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LOCAL GOVERNANCE
POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT PROGRAMME
(LGPRSP)
Republic of Ghana
Ministry of Local Government
Rural Development and Environment
German Technical Cooperation
Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH
HOW TO DO GUIDE
ON:
DISTRICT POVERTY PROFILING AND
MAPPING
By:
Nkum Associates
P.O. Box 1961, Kaneshie
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +233-21-512646
Fax: +233-21-512646
E Mail: [email protected]
Programme Office
GDC House 7 Volta Street Airport
P.O. Box 9698, Kotoka Intl. Airport Accra, Ghana
Phones: +233 21 777 375, +233 21 760 448
Facsimile: +233 21 773106
E-Mail: [email protected]
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
TABLE OF CONTENT
Table of Content
1
List of Tables
2
List of Figures
3
Introduction
4
Overview of the Poverty Profiling and Mapping Process
5
Step One:
Preparation towards District Poverty Profiling
8
Step Two:
District Poverty Profiling
16
Step Three: Preparing District Poverty Maps
29
Step Four:
Design and Implementation of Poverty Reduction Programme 76
Step Five:
Designing a Monitoring and Evaluation System
86
Annex 1.
A frame for Monitoring and Evaluation of poverty Interventions
94
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Format for Documenting Understanding of Poverty at the District Level
20
2.2
Format for Documenting Poverty Indicators
20
2.3
Format for Documenting Local Coping Measures from the Perspective of
District Stakeholders
20
2.4
District Stakeholders Definition of Poverty in the Kintampo District
20
2.5
Format for Documenting Poverty Reduction Initiatives
21
2.6
Tentative Poverty Pockets Description based on Area Councils in the
Kintampo District
24
2.7
Format for Documenting Understanding of Poverty
26
2.8
Format for Documenting Poverty Indicators
226
2.9
A frame for Target-Group Specific Profiling of Poverty
27
2.10
Format for Documenting Local Coping Measure from the Perspective of
Community Stakeholders
27
3.1
Main Actors and their responsibilities
30
3.2
A Functional Matrix (Scalogram) for the Atebubu District
44
3.3
Contributions to DA Revenue in Kintampo District, 2001
61
3.4
Poverty Pockets in Kintampo District and their Characteristics
67
3.5
Preparing Map on the Spatial Distribution of Settlement by Population
68
3.6
Preparing a Map on the Location of Facilities
68
3.7
Preparing \Map of Hierarchy of Settlements
69
3.8
Preparing Accessibility Maps
70
3.9
Preparing a Map of Production Centres
71
3.10
Preparing a Map of Commodity Flow
71
3.11
Preparing a Map of Contributions to DA Revenue
72
3.12
Delineation of Poverty Pockets from a Composite Poverty Maps
72
4.1
Sample structure of an implementation plan
85
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LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Tentative Poverty Pockets Description based on Area Councils in the
Kintampo District
23
3.1
Spatial Distribution of Population in the Kintampo District
36
3.2
Distribution of Health, Water and Sanitation Facilities
39
3.3
Functional hierarchy of Settlements for the Atebubu District
45
3.4
Conditions of Road Network in the Kintampo District
47
3.5
Accessibility to Health Facilities
52
3.6
Aggregate Accessibility for Atebubu District
53
3.7
Optimum Accessibility for Atebubu District
54
3.8
Major Production Centres for Kintampo District
57
3.9
Commodity Flows for Kintampo District
60
3.10
Contributions to DA Revenue for Kintampo District
63
3.11
A Composite Poverty Map for the Kintampo District
66
5.1
Proposed Institutional Setup for Monitoring and Evaluation of
District Poverty Reduction Interventions
88
A frame for Monitoring and Evaluation of poverty Interventions
90
5.2.
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INTRODUCTION
The Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme (LGPRSP) supported the
implementation and monitoring of the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I) in its target
districts through the strengthening of the capacity of district structures to design and implement
target-group specific and gender sensitive programmes. The thrust of the Programme was to
work with the political and administrative structures of the district as well as private sector actors
and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to prepare district level poverty profiles and maps that
would give indications of how poverty manifests itself among different socio-economic groups.
The poverty maps would also indicate how poverty presents itself in spatial terms in the district.
The first step in undertaking the assignment involved a review of the current approaches and
methodologies being used by donors, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and other
development partners to tackle poverty. This was followed by interactive dialogue sessions with
district and community level stakeholders in Kintampo and Atebubu Districts to corroborate data
from the consultations with national level development partner agencies. The interactions were
also used to elicit their perceptions on poverty and learn from their experience with poverty
reduction interventions. The outcome included the perceptions and indicators of poverty from
the perspectives of district level stakeholders and community level stakeholders, as well as
current and future (suggested) coping strategies of the poor.
The outcomes of the dialogue sessions formed the basis for the second interface with
stakeholders in the two districts, which aimed at:
ƒ
ƒ
Sharing and validating the outcome of the first dialogue sessions on the poverty
profiling, and
Mapping out poverty pockets in the districts
The outputs and insights gained from theses activities were used as inputs to the preparation of
this Guide.
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE POVERTY PROFILING AND MAPPING PROCESS
The poverty profiling and mapping process described in this manual consist of five main steps,
namely:
Step One: Preparation towards District Poverty Profiling
Step Two: District Poverty Profiling
Step Three: Preparing District Poverty Maps
Step Four: Design and Implementation of Poverty Reduction Programmes
Step Five: Designing a Monitoring and Evaluation System
The Poverty Profiling and Mapping Process
Step 1:
Preparation
Towards District
Poverty Profiling
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation
System
Step 2:
District
Poverty
Profiling
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation
of Poverty
Reduction
Programmes
Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme
Step 3:
Preparing
District
Poverty
Maps
5
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Step One:
Preparation towards District Poverty Profiling
This step seeks to clarify the necessary requirements and inputs for mapping poverty, define the
institutional arrangements and clarify the roles of the various stakeholders going to do the work.
This would include the identification of the capacity/skill gaps as well as highlighting the
necessary skills needed for undertaking the task.
It is also to review existing literature, documents, and other sources of data to understand the
concepts, methodologies, approaches and implementation arrangements for poverty reduction
at the district, regional and national levels, by the government, as well as development partners
like donors and NGOs.
Step Two:
District Poverty Profiling
Every district has peculiar socio-economic and cultural characteristics, which distinguish it from
most other districts. These peculiarities among other things reflect in the poverty status in the
various districts. The understanding, dimensions and manifestations of poverty vary within and
among different districts. Thus each district needs to clarify what the communities’ and
therefore the district’s perceptions of poverty are. It is also significant to come to terms with the
dimensions and manifestations of poverty in the district. This will set a basis for the mapping of
these manifestations and subsequent interventions towards poverty reduction.
Step Three:
Preparing District Poverty Maps
The purpose of this step is to translate the perceptions and manifestations of poverty in the
district into maps, which will show visually the spatial depiction of the different dimensions of
poverty in the district. Through this the pockets of poverty and the better-endowed areas within
the district can both be shown graphically from different perspectives of analysis. Issues that
have been considered for mapping under this step include:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Spatial Distribution of Settlements by Population
Location of Facilities
Hierarchy of Settlements
Accessibility to Services
Production Centres
Commodity Flows
Area Contributions to District Assembly Revenue, and
A Composite Poverty Map that combines the above themes.
Step Four:
Design and Implementation of Poverty Reduction Programmes
The multidimensional nature of poverty requires that in designing and implementing poverty
reduction programmes, a holistic approach involving all sectors be adopted. It is also important
that the poor are involved and programmes are designed to address their specific needs. This
step of the manual therefore aims at identifying key issues and activities that need to be
addressed and undertaken to design and implement appropriate and effective poverty reduction
programmes that meet the needs of the intended beneficiaries – the poor.
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Step Five:
Designing a Monitoring and Evaluation System
This step aims at providing a framework for tracking the progress of implementation and
assessing the extent to which the stated objectives have been achieved together with impacts of
district poverty reduction interventions. This will help the district to determine:
¾ the extent of achievement of poverty reduction objectives, the nature and reasons for
any deviations from planned targets
¾ reactions of beneficiaries to programme implementation and outcomes, and
¾ lessons learnt for re-planning and policy-making
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STEP ONE:
PREPARATION TOWARDS DISTRICT POVERTY
PROFILING
Step 1:
PREPARATION
TOWARDS
DISTRICT POVERTY
PROFILING
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation
System
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation
of Poverty
Reduction
Programmes
Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme
Step 2:
District
Poverty
Profiling
Step 3:
Preparing
District Poverty
Maps
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“It is not every animal that you stand on the ground to shoot”
A popular Nigerian proverb
Purpose
This step seeks to clarify the necessary requirements and inputs for
mapping poverty, define the institutional arrangements and clarify
the roles of the various stakeholders going to do the work. This
would include the identification of the capacity/skill gaps as well as
highlighting the necessary skills needed for undertaking the task.
It is also to review existing literature, documents, and other sources
of data to understand the concepts, methodologies, approaches and
implementation arrangements for poverty reduction at the district,
regional and national levels, by the government, as well as
development partners like donors and NGOs.
Methodology/Approach
Institutional
Arrangements
The process should bring the stakeholders together to share
ideas and enrich the task. This could be undertaken using the
various approaches enumerated below.
ƒ Dialogue sessions
ƒ Inter-departmental meetings
ƒ Training/coaching sessions
ƒ Literature review
Owing to the multifaceted nature of poverty, the design and implementation of
poverty reduction programmes would require a multidisciplinary team. The
composition of the DPCU needs to be expanded to have a good number of skills
and expertise to do the poverty profiling. Heads of relevant departments
(especially those that feature most in the district’s development activities) can be
co-opted into the DPCU. It is also necessary to involve Assembly Persons and
Unit Committee members, representatives of Civil Society Organisations, Private
sector representatives, NGO’s and beneficiary community members within the
district. The need to involve the poor in designing and implementing poverty
alleviation programmes is essential in ensuring ownership of the process and
success in such interventions.
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Responsibilities of the various actors are as summarised below.
ACTORS
RESPONSIBILITIES
DPCU / Technical Team
Source of information
Coordinate activities
Do the technical work of designing and documenting
poverty reduction programmes
Source of information
Serve as intermediaries between the communities and
District Assemblies in information sharing with
communities, sensitising on government policies and
articulation of development priorities.
Share knowledge and experience on reaching the poor
and supporting them in implementing poverty reduction
programmes
Sector Departments
Assembly Persons and Unit
Committee members
NGO’s
Civil Society Organisations,
Traditional Authorities
Private Sector
representatives
Community
Source of information
Source of information
Source of information on the constraints and
difficulties in their productive activities, coping
strategies to address poverty, indicators that will
serve as a benchmark in monitoring and evaluating
poverty reduction interventions etc.
Activity 1.1
Identify/compose the core (technical) team to undertake the
poverty mapping exercise (this could be an expansion of the
DPCU as described in the suggested institutional
arrangements above) and clarify roles of team members
Expected Output
A technical team of professionals with requisite backgrounds
and clarified roles to undertake the assignment constituted
Activity 1.2
Identify skill/capacity gaps of the team in doing the work
based on the roles/tasks assigned to the members
Expected Output
An outline of the skill/capacity gaps of team members
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“Even those who claim to have powerful gods of farming are still careful in their choice of soil”
A Nigerian proverb
Activity 1.3
Train the team on their roles and/or identified skill gaps in
undertaking the assignment
Expected Output
Team members equipped with adequate skills to undertake
the poverty mapping, design and implement poverty
reduction programmes
Hints
ƒ
ƒ
A workshop/meeting of the team members could be
organised with a facilitator to clarify and assign roles
and to also identify the skill/capacity gaps. This is to be
done in a participatory manner to ensure ownership and
the commitment of team members to whatever is
expected of them. The members should be made to
appreciate their own capacity gaps so they can identify
with the skills given.
The training programmes, apart from addressing the
team members’ specific capacity building needs, should
also enhance their team spirit and group dynamics.
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Activity 1.4
Organise working sessions to design a frame for reviewing
national, regional and district level poverty reduction initiatives.
Expected Output
A frame to set a focus for the review at the regional/national
and district levels for easy comparison. This frame is
therefore going to influence the type of information needed
for the poverty profiling.
ƒ
Hints
Activity 1.5
Expected Output
ƒ
The frame should give a quick overview of relevant data.
It should be simple for users without much or any
supervision
It may include the name of the Development Agency, their
concept
of
poverty
(including
dimensions
and
manifestations of poverty), kind of initiative (focal areas),
its
design
and
implementation
arrangements,
achievements, shortcomings and challenges as well as
lessons learnt.
Review existing documents on poverty reduction in Ghana.
The perceptions of poverty at the national level as well as poverty
indicators used are identified. Interventions designed to reduce
poverty and how they are implemented. This is to have an
understanding of what is happening at the national level and also to
know how it applies to the district.
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Hints
Gather information on perceptions of poverty and poverty reduction
in Ghana using the formats designed in Activity 1.4. Documents
like the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy, Ghana Living Standards
Survey and others on policies, approaches and strategies for
reducing poverty in Ghana could be reviewed.
Identify indicators of poverty used from the documents reviewed.
Also identify lessons learnt and key issues from the review.
Summarise the information gathered from the review for analysis
together with the findings from Activities 1.6 and 1.7. Since the
approaches and implementation arrangements cuts across sectors,
it will be good to have the various technical officers in the district
review those that are relevant to their departments.
Activity 1.6
Establish contact and dialogue with Donors and NGOs working to
reduce/alleviate poverty. This is also to understand how the
various development partners design poverty interventions.
Expected Output
Outline of poverty interventions/poverty reduction programmes,
implementation arrangements and how they are co-ordinated.
Hints
Information gathered should show the:
ª
Identification of the poor
ª
Involvement of the poor
ª
Type of poverty reduction programmes
ª
Co-ordination of poverty reduction programmes
ª
Implementation arrangements
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Activity 1.7
Contact and dialogue with Regional Co-ordinating Council
(RCC) / Regional Planning and Co-ordinating Unit (RPCU) on
initiatives and implementation arrangements for poverty
reduction at the regional level.
Expected Output
An indicative scope of perceptions of poverty and indicators
which were used at the regional level are identified and
documented.
Types of poverty programmes and
implementation arrangements of interventions designed to
reduce poverty. This is to have an understanding of what is
happening at the regional level and also to know how it
applies to the district.
Procedure
ª Gather information on perception of poverty and
strategies for reducing poverty in the region using the
formats designed in Activity 1.4.
ª Identify indicators of poverty in the region.
ª Also identify lessons learnt and key issues from the
review.
ª Summarise the information gathered from the review
for analysis together with the findings from Activities
1.5 and 1.7.
Activity 1.8
Clarify the context of poverty indicators at the regional and
national levels
Expected Output
Poverty indicators used at the national and regional levels.
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Procedure
ª Analyse the summarised information from Activities
1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 to establish the perceptions of poverty
at both the national and regional levels.
ª The results of the analysis should show evidence of the
perceptions/manifestations of poverty at the national
and regional levels.
ª It should also show the strategies being used or being
considered to reduce poverty.
ª The output will be compared with the poverty
perceptions/manifestations gathered from the district
level analysis and should therefore be simple and
concise to minimise difficulties.
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STEP TWO:
DISTRICT POVERTY PROFILING
Step 1:
Preparation
Towards District
Poverty Profiling
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation
System
Step 2:
District Poverty
Profiling
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation
of Poverty
Reduction
Programmes
Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme
Step 3:
Preparing
District
Poverty
Maps
16
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
“He who wants to remove the fish’s eyes must touch its head”
Purpose
Every district has peculiar socio-economic and cultural characteristics which
distinguishes it from most other districts. These peculiarities among other
things reflect in the poverty status in the various districts.
The
understanding, dimensions and manifestations of poverty vary within and
among different districts. Thus each district needs to clarify what the
communities and therefore the district understanding of poverty are. It is
also significant to come to terms with the dimensions and manifestations of
poverty in the district.
This will set a good basis for any subsequent interventions towards poverty
reduction.
Institutional
Arrangements
District poverty profiling requires diverse interactive activities and roles
involving different stakeholder groups and institutions. These groups and
institutions include the Traditional Authorities, Communities, Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations
(CSOs), the Central Administration and Sub-district Institutions of the
District Assembly and Sector Departments, especially Agriculture,
Education, Health, Community Development and Social Welfare
Departments. The chart below illustrates the general institutional frame.
The political and administrative leadership of the district initiates the
process and needs to interact and dialogue with the various institutional
systems within the district as a means of profiling the poverty status and
characteristics of the districts. Like most other district-wide interventions,
the commitment and support of the District Chief Executive and the Coordinating Director (DCD) are very critical to the profiling though the
District Planning Co-ordinating Unit (DPCU) invariably spearheads the
ground issues.
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Central Administration working in
league with Sector Depts. initiates
poverty profiling process
Sub-district
Institutions (SDIs)
Traditional Authorities and
Community members
Working together
Methodology
NGOs, CSOs and
CBOs
The poverty profiling process requires a consultative
and dialogue focused approach to data and information
gathering.
Activity 2.1
Dialogue with District Level Stakeholders about their
Dialogue with District Level Stakeholders about their
Perceptions on Poverty and Coping Mechanisms of the
Poor.
Expected Outputs
The exercise should lead to the documentation of the
general district stakeholders’ understanding of poverty
in the district.
It should also give a broad indication of the perceived
areas of dominant poverty generally or by sectors. For
example, from the perceptions being shared areas of
severe malnutrition and/or other insidious health
problems could easily be identified as potential
(perceived) poverty dominant areas. The format below
could be used to document the information
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Hint
This activity is to elicit the views of the district level
functionaries on poverty and highlight both the key
poverty parameters and district specific poverty
indicators and manifestations.
It may highlight
parameters relating to:
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
Food/Nutritional status
Educational status
Health status
Employment and Income levels
Water and Sanitation issues
But it is important to proceed beyond the main
parameters and explore for district specific poverty
indicators and manifestations.
These will provide
detailed poverty indicators on the parameters
identified earlier.
Procedure
The
process
can
commence
with
the
identification and listing of all the institutions and
individuals at the district level who will be
involved/talked to by the team.
ª
The team discusses and prepares semistructured/guide issues on poverty for discussions
with the various district level functionaries listed
above.
ª
A programme/schedule is prepared, shared and
appointments confirmed with various target
stakeholders and institutions.
ª
Interactive dialogue sessions involving sector
departments, traditional leaders (paramountcies),
NGOs, core members of the central administration
and other identified institutions are undertaken on
district level perceptions of poverty and coping
mechanisms of the poor.
ª
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Table 2.1:
Format for Documenting Understanding of Poverty
District Level Stakeholders
District Health Management Team
District Education Department
District Department of Agriculture
Relevant NGOs/CSOs
District Administration Department
Etc.
Table 2.2:
Understanding of Poverty
Format for Documenting Poverty Indicators
District Level Stakeholders
District Health Management Team
District Education Department
District Department of Agriculture
Relevant NGOs/CSOs
District Administration Department
Etc.
Table 2.3:
Poverty Indicators
Format for Documenting Local Coping Measures
District Level Stakeholders
District Health Management Team
District Education Department
District Department of Agriculture
Relevant NGOs/CSOs
District Administration Department
Etc.
Local Coping Measures
) Example: the perceptions of district level
stakeholders about poverty in the Kintampo District
are shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.4:
District Stakeholders Definition of Poverty in Kintampo District from
the perspective of District Stakeholders
District Level Stakeholders
Department of Agriculture
Department of Health Services
District Education Office
Central Administration Department
Department
of
Community
Development and Social Welfare
Understanding of Poverty (Kintampo District)
“A poverty stricken person is a peasant farmer (farm size of up to
2 acres) living in a mud house with thatch roofs whose children do
not attend school”
“A malnourished family which cannot afford 2 square meals daily
throughout the year, has no money to purchase basic drugs nor
pay for public health care and living in poor housing and sanitary
conditions”
“Parents who are living in mud houses with thatch roofs, cannot
afford decent school uniforms and the Culture and Sports Fees
(¢3,500 as at July 2002) for their child (children) of school going
age”.
“Rural families who rarely handle cash (money), have difficulties in
daily feeding (seriously malnourished), sometimes offer labour for
survival (either in town or on a farm) and prefer use of herbal
treatment to going to the hospital for medical care”
“People who do not have access to electricity, potable water and
food to make them happy (they often look very pale and lean),
and do not have money to buy things for themselves (always in
tattered dresses) and have no friends (“Poor No Friend”)”
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Activity 2.2
Assess Poverty Reduction Initiatives
Expected Outputs
ª Documentation that provides quick assessment of
previously implemented poverty reduction
programmes
ª Lessons in design, implementation arrangements,
achievements and emerging challenges identified to
inform subsequent poverty reduction interventions
Procedure
ª
ª
ª
ª
Table 2.5:
Initiatives
Identify and list all poverty reduction programmes
implemented in the district and the
institutions/organisations and/or individuals which
managed the programmes.
Prepare a discussion guide for engaging institutions
and individuals on previous poverty reduction
programmes implemented in the district. The
discussion guide should consider issues on
programme design, implementation arrangements,
achievements/lessons and shortcomings/challenges
Arrangement with the identified institutions and
individuals, and engage them in discussions on the
issues outlined above.
Use the format below to document the outcomes of
the interaction with the institutions and individuals.
Format for Documenting Poverty Reduction Initiatives
Design
Implementation
Arrangement
Achievements/Lessons
Learnt
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Challenges/
Shortcomings
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 2.3
Demarcate tentative poverty pockets
Expected Output
Tentative district poverty pockets outlined
Procedure
a)
b)
c)
d)
Outline the indicators of poverty as described by
district level stakeholders
Using these indicators, demarcate on a district
map the spatial dimensions of poverty based on
(a) above.
Rank the district’s Area Councils in order of
severity of poverty as indicated in (b) above
Describe the characteristics of each Area Council
in relation to poverty
) An example of tentative poverty pocket description based on Area
Councils in the Kintampo District are shown in Figure 2.1 and Table
2.5 below
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Figure 2.1:
Tentative Poverty Pocket description based on Area Councils in the Kitampo
District
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Table 2.6:
Tentative Poverty Pocket description based on Area Councils in the
Kintampo District
AREA COUNCIL
POVERTY STATUS
1. New
Longoro:
Most poverty-stricken
2. Apesika
2nd most povertystricken
3. Babatokuma:
3rd most povertystricken
4. Amoma
4th most povertystricken
5. Kalelso
5th most povertystricken
6. Anyima:
6th most povertystricken
least poverty-stricken
7. Kintampo:
CHARACTERISTICS (CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS)
♦ Low land productivity, low fertility, bush fires,
land degradation
♦ Lack of cultivable land
♦ No perennial water, flooding during rainy
season but no water in dry season
♦ Travel long periods/distances for water or dig
deep for water
♦ One rainy season – very short, inadequate
♦ Lack of roads, no commercial centres
♦ Mainly migrant communities
♦ Poor road network
♦ Produce a lot but poor access to road
♦ No health facility
♦ High incidence of bush fire
♦ Inadequate access to potable water
♦ Poor road access
♦ Water problem – water table not good for
borehole drilling – drink from streams
♦ Accessibility to roads
♦ No problem with production, two seasons, can
irrigate in dry season
♦ Closer to Techiman, better prices
♦ Indigenous and prepared to provide for the
betterment of their communities, good houses
♦ Guinea worm infestation
♦ Inadequate access to potable water
♦ Poor soil fertility
♦ Destructive activities of cattle – immigrant cattle
♦ Access to roads
♦ Low accessibility – inadequate roads
♦ Inadequate socio-economic infrastructure
♦ High cost of living (people come from other
towns to buy foodstuffs creating artificial
shortages and making prices expensive)
♦ High access to roads and other socio-economic
infrastructure
♦ High cost of production, eg high cost of labour
in Kintampo township (eg ‘by day’ costs
¢10,000 compared to ¢7,000 in other
communities)
♦ High cost of housing (rents)
♦ Employment/underemployment
♦ Poor Sanitation – (people not able to pay for
attending place of convenience leading to free
range defaecation; weedy environment, poor
drains etc)
Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme
24
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
“It is at the washing of hands that a child who will hustle over a meal is known”
Activity 2.3
Dialogue with Community Level Stakeholders
Expected Outputs
ª This activity should help provide a better
understanding of poverty as perceived by the poor
themselves. It should bring out the target group
specific poverty indicators, which clearly identifies
who a poor person is among the different socioeconomic groups. The advantage of this approach
is that the perception and indicators are “localised”
and context specific.
ª By the end of the intervention, there should be a
clear sense of how the poor manage their situation
throughout the changing seasons of the year. This
represents the coping or survival strategies.
Procedure
(b)
(a)
convenient number of segments preferably
using Area Councils (or based on one or a
combination factors such as geographical
spread, economic activities, social systems,
etc.). It is easier if the divisions are not many:
Develop the poverty consultations guide for
discussions with communities.
This should
include issues on coping mechanism/strategies.
The formats below could be adopted and/or
modified if necessary to document outcomes.
Using a district
map, divide the
district into a
Local Governance Poverty Reduction Support Programme
25
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Table 2.7:
Discuss and identify preferably (at most) 2 typical
communities in each of the segments to be involved
in a poverty perceptions consultation process.
Discuss the dialogue issues and formats and have a
dress rehearsal to fine-tune the appropriateness of
issues and prepare for the consultations in the
identified communities
Divide the team into appropriate groups and assign
to respective communities in segments
The various teams engage their respective
communities in dialogue processes, highlighting the
understanding of community groups on poverty,
local poverty indicators and coping mechanisms
Format for Documenting Understanding of Poverty
Community Level Stakeholders
Farmers
Traders
Small-scale Industrialists
CBOs (especially Women and Youth Groups)
Etc.
Table 2.8
Understanding of Poverty
Format for Documenting Poverty Indicators
Community Level Stakeholders
Farmers
Traders
Small-scale Industrialists
CBOs (especially Women and Youth Groups)
Etc.
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
Poverty Indicators
26
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Table 2.9: A Frame for Target-Group Specific Profiling of Poverty
Gender sensitive
Focus groups
Farmers
Small scale
industrialists
Traders /
shopkeepers
Civil
servants /
Salaried
workers
Others
(e.g.
service providers,
etc)
Dimensions of poverty
A.
•
•
•
•
Basic Needs
Education
Health status
Food
Shelter
B.
•
•
•
•
Livelihood
Farm production
Non-farm employment
Income levels
Food security
C.
Resources /
Vulnerability
Access to services
•
•
•
Access to productive
resources
Skills and Knowledge
•
Social capital
•
Assets
D.
Political Deprivation
•
Rights
•
Participation
•
Access to information
•
Power
E.
•
Social /
Psychological
Deprivation
Self esteem
•
Opportunity
•
Choice
Table 2.10
Format for Documenting Local Coping Measures
Community Level Stakeholders
Local Coping Measures
Farmers
Traders
Small-scale Industrialists
CBOs (especially Women and Youth Groups)
Etc.
)
The perceptions of community level stakeholders in the Kintampo District about
their own poverty can be summarised as Low purchasing power and poor access
to resources/services. They also described the manifestations (indicators) of
poverty as well as their current and future coping mechanisms as summarised
below:
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27
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Manifestation (Indicators) of poverty
Coping Mechanisms
A. Basic Needs
♦
Poor housing
♦
Poor clothing
♦
Poor diet
♦
Low educational status
♦
Poor health
B. Livelihoods
♦
No savings
♦
Lack of non-farm employment
♦
Peasant farming
C. Resources/Vulnerability
♦
Food insecurity
♦
Little/no assets
♦
Little/no support from relations
♦
Low employable and technical skills
♦
Lack of/inadequate access to credit
♦
Low access to economic infrastructure
and services (eg roads, markets, etc)
D. Political Deprivation
♦
Low participation in governance
♦
Have no influence on local decisionmaking
♦
Low direct access to information
E. Social/Cultural/Psychological Deprivation
♦
Low self esteem
Current Coping Mechanisms
♦
Mixed farming
♦
Dependence on relatives
♦
Borrowing from friends
♦
Working serving as farm labourers
♦
Credit from middlemen (and pay in
kind)
♦
Child labour
♦
Non-farm ventures, eg charcoal
burning
♦
Engaging in illegal activities (eg
stealing, illegal felling of trees, etc)
Future Coping Mechanisms
♦
Training in employable skills
♦
Improved market prices for farm
produce
♦
Fixed prices for farm inputs and farm
products
♦
Increased access to markets and roads
♦
Community involvement in poverty
reduction measures
♦
Credit for farmers and small-scale
industrialists
♦
More support from the government
♦
Increased access to family planning
♦
Reduced marriages
♦
Form cooperative groups for
assistance
♦
Going into non-farm ventures
♦
Growing other crops
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
STEP THREE
PREPARING DISTRICT POVERTY MAPS
Step 1:
Preparation
Towards District
Poverty Profiling
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation
System
Step 2:
District
Poverty
Profiling
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation
of Poverty
Reduction
Programmes
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
STEP 3:
PREPARING
DISTRICT
POVERTY MAPS
29
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
“Some folks need to get through it, get around it and get over it”
From the book “Some Folks” by Eleanor Hooks
Purpose
Poverty is a complex phenomenon with several dimensions and
manifestations, including spatial, economic, socio-cultural and
psychological dimensions. It is for this reason that poverty analysis
and poverty reduction strategies have to be multi-dimensional. The
purpose of the Poverty Mapping section of the manual is to translate
the perceptions and manifestations of poverty into maps. Such maps
will help to show visually the spatial depiction of different
dimensions of poverty in the district. Thus the pockets of poverty
and the better-endowed areas within the district can both be shown
graphically from different perspectives of analysis, such as the
distribution of facilities, physical access to these facilities and the
distribution of economic activities, among others.
Institutional
Arrangements
Mapping out poverty is a technically demanding exercise and requires
the concerted efforts of a multi-disciplinary team owing to its multifaceted nature. Such a team may comprise personnel from the DPCU,
the various sectoral departments of the District Assembly and
representatives of other identifiable interest groups or organizations,
such as Assembly Persons, NGOs, CSOs and the private sector. As far
as possible, members of the team should have a good knowledge
about the district. There may also be the need to build their technical
and logistical capacities to perform the tasks involved.
As has been shown in subsequent sections of the manual, different
tasks would be assigned to different sub-teams and individuals. It is
therefore suggested that a Coordinating Sub-team, preferably from
among the members of the DPCU, be formed to coordinate all
activities of the exercise. The responsibilities of the various actors are
summarised in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Main Actors and their Responsibilities
ACTOR
DPCU
Sector Departments
Selected Assembly Persons
NGO Representatives
CSO Representatives
Private Sector Representatives
RESPONSIBILITIES
Source of information; overall coordination; involved in specific
tasks
Source of information; to lead/be involved in sector-specific and
other specialised tasks
Source of information; involved in specific tasks
Source of information; involved in specific tasks
Source of information; involved in specific tasks Source of
information; involved in specific tasks
Source of information; involved in specific tasks
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
30
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-teams and their Tasks
“When all hands bring it mouths gets full”
Coordination
Working Sessions
Sub-team 1
Sub-team 2
Preparation of Thematic
Maps/other Tasks
Preparation of Thematic
Maps/other Tasks
Sub-team 3
Preparation of Thematic
Maps/other Tasks
Sub-team N
Preparation of Thematic
Maps/other Tasks
Coordinating
Team
Preparation of a
Composite Poverty Map
Delineation of Poverty
Pockets
KEY
Sub-team
Coordination
Task
Other tasks
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
31
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Methodology
It is suggested that the preparation of district poverty maps be carried
out in three main phases. The first phase is a one-day workshop
involving all members of the poverty mapping team. The intention would
be to provide an opportunity for the team to recap and validate the
definition/perceptions and manifestations of poverty as described in the
Poverty Profiling step, based on which different poverty themes would be
selected and agreed upon, and eventually translated into maps and
diagrams. The second phase would be the sharing of specific tasks
among sub-teams and individuals who would be charged with the
responsibility of producing the different thematic maps. The selection
should be based on the respective technical abilities, knowledge and/or
special interests of team members. A time limit for the completion of the
tasks should be agreed upon. The third phase of the exercise would be a
de-briefing session during which the output of each task would be
shared and discussed by the larger team. It also includes
analyses/discussions on the relationships between the different results
and their implications for poverty reduction.
Expected Outputs
•
•
•
•
A set of validated district-specific poverty indicators
Thematic maps showing pockets of poverty and relatively
well-endowed areas in the district
A comprehensive description of the thematic maps, including
natural, economic, socio-cultural, political and other factors
that might have contributed to the identified poverty
differentials within the district
A set of key cross-cutting issues emerging from both the
poverty profiling and poverty mapping exercises. This
includes issues relating to the manifestations and causes of
poverty, as well as social and geographic targeting in
developing poverty reduction interventions.
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
32
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.1:
Validation of Poverty
Indicators
Procedure
ª In a workshop session, involving all members of the
Poverty mapping team, recap, discuss and validate
the results of the Poverty Profiling exercise, including
the definition/perceptions, manifestations and
indicators of poverty. Agree on a final (revised) set of
district poverty indicators.
Activity 3.2:
Definition of Poverty Mapping Themes and
Preparation of Thematic Maps
Procedure
Based on the district poverty profiling, define themes
that can be presented in the form of maps (or other
appropriate forms of graphical presentation). The
themes may include the following:
• Spatial Distribution of Settlements by Population
• Spatial Location of Facilities
• Determination of functional Hierarchy of Settlements
• Road network and surface accessibility Maps
• Production Centres
• Commodity flows
• Contributions of Revenue Centres/stations to DA revenue
À Sub-activities and procedures involved in the preparation of maps on the seven
themes mentioned above and their expected outputs are detailed out in the following
activities:
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
33
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.3:
Preparation of Maps on the Spatial Distribution
Sub-activity 3.3.1:
Mapping of settlements and their populations
Expected Output:
ª
A map showing
settlements
ª
Obtain a district base map showing settlements in the
district
Update district base map by including other settlements
that are not already on the map and show Area Council
boundaries
Prepare a list of all settlements in the district
Obtain the respective populations of the settlements from
the most current census reports, DPCU records and/or
other official sources
Based on their population sizes, group the selected
settlements into a convenient number of categories e.g.:
Category I: 7000 & over (one settlement)
Category II: 5000-6999 (three settlements)
Category III: 3000-4999 (eleven settlements)
Category IV: 1000-2999 (twenty-one settlements)
Category V: below 1000 (forty-five settlements)
Represent the settlements on the map by circles of
different sizes based on the stated categories, with larger
circles depicting settlements with larger populations and
vice versa.
the
relative
population
sizes
of
Procedure:
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
Sub-activity 3.3.2:
Interpretation/discussion of outcome
Expected Output
A deeper understanding of the socio-cultural, economic and
natural factors that underlie the differences in population
densities, and the consequences of such differences for the
development of the district
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
34
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Procedure:
Determine and discuss the high and low density areas in the
district, reasons for the different densities and their effects,
if any. (Note the differences in Area Councils)
) Figure 3.1 shows the spatial distribution of population in the Kintampo District.
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
35
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.1: Spatial Distribution of Population in the Kintampo District
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
36
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.4:
Distribution of Facilities
Preparation of Maps
on the Spatial
Sub-activity 3.4.1:
Identification of facilities and their locations
Expected Output:
Sectors/facilities to be plotted identified
Procedure:
ª In plenary discussion, select a number of key socioeconomic sectors (eg education, health, agriculture,
commerce, communication, etc)
ª Decide on which types of facilities to be mapped under
each sector (primary schools, JSSs, second cycle schools,
hospitals, health centres, agric extension stations, weekly
markets, post offices, telephone exchange, etc)
ª Identify which settlements within the district have which
of these facilities
Sub-activity 3.4.2:
Mapping the location of facilities
Expected Output:
A set of maps showing the location of selected facilities in the
district
Procedure:
ª Obtain copies of a district base map
ª Select a distinct symbol to represent each facility
ª Using the selected symbols, show the locations of the
facilities on the map. (In order to minimise clumsiness,
one map may be used to show one type of facilities [eg
educational facilities] or a number of different but related
categories of facilities [eg health and water facilities])
Sub-activity 3.4.3:
Analysis/discussion of outcome
Expected Output:
Areas in the district, which lack identified key facilities,
underlying factors and implications for poverty are identified
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
37
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Procedure:
ª Identify
deprived
areas
based
on
location/distribution of facilities
ª Discuss factors that have led to that situation
ª Discuss implications for poverty
the
) The spatial distribution of health, water and sanitation facilities in the Kintampo District are
shown in Figure 3.2.
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
38
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.2:
Distribution of Health, Water and Sanitation Facilities in Kintampo District
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
39
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.5
Determination of functional Hierarchy of Settlements
Sub-activity 3.5.1:
Identification of settlements and facilities for constructing a
Functional Matrix (Scalogram)
Expected Output
A list of settlements with their population sizes and selected
facilities/functions
Definition
Scalogram (also called Functional Matrix) is a
planning tool used to show the sphere of influence
(levels of centrality) of selected facilities or services
in a district and the relative functionality of each
settlement within that district
Centrality Index is an assumed numerical value that
represents the centrality of a facility/service. Such
a value, usually taken to be 100, is the same for all
the facilities/services considered in the scalogram.
Or should we let sleeping
dogs lie?
Functional Hierarchy of Settlements is obtained from
the Scalogram by ranking settlements in the district
in order of their respective total centrality scores.
Weighted Centrality Score is the product of the
Centrality index and weight assigned to the
facility/service, divided by the number of
settlements that have such a facility/service
Procedure:
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
Prepare a list of settlements in the district
Obtain the population of these settlements
Make an inventory of facilities in each settlement
Identify the Sectors to be covered in the Scalogram
Prepare a list of important facilities under the identified
sectors to be included
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
40
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3. 5.2:
Constructing a Functional Matrix (Scalogram)
Expected Output:
A Scalogram showing:
ªthe distribution of facilities (functions) in the district
ªcentrality indices of settlements
Procedure
ª Using the type(s) and number of facilities existing in a settlement and
its population size as selection criteria, determine which settlements
are going to be included in the scalogram (ie settlements with diverse
or less ubiquitous facilities and/or large population sizes should have
greater a chance of inclusion)
ª Assign weight (W) to each facility according to the level of function or
importance within its defined sector. E.g. In the health sector a
hospital performs a higher function than a health centre in terms of
services provided therefore it scores a higher weight than a health
centre. Similarly in education sector, an SSS performs a higher
function than a JSS)
ª Order the list of settlements according to their population size in a
descending order in a matrix with the list of settlements and their
corresponding population in the first and second columns whiles the
list of facilities and their corresponding weights are on the first and
second rows of the matrix (refer to table 3.2).
ª Use ‘X’s to indicate those facilities that are present in each
settlement, ie a cell marked ‘X’ shows the presence while an empty
cell shows the absence of a facility in a settlement
ª Count the total number of facilities for each settlement and indicate
as Total Number of Functions in another column (after the list of
facilities in the matrix).
ª The frequencies (i.e. number of settlements that have) of the facilities
are indicated in the last-but-one row of the matrix (represented by an
N)
ª Agree on a Centrality Index (e.g. 100)
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
41
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
ª Calculate the Weighted Centrality Score for each
facility by multiplying the assigned weight (W) by the
Centrality Index (100) and dividing the result by the
number of settlements that have that facility (N). The
higher the frequency of a facility, the lower the weight
of that facility. E.g. In Atebubu district, the only
tertiary school has a weight of 4. Therefore given a
centrality Index of 100, the weighted centrality score of
that facility is calculated as:
4x100/1 = 400
ª Similarly, the weighted centrality score of borehole,
which has a weight of 3 and a frequency of 30 is
calculated as:
3x100/30 =10
ª Calculate the Total Centrality Score for each
settlement by summing up the Weighted Centrality
Scores for all the available facilities in each settlement.
The Total Centrality Score indicates the functionality*
of each settlement.
ª Based on the Total Centrality Score, group
settlements into convenient/acceptable number of
hierarchies (refer to sample scalogram)
Sub-activity 3.5.4:
Preparation of a Hierarchy of Settlements map
Expected Output
A map showing the functional hierarchy of settlements in the
district
Procedure:
Use circles of different sizes to represent the settlements on the
map by their respective total centrality scores
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
42
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3. 5.5:
Analysis/discussion of outcome
Expected Output:
ª Reasons for the spatial inequality/equity in the distribution
of facilities in the district established
ª The relationship between the spatial distribution of
population and facilities established
ª Implications of above results for future interventions
towards poverty reduction outlined
Procedure:
ª Compare the results with the map showing the distribution
of facilities and determine areas where facilities are more
concentrated as against the areas of deficiency
ª Compare the dichotomy with the population distribution map
and determine the extent to which the distribution of
facilities corresponds with population distribution
ª Discuss their implications for future interventions towards
poverty reduction
) Table 3.2 and figure 3.3 respectively show a scalogram and a map
of functional hierarchy of settlements in the Atebubu District
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
43
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Table 3.2:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
4
x
3
x
5
4
3
2
2
x
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
4 21 31 2
1
5
3
3
2
6
1 11 1
4 10 2
5 17 3
2
6
8
1 16 10 6
1
1
5
8
1 30 32 3
9
7
6
2
3
3
4
2
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
400 75 10 3 50 200 20 33 67 50 17 200 9 200 25 10 100 20 6 33 50 17 13 100 19 20 17 100 100 20 13 400 10 6 167 44 43 33 250 133 100 50 50
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
x
5
x
Hierarchy
level
Total Cent
Score
Total No. of
Functions
x
x
x
2
X
Pvt Clinic
x
x
x
3
x
C'nity Clinic
x
4
x
Health Post
x
1
x
Health Centre
x
x
x
x
1
1
x
Hospital
x
x
x
1
x
KVIP
x
1
S. Tank Lat.
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
VIP
x
x
x
3
x
W. C.
x
Hand Dug
well
Bore Hole
x
Pipe Borne
x
Area Council
x
Town Council
x
Dist Library
1
x
Dist. Admin.
1
1
x
Feeder Rd
1
x
2nd Class Rd
1
x
1st Class Rd
1
River Port
1
Filling Stat.
2
Lorry Parks
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
Restaurants
x
x
x
1
Guest House
x
2
x
Electricity
x
1
x
Rural Banks
x
x
x
x
2
x
Comm. Banks
x
Weekly Mkt
1
x
For. Ext. Serv
X
1
x
Forestry stat.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
1
x
Agric. Ext. ser
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
Agric. Station
x
x
x
2
x
Telephone
X
Post Agency
x
Post Office
x
Fire Station
1
x
Police Station
1
Police Hqtrs
2
Dist Tribunal
Yeji
Amantin
Prang
Parembo
Abease
Zabrama
Jato - Zongo
N. Konkrompe
Ajara Beposo
Dama-Nkw’ta
Kojo - Bofour
Sanwakyi
Afrefreso
Kumfia
Konfourkrom
Konkoma
Mem
Kobre
Akokoa
Garadima
Labun Qtrs
Nyomoase
Yaw Pare
Cheremo
Benim
Kamampa
Fakwasi
Krobo
Fante N. Town
Watro
Dobidi-Nkwant
No. of settl’ts
Centrality Index
W’ted Cent
Score
3
Primary
x
JSS
SSS
Tertiary Sch
Pop. est. 2002
4
Weight
Atebubu
A Functional Matrix (Scalogram) for the Atebubu District
34
2803 1st
28
21
23
13
14
12
11
8
7
8
6
4
6
9
7
8
6
5
7
6
7
10
4
3
5
5
6
3
5
4
4
1297 2nd
740
691
315 3rd
420
232
235
90
84
152
68
47
62
230
107
126
4th
63
51
76
102
76
148
45
31
56
53
90
31
50
42
44
44
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.3: Functional Hierarchy of Settlements for the Atebubu District
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
45
Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.6:
Preparation of Maps on Road network and Surface Accessibility
Sub-activity 3.6.1:
Describing/analysing conditions of existing road network
Expected
Output
ª The entire road network classified into agreed categories
ª Time spent on travelling on each road determined to assist in
the determination of access to services and facilities
ª A map showing conditions of different categories of roads
ª Accompanying poverty related conclusions drawn
Procedure:
ª Obtain copies of the district base map showing existing road
network and major settlements
ª Identify the various classes of roads in the district,.
ª Based on their conditions, classify all the roads into a number
of classes (eg 1st Class, 2nd Class and 3rd Class, or very good,
good, fair, bad, etc)
ª Describe each of the classes of roads. For instance, it may be
necessary to indicate which of the roads are motorable all year
round, seasonally motorable and unmotorable all year round.
Depending on the local situation, other ways of descriptions
may be adopted
ª Use different colours or symbols to indicate the different
conditions on the map as illustrated in Figure 3.4.
ª Determine the average vehicular speed along the various
classes of roads e.g. 1st class road – 90km/hr, 2nd class road
– 50km/hr, 3rd class road – 30km/hr. Determine the average
speeds of other existing modes of travelling, eg Bicycle –
10km/hr, walking – 4km/hr
ª Determine the waiting time along the various classes of roads
ª The travel speed should also incorporate an approximation of
waiting time. Thus in a district the travel speed on a 1st class
road may average 80km/hr, but one has to wait for about
20mins in order to get a vehicle. The travel speed may be
therefore approximated as 60km/hr. Though this approach is
subjective, it provides a district specific and relevant basis for
calculating and determining physical accessibility.
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.4: Conditions of Road Network in the Kintampo District
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3.6.2:
Delineation of Accessibility Zones
Expected Output
Maps showing areas of high and low surface accessibility to
facilities in the District
Definitions
Waiting Time refers to the average duration for which an
individual travelling along a given class of road has to wait
for a vehicle
Surface Accessibility is the ease with which one travels
from a given location to another location(s) within the
district in order to access a given facility or service. This is
measured in terms of the time spent in travelling between
the two locations (travel time), which in turn depends on
distance, means of transport and the route conditions.
How long do we have to wait here?
A High Access Zone refers to all locations in the district
that are within reach of the facility or service in question
within a given reasonable travel time.
On the other hand, all locations that are out of reach of the
facility or service in question within the given travel time are
said to be within the Low Access Zone.
Aggregate Accessibility measures the level of
accessibility to at least one of a number of individual
facilities (such as hospital, post office, bank, secondary
school and market) facilities.
Optimum Accessibility is the level of accessibility to all of
the individual facilities under consideration.
Procedure:
Identification of facilities and their locations
ªIdentify/select a number of important sectors in the district (e.g.
Health, Education, Agric, Finance and Commerce etc.) whose
accessibility will be mapped
ªFor each sector choose the type of facility/service for which the
accessibility maps will be prepared e.g. Hospital and Health
centres for Health; Tertiary, Secondary, Primary for Education;
Banks for Finance; weekly markets for Commerce; and Extension
services for Agriculture
ªIdentify the location of these facilities on the base maps using
one base map for each sector.
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Procedure:
ª
Basic Calculations
For each of the facility, determine the acceptable maximum time one should
take to reach the facility (if possible, reference should be made to sectoral
standards) e.g. the acceptable maximum time to access some facilities in the
Atebubu district are:
Hospital:
Health Centre:
Weekly market:
Bank:
S.S.S:
Agric/Forestry Ext. Station
ª
30 mins
20 mins
30 mins
30 mins
45 mins
20 mins
Based on the above information and using the scale provided on the base map,
delineate the different accessibility zones for each facility on the map (Using
a thread for the measurement will be helpful since the roads may not be
straight). The procedure is illustrated by the following example (Atebubu
District):
Travelling (by vehicle) along the 1st class road at 85 km/hr, the maximum distance that
one can travel to reach the hospital within 30 mins calculated as:
60 mins = 85 km
30 mins = 85x30/60 = 42.5 km
This implies that all those who live along the 1st class road and are within 28 km away
from the hospital can access the hospital within 30 minutes.
For those travelling along the 2nd class road at a rate of 45km/hr the maximum distance
that one can travel to reach the hospital within 30 minutes is calculated as:
60 mins = 45 km
30 mins = 45x30/60 = 22.5 km
This implies that all those within 22.5km away from the hospital along the 2nd class road
can access the hospital within 30 mins. Those beyond 22.5km on this class of road have
low access to the hospital.
For those travelling along the 3rd class road at a rate of 20 km/hr the maximum distance
that one can travel to reach the hospital within 30 minutes is calculated as:
60 mins = 20 km
30 mins = 20x30/60 = 10 km
This implies that all those within 10km away from the hospital along the 3rd class road
can access the hospital within 30mins. Those beyond 10km on this class of road have low
access to the hospital.
Similarly, travelling by foot at 4 km/hr, the maximum distance that one can travel to reach
the hospital within 30 mins is calculated as:
60 mins = 4 km
30 mins = 4x30/60 = 2 km
ª
Convert the results of the above calculations from ground distances to map
distances, using the scale of the map. For instance, given a scale of 1:500,000
(1 cm to 5 km), the above results can be converted to map distances as
follows:
42.5 km is equivalent to 42.5/5 = 8.5 cm
22.5 km is equivalent to 22.5/5 = 4.5 cm
10 0 km is equivalent to 10.0/5 = 2.0 cm
2.0 km is equivalent to 2.0/5 = 0.4 cm
Accessibility Standards with Respect to Travel Time for selected facilties
Service or facility
Health and postal services
Education and Periodic markets
Agricultural and bank services
High
up to 25 mins
up to 30 mins
up to 25 mins
Medium
25 -30 mins
30 - 40 mins
25 - 35 mins
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
Low
30 - 35 mins
40 - 45 mins
35 - 40 mins
Least
above 35 mins
above 45 mins
above 40 mins
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
ª
¾
Delineation of Accessibility Zones
Using results obtained from the calculations, delineate accessibility
zones/boundaries for the district as follows:
Indicate the location of the facility(ies) on the map as shown in the
illustration below
¾
With the location of the facility serving as the centre, draw a circle
whose radius is equal to the maximum walking distance that has
been calculated above
¾
Mark a cut-off point along each of the roads connecting the location
of the facility as illustrated in the sketch below. The distance between
the cut-off point and the location of the facility is equal to the
maximum vehicular distance earlier calculated for each of the roads
¾
On each side of each road, draw a line from the cut-off point to
tangentially touch circle. Note that these lines are straight only if the
road in question is straight. The enclosures formed by these lines
(accessibility boundaries) constitute the High Access Zones while
areas outside the enclosures are the Low Access Zones as shown in
the illustration.
ª
Superimpose all the accessibility maps from the various sectors on each
other and carve out the aggregate and optimum accessibility zones as
follows:
Join all areas that fall within the high access zone of one or more of
the accessibility maps to obtain the Aggregate Accessibility map
¾
¾
Join all areas that fall within the high access zone of all the
accessibility maps to obtain the Optimum Accessibility map
An Illustration of the Construction of an Accessibility Map
Cut-off
point
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3.6.3:
Analysis/discussion of outcome
Expected
Output:
• Pockets of poverty based on surface accessibility and factors
leading to spatial inequalities in access to facilities identified
• Implications for poverty reduction
Procedure:
• Identify deprived areas (poverty pockets) based on the
accessibility to facilities. These are the low accessibility zones shown
on the map.
• Discuss factors that have led to that situation and relate it to the
population distribution
• Discuss implications for poverty reduction interventions
) Figures
3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 respectively show Accessibility to Health
Facilities, Aggregate Accessibility and Optimum Accessibility in the
Atebubu District
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Figure 3.5: Accessibility to Health Facilities
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Figures 3.6: Aggregate Accessibility for Atebubu District
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Figures 3.7: Optimum Accessibility for Atebubu District
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Activity 3.7:
Preparation of Maps on Production Centres
Sub-activity 3.7.1:
Identification of major products
Expected Output:
Major economic activities/products and their locations in the district
identified
Procedure:
ª Identify the major crops grown, livestock and major industrial
activities in the district (eg plantain, cocoa, vegetables, maize, cattle,
poultry, food processing, carving, pottery, saw-milling, kente
weaving, etc). In districts where there are no significant industrial
activities, mapping of production centres may be limited to
agricultural produce.
ª Identify areas within the district where these crops and industrial
activities are dominant.
Sub-activity 3.7.2:
Expected Output:
Mapping out production centres
District map showing distribution of economic activities and products (eg
crops, industrial products) and their relative significance in the district
Procedure:
ª Use different symbols or letters to represent different crops and
different industrial activities/products.
ª Using the symbols selected, indicate the main production centres of
the identified crops and industrial activities/products on the base
map. Two different maps may be used (one for crops and the other
for industrial activities). Give an indication of differences in the
volume of production at the different production centres by the
number of times a particular symbol appears at the same centre. For
instance, assume
represents vegetables and
is shown at
Centre A while
is shown at Centre B. This means that Centre
B produces more vegetables than Centre A. An example is shown in
Figure 3.8 which shows the production centres for major crops
grown in the Kintampo District
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Sub-activity 3.7.3:
Analysis/discussion of outcome
Expected
Output:
ª
ª
Poverty gaps in relation to production areas and
volumes identifies
Relationship between poverty and some key parameters
underlying production established
Procedure
ª Identify the high and low production areas in the
district
ª Identify factors that have led to differences in the types
of production activities as well as production volumes
ª Give an indication of any differences in the levels of
poverty among the different production areas and
assign reasons, including causal relationships between
poverty and key parameters such as cropping pattern,
type of vegetation, relief and drainage, crops grown,
transport, marketing, etc
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Figure 3.8: Major Production Centres in Kintampo District
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Activity 3.8:
Preparation of Commodity Flow Maps
Sub-activity 3.8.1:
Carrying out a market survey
Expected Output:
Processed data on the origins and destinations of goods documented
Procedure:
ª Identify the major periodic markets in the district
ª Prepare interview guides to be used for information gathering at
the markets. Two types of interview guides are to be prepared,
one designed to capture goods coming into the market and the
other designed to capture goods leaving the market. The
type/name of good, quantity, origin of good (applicable to incoming goods only), destination of good (applicable to out-going
goods only) and unit price of good. The interview guide should
make it possible to differentiate between origins/destinations
within and outside the district.
ª Using the interview guide, conduct origin and destination
interviews in the periodic markets identified above
ª Identify all strategic entry and exit points used by traders or
vehicles entering/leaving the market
ª By interacting with traders and vehicle operators use the
interview guides to collect information about the flow of goods
into and from market centres in the district. Document results
clearly.
ª Analyse the data obtained from the survey. Differentiate
between in-coming goods (inflows) and out-going goods
(outflows). The analysis should be done for each market
separately, and should also show the total monetary value of
each type of good as well as the origin or destination of each
good. Transform the total monetary values of all inflows (incoming goods) into percentages, taking the overall total inflows
to be 100%. Do the same for the outflows, taking the overall
total outflows to be 100%
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3.8.2:
Mapping out the Commodity Flows
Expected Output:
Commodity flow map for the District prepared
Procedure:
ª Obtain a district base map and indicate the market centres on it
ª Using straight lines with arrows transfer the results of the above
analysis onto the district map to show:
- the types of goods
- the direction of flow (origin and destination) of each good in
each market, and
- the proportionate (percentage) volume of each flow
ª In constructing the flows, ensure that:
- each type of good should be represented by a different colour.
- the directions of flows are indicated by the arrows (with the
arrows pointing to the destinations), and
- the width of each line represents the percentage share of the
good concerned (choose a scale, eg 1 mm to 2%).
Sub-activity 3..8.3:
Analysis/discussion of outcome
Expected Output:
Accompanying poverty related conclusions drawn
Procedure:
ªFrom the map, identify and discuss:
- linkages between production centres and market centres,
including accessibility of production centres to market centres
(relate to road conditions and accessibility maps)
- the level of poverty in and around market centres as compared
with the level of poverty in the hinterland
- the dominant goods that are traded in the district
- the major trading partners of the district
ªDraw inferences and implications for poverty reduction
) An example of Commodity Flow map is shown in Figure 3.9:.
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.9: Commodity Flows in Kintampo District
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.9:
Contributions to DA Revenue
Sub-activity 3.9.1:
Identification of revenue centres and their locations
Expected Output:
A district map showing the district’s revenue zones or
centres.
Procedure:
ª Identify the revenue centres in the district and
communities that fall under each centre. These may or
may not coincide with the Town/Area Councils
ª Obtain a district base map that shows the major
settlements in the district. With the communities as a
guide, demarcate the approximate boundaries of areas
under each revenue centre
Sub-activity 3.9.2:
Determination of relative contributions
Expected Output:
A list of revenue centres and their percentage contributions
to DA’s internal revenue
Procedure:
ª Obtain the revenue generated from each revenue centre
by the District Assembly (the office of the District Finance
Officer can provide this information)
ª Calculate the total internal revenue of the district and
express revenue generated from each revenue centre as
a percentage of the total revenue. For example, the
contributions of the six revenue centres in Kintampo
District during the 2001 financial year are shown below:
Table 3.3: Contributions to DA Revenue in Kintampo District,
2001
Revenue Centre
Contribution (¢)
%
Kintampo
174,693,000
55
Babatokuma
55,709,000
18
New Longoro
32,059,000
10
Kadelso
24,699,500
8
Apesika
18,841,000
6
Ayima
10,767,500
3
Total
316,769,000
100
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Sub-activity 3.9.3:
Mapping of relative contributions
Expected Output:
A map showing the relative contributions of Area
Councils
Procedure:
ª
ª
Classify the percentage contributions of the
Revenue Centres obtained from the above
calculations into a convenient number of ranges.
Based on their relative contributions, categorise
the Revenue Centres under these ranges. For
instance, in the Kintampo example, the five
ranges were adopted and the following results
were arrived at:
Category
Category
Category
Category
Longoro)
Category
ª
I:
II:
III:
IV:
50% +
30 – 49%
20 – 29%
10 – 19%
(Kintampo revenue centre)
(nil)
(nil)
(Babatokuma & N.
V:
Below 10%
(Kadelso, Apesika & Ayima)
Using the above ranges/categorization,
represent the Revenue Centres on the map by
proportional circles. That is, larger circles depict
centres with larger contributions to the district
revenue and vice versa
) The relative contributions of the above six revenue centres (Kintampo, Babatokuma, New
Longoro, Kadelso, Apesika and Ayima) to the internal revenue of the Kintampo District
Assembly are shown in Figure 3.10:.
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Figure 3.10: Contributions to District Assembly Revenue – Kintampo District
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Poverty mapping “how-to-do-guide”
Activity 3.10:
Delineation of Poverty Pockets from a Composite Poverty
Map
Sub-activity 3.10.1:
Preparation of a Composite Poverty Map
Expected Output:
A District Composite Poverty Map showing the deprived
areas in the district
Procedure:
ª Trace a copy of the detailed district base map on a
tracing paper
ª On each of the selected thematic maps, draw boundaries
between the ‘deprived/poor’ areas of the district from
those areas that are ‘relatively well off’. (Use the
following thematic maps: location of facilities, hierarchy
of settlements, optimum accessibility, conditions of road
network and production centres.).
ª Superimpose the base map on each of the above thematic
maps and, using a pencil, trace out the boundaries
separating the deprived areas from the ‘well-off’ areas
ª From the resultant composite map, carve out the well-off
areas (which include areas that fall under the well-off
zones of all the thematic maps considered).
Sub-activity 3.10.2:
Delineation of Poverty Pockets
Expected Output:
A District Composite Poverty Map showing poverty pockets in
the district
Procedure:
ª From the composite map obtained above, identify all the
deprived areas of the district
ª Divide these areas into ‘poverty pockets’ based on
factors such as differences in geographical location,
nature and severity of poverty and other factors. An
example of such a composite poverty map is shown in
Figure 3.11.
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Sub-activity 3.10.3:
Identification and Analysis/Discussion of Emerging Poverty
Issues
Expected Output:
ª A deeper understanding of the spatial dimensions of the
incidence of poverty in the district and its inter-play with
socio-cultural, economic and other prevailing factors.
This will in turn become a direct input to the design and
implementation of a comprehensive district poverty
reduction programme.
Procedure:
ª Organise a de-briefing session (in a workshop situation)
to share and discuss the output of each map.
ª Identify the linkages between the results of the different
thematic analysis, including the poverty pockets identified
under the various themes as well as the composite
poverty map.
ª List and key poverty-related issues that need to be
considered in future poverty reduction interventions.
ª Relate these to the outcome of the poverty profiling and
identify key cross-cutting issues emerging from the two
exercises (.
ª Discuss their implications for the development of poverty
intervention strategies with particular emphasis on social
and geographical targeting. This exercise should lead to
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Figure 3.11: A Composite Poverty Map for the Kintampo District
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Table 3.4: Poverty Pockets and their Characteristics
POVERTY
POCKET
LOCATION
Pocket 1
Northern part of the
district, covering almost
the entire Kadelso Area
Council.
Consists mainly of
villages along the
Kintampo-Tamale trunk
road
Pocket 2
Northern part of the
New Longoro Area
Council
Pocket 3
Most parts of the
Babatokuma Area
Council
Pocket 4
Central and eastern
parts of the Apesika
Area Council
Pocket 5
Southern parts of
Amoma Area Council
Pocket 6
Most parts of the
Anyima Area Council
and the extreme southwestern part of the
Amoma Area Council
Pocket 7
Southern part of the
New Longoro Area
Council
CHARACTERISTICS
♦ The main livestock production zone; yam and rice are also produced
but on a lower scale
♦ Guinea worm infestation
♦ Inadequate access to water and sanitation
♦ Absence of a health facility
♦ Absence of a market
♦ Poor soil fertility
♦ Destructive activities of migrant cattle affecting crop production
♦ Mainly migrant communities
♦ Cassava and yam produced but not on significant scale
♦ Low soil fertility, bush fires, land degradation, resulting in low
productivity,
♦ Inadequate cultivable land
♦ One short rainy season
♦ No perennial stream, flooding during rainy season but no water in
dry season
♦ Lack of potable water – resort to travelling long distances for water
or use of unsafe water from hand-dug wells and ponds
♦ Not a single junior secondary school
♦ No commercial centres/markets
♦ Very bad roads
♦ Major livestock production area
♦ Yam, maize and rice also produced
♦ Poor access roads, apart from the Kintampo-Tamale trunk road
which passes through the area
♦ Lack of potable water – water table too low for bolehole drilling;
people resort to use of water from streams
♦ No market
♦ No agricultural extension station
♦ Produce a lot of yam, cassava and maize
♦ High incidence of bush fires
♦ Inadequate access to potable water
♦ No health facility
♦ Poor road network
♦ Population dominated by indigenes with high communal spirit
♦ No problem with production. – two seasons of rainfall, potentials for
irrigation during dry season
♦ Inadequate access to potable water, sanitation and health facilities
♦ Poor road network
♦ Population dominated by indigenes with high communal spirit
♦ Two seasons of rainfall
♦ Major vegetable production area
♦ Poor road network
♦ Inadequate socio-economic infrastructure such as water markets
♦ Mainly migrant communities
♦ Maize and livestock production are the main economic activities
♦ Low fertility and frequent bush fires affect crop production
♦ One rainy season
♦ Lack of roads and marketing centres
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Table 3.5: Preparing a map on the Spatial Distribution of Settlements by Population
ACTIVITY
KEY ACTORS
1.
Dist Plg Officer
(DPO), Dist Town
Plg Officer (DTPO)
DTPO, GES Rep,
Works Dept Rep
2.
Identification of
Settlements and
their population
Mapping
of
Settlement
populations
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
OUTPUT
DURATION.
A map showing most of the
settlements in the district
½ day
A map showing the relative
population sizes of
settlements
1 day
Nil
Mapping techniques
Table 3.6: Preparing a map on the Location of Facilities
1.
2.
3.
ACTIVITY
Obtaining District
map
Identification of
facilities and their
locations
Mapping the
location of facilities
KEY ACTORS
Town planning
officer
AP, DPCU
sector
department
AP, DPCU,
sector
department
i.
AP, DPCU
sector
department
and relevant
institutions
Analysis/discu
ssion of
outcome
REQUIRED CAPACITY
Nil
Data collection and
documentation skills
OUTCOME/OUTPUT
Sector with facilities to be
plotted activities
Mapping and graphical
presentation skills
A set of maps showing the
location of selected facilities
in the district
Data collection and
documentation skills
Preliminary information on
facilities to be plotted - list
a. Listed facilities and
additional information
b. Facilities plotted on Map
and key explanations
given
Implication for poverty
understood
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DURATION.
1 day
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Table 3.7: Preparing a map of Hierarchy of Settlements
ACTIVITY
KEY ACTORS
1.
DPO, DTPO
2.
Identification of
Settlements
and population
size
Identification of
Facilities for
Scalogram
3.
Construction of
a Functional
Matrix
4.
Preparation of
a Hierarchy of
Settlements
map
DPO, DTPO, GES
Rep, Works Dept
Rep, PM, Comm.
Devt Rep
DPO, DTPO, GES
Rep, Works Dept
Rep, PM,
DPO, DTPO
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
OUTPUT
DURATION.
nil
a list of settlements in the
district and their population
sizes
½ day
Facilitation skills
a list of selected functions
30 mins
Facilitation skills
A Scalogram showing:
•
the distribution of
facilities (functions) in
the district
•
centrality indices of
settlements
½ day
A map showing the
functional hierarchy of
settlements in the district
1 hr
nil
* Functionality here shows:
•
•
the diversity of facilities and their levels
the relative importance and sphere of influence of the settlements
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Table 3.8: Preparing Accessibility Maps
ACTIVITY
1.
Obtaining
base maps
2. Selection of
Facilities and
their
Locations.
3. Analysis/
description of
existing road
conditions
KEY ACTORS/ROLE
PLAYERS
•
Town planning and
Feeder roads
Department
•
Assembly
Persons, DPCU,
Town Planning,
Bureaucrats,
Councillors and
Feeder roads
•
Assembly
Persons, DPCU,
Town Planning,
Bureaucrats,
Councillors and
Feeder roads
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
Nil
OUTCOME/OUTPUT
•
Base map on existing
road network prepared
and agreed upon
ƒ
Team work and
facilitation skills
ƒ
Maps showing the location
of selected facilities
Teamwork and
confidence
building
•
Enhanced
familiarisation of the
District and general
road network
conditions
•
•
•
•
4. Delineation of
Accessibility
Zones
•
•
•
Assembly
Persons, DPCU,
Town Planning,
Bureaucrats,
Councillors and
Feeder roads
Town planning and
Feeder roads
Department
Assembly
Persons, DPCU,
Town Planning,
Bureaucrats,
Councillors and
Feeder roads
•
•
Translation of
basic
accessibility data
into maps
Sieve mapping
techniques
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
•
•
•
The entire road network
classified into agreed
categories
Time spent on travelling
along each road
determined to assist in the
determination of access to
services and facilities
Road condition map with
the travel times developed
Accompanying poverty
related conclusions drawn
Maps showing accessible
and inaccessible areas of
the district
Poverty pockets based on
access to facilities
identified
Implications for poverty
reduction interventions
DURATION.
4 hours
5 hours
1 day
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Table 3.9: Preparing a map on Production Centres
ACTIVITY
1.
2.
Identificati
on of
major
products
Mapping
of
production
centres
KEY
ACTORS/ROLE
PLAYERS
• Dept of
Agric/AEAs
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
•
•
DPCU
Dept of Town &
Country
Planning
Dept of
Agric/AEAs
•
Data
collection,
analysis
and
documentati
on
•
DPCU
Dept of Agric
Other sector
depts
Assembly
Persons
•
Facilitation/
dialoguing
skills
•
•
3.
Analysis/di
scussion
of
outcome
•
•
•
•
Table 3.10:
ACTIVITY
1 Identification
of Major
Market
Centres
2 Conducting
a market
survey
3
Mapping out
the
commodity
flows
4
Analysis/
discussion
of outcome
OUTCOME/OUTPUT
•
•
Major economic
activities/products and
their locations in the
district identified
District map showing
distribution of economic
activities and products
(eg crops, industrial
products) and their
relative significance in
the district
Poverty gaps in relation
to production areas and
volumes identifies
Relationship between
poverty and some key
parameters underlying
production established
DURATION
1 hour
5 hours
2 hours
Preparing a map of Commodity Flows
KEY
ACTORS/ROLE
PLAYERS
•
DPCU
•
Dept of Agric/AEAs
•
Dept of Trade and Industry
•
Assembly Persons
•
DPCU
•
Agric Dept
•
Assembly Persons
•
Technical task force made
up of trained enumerators
and process facilitators
•
Farmers, traders and
drivers
•
Dept of Trade and Industry
•
DPCU
•
Dept of Town & Country
Planning
•
Dept of Agriculture
•
Dept of Trade and Industry
•
DPCU
•
Other sector depts
•
Assembly Persons
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
OUTCOME/OUTPUT
DURATION
•
Base map on the
location of major
marketing
centres prepared
Processed data
on the origins
and destinations
of goods
documented
1 hour
• Processing,
presentation and
interpretation
origin and
destination data
•
•
•
Teamwork
Mapping
•
Commodity flow
map for the
District prepared
4 hours
•
Facilitation
skills
•
Accompanying
poverty related
conclusions
drawn
3 hours
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Table 3.11:
Contributions to DA Revenue
ACTIVITY
KEY ACTORS
1. Identification of
Revenue Centres
•
•
2.
Determination
of relative
contributions
3. Mapping of
Relative
Contributions
4. Analysis/
discussion of
outcome
OUTPUT
DURATION
DPCU
Finance Dept
•
30 mins
•
•
DPCU
Finance Dept
•
•
•
DPCU
Dept of Town & Country
Planning
Finance Dept
DPCU
Finance Dept
Other sector depts
Assembly Persons
•
A district map showing
the district’s revenue
zones.
A list of revenue centres
and their percentage
contributions to DA’s
internal revenue
A map showing the
relative contributions of
Area Councils
Documentation of
factors affecting
revenue generation and
their implications for
poverty reduction
3 hours
•
•
•
•
•
Table 3.12:
KEY ACTORS
1. Preparation of a
Composite Poverty
Map
•
•
2. Delineation of
Poverty Pockets
•
•
•
3. Identification and
Analysis/Discussio
n of Emerging
Poverty Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
Facilitation skills
•
1 hour
2 hour
Delineation of Poverty Pockets from a Composite Poverty Map
ACTIVITY
•
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
DPCU
Dept of Town &
Country Planning
Other Sector
Departments
DPCU
Dept of Town &
Country Planning
Other Sector
Departments
DPCU
Sector Departments
Selected Assembly
Persons
NGO Reps
CSO Reps
Private Sector
Representatives
REQUIRED
CAPACITY
•
Sieve
mapping
OUTPUT
DURATION
•
A District Composite
Poverty Map showing
the deprived areas in
the district
2 hours
•
Map
interpretatio
n
•
A District Composite
Poverty Map showing
poverty pockets in the
district
1 hour
•
Facilitation
•
A deeper understanding
the spatial dimensions
the incidence of poverty
in the district and its
underlying factors
3 hours
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Activity 3.11
Identification of Economic Potentials and Investment
Prospects
Activity 3.11.1
Identification of economic problems and constraints
Expected Output
Key economic problems and constraints identified and
examined on the basis of both geographical locations and
target groups
Procedure
ª From the poverty profile assemble and discuss those
poverty indicators that relate to economic development
and the different genderised target groups.
ª Examine the existing peculiar economic problems and
constraints affecting the different poverty pockets and
genderised target groups identified above
Sub-Activity 3.11.2
Identify major economic potentials of the district by sectors.
Expected Outputs
Potentials in each sector of the district economy identified
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Procedure
ª Identify the major sectors of the district economy (eg
Agriculture, Tourism, Small-Scale Industry, etc)
ª Identify exploitable potentials of each sector, including
utilised and unutilised potentials
ª Identify external opportunities that can be accessed to
enhance Local Economic Development in the District
ª Examine the coping mechanisms of the different target
groups and the extent to which they are making use of
the existing economic potentials and Opportunities
identified
Sub-Activity 3.11.3
Mapping of Economic Potentials
Expected Outputs
The locations of the district’s resource potentials mapped out
Procedure
On a district base map, sketch the geographical pockets for
the identified economic potentials of the district
Sub-Activity 3.11.4
Identification of Enabling and inhibiting factors
Expected Outputs
Enabling and inhibiting factors that affect the district’s
economic potentials identified and discussed
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Procedure
ª Identify the existing enabling factors that enhance or can
enhance the utilization of the identified potentials,
including both economic and socio-cultural resources (eg
i.e. agriculture- and industry-related resources, forestry
resources,
cultural
resources,
human
capital,
infrastructure, etc)
ª Describe how each of these factors has enhanced or can
enhance the utilization of the stated potentials
ª Identify the existing inhibiting factors that affect the
utilisation of the identified potentials (e.g. Poor post
harvest management, Irregular rainfall pattern etc)
ª Describe how each of these factors affect or can affect
the utilization of the stated potentials and opportunities
ª Outline possible areas of intervention can be pursued to
take advantage of the identified potentials and
opportunities
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STEP FOUR:
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF POVERTY
REDUCTION PROGRAMMES
Step 1:
Preparation
Towards District
Poverty Profiling
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation
System
Step 2:
District
Poverty
Profiling
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation of
Poverty Reduction
Programmes
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
Step 3:
Preparing
District
Poverty
Maps
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STEP FOUR
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMMES
The multidimensional nature of poverty requires that in designing and implementing poverty
reduction programmes, a holistic approach involving all sectors be adopted. It is also important
that the poor are involved and programmes are designed to address their specific needs. This
Step of the manual therefore aims at identifying key issues and activities that need to be
addressed and undertaken to design and implement appropriate and effective poverty reduction
programmes that meet the needs of the intended beneficiaries – the poor.
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Purpose
Many attempts at reaching the poor with government support to
reduce their poverty have not been fully achieved for a number of
reasons. Some of which are the non-involvement of the poor in the
design and implementation of poverty reduction programmes, the
inability to establish a criteria for identifying and targeting the poor
and the sectoral approach to addressing poverty.
The multidimensional nature of poverty however requires that in
designing and implementing poverty reduction programmes, a holistic
approach involving all sectors be adopted. It is also important that the
poor are involved and programmes are designed to address their
specific needs.
This section of the manual aims at identifying key issues and activities
that need to be addressed and undertaken to design and implement
appropriate and effective poverty reduction programmes that meet the
need of the intended beneficiaries – the poor.
Institutional
arrangements
Owing to the multifaceted nature of poverty, the design and
implementation of poverty reduction programmes would require a
multidisciplinary team comprising, the DPCU, Heads of relevant
Sector departments of the District Assembly, Assembly persons and
Unit Committee members, Civil society organizations, Private sector
representatives, NGO’s and beneficiary community members within
the district.
The need to involve the poor in designing and
implementing poverty reduction programmes is essential in ensuring
success in any such interventions.
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Methodology
A participatory approach involving all stakeholders will be
adopted in the design and implementation of the poverty
reduction programme. This would involve consultations with
stakeholders, workshops for all stakeholders to define their
roles, identify appropriate programmes and implementation
strategies.
Regular coordination meetings would be held between
implementing stakeholders to ensure integration and
coordination of all efforts at targeting the poor and reducing
the incidence of poverty in the districts and communities.
Collaboration between the relevant actors, the coordination
of activities and the pooling of resources are necessary for
the successful of poverty reduction interventions.
Expected output
Key issues /considerations and activities for design and
implementation of appropriate and effective poverty
reduction programmes.
Activity 4.1
Constituting a Poverty Design and Implementation Team
Expected output:
ª The Poverty Reduction Programme Design and
Implementation Team comprising professionals with
requisite
expertise
and
representatives
of
all
stakeholders.
ª Integration of marginalized groups in design of poverty
reduction programmes
ª More realistic expectations and constructive cooperation
between government (district assembly), civil society and
other stakeholders.
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Procedure
Constitute a team (Poverty Reduction Programme Design and
Implementation Team), to be responsible for the design and
implementation of poverty reduction programmes. The team
should comprise members of the Expanded DPCU and
representatives of all stakeholders namely:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Sector Department
Assemblypersons of beneficiary communities
Unit Committee members of beneficiary communities
Traditional Authorities
Religious Leaders
Representative of Women’s Group
Representative of Men’s Groups
Representative of Youth Group
NGO
CBO
]
Activity 4.2
Defining the Roles of Stakeholders
Expected output
Roles of all stakeholders clearly defined
Procedure
Define and clarify the roles of all stakeholders. In defining
the roles of stakeholders, the following considerations would
have to be made:
¾ The Community (the poor)
The poor being the target of the Poverty Reduction
Programme should be part of the process in identifying the
appropriate and desired programmes needed to support
their effort at reducing poverty.
The interest and
commitment of the poor in poverty reduction are very
paramount and these must be contracted to guarantee
ownership of any process at reducing poverty.
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¾ Assembly persons and Unit Committee members
The role of Assemblypersons (AP) and Unit Committees seem
to be neglected in previous designs. It will be important to
clearly define their roles in future interventions. APs serve as
intermediaries between the communities and District
Assemblies in information sharing, sensitising of government
policies and articulation of development priorities.
The DA comprises the relevant sector departments that must
be involved in poverty reduction interventions to provide
information and expertise in their various sectors.
¾ Civil society organisations
Community Based Organisations and NGOs like ADRA and
CARE International, and World Vision are very instrumental
in helping the poor to “help themselves”. It is suggested that
the District Assembly collaborate with these agencies that
work directly with the poor, who have the knowledge and
experience of reaching the poor and supporting them in
implementing future poverty reduction programmes
Activity 4.3
Formulating Pro-poor Programmes
Expected output
Poverty reduction programmes that are pro-poor, meet the
specific needs of the poor and are accessible to them
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Hint
Pro-poor programmes should address the following issues:
¾
Address the specific needs of each target group.
E.g. Poverty support programmes to farmers should not
come in the form of cash but inputs. It has been realised that
credit to farmers is usually diverted to other purposes. It is
thus essential that support to farmers should be packaged as
a programme made up of inter-related components to reflect
the farming cycle – bush clearing, land preparation,
mounding, sowing/planting, weeding, fertiliser application,
harvesting, storage and marketing. The DA could partner
with private sector operators to effect such schemes.
In support programmes for traders and small-scale
entrepreneurs, credit disbursement and repayment should be
simplified and if possible not channelled through the banks
because the poor are apprehensive to formalised structures.
Indigenous or local financial institutions could be established
to meet the needs of the poor who cannot afford the
conditionalities of the banks.
¾
Be gender sensitive
The plight of women in general and single mothers in
particular needs to be emphasised. Women participation in
both farm and non-farm activities are constrained by their
responsibility of caring for their children. Notwithstanding,
they have to supplement or provide household food needs as
well as non-food needs.
It is important that poverty alleviation designs take into
consideration the critical role women play and design
appropriate interventions to suit their needs. Empowering
women by providing them with skills and improving their
access to credit could help them in reducing their poverty
levels.
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¾
Geographical targeting
As already shown by the poverty mapping exercise, the
manifestation and depth of poverty differ from one part of
the district’s geographical space to another. Therefore, the
formulation of poverty reduction programmes should take
into considerations the peculiar problems, potentials and
other characteristics of the different poverty pockets
identified
Avoid Unhealthy Political Interferences in Poverty
Issues
One’s political and ideological association should not
disqualify or prevent him/her from benefiting from poverty
interventions. This is because of the fact that the poor are
highly powerless and unable to influence policy decisions.
¾
¾
Link Economic Empowerment with Capacity Building
Empowering the poor economically through the provision of
financial assistance for business creation and expansion
should in all cases be linked with the training and skills
development of the poor to enhance their productivity levels
as well as their marketing capabilities.
All capacity building related efforts geared towards the poor
should be very relevant and easy to be applied in whatever
vocation the poor is engaged in. Capacity building should
instil the needed knowledge, skills, and attitudes and
promote relevant practices among the poor.
Provision
/access
to
social
and
economic
infrastructure
Attention should be paid to the provision of social and
economic infrastructure for the poor. This should include the
development of rural marketing centres and improved roads.
The provision of public utilities such as electricity, water
schools, clinics and toilets would also be beneficial.
¾
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Procedure
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Activity 4.4
Assembly and examine the aspirations (future copping
strategies) of the poor as stated in the poverty profile
Outline linkages between these aspirations and the
economic potentials and opportunities identified under
activity 3.11 above.
Outline local measures for promoting enabling factors
and managing inhibiting conditions
Based on the above, formulate and agree upon
economic development objectives that reflect the
aspiration of the poor and the technical insights of
professional in the district.
Identify indicators that would be used to assess the
achievement of each objective
Engage stakeholders (including the poor) to identify
possible development initiatives and strategies that
would lead to the achievement of the objectives
Undertake technical assessments to fine-tune the
proposed initiatives and strategies into implementable
programmes, distinguishing between social, economic
and business investments.
Prepare an Implementation Plan for poverty reduction
programmes.
Expected outputs
A detailed implementation plan indicating all identified
programmes, activities, location, beneficiaries, responsible
person/s, time frame, resources required and the cost
involved. A sample structure of an implementation plan is
presented
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Procedure:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Table 4.1
Programme
Outline the programmes under Activity 4.3
For
each
programme
identify
all
relevant
activities/projects
Decide the location and beneficiaries /target groups of
each programme/project
Indicate responsible person/s or institutions
Indicate the time frame
Determine resources required to implement them, and
Indicate the cost of each resource
Sample structure of an implementation plan
Location
Activities
Beneficiaries/
Target group
Responsible
Person/s
Resources
Time
Frame
Cost
Activity 4.5
Create an Effective Monitoring and Evaluation System.
Expected output
A detailed design to monitor
implementation programme
and
evaluate
the
Hint
Most of the poverty related interventions that were studied as
part of the dialoguing exercises do not have effective
monitoring
and
evaluation
machineries
to
track
achievements, successes, and failures and document the
impact of interventions.
Consequently, deviations from
achievements and targets are not adequately tracked for
lessons to be learnt and replicated. In this light, the creation
of effective monitoring and evaluation systems should be
pursued with all poverty reduction initiatives.
A
participatory monitoring and evaluation approach that
involves the beneficiaries of the programme should be
adopted.
Procedure
A detailed procedure for developing a monitoring and
evaluation system is presented in Step 5 of this manual.
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STEP FIVE:
DESIGNING A MONITORING AND EVALUATION
SYSTEM
Step 1:
Preparation
Towards District
Poverty Profiling
Step 5:
Designing a
Monitoring &
Evaluation System
Step 2:
District
Poverty
Profiling
Monitoring
the Process
Step 4:
Design &
Implementation
of Poverty
Reduction
Programmes
GTZ-Programme for Rural Action/Nkum Associates
Step 3:
Preparing
District
Poverty
Maps
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STEP FIVE:
DESIGNING A MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM
This Step aims at providing a framework for tracking the progress of implementation and
assessing the extent to which the stated objectives have been achieved together with impacts of
district poverty reduction interventions. This will help the district to determine:
¾ the extent of achievement of poverty reduction objectives, the nature and reasons for
any deviations from planned targets
¾ reactions of beneficiaries to programme implementation and outcomes, and
¾ lessons learnt for re-planning and policy-making
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Purpose:
Design a frame for tracking the progress of
implementation and assessing the extent to which the
stated objectives have been achieved together with impacts
of the DPRP. This provide for lessons for future DPRP
designs and for policy making.
Institutional
arrangements
Figure 5.1:
Monitoring of the DPRP, should be a multi-sectoral activity that
cuts across Administrative and political structures of the District
Assembly including the Decentralised departments, actors from
the Sub-district and community levels (representatives of chiefs
and youth groups and women’s groups). An evaluation team
could be composed of actors from all levels of the system
including the national, regional, district and sub-district as well
as community levels.
Proposed Institutional set-up for Monitoring and Evaluation of District Poverty
Reduction Interventions
Community level Monitoring &
Evaluating Team
Monitoring meetings
Sub-district level Monitoring &
Evaluating Team
District Assembly level
Monitoring & Evaluating Team
Summary
monitoring report
Data collection to ascertain the
appropriateness of resources,
,training and activities being
undertaken at the community
Backstop and collate
community level monitoring
reports
Collaborate with and Backstop
community and sub-district
monitoring.
District Assembly Team
Feedback into design
and policy making
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Community level monitoring and evaluating could include the following:
• Responsible Assembly Person
• Chief/representative
• Women’s representative
• Youth representative
• Religious leader
• Teacher/ Civil Servant
• Unit Committee representative
• NGO/CBO representative
Sub-district monitoring and evaluation team:
Could be made up of representative of
Assembly persons, Chairperson and
secretary of U/T/A Councils, Representative
of NGOs/CBO , private sector,
representative of Traditional Authority
District monitoring and evaluation team:
Could be made up of District Assembly
Technical evaluation team, NGOs/CBO.
Methodology
The approach for monitoring and evaluation should be process
oriented and consultative. It should involve all stakeholders in the
poverty reduction process.
The stakeholders are involved in the development of indicators for
monitoring process through joint collection and analysis of data and
regular interactive/feedback meetings with the monitoring team.
This method could help in creating awareness on the status quo, and
in generating interest and ownership of the process.
The monitoring could encompass the collection of both qualitative
and quantitative data. Guided dialogue, community forums,
observations etc. could constitute the main monitoring methods
used for collecting data. These could be supplemented by
questionnaire interviews where necessary.
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Definition
Monitoring is done to ensure that the resources
employed, time schedules, targeted outputs and
activities planned for are proceeding according to
the implementation design. This is supposed to
provide information to evaluate the achievement
of objectives of the DPRP and provide Monitoring
and Evaluation provides the basis for steering of
the programme implementation lessons for future
design of DPRP and policy making.
“Am I having the correct measurements?”
Expected Outputs
) Achievements and challenges, deviation and reasons for
occurrence
) Reaction of beneficiaries to programme implementation
and outcomes
) Lessons learnt for re-planning and policy-making
Figure 5.2.
A frame for Monitoring and Evaluation of Poverty Reduction Interventions
Outline/Highlights of
baseline data/ Benchmark
Design of Monitoring and
Evaluation plan
Re-planning & Policymaking
Adjustments/corrective
action
Monitoring & Evaluation of
implementation &
Performance
Evaluation of impacts
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Activity 5.1:
Hint:
Outline/Highlight of Baseline Data/Benchmarks
A sample survey on the current poverty status of the population
could be undertaken.
The selection of the sample could be done through a wealth ranking
exercise for example – where different wealth categories of the
population under study are sampled.
Participatory Rural Appraisal methodologies like semi-structured
interviews, social maps etc, and observation could then be used to
collect and analyse data jointly with the target group on the current
poverty situation on samples from the different wealth categories
identified (bearing in mind the indicators and manifestations from
the poverty profile).
Expected Output:
A documented data base on the current poverty status of the sample
population covering:
ª
Basic needs (Nutritional status , housing condition, health status
etc)
ª
Livelihood (Employment status, income and expenditure levels,
production levels, etc)
ª
Access to services / access to productive resources / assets
owned etc
ª
Political deprivation (participation in political activities,
participation in decision-making, access to information etc)
ª
Social and psychological deprivation (self-esteem, social
exclusion etc.)
Activity 5.2:
Designing the Monitoring and Evaluation System
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Hint:
Expected Outputs
Organise a planning session where the monitoring and
evaluation teams deliberate on the M&E process and assign
responsibilities (who should monitor what) and what type of
information is required..
ª
ª
A detailed design for monitoring and evaluation the
implementation of the programme
A
format
for
monitoring
and
evaluation
Procedure
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
Activity 5.3:
Hint:
For each objective define corresponding benchmarks
Indicate the planned targets/milestones for each activity
in
terms
quantity
(for
example
are
many
people/households are to the covered by the
programme); and Quality of programme delivery);
Outline the planned targets, (activities, time frame,
target groups) in Action Planning Phase (refer to activity
5)
Define time frame for undertaking activity;
Indicate Target group or beneficiaries;
Indicate resources required and their cost
Prepare a frame for documenting M&E outcomes
Design the methodology for undertaken M&E (e.g.
observation, guided dialogue, questionnaire survey etc)
Monitoring and Evaluation of Performance
Monitoring teams from different communities and subdistricts could meet periodically to share monitoring
information and learn lessons which could inform the
steering of programme implementation.
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Expected Outputs:
Periodic reports from the monitoring
recommended actions for deviation
process
with
Procedure:
ª
ª
]
ª
ª
ª
Undertake periodic monitoring following the monitoring
and evaluation plan. Collect and record data using the
monitoring form already developed on what has been
achieved in terms of planned actions (e.g. How many
people has benefited from the programme against the
planned targets. Inputs/services delivered - timeliness
and how much? Are the inputs being used for the
intended purpose? Are the beneficiaries playing their
roles?)
Analyse data to determine success and failures and any
deviations from the planned targets
Explain reasons for deviations or achievement of targets
Determine what needs to be changed or done differently
to keep the programme on track
Make recommendations for corrective actions
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Annex 1.
A frame for Monitoring and Evaluation of poverty Interventions
PROJECT MONITORING AND REPORTING FORMAT
PROJECT TITLE:………………………………………………………
AREA COUNCIL/COMMUNITY:……………………………………………
REPORTING PERIOD:……………………………………………..
REPORTING OFFICER:……………………………………………………..
REPORTING DATE:…………………………………………………
SUPERVISING OFFICER:……………………………………………………
Compare what was planned with the actual situation
What targets
and activities
were planned
for the
reporting
period
What
indicators
and/or
milestones
were set
for each
objective
and activity
for the
reporting
period
What
resources
were
budgeted
-Personnel
-Equipment
-Materials
-Cost
Actual status of
targets and/or
activity attained
Actual resources
disbursed in:
-months
-Equipment use
-Materials
consumed
-Costs
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Identify
extent
of
Deviation or success
How much
How much
deviation
deviation
from
from the
planned
estimated
cost and
targets
resource
How much
needs
success or
failure
Analyse the experience
Reasons
for success
or failure
Lessons
learnt
Recommend adjustment or
changes/forward view
Recommend New actions for
ed action or
the next period
adjustment
Revised work
plan and
indicators/
milestones for
next action
period
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