
to
55
of
average
feet
per
day.
about
GLOSSARY
130
A
uriferous.
Without
"
Back.
The
"
Battery.
Bed.
A
"
between
of
stamps.
set
of
layer
Bedrock.
The
"
TERMS.
life.
ground
A
"
MINING
Gold-bearing.
"
Azoic.
OF
drift
a
and
the
face.
sur-
rock.
solid
rock
under
clay
a
or
gravel
bed.
Belt.
A
"
Bituminous.
Bitter
of
range
Carrying
"
Spar.
Black-Jack.
Blacksand.
The
Brace.
The
"
Breast.
collar
in
panning
gold.
rock.
loose
the
at
face,
The
"
left
sand.
rounded
Any
"
blende.
dirt
last
iron
Magnetic
pitch.
Dolomite.
zinc
Dark
"
"
Boulder.
mineral
Crystal
"
rocks.
metal-bearing
front,
or
of
mouth
shaft.
a
which
at
a
miner
works.
Buddie.
The
"
Bunch.
Cage.
Cam.
in
lift in
The
curved
to
of
slimes.
wash
ore.
mine.
a
which
pin
raises
the
stamp
mill.
a
Calcareous.
"
Calcining.
Canon.
used
pocket
The
"
"
rich
A
"
tub
A
"
"
Burning,
deep
ravine
of
Carbonate
Containing
roasting
or
or
gorge,
Lime.
ores.
with
precipitous
sides.
Caprock.
"
Any
rock
which
covers
an
ore
bed.
GLOSSARY
Carbonate.
Casing.
Applied
"
acid
MINING
TERMS.
oxides,
to
13!
when
carbonic
is united.
The
"
sheathing,
and
wall,
Chlorides.
the
vein.
of chlorine
Carbonic
"
incline
An
"
between
parting
or
Combinations
"
Choke-damp.
Chute.
OF
acid
with
metals.
gas.
without
having depth
tal
horizon-
length.
Coke.
The
"
of
out
Clastic.
driven
is
When
a
is
rock
composed
pieces.
Cleavage.
Color.
bitumen
the
coal.
Fra^mental.
"
of
after
residue
The
"
show,
Any
"
Contact
Veins.
Cradle.
A
"
of
property
wooden
of
speck
or
Veins
"
splitting
rockers,
on
one
the
in
between
running
trough
gold
in
two
for
rection.
di-
pan.
mations.
for-
washing
gold.
Creep.
sinking
The
"
Cross
Course.
Cross
Cut.
"
A
"
Cupriferous.
Work.
Dead
rock
Dip.
;
The
"
"
"
Any
level
of rock
vein
stoping
the
crossing
across
run
the
ore.
worked.
one
vein.
Copper-bearing.
ground, viz.; barren
dead
Removing
get
at
the
angle
at
which
to
from
ore.
a
vein
lies
from
the
horizon.
Divide.
"
which
Any
the
continuous
streams
range
flow
in
of mountains
opposite
from
directions.
GLOSSARY
132
The
OF
TERMS.
MINING
Mountains
Rocky
The
called
are
Great
Divide.
Drift.
Loose
"
A
Rock.
level
run
the
on
strike
underground.
Druse.
A
"
Dump.
The
"
Dunes.
Dyke.
in
The
"
Thus
Fault.
side,
or
are
Fire
Damp.
Veins.
Fissure
Float.
Loose
"
Floor.
The
"
Flour-Gold.
Flume.
Flux.
"
"
Footwall.
ore
one.
There
rocks.
many
silicates
of
lime.
hydrogen
fillinga
rock
or
Gold
in
sluice-way
Anything
"
one
"
of
Hard-
that
gas.
in
rent
has
been
solid
rock.
misplaced.
bottom.
"
A
Veins
"
to
iron.
to
Carburetted
"
water.
larger
a
alkalies, and
Relating
"
to
composed
of
and
aluminum,
Ferruginous.
of
kinds
many
away.
shoved
been
leading
constituent
A
"
level.
down.
vein
small
fissure
level.
or
has
strata
or
up,
A
"
Feldspar.
the
worn
by running
drift
a
a
the
above
stands
made
wind.
filled
has
being gradually
are
of
end
Where
"
Feeder.
and
the
by
up
which
rock
of
act
valleys
The
"
crystals.
blown
straight line,
a
Erosion.
Face.
of sand
igneous
Any
"
with
pile.
waste
Heaps
"
lined
cavity
The
mixed
lower
a
very
for
with
wall
fine
state
of division.
water.
ore,
of
a
to
produce
vein.
slags.
GLOSSARY
Formation.
OF
The
"
MINING
form,
TERMS.
133
of the
structure
or
country
rock.
Freestone.
Fusion.
Gad.
Sandstone
"
The
"
A
"
melting.
iron
used
wedge,
for
splitting
(Cornish.)
lead
A
"
Gallery.
of
state
pointed
rock.
Galena.
easily dressed.
A
"
the
ore,
from
level
sulphide.
which
the
has
ore
been
stoped.
Gangue.
the
Geodes.
vein
The
"
matter,
Rounded
hollow
containing
A
"
Grassroots.
Hackly.
"
used
decomposed
to
matter
of
surface
The
Having
"
rock, generally
crystals.
deposit, composed
ore
of
specify bright
ores.
The
"
nodules
formerly
term
shining
Gossan.
holding
ore.
"
Glance.
matrix,
or
a
iron
above
surface
of
on
or
in
an
oxide.
mine.
a
rough points
when
broken.
Hade.
The
"
slope
of
a
vein, usually applied
to
fault.
a
Wall.
Hanging
"
wall
The
on
the
upper
side
of
vein.
Horse.
"
A
Hydraulic
Cement.
limestone
silica.
of rock
mass
"
Sets
in
a
under
vein.
water.
containing alumina,
Made
magnesia,
from
and
a
GLOSSARY
134
Hydraulic
Mining.
of
stream
Igneous.
of
In
TERMS.
Mining
placer
under
pressure.
water
all rocks
to
with
gold
from
cooled
a
a
state
fusion.
situ.
Jamb.
In
fixed
place.
Any
thick
rock
"
"
Jigging.
in
Kies.
"
Applied
"
MINING
OF
method
A
"
The
"
of
in
sieve
a
which
off the
cuts
sorting
vein.
by shaking
ore,
water.
sulphides
from
separated
rock
the
matter.
Kibble.
An
"
Lapidary.
A
"
Lean.
A
"
Loam.
The
"
A
Tom.
Magma.
study
Massive.
"
"
vein
The
body
for
clay.
washing
within
matter
or
metal.
and
trough
igneous
applies
Earth.
sand
wooden
assaying.
Geology
carrying
of
in
of rocks.
the
gravel.
earth, the
rocks.
stratified.
Not
Without
"paste"
cleavage.
of
any
rock-
fragments.
Metamorphic.
plied
ap-
ore.
lead, used
of the
liquid
of
source
Matrix.
A
"
yielding
of
mixture
The
"
bed
oxide
regular
"
also
gems;
metal.
formations
to
Long
in
An
"
Lithology.
Lode.
river
dry
Litharge.
in
dealers.
Poor
"
works
who
One
"
to
Lead.
bucket.
ore
"
Changed
in
form
and
structure.
closing
en-
GLOSSARY
Mine.
A
"
of
deposit
sufficientlyto
Mineral.
mining,
any
commercial
An
Muffle.
"
Native.
Nugget.
Ore.
Any
Cast.
Open
applied
when
value.
the
containing
earth.
metal
in
mineralogy,
lump
of
to
by
metal.
underground.
not
of commercial
mineral
any
nature.
native
working
metal
means
value,
mined.
Outcrop.
Outlier.
The
"
of
portion
detached
a
of
exposure
Any
"
in
in
refined
Any
"
Applied
"
worked
furnace.
or
pure,
"
been
from
taken
ore
oxidizing
found
has
quantities.
As
"
135
its commercial
prove
substance
TERMS.
which
ore,
Any
"
In
MINING
OF
rock
a
of
group
position,
surface.
rocks, lying
from
out
or
the
on
the
main
body.
Oxide.
A
"
Parting.
A
"
thin
Solid
"
Petrify.
To
"
Phosphates.
Pinched.
Placers.
Prill.
"
A
to
be
A
a
vein
sized
mine.
in
matter
acid
is
diggings
vein
called
a
ments.
ele-
rates
sepa-
selvage.
bog.
a
stone.
a
good
"
; also
other
which
layer,
or
Phosphoric
"
Gravel
"
Prospect.
become
When
"
stratum,
vegetable
with
oxygen
formations
two
Peat.
of
compound
or
piece
other
combinations.
contracted.
bed
on
of
pure
deposit
rock.
ore.
not
yet proved
136
GLOSSARY
Pulverize.
Pumice.
Silica.
"
mineral
Range.
Reef.
A
"
a
"
box,
; in
mining
laid
of
vein
a
rocks.
which
outcrops
the
bottom
of
heavy
sands
and
across
catch
to
common
a
of hills.
range
Bars
Riffles.
belt
mineral-bearing
along
and
rock,
rocks.
most
ridge
dust.
or
lava.
Forming
in
A
"
TERMS.
powder
to
light, porous
A
"
Quartz.
reduce
To
"
MINING
OF
the
a
sluicecoarse
gold.
Rock.
The
"
Rocker.
Royalty.
A
"
on
Siliceous.
of
mine.
a
for
testing
ores
scale.
between
and
wall
vein.
Quartz.
or
Quartz-bearing.
"
The
"
crust.
gravel.
plants
sheathing
Silex
"
Shaft.
The
"
earth's
product
Small
"
the
washing
the
on
working
a
Selvage.
for
duty
Works.
Sampling
Silica.
cradle
A
"
portion of
stony
vertical
opening
to
underground
any
workings.
Shale.
Fissile
"
Shift.
Slag.
The
"
The
"
Slickensides.
argillaceous
time
one
set
scoria
or
waste
Smoothed
"
rock.
of
Generally
soft.
work.
men
from
a
surfaces
furnace.
on
the
walls
of
vein.
a
Slope.
"
Stockwerke.
with
inclined
An
"
the
A
opening
number
enclosing
to
of veins
rock
a
mine.
running together
mineralized.
138
GLOSSARY
Underlie.
MINING
OF
The
angle
An
upward
of
TERMS.
vein
a
from
the
"
Upthrow.
of
displacement
dicular.
perpen-
the
side
"
of
fault.
a
mineral
The
Veinstone.
in
which
vein
a
holds
"
the
ore.
of
lustre
The
Vitreous.
broken
glass.
"
in
cavity
A
Vug.
vein.
a
"
Changed
Weathered.
by
Whim.
A
large
for
drum
to
exposure
"
hoisting
by
weather.
the
horse-power.
"
Scotch
The
Whin.
for
name
hornstone.
"
from
opening
An
Winze.
one
level
to
another
"
underground.
Used
Zone.
to
specify
a
geological
certain
"
of
a
strata
or
layer
of
rock.
tion,
posi-
INDEX.
A
BBREVIATIONS
.
"**"
Acids
.
28,
.
30,
.
Aventurine
31
84, 85
33,
98
Azurite
52
Actinolite
83
Advertisements
"DAROMETER.
149-152
Agates
Natural..
"
Barium
98
94,
Alabaster
Barite
79
Alum
92
72,
80
69,
80
Basalt
75
Aluminum
61,
Alloys
Common.
"
74,
94
Mine.
Cut
"
Bell
4"~43
Amber
Metal
90
Beryl
Amethyst
98
Bessemer
Amphibole
82
Biotite
Analysis
24,
106
Anthracite
Antimony
34.
Apatite
43
85
79,
Aquamarine
Aqua
Native
Arsenopyrite
Assay
Samples
"
Value
.
.
.
Black
Hills
41
Jack
62
41
Veins
36,
Practice"
Blueite
109
Bog
!
Asphaltum
31,32
60,
Bornite
57
Breccia
87
Bromyrite
Bromic
62
28,
109
28
57
Ore
82
|
72
99
"Blowpipe
101
,
17
64, 85
103,
86
57
Blowpipe,
Asbolite
Weights
Cobalt
85
Asbestos
Atomic
Black
The
for
of.
Coal
Bloodstone
64, 85
33-42,
61
60,
Blende
44
Arsenic
83
Blanket
19
Argentite
65
Blacklead
38, 49
Argillites
95
Black
95
Regia
60
Steel
Bituminous
86
.
Ore
Bismuth
101
75
of.
.
Amalgamation
.
"74,
Beaver
126
.125,
.
20
.
Bauxite
17,
67, 69, 70
51
19
45
Silver
45
INDEX.
14o
Brown
Coal
Brown
Iron
24-30
.
.
Chemists
67, 89
Ore
Reactions.
Chemical
86
101
32,
20
Chert
/CADMIUM
^^
61, 62
30,
Stone
Cairngorm
98
....
62
Calamine
Sodium.
of
Chloride
.
Chlorination
42
Chlorine
42
Chromite
67
Calcite
21
Calcium
79
Chromium
35
Chrysocolla
99
Chrysoprase
California
Gold
Cameos
112
Capital
Capillary Pyrites
Carbon
71,
Carbonates
Manganese.
of
"
.
Cobaltite
.70
Cash
124
A
Offer,
24,25
Color
42, 43
Case-hardening
56
Glance
62
process,
76, 77
(See Nickel.)
Cobalt
98
Carter-Walker
Copper
24,
99
80
80,
Cements
126
45
Cerargyrite
81
Cerium
Cerussite
47
Chalcedony
98
Coral
Islands
Core
Drills
Tin
Cornish
Crooks
"
Crystals
Chalk
20
J
82
30
31
.
.
.41,
15,
19
17,
93
14
108,
113
112,
60
Mines
Frozen
out
91
1
.
.
.
18
.
76
91,
Crystalline Limestone,
23-
128
42,
75,
51
E.
53
Corundum
Chalcopyrite
Prof.
52,
56
Concentration.
Cryolite
Chapman,
51,
Veins
Contact
51
20,
89
Conglomerates
Chalcocite
French
50,
Weights
Combining
Celescite
36,
Nickel
60
Catseye
30,
Ores
"
18
Cassiterite
6, 7
5.
Contents
n
Casing
89
56
29
Carnelian
.
86, 87
53
Zinc
98
.
China
"
Coal
Soda
52
50,
93
Copper
"
"
72,
Clay
95
3".
Cinnabar
55
81
.73,
92
21,
.79-
Crystallization
24,
27
INDEX.
Cuprite
99
d 'amour
Fleches
82
93
21,
Sandstone
Flexible
20
T^AKOTA
"*-^
Flint
78
..27
Fluorite
78
16, 17
Ore
Deposits
103
J. D.
Prof.
Dana,
60,
Mines,
Tin
Fluorspar
"
Derbyshire
78
Spar
Mines.
.
115
112,
.
Describing
Diamonds
Diamond
67
Franklinite
26
39,
81
55
20,
Diorite
Frue
Vanners
Fuel,
Wood
Dipneedle
94
20,
77
39,
40
Fusibility
125
Metals
of
20
"Dolly"
113,
114
i~*
62
^"^
93
Garnets
Drills
ABBRO
104
17, 33,
Galena
bone
91
15, 22,
Trap
Garnierite
17
Dynamite
~C*ARTH,
97
,
57
108
90,
Gash-Veins
the,
of
Thickness
List
Elements,
QJ-96
19
Gems
of,
31,32
91,
92,
95
75,
95
Emery
44
Glance
139-148
Glossary
Gneiss
Erubiscite
15
Rocks
30,
Gold
28,30-34
Notes,
Explanatory
1
115,
35,
Ores
"
103-110
36,
16
116
Native
"
Exploring
To
"
Risksof.
.
.
.
for.
of, 40-42,
Treatment
"
10
of
Ore
"
"
16
.
.
.
103
40
...
116
.41
Freemilling
77
76,
Fire-Clay
38,
39,
75
Common,
.
.37,
"Dolly"
"
"
test
117
"
T^ARMING
Feldspar
Fissure-Veins
35,
35
9,
Value
20
13,
51
Eruptive
56
Gersdorffite
Emeralds
Finds,
59
Furnaces
Dolomite
"~*
as
48, 58,
20,
Dolerite
"
42
41,
126
108
66,
82
20,
Chalk
French
Didymium
Dykes
41
40,
Freemilling
Diaphaniety
Dry
78
Fowlerite
93
21,
Rock
Diamond
57
Folgerite
113
The
Drill,
82
Talc
Foliated
93
92,
91,
24,
18
Footwall
Value
of
36,
39
1
INDEX.
42
Gossan
Granite
13,
Graphite
Gravel
71,
Ironstone
20
Itacolumite
67
21,
93
89
72,
JACK'S
Jasper
TIN
Auriferous,
"
16
36,
103,
57
21,99
104.
Gravity, Specific
61
Gypsum
79
"Kit,"
T
Scale,
Spar
80
36,
109
ABRADORITE
2O
Plaster
Land
79
65, 89
Brown
67
Horneblende
30,
"
Ores
"
Silver
3".47
in
.
Horning
41
Lime,
Hornstone
20
Limestone.
83
.
97
Hydraulic
Limestone.
Hydromica
Schist
Hydrous
.80
.
Copper
.
|
21
Silicate
.
.
52
86
.
15,
ROCKS.
.
15,
23,
Sandstone
Infusorial
Earth
in
Investor
Stocks..
22
90
119,
Iridium
80
Linnaeite
55
Lithia
30,
83, 84
84
Stone
80
Ore
50
Lodes
16, 99
Lodestone
27,
Love's
120
85
67
Liver
8
Indurated
23, 79,
Lithium
103
Illustrations
21,
79,
Limonite
Lithographic
TGNEOUS
of..
Phosphate
.
Hyacinth
33
.'
Lignite
37
IO4
Lepidolite
82
19,
81
Lead
99
Hematite
Arrows
67
99
26
Lustre
73
Iridosmine
"
94
93,
Lanthanum
Heliotrope
"
Mines,
Prospector's, 108,
*~*
3"-
Iron
120
76
Kimberly
109.
Hardness-Chapman's
Heavy
.
T/rAOLIN
of. 24,
TARDNEss-Scale
30,
Companies.
52
Greenockite
T
Stock
Joint
Copper
Gray
86
Jet
121
.24,
...
Ores
Bearing
/T
~j\
36, 73
of
30,
Rocks
..19,
63
36
I
I
ACROSCOPIC
30
Magnesium
Magnetic
Iron
72
Ore
66
INDEX.
Magnetic
Pyrites.
.33,
64
54,
Magnetism
When
Mining,
36, 66, 67, 89
Stocks.
Malachite
53
Mispickel
Malleability
26
Mohs'
of, 30, 69, 89
Ores
Manganese,
Spar
Marl
Marble
22,
21,
58,
Matte
Measuring
Water-power,
of
Measures
Mercury
36,
Scale
To
78
36,
81
77
Moonstone
79
Moss
115
76
Agate
83
"\TATQRAL
BAROMETERS,
Gas
rocks
15
The
....
21,
22
30,
37
Millerite
100,
Mineral
of.
Ho
"
107,
.
13, 27,
56
30,
and
Cobalt
Nickeliferous
54,
64,
104
Ores
54
Pyrrhotite,
54,
55-
Ore
Non-Magnetic
63
Nuggets
36,49
OCHRES
67, 89
Oil-Mineral
109.
87
Vitriol
of
Oil
87
Oil
Pitch
87
Onyx
Resin
90
Operations-Scale of Mining,
Wool
88
Salted"
Mines-"
Mining
89
55
Mineralogy, Study
Miner's
..87
Nickel
38, 83
14,
67
Paints
36
Microscope,
Compass..
125
Ores
Schist
96
Niccolite
.
124
19,
"
99
Muscovite
Natural
sures
Mea-
Temper
Mica
25
71
Natural
point of.
Metamorphic
Hardness,
70,
"
Metallic
64, 65, 85
Monazite
122
Metals-Fusible
of
49, 50
40,
and
Metals-Weights
43,
120
119,
Molybdenite
121
34,
.118,
123
Ore
....
115,
116.
27
Magnetite
begin,
to
w
117
Develop
to
Inch
123
Dividends
Profits
Risks
120
of.
...
117,
118
91,96
Opals
Deposits
Ores-How
24-30,
119
of
99
112.
Ore
..no
84
to
16, 19,
104
Distinguish,
32.
Ores-Metallic
"
102,
Non-Metallic
36
74
INDEX.
144
feet of
Cubic
Ores,
121
Prospecting
121
Prospector,
114,
115
Prospector's
Selectingtreatment,
116
Proustite
45
69
......
of
Measures
"
......
Selling
"
Orpiment
......
85
Psilomelane
..............
..............
75
Puddingstone
Orthoclase
Osmium
73
................
Ozokerite"
Ozocerite
.87
...
Pyrargy
9,
102,
The
"
9,
Kit
"
.89,
.
,
108
19
rite
45
Pyrite-Iron
Palladium
36,
37,
36,
............
104
Paraffine
87
..............
Paystreak
88
Petroleum
86
..............
of
Phosphate
Lime
79
......
Phoshates
Phosphorous
51
33,
64
60
Pyrolusite
69,
70
Pyrrhotite
33,
64
16,
91
97,
98
39,
40
Placers
......
16, 36, 39,
103
127,
128
of
......
of
Paris
......
Platinum
28,
........
Plumbago
Gems
Quartz,
29,
79
30,
49
71
..........
Gold..
37,
,
72
Pockets-Ore
37
Milling
Potstone
Quartzite
"D
82
Realgar
Red
123
Red
..........
106
Refiners
Pointers
36, 40, 49,
Metals
72,
73
28,
29
Ore
52
Ore
62
45
......
Prase
..........
Precious
_.
Stones
......
.......
75,
Preface
Prospects
...
98
Refining
91
Retorts
63
Rhodium
73
Rhodochrosite
70
3,4
................
.9,
12,
TIO,
50
85
Copper
Zinc
23
1 10
Rare
124
Water
34,
AILWAY
..........
Horse
22,
Quicksilver,
Reagents
................
quired
re-
123
22
..............
40
39,
Water
17
............
38,
Veins
"
*^-
Porphyry
....
73,88
..........
Cost
QUARTZ
Quartz
85
31,
........
Pitchblende
Practical
24,
Tin
60, 82
............
Power,
63
..............
..................
Plaster
59,
18
Peat
Plant,
Magnetic
72
..........
Panning
90
in
....
Pyrites-Copper
NATURAL
105
in
Ores
58,
128
146
INDEX.
Synonyms
32
31
Veins
18
16,
,
Contact
"
''T'ALC
22,
Talcose
24,
Schist
17
82
"
Fissure
"
How
16
22
Tellurium
36,
to
open,
37,
104,
72
105.
Temperature
ig
Paying
"
Steel
Tempering
124
Tetrahedrite
52
Thorium
Tin
WAD
7"
.30,
...
Titanic
60,
59,
for
Water
81
Ores
18
ling
mil-
quartz
123
103
Acid
Calculating,
Power,
Water
33
Topaz
96,
False
123.
98
98
Weights
"
Trap
15,
22,
20,
of
Ores
of
Metals.
121
122,
Triphylite
84
Tripolite
90
of
Relative,
Metals,
122.
of
Tufa
Water
123
94
of
Turquoise
Wood
as
fuel
TMBER
57,
81
89
^
Uranium
Useful
^\
,126
95
Whartonite
T
123
.
103
Tables
of
TALUE
V
Value
a
Gold
35
^INC
30,
34,
46,
61,
67
^
Zincite
Silver
62
47
Zircon
Prospect
....
Vermillion
8l
TTKIUM
121
of
Value
of
Y
73,88
9,
50,
10
89
36,
67
0}
00
I
I""
0}
00
"""
I
53
CO
V
Book
Any
postpaid
sent
on
Publishing
Qualitative
Chemical
above.
Companion
Analysis.
Cloth.
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A unique work
Mines
Hidden
C. R.
By
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Rogers
Fresenius.
4 00
by Electrolysis.
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Illustrated.
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Mining, Metals, and Ores. Confined to
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Speciallyrecommended.
Notes.
Cloth.
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