1. sports
2. horse racing

HOW
TO
E ANDDRIV
HORSE.
A
CONTAINING
A
CompleteTreatise
the
"ifors
THE
DESCRIBING
MOST
on
USEFUL
HORSES
BUSINESS,
FOR
AND
THE
ALSO
INSTEUCTIONS
IN
Valuable
and
New
THE
ROAD.
GIVING
BIDING
BEEMING,
HOESES.
DEIVING
AND
A
FOR
HOESES
BEST
Instructive
Book.
Yoke;
i
FRANK
TOUSEY,
H
and
36 Noeth
Publisher,
Moore
Stbeet.
E"Vupfcd
according
to
Act
Congress,
of
FRANK
:n
the
Offlce
of
the
Librarian
the
in
year
1885,
by
TOUSEY,
of
Congress
at
Washington,
D.
C.
ri
1
1
TO
HOW
Break, Ride and Drive
The
of
horse
used
enough
this
would
the
answer
the
is not
case,
the
under
come
The
most
and
road-hacks
the
one
action,
qualities, and
good time, with
must
horses
race-
"
hack.
park-hacks
form
line
with
able
service-
for their
doing
other
the
perfect
a
in
distance
a
comfort
and
themselves
to
ease
of
capable
be
or
active
are
nor
"
is between
requiring only
; the former
selected
the
latter are
while
showy
also
the
of
is
ing,
generally speak-
but,
in hacks
distinction
obvious
thoroughbred
some
description
hunter
precisely like
hunters
purpose;
neither
and
same
hack,"
the
hack
Many
and
good hacks,
out
turn
to
description
is the
ordinary
covert-hack."
"the
called
"a
either
from
Neither
race-horse.
that
called
riding, commonly
for
different
somewhat
a
the
ACCOUTERMENTS.
ITS
AND
HORSE
RIDING
THE
Horse
a
their
to
riders.
The
Hack
Park-
dealers
with
"
a
appearance
worthless, from
some
of
There
legs.
turned
stand
a
the
become
hunting-field
are
of temper
often " well
from
which
with
.
defective
their
often
and
hacks,
higher
legs.
for the
of
use
it
is, the
more
animals
These
then
are
to
They
the head,
jump.
that
horses
amount
Many
even
of
such
of the
work,
animals
most
if
are
out
particularly
flammati
in-
average
infirm
or
exhibited
a
an
above
legs
quietly
showy
as
require
hour
an
ridden
ing.
tak-
likely to occasion
are
put by, cooled
merely
of
airing every fine day
half, and, as fine days do not
mo3t
very
sometimes
and
for
arity
peculi-
some
brought
who
gentlemen
constitutional
ground.
from
flame
in-
to
unfit
often
are
taking
high action,
have
blistered, and
down,
week,
tendency
"
so, for the
of the
a
will not
"
also
They
and
or
brute3
which
legs
hocks,
prevents
or
useless
of
horses
really
infirmity
but
eye,
of their
consequence
Now, these
horse,
showy
that is, well formed
about
topped
the
to
inexperienced eye, are
body, and,
and
neck,
in
sore
the
the
scores
some
year
stables
racing
every
preparation,
and
is a
deficiency of constitution
are
of
out
say,
catch
will
which
an
he
is to
flat-catcher," that
by the horse-
is called
what
generally
is
can
oner
daily
short
hour
four
plish
accom-
hard
in Central
a
4
TO
HOW
the
Park, where
standing
work
hard
over
in
Eastern
blood
doubt
no
attend
shocks
the
as
use
is
a
of
doing
coarser-bred
among
fairs from
country
and
butchers and
long distances.
possessing it is
most
much
as
more
the
great advantage in
the animal
when
incapable
are
ground
brute
dealers who
suits
butcher's
Nevertheless,
any
pony.
that the great majority of our modern
hacks
good-looking
HORSE.
as
admitted
be
it must
A
them; but there are
perfect description,
capable of
most
work
much
as
DRIVE
AND
ground exactly
also of the
there
others
RIDE
BBEAK,
mon-looking
com-
general
respects, and
sound, he will bear
road with
impunity; but there is no question
that
fails
in my
he
in the matter
of enduring daily
that a Welsh
the road, and
Norman
concussion
on
or
pony
horse will stand nearly twice the amount
of road- work
out
withThis
is
its
the
weak
effects.
the
in
showing
point
breed,
the
of the
mind
of size in the bone and
originalwant
partly arising from
but
from
the constant
lions
of stalchiefly,I imagine,
use
joints,
for inferior stock, which
have
themselves
suffered from
inflammation
of the legs and
its consequences;
hence, in
breed
is
of
horses
of
formed
which
is more
time, a
process
than
naturally delicate about the legs, because
they have
selected
that
from
sity,
reallybeen
defect,though only from necesand
My
from
not
iuclined
native
used
are
thinking that
for
reason
choice.
the Arab
blood
is not
sarily
necesthat
their
in
jointsis,
produce inflammatory
they are peculiarly free from them, although
long distances, and that in this country those which
to
country
for
bred
from
modern
unfit
Arabs
are
sound
in their limbs,
for which
they were
and
of
for
had
I have
the
though
bred.
purpose
who
descended
from
the
is
bian,
Safeguard,
Wellesley Grey Araof his stock with
has got most
particularlywiry legs;
otherwise
which
of them
one
batteringwithout
would
mischief, besides
stand
knowing
any amount
others of the
in other hands.
character
led
that the cause
I
to conclude
Hence
is not inherent
am
in the blood, but is accidentally introduced
jected
by the use of resftallions
for farmer's
These
ing
purposes.
get good-looksame
colts, which
breeder's
fetch
purpose
just
would, perhaps,
breeder
to
not
work
seldom
as
twice
cost
tries the legs much,
that the weakness
by any
and
therefore
suit the
prices,
well as
the sounder
horse, who
The
much
for his services.
as
high
means
and
it is
is discovered, which
perceptible.
From
a
long
only
when
put
eye is
experience in
to
the
in that of others, I am
convinced
that legi
my
feel. I do not mean
cannot
be selected by the appearance
or
to say that out of forty horses the twenty with the best-looking
legs will not beat the others, but that it is impossible for any
with
good, to pronounce
anything like cerjudge, however
own
case,
and
HOW
TO
tainty whether
anything
have
I
seen
certain
is
of the
opinion
great
a
after
and
rest,
with
the necessary
even
ensue
way, and lameness
"showing
of
a
so
instances
many
directly,and
conclusion
bad
a
that
no
This
a
mere
dealer, who
"
out
will make
which
character
return," yet sufficient to prevent
"
a
the
In
ing
know-
inspection.
buys his horses
legs looking fine and sound;
of loss 'to the
for
not, without
the
to
5
HORSE.
A
or
pieces
to
from
formed
be
can
source
long
a
leg go
only come
can
stand
of it.
possessor
well-formed
a
stand, that I
one
leg will
certain
a
DRIVE
AND
RTDE
BREAK,
a
many
will not
give
rant
war-
profitablesale. A
down, physicked, and put into
than
more
he is then blistered,and kept without
a loose box;
quiet exercise tillhe is to be sold, and by that time his legs
foaled.
fine as the day he was
are
as
rent
however
I
skillful,to detect the inhedefy any one,
Now,
weakness; but there it is, and on the first week's severe
bad as ever.
The
the
inflammation
work
returns
as
parkhis
is
stand
to
work,
severe
not
place
hack,
requiring legs
tion,
well filled by any horse of good temper, safe, and
showy ac-
horse
and
of
elegant
as
these
horses
a
is necessary,
cause
betemper
come
worked
hard, they speedilybe-
Good
form.
are
not
tion.
they are naturally of a vicious disposiorder
to
in
but
Work
will quiet almost
horse;
any
fresh or
horse pleasant to ride at all times, whether
if
unmanageable
have
is cooled
work
from
sore
stale,he
be of
must
a
very
tractable
temper
indeed.
Many
stable,when
fresh, in a
state of fieryand hot
impatience, rearing and kicking like
keys;
in good
work, be as quiet as donmad
animals, will,when
it is not always wise to rejectone
and hence
showing
horseman
to
bad
it
for
is
these qualities,nor
a
prudent
yet
without
mount
one
previous riding,although he may in his
usual state be quiet enough.
hack should
There
two
are
bodily qualities which
every
first,a good shoulder; and, secondly, a free use of
possess
the hind-quarter. It is of no use
for the fore-legto be well
horses
which
will
of the
out
come
"
raised
and
by the
thrust
forward, unless
hind-leg.
No
hack
is
it down
is well ed
supportunpleasant as the one
this action
so
again nearly in the same
place. Here the defect is in the hind-quarter, which does
the consequence
and
not propel the body as the leg is lifted,
lifts his foot and
which
I have
is the action
with
a
great deal
"At
hour.
walk,
the
trot or
same
puts
noticed, in which the progress, though
than
of bustle, is not
six miles an
more
too
either
in the
long a stride,
time,
gallop,is
not
pleasant; and
the
horse
which
be
cases
moderately short, quick action will in most
in
be
All
the
of
cannot
the
case
preferred.
this,as
legs,
the dealer
surely prognosticated from the shape; and hence
has
who
a
has
a
good
mover
will
always
say to his customer,
find
6
TO
HOW
RTDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
A
HORSE.
of a horse
in the stable, "See
will
like
and
such
is often the
him;"
you
worst-looking horse in the stable is not only the
the looks
ing fault with
him
out, sir,and
The
best-lookingout, being quite
the
but
In
action.
fact,every
for it is
good
the
trial
or
be
until the rider has
not
bad
should
in
qualities,
of
point
case.
best,
different animal
a
obtained
before
actually mounted
comfort,
are
in
chase,
pur-
that
veloped.
fully de-
Some
people pretend to be able to pick a hack out by the
succeed
they may
eye alone, but though in large numbers
ceived.
cases
tolerablywell, yet in many
they will be wofully deThe feet should
always be good, and with plenty of
horn; flat soles do not bear the road, nor do contracted
heels, and there is no horse which
requires such perfectly
formed
feet
this.
The
be used
may
when
he could not get along at all on the road, but the hack
be
sound
must
in this part, or he will be crippled on the first
piece of hard ground. In height the park-hack usually ranges
from
as
hunter
or
race-horse
hands; rarely,however, being much
14 to 151-2
above
15
'
hands.
Road-Hack
The
be
must
able
to
walk,
The
manner.
safe and
its
not
be good-looking,but he
may
trot, and gallop in a most
tionable
unexcepwalk should, as in the park-hack, be
or
may
pleasant, the fore-foot well lifted,and deposited
action of the hind-leg,by which
it
a clean
heel, with
on
capes
es-
"
too soon,
from being put down
or
"knuckling over
"
Five miles an
overreaching from the opposite extreme.
hour is the outside walking pace of a good hack, and though
will do considerablymore,
it is seldom
some
by anything but
"
kind
is not
shuffle, which
pleasant to the rider,nor
ter
elegant to the spectator. The trot should be of that characthat it may
to
be brought down
eight miles an hour, or
to fourteen ; and this is the perfection of the pace,
extended
for few horses can
do both well, being either too close to the
in
the
former
for safety,or too set and
ground
loftyin their
a
of
action for the latter.
No
defect is worse
from
weakness
a
which
the
action
tired,but
after a
and
the
marks
habitual
at
any
unsafe
time,
the mode
trotter, where
the heel then
muscles
is
which
and
of
as
for it must
stumbling, which
watching
action, which
unsafe
of the arm,
the horse
as
results
and
in
is not
long
lifted
with power
leg is not
is constantly striking against some
toe
ground, from which it is not recovered.
the defect:
other
the
extensor
is pretty good
few miles
the
enough,
inequality of the
This
than
of the
as
follows,as
toe
be
confounded
with
at startingas
likelyto occur
is always easily detected
by
putting down
the
not
naturally
first,and
the tip
of
by the state
the foot in the
the ground
touches
is evidenced
HOW
TO
RIDE
BREAK,
Here
shoe.
occur,
the extensors
because
has
mischief
been
few
a
recovered,
miles
touches
fall
a
ensues
been
ground,
the
of
has
the
most
the
But when
well raised
nearly done.
weak, the toe, which
are
after
occur
are
after the
7
HORSE.
A
DRIVE
often, and yet no fall
strong, and effect a recovery
trip may
of the
a
AND
and
at
first,
being rapidly
not
character.
distance
some
severe
tensors
ex-
For
fore
beit is necessary
to ride a horse
and
be pronounced
his action can
only then can
upon,
It is, I am
it be said that he is fit for a timid or bad rider.
this
that
recommend
the
to
or
shape
height of absurdity
sure,
and
all
Hacks
in
though
as
shapes,
being necessary.
go
is
a good hack
oblique shoulders may be desirable,yet many
this
reason
ness,
united to stoutnon,
qua
and limb, as well
both
of wind
temper, and soundness
shoulder often
of the eyes.
A horse
with
thick loaded
a
as
fit for
makes
is seldom
a good
hack, while a very thin one
able
is
very desirlong journeys. One point about the shoulder
Action
them.
without
is the
namely, the proper
blade, without which
development
"
the
The
and
the trot
be
as
proper balance
of fatigue is
.our
is
rapidlywears
carried.
it should
out
the
be
true
important
so
"
But
as, in the
not
to
present state
persisted in for
be
cantering hack, therefore,is
A
mode
the
who
if
nor
is not
the
neck.
his horse's
leading leg when
after for any but ladies' service.
about
fifteen or sixteen
miles
an
road should
always be selected.
In
hold
to
than the trot,which
miles, so it is of less consequence
should
ter
be, the regular pace on hard ground. The cannot much
used
fit for ladies,
by gentlemen, being more
many
it
nothing
back
that is to say, it
walk,
high before as behind ; for, in default of this
the fore and hind quarter, the amount
between
but
greatly increased.
roads, the gallop ought
is,or
as
is
and
should
of
there
part of
broad
the
of
the rider is far too much
over
gallop in this kind of riding horse
saddle,
as
sine
use
they
Procuring
of
hacks
had
The
there
much
much
not
hard
weight
gallop is
hour, and
the
is
sought
usually
sides of the
is little choice, few
ple
peo-
having the opportunity of breeding them ;
the necessary
land, etc.,would
they find it
answer.
The
with
hack
is
mongrel animal,
a
and
seldom
can
he
is
used,
certainty,because, as now
small
but
an
accidentally
being nothing
case,
an
be
bred
exceptional
hunter
or
horse.
race-
if
of
animal
is bred from, with
hack-mare
the intention
a
Hence,
she
the
chances
that
a
are
hack,
rearing
produces an
as
high as her mother, who was probably a slapping-
huntress.
Our
hacks
all bred from
the thoroughbred horse,
crossed with some
harness
or
hunting mare,
generally the
of
these
as
blood
now
are
latter;and,
consisting almost enare
now
8
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
of Welsh
cross
a
hack
is even
often with
him hardy,
and
mongrel,
blood, which renders
Norman
or
HORSE.
horse, the
that of the thoroughbred
pure than his dam; but stilla
tirelyof
more
A
mongrel or impure.
is the only mode
therefore,
Purchase,
open
and
there
are
plenty of dealers
horseman,
still more
but
of the
animals
these
where
kingdom
fairs held
numerous
procured, independently
A
spectable
reprovincial towns.
be
may
in
the intended
throughout the
to
our
dealer's stable is the best mart, and
be had ; and
fair,where no good trial can
a
being
to
easily made
notice is given,
no
always prepared for deception. Besides, it
take
be
and be cannot
difficult
much
to detect
is
more
unsoundness
air than at the stable-door, and
rendered
for the time quite sound
are
horse
the
be more
can
up for a particular time
In the dealer's stable
in a customer.
made
open
far better than
and
down
going up
likelyto be passed
them
fair.
a
of the eyes in the
lame
many
horses
also
by constantly keeping
Spavins are
particularly
broken
in this way, as well as
wind,
made
artificial
extent
which
be
means.
a certain
up by
may
is a complete lottery,for they
But hacks at the hammer
be very unpleasant to ride, although with all the appearance
may
horses
of going smoothly and safely. Harness
be
may
over
to
certainty in this way, but those which
now
consideringrequire such very perfect action, that
they cannot be calculated on except by a trial in the saddle.
with
bought
far
more
I am
Neither
although
A
the
can
tender
can
is
a
great
yet this
great a nuisance;
of
be examined
be ascertained
mouth
the age
mouth
bit,
precision.
its opposite as
and
be discovered
in this mode
advantage,
cannot
I should
therefore
dealing,and
to the
reference
tolerable
with
with
advise
its
adoption
with
great reluctance.
ACCOUTERMENTS
THE
Required
are
latter should
or
a
AND
saddle, bridle,and
a straightwhip
a
short
common
whip
a
either
be
AIDS
like
walking-stick,or
or
that
short
a
stick ; the
used in racing,
with
cane
a
handle, sold for the purpose.
Spurs
is
are
sluggish,but
this
stumble
are
few
at every
they
With
moment.
though
worn,
some
stimulus.
slightesttouch
a
commonly
not
directions
are
height,and
never
in
are
such
it need
all
to be
alive,ana
depended
AND
so
the spur
be used,
the
should
but
horse
out
with-
upon
indolent
3pur,
their action
animals
seldom
unless
hacking
sometimes
They are
the
without
yards
MOUNTING
The
used
as
to
the
changes in
on
always
be
DISMOUNTING.
for
manship,
these, the preliminary feats of horseof moderate
generally given as if all horses were
all
men
six feet in their
3tockings.
Stand
opposite the
hand
on
the
hand
to
the
neck
head,
of the
horse, place the left
withers, having the back
the
to
near
horse's
fore-foot
near
the
and
lying
reins
of the
in front
of the
hand.
Take
you
reins
the
up
the
ol
feel the
on
close
and
and
them,
of
horse;
the
draw
turn
them
until
through
remainder
the
of
the
of the left hand, let it fall over
the forefinger
the
thumb
the reins.
place
upon
the
round
the thumb
mane
or
forefinger,
oh" side, and
lock
a
right hand, put the littlefinger
the
inside
the
the
Twist
between
mouth
along
with
reins
left hand
of
hand
the
firmly upon the reins.
the stirrup in the right hand,
and
Take
place the left toe
ball ; let the knee
press against the flap of
the saddle, to prevent the point of the toe from
irritatingthe
sido of the horse ; seize the cantle of the saddle with the right
in it
far
as
and
hand,
clear
the
as
springing
from
up
the
right toe, throw
gently into the
the
the
right
leg
horse, coming
by
staying the weight of the body with the right hand restingon
the right side of the pommel
of the saddle; put the right toe
in the
over
stirrup.
Now
ibis is in the
inches,
mount
six
or
feet,but
horse
a
main
applicable to
to
of fifteen
hands, three
same
simply
position which
enables
left
hand.
is
This
that
directing
directly from
bring the rider
jerk ;
straight up
then
and
the
till both
with
the
with
direction
proper
feet are
left
leg
on
a
bility,
impossi-
an
with
is
to
in
saddle
the
This
level with
the
from
stirrup
opinion,
my
raised
into
the saddle
to
in the
movement.
one
into
down
is
cantle
the
in
wrong,
should
be
body
ground,
the
hold
to
also
the
the
him
attempting
inches, it
reach
cannot
of five feet ten
man
a
individual
shorter
a
he
because
and
saddle
will
ways
al-
ward
awk-
a
very
raise the
body
stirrup-iron,
the
held
against the flap of the saddle
by the left hand on the pommel, the right.lagis easily thrown
the cantle, and the body may
be kept in the
over
first position
until the horse
short
man
quiet,if he is plunging or rearing. A
generally place his foot in the stirrup while
can
is
held
in his hand, but
I have
this, because
that
they
Most
could
of
not
it should
seen
much
because
to cut
to
do
they
are
In all cases
with a short
of
are
of
mostly
at
finding
the
military
own
are
the
height already
equestrians are of all
and
civil
; but as sportsmen
to accommodate
heights, I shall endeavor
heights
vexed
do
by their
every one's cloth
certain things easily,and so
specified
and
all cannot
is directed.
writers
our
men,
riders
what
that
possibly
on
horsemanship
do
school, and endeavor
coats.
They are able
their
young
be known
my
remarks
to all
classes.
the. rider
man
should
it is much
stand
easier
to
at
the
mount
shoulder, though
a
tall horse from
10
TO
HOW
RTDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
hind-quarter,but the danger of kicking is very great;
with
and even
a
in mouuting
"leg," in the jockey style,I
the thigh very nearly broken
have known
by a kick.
the
"
If the
hand
the
steady
can
stirrup
should
it
be
do
if
so, but
out
withstirrup
in the
can
short,
placed
person
the lingers,
much
its aid; then taking the reins between
and
in the passage
directed
as
already quoted,
grasping a
the
the finger and
lock of the mane
with
thumb,
body is
the left,
to a level with
raised till the right foot is brought
it
is too
the
seizes
the cantle, and
with
the left
right hand
grasping the pommel, the body is steadied for a short time,
imperceptible, but
which, in the ordinary mount, is almost
when
in
the
fidgety
a
horse
is sometimes
of considerable
length.
gently over the saddle, and as
after which
the
latter is withdrawn,
and
into the saddle in an
graceful manner.
easy
foot is then placed in the stirrup, with or without
leg is
now
the hand
the
thrown
the
righthand
The
it reaches
body sinks
The right
the aid of
holding it.
Dismounting
is effected
shorten
stand-still;then
by first bringing the horse
the left hand
to
a
the|reinstill it lies
on
steady feel of the mouth, twist a lock
of the mane
on
finger,and hold it with the reins; bearing
with
the heel of the hand.
also on the pommel
Next, throw
the
lift
the right foot out of the stirrup,and
body, steadied
it is raised
left
and
borne
the
until
left
the
foot,
hand,
by
by
out of the saddle; throw
gently the rightleg over the cantle,
this part with the right hand; then
it
and as it passes
grasp
lower the body gently to the grouud by the aid of the two
and
hands
and the left foot; or, if it is a very short person
a
the
of the stirrup on
tall horse, by raising the body out
hands, and dropping to the ground by their aid alone.
on
the
withers, with
a
the
Mounting
without
Stirrups,
follows
effected
is
as
:
still,
while
rider stands opposite the saddle
and
:he cantle, keeping
the pommel
hand
at the same
time, and in the same
The
the
and
the
horse
takes
reina
manner
is
standing
hold
of botli
left
in
the
as
in
nary
ordi-
mounting.
of
spring strongly from the ground, and by means
dle;
the spring,aided
by the arms, raise the body above the sadthe right hand
is shifted
then twist the leg over, while
of both the
to the right side of the
pommel, and by means
Now
hands
the
body is steadied
into the saddle.
by very active men, be
may,
in the same
horse
is going on, much
way
the
in
circus.
is
as
seen
constantly
The rider runs
by the side of the horse, laying hold of the
saddle
with both hands
strongly,and allowing
pommel of the
Mounting
without
effected while the
Stirrups
HOW
TO
drag him along
suddenly springs from
him
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
to
for two
DRIVE
three
or
ground
the
very
and
11
HORSE.
A
long steps,
is drawn
he
into th"
saddle.
This
is seldom
feat
it is easier
but
than
achieved
it
great service with
of
Dismounting
by the ordinary equestrian,
looks, and
a
riding to hounds
fidgetyhorse.
in
Stirrups
without
requires the
is
horse
times
some-
to
be
stand-still;then, holding the reins in the left
the pommel, and
both
are
placed upon
hand,
by their aid
The
alone the body is raised out of the saddle.
right log is
in
the cantle, and
thrown
over
now
doing so the right hand
seizes it,and with the left lowers the body to the ground.
brought
to
Mounting
a
Dismounting
and
to be
all the movements
and right for left,all the
the off side
on
merely require
reversed, and, reading left for right
directions previously given are applicable.
It is very useful sometimes
to be able to effect this,as some
horses with defective eyes will more
readily allow mounting
the
side
off
than
left.
the
on
on
MANAGEMENT
OP
AND
SEAT
THE
REINS.
it should alis the first thing to be settled,and
ways
be fixed before anything else is done
that is, as soon
the body is placed in the saddle.
The
Seat
"
as
to" first,
There
four things necessary
to
be attended
are
the position of the weight, so as to be sufficientlyforward
in
the saddle ; secondly, the fixing of the knees on
the padded
of
the
the
and
part
flap; thirdly,
length
position of
proper
the stirrups ; ana
The
weight of
fourthly,the carriage of the body.
the body should
be well forward, because
the center
of motion
and
the
weight
The
knees
is close
the
to
middle
of the
saddle;
chieflythrown
the breech, if the
upon
seat is far back
it is not in that part, but near
the cantle that
it is placed. But
the weight is distributed
by sittingwell forward
the breech, thighs,and feet; and the horse
between
fall in his gallop without
is able to rise and
disturbing his
as
rider.
is
well forward
to effect this seat,
also well in front of the stirrup-leathers;for if they are
placed behind them the body is thrown too far back and the
hold is insecure.
must
be
and
The
object of
as
they
can
all young
riders
should
be to get as far forward
possible,so that the kuee is not off'the saddle; and
scarcely overdo this part of the lesson by any effort
in their power.
the fork, with the knees
Riding well upon
the
of
the
will
insure a good position
padded part
upon
flap,
if the stirrups are not too short.
These should be about the
length which will
legsare placed as
touch
above
the projecting ankle-bone
the
when
directed!but out of the stirrups; and
12
HOW
they
when
and
inch
DRIVE
AND
in them, the heel
placed
are
A
should
the ball of the foot.
half below
a
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
This
HORSE.
be about
one
latter part
ceives
re-
but in hunting,
the pressure of the stirrupin road-riding,
"
the foot is thrust
other kind of field-riding,
home,"
or any
the instep,while the pressure
is taken
and the stirrup touches
of
by the under part of the arch of the foot. The reason
this
is,that in leaping,the pressure
lost; and if the
Besides
out.
coming
the
only is placed within
toe
that
is of that nature
weight being
stirrup is almost
stantly
it,the foot is con-
the
on
the
this, in the gallop, the attitude
spring of the instep is not wanted,
much
too
the foot, if standing
in the saddle, the
thrown
if
upon
sittingdown
stirrups; and
fore
scarcely press upon the stirrups at all,and thereis where
the best place for them
they will be most secure.
and
The body should be carried easily,balancing backward
forward
or
sideways, as required, but not forcibly. Instinct
in the
feet should
is here
the best
rather
than
the rider should
follow its precepts
If the
to adopt any preconceived rule.
feel called upon by nature
to lean forward,
the neck if needful, or anything but the
him.
only bring the horse back upon
guide, and
attempt
horse rears, he will
and may
even
grasp
will
bridle, which
stiffly
upright,but, short of this,
it can
scarcely be too still,the loins being slightlyarched
forward.
The
as
possible,
legs also should be as motionless
the knee
and nearly perpendicular from
downwards;
but, if
anything, a little forward, the heel being well depressed, and
The
body
should
not
be held
should
turned outwards.
The shoulders
very slightly
that is, at right angles to the road
taken ;
always be square"
and, whether trotting or galloping,neither of them should be
before the other.
advanced
the
toes
The
Reins
to
are
be
taken
up
with
soon
as
as
the seat
is settled,
and during that operation,
a young
horseman, the horse
who'stands on the oft"side
should be held quiet by the groom,
with both the snaffle-reins in his right baud; or, if the horse
stand
he may
is very fidgety,
rein in each
hand; and this
but
the
thoroughly
right stirrup for
the reins up
placed in
The
Single
of him, with
a
snaffle-
always keeps quiet any
almost
also hold
should
groom
In gatherthe rider to place his foot in.
ing
they are first raised by the right hand, and
vicious
a
then
in front
horse.
The
the left.
Rein
is held
the reins,and then
between
the off side,they are
but
by placing all'
them
turning
held
firmlybetween
over
the
that
forefiuger
ward
fingerto-
it and
the
thumb.
the hand
only to be opened,
By this mode
be laid hold of by the right hand, to
the ends of the rein may
is thus
the hand
enable the left to shorten
When
its grasp.
and
has
closed
upon
the
rein, the
thumb
should
be
pointed
to tho
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
HOW
DRIVE
13
HORSE.
A
the pommel
of the
which
is
last
a necessaddle, and the elbow close to the side,
hand
the
of
above
of
the
position
; so that
sary consequence
look
that the
to his part, and see
the equestrian has only to
little
down
the
with
the
the
thumb
to
on
finger
ears,
points
horse's ears, the littlefinger
and
pommel,
he
be
mav
upon
near
quite
that
sure
his elbow
right.
is
of the mouth
is easy
management
directions
various
for the
are
nevertheless, there
which
different
in
are
schools,
dependent
adopted
the singlerein the
With
enoughpurpose
altogether conflicting principles. Every tyro knows
left by pulling the left rein, and
turns
to the
that the horse
and the problem to
to the right by pulling the opposite one;
hand
this in the
this by one
be solved is, to do
only. Now
toward
single rein is easily effected bv raising the thumb
the
the
rio-ht shoulder, when
right rein is to be pulled, or by
toward
the fork for the left; in both
drawing the littlefinger
cases
by a turn of the wrist without liftingthe whole hand.
upon
action
the
on
and
mouth,
of
is
movement
in
a
it,
which,
independent
cases
trained horses, is capable of much
greater delicacy,and which
skin of the neck
the
of
for its
the
sensibility
depends upon
hand
It is effected by turning the whole
due performance.
But
and
over
thi3
above
in many
the right or left without
any wrist action, so as to press the
turn
to the
rio-ht rein against the neck, in order to cause
a
and the left rein against the neck, for the opposite pose;
purthe
rather
time
slackening
the
at
same
reins, so as not
to
left,
horse
the mouth
a
bear upon
by so doing. In this way
"
round
dealers
the
cantered
be
a cabbage-leaf,"
as
may
say,
smoothness
and
of
than
with
nicety
a much
greater degree
by
But highly broken
of his mouth.
horses,
acting on the corner
to
used to
the military troop-horses, are often too much
to this slight and delicate
manipulation.
their bits to answer
be taught it,
well
horses
that some
never
I am
can
aware
before they
but must
always have the bearing on the mouth
makes
the animal
it can
be taught, it
will turn; yet when
such
so
as
agreeable to
tractable and
accomplishment;
but
its use,
audi
should
ride that it is a
cannot,
therefore, join
rejoiceif it could
in all
developed.
The
as
is held
in two
the
cases
ways,
but
be
fully
"
the
be3t, m
my
follows:
up the snaffle-rein,and
left rein is to be between
First take
that
ing
condemn-
in
"
Double-Rein
opiuion, is
highly desirable
place it as before, except
the riug and middle
ners;
mi-
to
the
it on
raise the curb-rein, and hook
wanted,
finger where it may be either left for use when
the
drawn
to
the
once
over
degree of
forefinger
proper
in which
and pressed down
it by the thumb;
upon
then
the reins should
all fall over
the
off side of the horse.
little
or
at
ness,
tightcase
By this
14
TO
HOW
EIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
A
HORSE.
curb -rein is always at the command
of the right
or let out in a moment,
which
hand, and it may be shortened
in
The
is of constant
ride,
is
occurrence
hand
every day's
the thumb
held as before, with
pointing to the horse's ears ;
the
mode
in turning, however, there is much
either side of the bit by raising the
less power
thumb
of
bearing
lowering the
or
on
tle
lit-
finger,because
half what
only
upor
pressure
constant
the distance
between
the snaffle-reins is
it was,
and
the mode
of turning by
therefore
the neck
is doubly desirable; and
hence its
adoption
in
all
doubled-reined
where
cases
bridles
used, as in the field and on the road.
Sometimes, to obviate this objection, the snaffle-reins are
placed as in the single-reinedbridle,outside the little finger,
are
and
is hooked
the curb
then
the
over
of the
allow
to
so as
snaffle-reins,
without
mouth
the
hand,
by
between
ring-finger,
full
the
manipulation of
the
the neck.
upon
ed
be shortenBut the objectionto this is that the curb cannot
and
therefore
horse
must
the
the
without
snaffle,
releasing
ing
this process
is beeither be ridden on the curb alone, while
effected, or his head
bearing
be loosed
is still under
must
his mouth
other mode
snaffle all the time that the
in the
THE
Walk
The
somewhat
is
curb
being
altogether,whereas
the
control
let out
or
of
the
taken
in.
PACES.
ORDINARY
perfectly natural pace to the horse, but it is
than before
by use, being quicker and smarter
is a
altered
breaking, and
with
the
hind-legsmore
brought
under
the
body in the perfect hack.
not be too much
In this pace the head should
confined, and
not
: the
entirelyleave it uncontrolled
yet the rider should
is enough, so that on any trip the hand
finest possible touch
is at
informed
once
sudden
jerk
of the
drop of
of it by the
bridle, not
too
the
head, when
forcible,it
rouses
by
a
the horse
ing
falling. It is not that he is kept up by pullprevents
made
to exert
the rein, but that he is roused by it and
and
would
of
horses
for
seem
regardless falls,
himself,
many
not stimulated
be down
by
twenty times a-day if they were
is
in
the
walk
head
of
the
Confinement
bit.
the heel and
a fall than
frequently causes
absolutely injurious,and more
and
his
saves
A
one.
good walker
more
or
less
prevented by the
properly stretched
is
is not
as
will go on
it is a long
nodding his head
to
each
a
short
and
if the head
the toe strikes the ground ; when
In
horses which
clear it well.
at liberty,it would
are
the
stumble
on
walk, I have generally found that a
rein, with the curb held ready for a check, is the safest
very
often
step,
ding
if this nodone;
fore-foot
of
the
hand
the
rider,
heavy
forward, the step is crippled, and
or
were
apt
to
loose
plan;
HOW
and
TO
the horse soon
stumbles, and in a
himself
almost
before
learns
he
I do
If)
HORSE.
punished the
is reminded.
he
A
DRIVE
finds that he is
very short time
then
he
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
moment
to recover
like the
not
spur
of either makes
the horse
use
whip so well because
his
blunder
in
aud
often
forward,
hurry to avoid
spring
again
of the curb, on the other
this Kind of punishment.
The check
makes
himself
without
extra
him
hand,
recover
progress, or
rather by partiallystopping him, and thus he is better able to
the
the
or
his
avoid
fall.
of the
motions
is sometimes
horse,
but
horses
and
about
to waddle
not
do not
stir the rider at all,while others
throw
fatiguehim greatly; and this may
generally
foretold when
be
the tail sways
the walk, which
is caused
by the
desirable
a very
accomplishment
but
yield slightlyto the
from
side to side, as
to
seen.
Some
him
body is allowed
The
from
much
over-long
in the
side to side in
stride of the horse,
race-horse
hunter,
or
in the nack.
not
is altogether an acquired pace,
and in the natural
it is never
for more
than a few yards at a time.
seen
In it the fore and hind-legsof opposite sides move
together,
taken
and are
moment.
exactly at the same
up and put down
The
Trot
state
Horse
in
the
Trot, take hold of both the reins
of the snaffle,and bear firmly,but steadily, upon
the mouth,
lean slightlyforward
in the saddle, press the legs against the
To
Start
a
horse's
sides, and use the peculiar click of the tongue, which
to the horse on
all occasions.
If
serves
as an
encouragement
into
if
he
fail
the
will
at
but
now
broken,
once
trot,
properly
he
breaks
into
restrained
In
into
some
here
cases
there
restraint
such
or
a
horse
can
great
in
difficulty
a
Rising
in
in civil
the
canter
of
an
with
being
when
a
time.
among
a
of
number
If it were
men
the
a
In
canter.
succeed, by
ing
mak-
interferes
trot.
trot
is
generally practiced
fatiguing to both horse and
the opposite styleis inculcated,
far less
rider,but in the military schools
because
the
movement
to
trot."
"jog-
him
making
will often
a
he walks, and
trot, for no
as
prevent
which
checked, and
trot, called
slow
as
generally leads
Stirrups
life,as
ear
head,
be
must
slow
very
a
halt will
his
drop
the canter, and
or
total
laying hold
with
he
a
i3 often
short of
cases,
the
animal
gallop
canter
walk
a
troop
are
possible
of
horse
it has
bobbing up and
for
all to rise
very
a
down,
bad
out
effect
of all
together, perhaps
the ofleuse against military precision might be pardoned;
horses will not
all step together,so
cannot
as
the men
rise at the
is
that
and
the
same
moment,
consequence
are
doomed
manner,
the
upon
alike
to
man
fatiguing
to
bump
sheep-skins in
and
horse.
a
very
but
all
they
tiresome
10
HOW
The
TO
BREAK,
civilian's mode
when
the hind
the horse
and
forward
RTDE
AND
DRTVE
as
follows:
At
is
to make
as
a young
down
again. After
come
the
the
precise moment
fore-legsare making their
in progression, the body
forciblyinto the air, in
thrown
extent
body falls,and
effort to
of
horses
some
HORSE.
A
rider
to
if he
feel as
reaching the utmost
reaches
the saddle
throw
rider is
the
great
so
an
should
never
ever,
height,howjust in time to
the next
effort,and so on as long as the trot lasts. In
this way
the horse absolutely carries no
weight at all during
half his time, and
the action and reaction
of such a nature
are
catch
that the trot is accelerated
retarded
rather
than
by the
No
horse
12 or 13 miles au
can
fairlytrot above
hour without
this rising, though he may
run
or
it, so
pace
weight.
that it is not only to save
the rider's bones, but also to
the horse, that this practice has
been
introduced, and
held
its
ground
is here
and
with
as
whenever
supplants
the
the
rising
ease
has
in
of military sanction.
It
spite of the want
the seat, utilityis sacrificed
to appearances;
the long and weak
seat
of the barrack-yard
firm seat
of the civilian,
I shall expect to see
in
the
abandoned,
trot
but
certainly
till
not
then.
The
military length
perhaps, some
is not
and
ago,
rise, but
I
thousands
had
more
sore
on
ball of the
the
foot
not
backs
it.
adopted
never
strongly
afraid
am
or
until
than
In
what
now
time
the
stirrup,with
it
thirty years
was
other, they may
adopt
the
they have produced many
they need have done if they
trot, the
the
foot
heel well
should
down,
and
bear
the
foot-pieceof the stirrup,so
that the elasticity
of the ankle takes oft the jar,and prevents
the double
rise, which in some
rough horses is very apt to be
The
knees
should
produced.
always be maintained
exactly
in the same
place, without that shiftingmotion which is so
with
bad
common
riders,and the legs should be held perpendicularly
from
the knee
the chest well forward,
downward;
the waist
in, and the rise nearly upright, but slightly
be effected,without
effort on
forward, and as easilyas can
the part of the rider,and
rather restrainingthan adding to
the
throw
The
of the
Military
pressing on
the
horse.
rising,is effected by leaving
The
level.
possible to find its own
knees
should
not
should
to
the
not
the
foot
saddle,
cling
the
should
and
bear
on
the
not
hands
press forcibly
stirrup,
the
body
upon
as
much
Style, without
as
the bridle.
By attending to these negative directions,the rider has
from
the perpendicular, and
only to lean very slightlyback
his balance, when
practice will do all the rest.
Canter
is even
than
and
unnatural
the
trot
more
an
artificial pace.
It can
seldom
be taught without setting
very
preserve
The
l
18
HOW
TO
it is Dot
the
that
true
AND
RTDE
BREAK,
DRTYE
is
canter
as
There
the
mode
same
well
as
of
the
compelling
difficult to effect these
more
slower
the
The
Proper
Seat
very
In
Gallop
the
body
hold,
the
fast
gallop
easily and
rider
reverse,
stirrups,according
seat, and it is only
at other
body
loin
times
the feet may
either
be
paces,
in
resting on
the stirrup
all field-riding.The
fault I have
take
grip so tight as
to
not
ing
rac-
with
or
slightlyback, the knees
careful
in
latter is
the
that
in
stances.
circum-
to
known
very
firm
tress
to dis-
muscular
men
be
mu3t
in
raised
or
lowered
accordingly.
the
stirrups is to be practiced, the
them, steadying it with the knees,
upon
should
which
the
they
thrown
is
is either to sit down
hands
standing
the
weight
in
to restrain
fight;"and
the
than
faster pace
should be low, with sufficient pull
him
and
make
him, but to annoy
if he is inclined to get his head
down
too much,
The
the mouth
or
being
horse, which
often commit.
When
of
is the usual
sitting down,
is thrown
"
leadingleg,and
one
particular leg,
lead, though it is much
of
the ball of the toe, as in the other
"
"
home
to the boot, as is common
at
paces,
subject.
in the
lead
objectsin the
in the
former
in the
adopted.
in
stand
to
or
The
the
human
the
one.
the saddle
or
the
causing the change
of
as
iu
variation
same
is the
gallop, nor
totally distinct
a
is,however,
HORSE.
slow
a
the two are
fast canter; but
different as
walking and running
gallop
A
is
weight
would
saddle
eyes
keep firm hold of the saddle-flaps. The seat of
time
the
is carried
well back, while
at the same
thrown
is
hanging
not
be, and
and
of the
by this combined
forward; but
often
shoulder
the
over
is,when
brought almost
looking down
the
breech
over
the
rider
of the
action
horse,
is raised
pommel,
his horse's
the
as
it
from
the
with
the
forehead,
or
very
nearly so.
If a jockey with a good seat is watched, it will be seen
that
his leg does not descend
straightfrom the knee, but that it is
from
back
that Jine,and consequentl}' that
slightlythrown
his center
ing
of gravity is behind
it,so that he can, by stiffenthe joint,carry his body as far behind
it a3 his stirrup is,
without
long be
ceasing to stand "in it. This seat cannot
maintained
without
fatigue to the rider,and it is only adopted
in racing or in short gallops over
bad ground, a3 in hunting,
there is a deep piece of fallow,or
when
a
steep hill,or any
other
kind of ground calculated
horse.
to tire the
The
Varieties
of
the
three-quarter gallop,and
still further
hand-gallop,the
is capable of
which
full-gallop,
Gallop
the
are
the
all,
They are
"racing setto."
of the same
in
the
however, modifications
only
varying
pace,
velocity with which they are carried out.
extension
in the
!
RIDE
AND
EXTRAORDINARY
DRIVE
MOVEMENTS.
Besides
the paces of the horse
there are also certain
man,
by
use
with, but by
met
taught
are
called vices, the
which
required for his
are
movements
ly
common-
very
desirable,and others which
the former
extraordinary purposes;
means
no
for man's
him
are
19
HORSE.
A
latter
more
are
or
less the
result
of the
breaking-school.
first,
ing;
stumbling; secondly,cuttingand rearthirdly, shying; forthly, kicking; fifthly,plunging;
sixthly,lying down; seventhly, shouldering; and
eighthly,
The
actions
are
running away.
managed
backing, passaging,
or
manege,
The
vice3
are"
etc.
Stumbling
is caused
there
cases, though
is aggravated
defective
Some
by defective
is
no
muscular
action
in
all
that in many
horses this defect
either of the feet or legs, or from
doubt
by lameness,
shoeing.
horses
can
although they
be ridden
never
will "show
this is caused
out"
the muscles
with
by
tiringvery rapidly; after which
which
the toe, and when
from
the mistake.
there
it is struck
raise and
the
careless
Many
miles,
safety for many
very good action; and
in
is not
ground
is
and
not
extend
leg
cleared
to
power
low
the
goers
by
recover
stantly
con-
are
.
striking their feet against stones, but having strong
extensions
they draw their feet clear of the obstacle, aud
themselves
which
are
easilyrecover
differently
; while those
furnished, although they strike with less force, yet they have
to help themselves, aud
therefore
no
they fall. The
power
kind may
"ne
be kept on their legs by constant
rousing and
but
the
weak
the
safe.
In
ones
are
never
severity,
stumbling
from
lameness
the most
humane
course, as well
the safest, is either to dismount
and lead the horse, or to
as
him
alive
the
the
of
keep
whip or spur.
use
by
Humanity,
to lick the
by riding quietly,is sure
taking a middle course
dust, and
But
the
there
from the toe
knee-action
very
its
plan should
are
on
many
touching although
being low,
the
foot
the toe,
over"
the
and
is
the
behind
in
of
never
to
be
down
the
and
sale.
from.
Here
a
Such
The
too far back,
too
instead of settlinginto
perpendicular of
the leg
causes
if
but the
is not a
over;
This
so
leg
arises
one
aud
pastern,
front, and
the weight.
the other
considered
to the young
thrown
cleared.
generally recovered
sustaining
generally fall unless
very unpleasant accident, and
power
well
foot is not
being put
that
so
place
proper
"knuckles
be attempted.
of careless stumbling:
never
kinds
dangerous kind,
nex'tis from
much
soreness
or
the
follows
horse
suit;
foot,
lose its
does
not
but
it is
is liable to it he
animals
inexperienced,
horse
the
to
because
are
very
a
is
tive
decep-
they generally
20
HOW
lift their
high, and
good goers.
and
l"e seen
to
of
the kind
case
stumbling
the
to
behind
of their
front
the
DRIVE
if they
But
put their feet down
from
drawn
AND
lead
knees
safe
are
RIDE
BREAK.
TO
supposition that they
watched
are
they will
a
perpendicular line,
knees; and
alluded
here
HORSE.
A
when
is
to
that is the
always
to
be
foot
on
a
expected.
is also the
rollingstone, which
stumbling
gives way
There
weight, and
occasion
thus
him
to
the
throws
make
from
the
at the moment
of
bearing the
off his balance, so as to
the other
leg, which
horse
mistake
a
putting
with
greater or less according to his good or bad action.
resulting from tender soles or
Lastly, there is a stumble
frogs,in which the feet being placed upon a sharp stone, so
the knee
is allowed
that
to give
much
pain is occasioned
will be
in
effect is produced as
and
the same
way,
in
much
but
often
a
caused
by a rollingstone,
the
accident
marked
more
degree.
The
Remedy
the
upon
If this is from
a
care
will, in
Stumbling
weakness,
no
all
depend
cases,
is
no
over
use
shoulder
the
in
holding a
good riding will
or
care
stumble, though it may avert
to sit well back, and to be
pulled
There
For
cause.
iu
absolute
an
on
the
of
case
horse
hard
fall
vent
pre-
ing
by tak-
guard against
mistake.
serious
a
in
such
ing
be-
a
case;
he
the more
tired
kept alive,but not hurried, because
down.
Great
he
to
is
come
he is the more
likely
judgment,
him
to his journey's
to
nurse
therefore, will be necessary
relief to his
end; and this will be best done by an occasional
No one
should
ride such a
back and walking by his side.
horse
habitually; but if,unfortunately, he finds himself on
should
be
"
"
him, and
to
some
miles
from
home,
the
above
is the best
course
pursue.
decided
laziness,
When, however, the stumbling is from
is to catch hold of the horse's head and
use
the only course
are
the whip or spur, or both, pretty severely. Many horses
half-trot
the
but
a
at
their
safe
at
on
trot,
top speed
quite
they
never
are
to
be
trusted.
The
which
experienced
horseman
do with
his
can
readily detects the exact
pace
Some
and safety, and keeps him to that.
the greatest ease
trot downhill
always tripping on level
can
safely, but are
with
horses
low-actioned
pretty good
ground (these are
downhill
from
shoulders); others, again, always trip going
ridden
be
each
must
overshooting themselves, and of course
horse
accordingly.
When
lameness
to
have
the shoe
or
If in the
the proper
is the
taken
cause
off and
ligaments,or
joints,
remedies.
of failure,the remedy is either
rectified,if that is the cause,
to give rest,and adopt
sinews,
i
HOW
TO
is caused
Cutting
other shoe
A
touching
21
HORSE.
leg with the
one
be either of the ankle or pastern
fhe leg,or just below the knee, which
It arises from the legs being
speed;-,cut.
the
of
that the action
is not
ward
straightforthis is aggravated by weakness
of condition,
want
or
slightlyawry,
on
DRIVE
it may
inside
last is called
AND
by the horse
foot, and
or
of the
joint,or
set
RIDE
BREAK,
; and
so
often cuts when
a horse
poor, though he is quite
when
flesh.
The
the
vice
in
free
cutting may be
high
either of the fore or hind-leg.
that
so
from
remedy
The
is either
alter
to
the
shoeing,
to apply
or
a
boot.
Rearing
is
coltish
a
horse
older;
to
bad
grows
be, and
When
a
in
an
trick, which
it is not
nearly
generally lost
is
so
is not often
rearer
aggravated form it is
common
now
the
as
it used
as
seen.
and
frightfulvice,
a
with
with fatal mischief.
inexperienced rider may be attended
it
consists
in
the
horse
cases
slight
simply rising a little
before and then dropping again, as if from
play only ; but in
form
it
the worst
is a systematic attempt to throw
the
rider,,,
an
In
and
sometimes
back
Remedy
for
used
again, by
from
far
so
goes
himself
throw
to
as
this
vice
is the
martingale, which
may
the
tached
atsnaffle-rein,
or
rings running
directly to that bit by the ordinary billet and buckle ;
either be
or,
horse
well.
as
The
the
with
on
of
means
a
the
running-rein, which
the martingale, and
breast-strap of
through the ring of the snaffle with
brought back to the hand, and it
relaxed
according
to
commences
then
running
pulley-likeaction, it is
a
thus
may
circumstances,
so
be
tightened or
bring the
to
as
horse's head
to his brisket, or, on
the other
absolutely down
it
without
entire
hand,
give
liberty
dismounting. It is a
an
experienced horseman, but its use
vecy good plan with
should
be attempted by any other.
With
not
a determined
to
short
of this last kind will prevent
brute
nothing
and even
it will fail in some
some
cases, for there are
which
with
rear
their heads
happily, they
majority the
should
curb
a
to
that
touch
run
vice; they
of
the
the
on
is seldom
to be
curb-rein
used
to trust
snaffle,which
by not irritatingthe
them
pleasantly, whereas
to
go
tempt
them
bottle
of
to
water
show
their
between
temper
the
is
with
ears,
mouth
a
theless,
Never-
with
the
efficacious.
more
deed,
and, in-
rearers;
horses
addicted
slightest
much
will often
severe
induce
bit woultt
by rearing, Breaking
or
It
inclined to
bit
or
straight
plain
very
a
and
by the
worse
to
horses
forelegs.
at all with
unless
it is far better
away,
form
some
always made
they are
are
bit, and
their
exceptions,
rare
martingale in
he put
never
between
are
rearing;
a
severe
blow
a
in the
22
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
in
part, may
AND
DRIVE
A
HORSE.
be
tried,but the continued
of the martingale will generally suffice.
use
There
is also a mode
of curing rearers, sometimes
tempted,
atrise, and '.then slippingoff on one
by letting them
side and
pulling them
back; but it'is a dangerous feat for
both horse and rider, and has often led to a broken
back on
the part of the horse, as
well as sometimes
to severe
injury
same
some
cases
to the rider.
It is scarcely necessary
to remark
that the rider
all cases, lean well
forward
and relax the bridle
horse is in the air.
Shying
is sometimes
the
should, in
while
the
effect of
of
fear,and sometimes
begin by the former
many
and end with the latter,inconsequence of mismanagement.
The young
colt is almost
less shy, especialor
always more
ly
vice, and there
if he
is
reared
was
horses
are
brought
the retired fields where
he
There
ever,
busy town.
are, how-
from
once
the
to
numberless
"planned by
at
one
formidable.
which
streets of a
varieties of shyers, some
being dreadfully
kind of object, which
is not at all
to another
When
horse
finds
that he gains his object by
turning round, he will often repeat the turning without cause,
for it.
pretending to be alarmed, and looking out for excuses
a
This is not
at all uncommon,
defective,
but
and with timid riders leads to a
discontinuance
of the ride, by which
the horse gains his end
for the time, and repeats the*trick on
the first occasion.
In
less
or
genuine shying from fear the eyes are always more
founded
Thus,
or
a
on
there
other
are
the
irritabilityof
the
general
many
this
whbh
is
never
similar
small
bird
sound.
These
whereas
that he
the
For
not
sometimes
a
also
worse,
is
system.
any
other
startling
they give no notice,
always shows
by his ears
because
ordinary shyer almost
is prepared to turn.
Shyers
which
shy at meeting wagons,
almost
drop with fear on
objects,but which
flying out of a hedge, or
are
cause,
nervous
the
only remedy is to take as little notice as
possible,to make
light of the occurrence,
speak encouragingly,
rather
and
them
to get
how
yet
severely,
by the objectsomeother.
If needful, the aid of the spur and whip may
or
be called in, but not as
be
If the horse
a
can
punishment.
urged by the object at which he is shying without the whip or
much
the better, but if not, he must
be compelled to
Whenever
is
of shying,
fear
the
by
use.
cause
punishment only adds to that fear; but where vice has"supplanted fear,severity should be used to correct it.
As a general rule the whip need
the
be used, unless
never
horse
turns
absolutelyround ; and not then unless there is
spur,
do so
reason
so
their
to
suspect that he is pretending fear.
If
only he will
TO
HOW
the
by
go
he
say,
object, even
bad
nothing is so
exercise
and
passed
and
on
the
goon
DRIVE
wide
berth,"
his way
At
object.
he be
taught
sailors
and
unpunished;
which
encouragement
should
the
as
severity which
has conquered
his
this time
he should
horse
23
HORSE.
A
absurd
all the
account
no
"a
to
the
as
after
the
patted, with
and
with
suffered
be
may
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
reluctance,
be praised
be
can
to make
men
horse-
some
those
given;
rushes
the road, from
the improper
see
on
commonly
whip and spur.
is necessary
at all it must
If punishment
be used beforehand;
the
but it often happens that
rider cannot
spare his
until
the
and
his
is
in
passion,
then,
whip-hand
shying
over;
he does not reflect that the time is gone by for its employment.
which
we
of the
use
so
Kicking
very unpleasant vice, either in the saddle or in
in the
harness, but it is not so dangerous in the former
as
is too well known
to need description. It
latter; its nature
is often
from
is
a
the result
The
plaji"but
desire
vicious
a
of
get rid
to
Mode
Proper
quite as
of the
frequently it arises
rider.
of
treating a kicker is to catch fast
hold of the head, and
the
keep it well up, and then to use
the shoulder
whip down
severely. If the head is not well in
the
but if the head is kept up
hand
he will often
kick
more,
while the blow
is given, he will generally desist.
A
gagsnaffle is very useful with confirmed
it
to
kickers, as
serves
keep the head up better than any other bit.
Plunging
in
consists
series
of
bounds
or
springs, by
den.
evidently hopes to relieve himself of his burHis back
is generally rounded, and very often he will
"buck," or jump off the ground perpendicularly,by which
a
which
weak
the horse
rider is
The
not
fit of
there
too
sit still,and
closely. Very often
is to
kicking, for
is reason
unseated.
to be
sure
remedy
though
a
a
which
keep the head
plunging
rider should
the
If
be prepared.
horse will commence
this
soldier's cloak, and buckled
to the
that
expect
trick, a cloth, rolled like a
front of the saddle, is a great assistance, and
a
fall when
Lying
the seat
Down
obstinate
to
is
in bad
cases
Shouldering
bred
have
a
very
vice which
The
there
spur
is
is also
no
will often
save
good.
only Welsh
brutes, indulge in, and
horses.
but
a
is not
confined,
by
is followed
ponies, and
it is seldom
met
will sometimes
keep
but
submission.
remedy
trick
only
met
with
other
with
in glish-bred
Enthem
up,
badly
horses
of all breeds, if they
horses, though
been
tempting
badly broken, will adopt this expedient, by atto crush
the knee
against a wall or paling. If,
however,
a
among
sometimes
the hand
and
foot
are
put
strongly out,
the
horse
24
HOW
TO
cannot
and
Running
is
sometimes
horse
gallops as
dangerous vice, as
Horses
For
been
only
is so
pullingin
of
form
extreme
an
in crowded
as
Run
which
invented, but
which
their resistance,
overcome
the
it is of a most
vicious description,and
It is a most
excitement.
if maddened
by
when
it
it is generallypracticed at times
inconvenient,
is most
to
HORSE.
A
is done.
Away
gallop, but
the
harm
no
DBIVE
AND
lateral pressure
enough
use
RTDE
BREAK,
various
Away,
has
nothing
successful
thoroughfares,etc.
introduced
been
yet
ever
bits have
severe
nose-band.
the
as
Bucephalus
brutes
determined
them gallop
in
to make
plan
good
to a stand -still,
by giving them an uphill burster, which may
be
which
are
generally
managed, though there are some
only
made
Still it generallysucceeds,
worse
by this treatment.
and most
horses are rendered
time by such an
quiet for some
It is
a
effort.
they
Nevertheless, they generally try again as soon
to be trusted with
seldom
fresh, and they are
are
riders but
these
horsemen.
good
animals, but
of room,
plenty
will do
plan is
to
galloping
even
a
than
a
try and
in
than
no
bring the
for this, and then
round, either with
room
head
"
in
would
such
a
be
an
him, such
as
a
thick
is
or
only
view
of
crowded
a
or
is better
oughfare,
thor-
almost
positive certainty
to do anything
is taking.
the runaway
it is better
case
hedge
a
anything
into
to persevere
in the course
which
the horse must
be pulled into anything which
Here
the
against a fence,
a
or
mischief; and
there
too
is
there
when
go
any
at
and
the head
circle,or to run
Sometimes
strong gate.
straight course
as, for instance,
wall
where
of
let them
pull dead
to
use
to
it up
a
no
try what a sharp
severe
pull
if
but
ineffectual,
loosing
long
times,
time, and "then trying again. Some-
then
keeping
mouth
again for
however, there
the
is of
it is better to
and
not
"
It
as
a
park wall, or
any
will stop
similar insurmounta
be run
of damagobstacle; and all risks must
ing
his rider, who
him, or even
will, however, generally escape
with
slight bruises if the horse is run full tilt against
the object, and
not
too obliquely,which
will not at all answer
the purpose.
Backing
so
for all horses
to be
taught,though
not
often
of
one
the
is necessary
required iu riding as in harness-horses.
It is always
the first things drilled into the colt by his breaker, and
finished
readily obey
and
broken
the hand
of
back.
The
mouth
requires,
severe
a
refuses
to
side, which
pull
horse
should
some
confinement
a
he
not
be
than
horses
of
the
be
fails to make
harder
being
mouth.
course,
gently draws
the
him
particular
easily irritated by too
If a horse obstinately
gently "sawed"
him
of
matter
rider when
stir,the bit may
seldom
will, as
the
stir.
from
side to
26
HOW
TO
BREAK,
RIDE
erty of the head, and
him
he
DRIVE
AND
HORSE.
A
have
will
in turning
no
difficulty
of one
hand
or
right or left,either by the use
to
by bearing upon the neck according to the mode
to the
both,
or
which
has
the horse
broken.
been
may
well, he may
to ride
saddle, and
paces,
throw
the inside
leather,
in the
the
without
to canter
ride without
learning to
In
if he
at times
attempt
to have
After
and
practice the various
of the
French
alone
must
fashion, which
the
preserve
paces may
but the trot will be
the
body
and
No
suffered
be
must
leaning back
position as if they
depressed, and the
same
of the
strip of black
good grip
a
of
and
a
smoothly polished
obtained, and the balance
the saddle,
upon
perpendicular position,
the
keep the balance.
than
more
feet
should
When
carried
be
in
the
1
fully
being used, the heel being careraised
by the muscular
power
were
toes
leg.
FEMALE
The
Saddlery
to that
devoted
and
The
HORSEMANSHIP.
for the
the
to
bits and
the
that
takes
good plan
its chance
than
stirrups, the
without
riding
take
more
to do
attempting
not
very
a
seat.
to
rather
to
a
this addition
With
all the
without
the aid of the stirrups;
last of necessity,because
it is by far
be
rise can
now
managed, and the
the
difficult.
most
the
across
mastered
be
soon
stirrups
he
to learn
them.
lined with
trousers
; for with cloth
there is very little hold to be
distance
is inclined
stirrups,it is
trousers
the saddle
saddle
short
a
reins
furnished
saddle
the
reins
are
otherwise
and
the nose-band
is similar
with
than
narrower
the
but
of ladies
use
in
principle
gentlemen's riding,With the exception
of the bridle are lighterand more
mental,
orna-
Until
same.
fringed,but
for side-riding.
crutches
those
used
lately they
all ornament
by gentlemen,
rounded,
were
is
of
out
now
fashion.
and
should
side-saddle
Tne
there
should
will hereafter
be
keeps the
which
may
either
be
always be
a
carefully fitted to the horse,
third-crutch,the use of which
explained. There
flapsof the saddle
like
be
a
man's,
leather girth,
extra
is an
The stirrup
in their places.
leather
of
with
a
or
lining
be a slipper,which
velvet, or it may
The
to the foot.
lady's whip is a
ought seldom
horse
to
for
threaten, than
a
for the purpose
of
used, it is buckled
is then
in the
require punishment, it
A spur
give punishment.
for
giving a
to
on
habit, with
tied round
projectingbeyond
.those who
the
a
at the
boot, and
stringattached
ankls,
aud
the folds of the
as
is carried
may
thus
a
to
more
ful
need-
rightmoment.
If
small
is
opening
the inside,which
keeps the spur
habit.
A
her
be added
hunt, it is sometimes
stimulus
the
also easier
light affair;but
to
to
lady'suse; and
made
is safer, and
always
nose-martingale
i
HOW
is
TO
generally added
his head
The
of
being,
which
horse
no
2*1
HORSE.
A
throws
most
perfect of backs,
useless brute, fit only to be
ought to be the
Horse
Lady's
instead
but
for ornament;
is fit for a lady's use.
up
DRIVE
AND
RIPE
BREAK,
he
as
often
is,
a
shot.
gifted with a neat outline
it is a great mistake; and if the ladies
will carry a lady, but
decide to
choice
of horses, they would soon
had
the
themselves
the contrary. The only thing in their favor in choosing a lady's
horse is that the weight to be carried is generally light,and
Many
think
men
that
horse
any
is seldom
fit to
carry them
is ally
because
the weight of the male
sex
a
generman,
Few
of this
that
of
above
an
much
equestrian lady.
therefore
mount
so
calculated
horse
a
to
below
that
126 pounds, and most
above
are
well
140
will
be
to
cluding
pounds, inweight, and a horse which
up
under
to waddle
the saddle, will not be able
even
168 pounds or upward.
But in point of soundness, action,
who
sex
ride
and
mouth
and these
either
sex.
are
lady's hack should be unimpeachable;
the points that constitute
for
a perfect hack
are
be good, yet
Again, a gentleman's hack may
the
temper,
to canter, and so
formed
that he cannot
be
wholly unable
taught; he therefore is unsuited to a lady; but, on the other
hand, every lady'shorse should do all his paces well. Many
not
nished
be furladies, it is true, never
trot, but they should
the excuse
that they cannot, because
with
their
horses will not.
In size, the lady's hor3e
from
14
1-2 to 15
in the
dirt, and
for
lady's use.
a
because
makes
more
In Breaking
and fine mouth,
easily,and with
should
1-2 ; less than
Lady's
the
little need
the other
the
the horse
Horse,
done
be
too
fifteen hands, or
habit to trail
the
lofty and unwieldy
if he is of
but to make
foremost.
right leg
leg is
be about
this allows
uncomfortable
This
good temper
him
canter
is necessary,
the
rider,from her
position on
saddle;
breaker, therefore, should
until the
adopt the means
already described, and persevere
horse is quite accustomed
to the pace, and
habitually starts
off with the right leg. He should
also bend
him thoroughly,
side
so
the
the
as
to make
disunited
him
action
to
the
canter
which
well
one
on
so
his
hind-legs,and
often
sees.
The
not
curb
with
must
for this purpose,
but without
bearing too strongly
the
horse
must
be
his
ling
it;
brought to
upon
paces by fine handrather than by force,and
which
by occasional
pressure,
be
used
he will
yield to and play with if allowed, rather than by a dead
pull. In this way, by taking advantage of every inch yielded,
and yet not going too far the head
is gradually brought
thrust forward, so as
in, and the hind-legs as gradually are
28
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRTVE
HORSE.
A
instinctivelyto steady the mouth, and prevent the pressure
"
When
this " setting on
the haunches
is feared.
is
be
tho
strapped
on
near
accomplished, a horse-cloth
may
which
side of the saddle, to
habit;
I have
but
him
accustom
always found,
and
horse, that if the paces
to
the
napping
of
the
ordinarily good-tempered
mouth
all perfect the
were
in
an
to be borne.
habit is sure
which
It is a kiud of excuse
gentlemen are too apt to mnke,
carried a. lady ; but if they will
that their horses have never
a
gentleman quietly,they will always carry a lady in
carry
the same
not
perhaps be suitable to
style,though that may
her
seat
The
bands.
or
Directions
Holding
for
Reins, and
the
for their use,
already given, apply equally well to ladies: the only difference
being that the knee prevents the hand being lowered to the
This is one
quires
reason
why the neck repommel of the saddle.
to be more
if it is straight,
or
raise the head into
"
star-gazer
the reins
as
"
than
in
bent than for the gentleman's use, because
the hands
at all ewe-necked,
being high,
the air, and
he otherwise
driving,the
the next chapter.
allows the head to
It is in
make
would
directions
the horse
of a
more
ladies
hold
be.
Many
for which
are
given in
respects
some
better, because
be lower
than in the gentleman's
the habit.
and the ends of the reins fall better over
is brought to the door
In Mounting,
the horse
groom,
and
held
steadily,as
for
a
gentleman's
well up to the place where
to keep
care
he is very apt to sidle away.
from which
his
assistant then places his right hand
on
him
little below
it,and receives the
this, she should have taken the
crutch
the middle
is placed on
the
The
use,
mode,
by the
taking
lady stands,
gentleman
right knee,
lady's left foot.
it
or
a
Previouslyto
in her
right hand, which
her
left on
with
she
; then,
foot in his hand, she makes
a
rein
gentleman's shoulder, and her
the ground, and
immediately stiffens her left
spring from
steadied
tion
his
by his knee, as a second foundahand,
leg,using
for a spring; and then she is easily lifted to her saddle
by the hand following and finishingher spring with what
hand
little force is required. As she rises, the
still keeps
the body sideways on
hold of the crutch, which
throws
the
tiie
knee
and
her
middle
she
then
lifts
over
saddle,
right
After
crutch.
this she lifts herself
the saddle, and
up from
under
her until smooth;
the gentleman draws
her habit from
he then places her left foot in the
stirrup,including with it
a fold of her habit, and
she is finally
seated, and should take
her reins and
The
them as directed for the gentleman.
is constantly made
in mounting
great mistake which
is in the
use
straightened
use
of the
the
lady's knee, which' should
moment
it
can
be
effected:
be
carefully
for if kept bent
TO
HOW
il
requires great power
with
bnt
few
very
a
DRIVE
a
20
HORSE.
A
saddle, whereas
she ought to weigh
the
lady into
straight knee
lift a
to
good spring and
a
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
in the hand.
pounds
supposed to be a weak
commonly
to depend
balance, but this is the
entirely upon
greatest possible mistake; and there can be no doubt, from
Lady's
The
Seat
is very
one, and
what
is
in
seen
private
well
as
in the circus, that
as
it
quires
re-
male
effort of the horse to dislodge a good fegreat
effect upon
rider as to produce the same
a gentleman.
there was
with the old single crutch
Even
a
good hold with
that the third is added, the grip is reallya
the leg, but now
as
firm
an
this is not
When
one.
used, the crutch
is laid hold
of
by
the calf of the leg and the
thigh, so as to afford a firm and steady hold for the whole
aided
by the stirrup. But this latter
body, especiallywhen
is useful also in
the balance, and
support merely preserves
at
all
not
trotting; it does
give a firm, steady seat, though it
rightleg,and
the
adds
to
crutches
pinched between
already obtained
one
used, the
are
by
is not
before, but
brought back
leg
the
crutch
as
grasp
crutches are firmly laid hold
two
of, the upper
above
and
the
lower
one
right knee,
the crutch
over
keeps the
rightknee hooked
backward, while the left keeps it from
thus
so
the two
between
one
far
forward
to
as
the
being
body from
a
two
knees
the left.
the
and
When
knee.
the
der
un-
The
ping
sliption,
mo-
the proper
positionis maintained.
the right foot should
be kept
back, and the
These
points
point of the toe should scarcely be visible.
should be carefullykept in view by all lady riders, and they
should
learn as soon
by this
as possible to steady themselves
the
of
without
reference
to
the
stirrup-iron.
crutches,
grasp
In spite of her
side-seat,the body should be square to the
front, with the elbow easilybent, and preserved in its proper
position by the same
precaution.
The whip is generally held in the right hand, with the lash
pointing forward, and toward the left,and by this position it
be used
on
part of the horse's body, by reaching
may
any
the saddle, or
to the left,and
over
cutting before or behind
In all
with
all
cases
great
ease
the
on
be substituted
cases
of the modes
to
left
the
or
right, or
right side.
can
and
delicate tact
perform may
In Dismounting,
held by
his head
caution
better
the
an
may,
of the
horse
is
scription
leg in the deleg, turning
leg. With this
of
tempts
against all violent atcarried out by the fine
of the lady, all the
well be imitated
therefore, in
use
for the pressure
of effectingthe change
leading with either
with
the
substitution, aud
at coercion, which
are
hand
Its
feats which
man
by her.
brought
assistant; the
lady
to a
then
dead
turns
stop, and
her knee
BO
HOW
back
TO
RIDE
BREAK,
again from
AND
DRIVE
A
HORSE.
the
positionbetween the outside crutch,takes
her foot out of the stirrup,and sits completely sideways;'she
then puts her left hand upon
the gentleman's shouldw, who
round
her waist, and
placeB his rightarm
lightlyassists htr
to the
ground.
DRIVING.
VARIETIES
Carriages
and
used
hired
pleasure, as
carriages, are
immense
an
which
for
number
only in vogue
are
of
The
secondly,
four-wheeled
kinds, and
distinguishingnames,
during a short reign,while
driving public.
First,two-wheeled
headed
ceived
re-
of
some
others
open
riages;
car-
carriages; thirdly,
four-wheeled
carriages; fourthly,
open
stage
have
of
wheeled
two-
distinguishedfrom
numerous
favorites of the
chief division is fourfold"
long
are
CARRIAGES.
OF
close
carriages.
Two-wheeled
the
are"
and
Open
Dog-cart,
outside
In
the
with
two
Irish
taking dogs
Dennet
gig,
body of which
the
back
back, there
to
and
luggage,
or
used
by
private parties
Tilbury, the
the
inside
car.
Dog-cart,
seats
Carriages
the
hence
less square,
is a large boot capable of
in
its general usefulness
is
more
or
the country.
The springs are
generallya singlelong side-spring,and
shafts
of
balance
which
In
usually
are
in
of
case
Dennet,
exploded on
the
trying
back
for two
and
their
various
purpose
the
lance-wood.
persons.
either railed
or
made
being used
contrivances
Stanhope
account
They are
by two
persons
are
adopted.
gig"
of its
which
weight,
latter is
its so
and
only, for
now
most
al-
severely
legs of the horse" there is only room
at the angles,
seat is generally rounded
and
The
paneled; and the boot
or
the
to shift the
is
plain and
small,
compared with the dog-cart.
In the peculiarprinciplefirst introduced
by Fuller, of Bath,
with whalebone,
the shafts are of lance-wood, often combined
and the knee-motion
derived from the horse
is almost
totally
rid
of
all
two-wheeled
of.
this
the
comfort
depends
Upon
got
as
vehicles, and
for,
was
worse
tapered
that the
at
only are
persons
old-fashioned
Dennets
the
especiallywhere
in
many
than
any
the back-end
two
high-trotting horse.
and
attached
to
a
The
modated;
accom-
motion
shaft
is
cross-spring,so
drawing-bar is in the center of two
it and the
horse'3 pad, the other
long springs" one between
it and the back
between
the
and
of
as
they play easily,
gig;
fulcrum
at
the
TO
HOW
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
DRIVE
A
31
HORSE.
fixed
tionary.
stapoints at the fulcrum and the back remain
When
properly balanced, this gig ought not to
the
horse's
back on*levelground more
than a few
press upon
or
just sufficient to prevent its bearing back, and
ounces,
thus straining the belly-band and
frettingthe. horse in that
the two
way.
The
Tilbury
is a
and being suspended
softer
gig of
totally different
a
leather
upon
braces, its
construction,
is much
motion
than
the Dennet
it gains in this respect it
; but what
loses in knee- motion, which
is very
considerable.
There
is
skeleton
no
boot, but
to a plated and
a
body is attached
therefore rigid shaft, by means
of a spring projecting in front,
and
attached
to
a
pended
by a brace, and another projecting behind, susThis crosscross-spring by a long leather brace.
spring is raised from the cross-bar
by iron stays in a T-like form ; and
at the
first invented
was
that the leather brace
the
with
horse
without
shaft
moving
hypothesis
This
with
the
fact, a3
back
it was
however,
was,
the Tilbury is found
the
shafts
when
supposed
would
allow
it
of the
influencing the gig.
found
not
of
to
be
consistent
to
receive a most
comfortable
unmotion
from the horse, and to communicate
it to
the rider; and no plau has yet been discovered
which
this
by
be remedied.
can
By setting the cross-spring well back, and
thus strainingthe braces apart, some
ed;
improvement is effect-
it is stilla very uneasy
has maintained
which
gig, as compared with Fuller's
its superiorityfor the last 25
Dennet,
pressed by the cheap substitutes which
years, although hard
have
been extensively adopted in its place, in the shape of
dog- carts, etc.
but
In
Irish
the
another
Car
are
varieties
two-wheeled
of the
dog-cart,
basket-cart,
Two-wheeled
carriagesthere
the
as
one
is
very
a
heavy, both
in actual
severe
the horse's
upon
shaped
Carriages
handsome
weight and
back
body, with
of being
therefore,
folded
Malvern,
etc.
Headed
Cabriolet
several
are
AVhitechapel, the
the Hansom's
cab, the Duobus,
and the headed
Dennet
The
placed opposite
to back
in the outside variety,
the
line
of
regards
ress.
prog-
back
cases
the above
Croydon
The
and
sideways as
formerly a good deal used in this country,
They were
almost
entirely superseded by the various dognow
carts.
Besides
the
are
passengers
the inside car,
in
but iu both
but
the
and
a
up,
the
of the cabriolet,
Nottingham
vehicle,but
in
draught ; and
legs. It consists
wooden
and
consist
tage-cart,
cot-
it is very
also
of
very
a
culiarly
pe-
knee-boot, incapable,
consequently very
hot
in
RIDE
there
drive
is
nothing
themselves.
the
springs are
Tilbury,except
of the T.
for country use, but
well adapted for those who
so
board
A
is
placed behind
for town
usually
for the
groom
the kneeupon, and his weight materially diminishes
well be built under
inside.
Cabriolets
cannot
7 1-2
to stand
motion
8 cwt., and
to
of
well suited
vehicle is not
This
work
shape instead
of the C
HORSE.
A
if desired; the
similar in principle to those
they are
that
will let down
head
the
summer;
somewhat
DRIVE
AND
The
of them
most
is
Cab
Hansom
weigh 9
generally
cwt.
street
a
vehicle, but
and
makes
adapted to private use,
a
for professional men
for bachelors,
comfortable
most
one
or
in what
it is superior to the Brougham.
see
though I cannot
from
In a moderately hillycountry, I know
experience that
it
it is beaten
by any light four-wheeled
carriage, because
down.
It
the
horse
in
consists
of
distresses
going uphill or
of peculiar construction, which
cab-shaped
body,
a
roomy,
it
sometimes
is
to all. and
be familiar
mu3t
that
so
drives
he
high
of the
vehicles
liked
run
on
of the
account
on
wheels
light
very
with
over
level
are
for the
seat
driver
hind,
be-
of his master.
Iu consequence
be employed, these
can
ground, and they are much
speed with
Dennet
on
along. They are
shafts; but, as they
the
the head
which
which
the horse
springs,and
with
get
can
plated ash-
evenly balanced, there
is
no
knee-
motion.
Duobus
The
wheels,
two
placed upon
carriagein
It is entered
behind, and the driver sits on
also are on Dennet
springs ; and with lanceshafts they may
free from knee-motion.
be rendered
side.
wood
The
the
slice of an
omnibus
troublesome
and
awkward
mere
respect.
every
one
is a
and is an
These
Nottingham
sportsman
Cottage-Cart
of
limited
means,
is
a
very
who
useful
wishes
an
vehicle
for
occasional
It is well
carriage for evening work or wet weather.
adapted for ordinary use, exactly like a roomy
dog-cart; but
behind
to form a head, and
downward
it opens
to
upward
hind-seats
make
that the two
are
a foot-board, so
completely
under cover.
I can
its
and
to
demerits,
as
merits
speak fully
of it,as I had one built from my own
being reallythe inventor
the
designs iu
spring of the year 1851, and used it fullytwo
brought out, on a plan
years before the Nottingham cart was
Whatever
merit, therefore, may
precisely similar to mine.
the
invention
is
clearlymine, and I reallybelieve it
belong to
above
for the purpose
cart
specified,The
is a very serviceable
in behind;
dirt
wheels
throw
the
is that the
only drawback
close
and
unless
shut
up
aame
the
weather
is cold
enough
to
allow
of its
being
Tbe
fault indeed.
closely,it is a very troublesome
appliesto dusty roads, in which condition this cart is
34
contrived
be
accommodate
to
rejoice in distinguishing
four
George IV., the Albert,
Dog-Cart, etc., etc.
Close
and
summed
soon
are
Carriages
up
HORSE.
fashionable),
the'
Four-wheeled
Stanhope,
the
under
A
six persons,
and they
without
end, as, the
or
almost
names
the
Fouk-wheeled
DRIVE
the Sociable
Cab-bodied,
the
Pilentum,
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
HOW
(now
much
are
the
very
less numerous,
list:
followingshort
First, the Family Coach; second, the Chariot; third, the
It is true
that there are
Clarence; fourth, the Brougham.
made
in each of the above, but very slight
infinite variations
has
Coach
The
the
with
compared
as
previously described
the
C
same
under
and
carriages.
springs as
the
britschka, with the perch also. It is, however, completely
covered
in, having only a single glass on each sid%,capable
of being raised or lowered.
is similar in all respects to the coach, except
Chariot
holds
and
has
two.
it
that
glasses in front as well as
only
made
to open,
is called a
This carriage, when
the sides.
on
Landaulet.
has a lightbody, to hold four,but placed on
The
Clarence
a
perch. It is
ellipticor grasshopper springs, and without
The
lighter in every
much
nor
easy
much
free
so
noise.
from
the
than
way
From
coach, but
neither
lightnessit
its
so
is still
ing
becomcountry, but in New York it is now
again supplanted by the carriages with C springs.
used
The
in the
coach,
but
the Clarence
is to
Brougham
Broughams
some
then
called
are
so
what
made
the chariot is to the
to hold
four people,
as
round-fronted
Their
Broughams.
be
well
used
tolerably
they may
great advantage
to
is
which
Of
a
with one
object.
people
great
horse,
many
the
C spring is introduced
late a spring has been invented, by which
the perch, which is generally connected
with
without
that soft and yielding kind of spring. This is said to remedy
the- great defects of these
carriages, namely, their peculiar
and
are
is, that
hum
to
the
of the
ear
after
a
inside
time, and
traveler, which
to avoid
it small
for some
light iron
years built with
however, is nearly double that of an
of
they are quite beyond the powers
short drive.
a very
becomes
tressing
very dischariots have been
perches. Their weight,
ordinary Brougham, and
one
horse
for
more
than
to me
myself tried the spring, but it appears
with
of
some
a very
doing away
part of the
to the Brougham;
nevertheless, that
jar and noise incidental
still
connected
sequently,
with the fore-spring must
remain, and, conafraid the object is only in part attained; but,
I am
I before remarked, I have not put the matter
to the test by
as
actual experiment.
I have
to be
uever
useful mode
TO
HOW
is
Harness
differentlyconstructed,
which
for
Thus
it is intended.
according
there
the
are
viz., gig harness, phaeton harness, chariot
harness, according
harness, and four-horse
for the purpose
of being attached
prefixed to the general title.
intended
35
HORSE.
A
DRIVE
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
to the
pose
pur-
following"
harness, tandem
each variety is
to the kind of carriage
as
for single horse
is equally suitable
Harness, which
phaetons, or, in fact, for any single work, consists of three
ing
portions" first,the drawing part f secondly, the part for hold-
Gig
the shafts of the
guiding the horse.
The
Part
Drawing
gig
up
and
consists
and
back;
of the
thirdly,that for
which
Collar,
ring padded to fit the shoulders, or of a Breast
being merely a broad and padded strap, crossing in
is
Strap,
oval
the
shoulder
parts.
collar
If the
is
used,
buckled
front
iron
two
side by means
each
on
Hames, are
Strap,
strap at top and bottom, called a Hame
through an eye at the end of each hame, and
called
of
an
a
of
bars,
leather
which
is
passes
afterward
is a
the top of each hame
Terret, for the reins to pass thftmgh ;
ring, called a Hame
with
the middle
and a little below
is an
there
a metal
arm,
is attached.
This
the Tug
of the trace
tug,
eye. to which
piece of leather, which is
again, is stitched into a double
drawn
tight and
attached
to
buckled.
Toward
This
buckle
for
the
Trace.
the
double
leather
strap, attached
last
is
end to
at one
long
the
and
other
to the
the above
drawing
buckle,
by an eye to
bar of the gig.
of the Pad
The supporting and backing part consists
or
similar
the
to
saddle,
somewhat
in
Saddle,
principle
riding
and lighter. This has two
but much
narrower
rings for the
called
for
the
the Terrets, and
Hook
a
reins,
bearing rein,
simply
a
all at the top.
and at the back
It is fastened
to the horse
by
a
Belly-Band,
which is
of it there is an eye for the crupper,
it
round
of
which
it
to
root
the
the
from
tail,
strap
and
holds
thus
the pad from
pressing forward.
passes,
middle
of the pad passes a strong leather strap,
Through the
called the Back-Band,
buckle
and
which
is attached
to
a
a
leather
strong loop on each side, called the Shaft Tug, by which the
shaft is supported, and
also kept back from pressing
upon
sisted
asquarters, in which latter office it is sometimes
and
round
buckled
leather
these
a
strap passing
parts
side, either to the shaft or to its tug, and called the
the horse's
by
on
each
Breechen.
The
and
part for guiding the horse consists of the Bridle
t he Reins, the former
use
of, two Cheek-pieces,
being made
and
Winkers, a Throat-lash, a Nose-band, a Face-strap,
36
a
HOW
TO
and
Front-piece
buckled
only
used
DRIVE
AND
Head-piece.
a
Bit, which
the
to
sometimes
RIDE
BREAK,
is
The
cheek-pieces are
generallya strong curb,
but
Snaffle, now
monly
very comrow
merely long aud narthe bit through the hame
Double-Ringed
a
HORSE.
A
driving. The "eins
leather passing from
in
are
stripsof
Bearing-reins
ditional
adare
pad-terretsto the driver's hand.
reins attached
to bridoon
bits,and passing through
the
throat-lash
the pad.
to the hook
on
fcar-ringson or near
used in singleharness.
seldom
Where
They are, however, now
is
the bearing-rein
sometimes
not used, a long ear-ringis now
head
from
the
of
the
which
ing
the drivsuspended
bridle,through
rein passes, and by which the horse is prevented from getting
there in under
the point of the shaft, an
which
accident
their horses
is very annoying to those who
leave
standing
and
with
about
their servants.
Phaeton
Chariot
and
Harness
both
are
made
principle,differingonly in lightnessboth
same
former
the
ornament,
being altogethermuch
the
on
of leather
less
and
heavy than
the latter.
Double
consists, like
harness
single harness,
of
three
parts ; but as there is no shaft to be supported, the
simple. The drawing part is
pad is much lighterand more
similar to that already described, except that the lower eyes
essential
by an oval ring of
metal, upon the lower part of which a ring freelytravels,on
which
the pole piece of the carriageis buckled, and by which
it is backed.
The
trace-buckles, 'also,
are
opposite the pad,
and
supported from it by a light strap, called the Trace-
of the
hames
The
bearer.
permanently
are
themselves
traces
full-fold upon
Roller, and intended
with
a
to be
Pad
sometimes
Breechen
long
either end
themselves, with
splinter-bar. The
a
conuected
used
is very
upon
an
eye, or,
eye, called a
of the
the Roller-bolt
an
light,and
runs
with
to the
iron
has
no
back-baud
;
trace-buckle; but
for light harness
mere
a
supporting strap for the traces,
called a Hip-strap, is all that is used.
The Bridle
is nearly
for
that
there
the same
are
as
no
ments
ornasingle harness, except
on
in
have,
outside
which
is toward
that side which
the pole. The
addition
is attached
to the singlerein which
of each
has
a
horse's bit, another
buckle
toward
the
called
driver
taken
a
Reins
to
the
Coupling-rein,
running
let out
upon
the
at pleasdriving-rein,so that it may be
ure.
up or
These
coupling-reins are attached to the inside of the
after they
bit of the opposite horse, crossing one
another
both
the
and
hame-terrets.
so
have been
passed through
pad
that the off driving-rein, with its coupling-rein,pulls the off
side of the bits of each
reins both the
horse, and the near
near
sides.
TO
HOW
BREAK,
RIDE
AND
DRIVE
A
In double-harness,
they
but
bearing-reins may or may
generallyincluded in its purchase.
are
Tandem
Harness
consists
of
37
HORSE.
not
be
used,
single harness
for the horse
with
the addition
wheeler,"
only of
double
terrets
the pad, for the leader's reins to pass
on
through, and also of a double ear-ring for the same
purpose.
in the
The
shafts, called
leader
the
of
harness
has
phaeton double
a
"
the
harness, except
that the traces are
for ordinary work.
They have
attached
are
either to the
chariot
about
a
sides
no
or
of that for the
terrets,and one
double
wheelers, like
the headpiece
the same
as
on
of the ear-ring. The
leaders have
leader's harness, except that when
they are
"
four-in-hand
their traces are shorter,and they end
hooks, by
suspended
which
or
are
to
Whips
a
lash
long
hook
in size and
vary
whip of
stout
driven
in eyes
to
attached
are
"serving- bars" that
at the end of the pole.
they
a
they
wheeler's
for the purpose.
instead
"
than
to the
tandem
the
light
bridle
longer
eyes
consists
harness, with
the
the
swivel-hook, by which
the shafts have
Harness
as
of
feet
six
points of the shafts
trace-buckles,where
Four-Horse
both
that
alike, and
are
description
same
length, from
the
small
light and
whip with
the four-in-hand
phaeton
pony
enough to reach the leader's head.
to
a
HARNESS-HORSES.
Harness-Horses
horses,
from
either
are
to the
end
one
other
and
pony,
size of the small
gradually larger and heavier
line, which begins at the
being
coach-horses;
or
ponies, gig-horses,Brougham-
of the
extends
up
to
the
carriage-horse
of 17 hands.
Ponies
breeds
various
failinglegs and
larger varieties
as they are
ill-used.
A
all
over
of which
; some
with
endurance,
with
met
are
the Unked
States, and are
of wonderful
are
powers
of
of
and action, and with nevergood symmetry
In general soundness
feet.
they far excel the
there
is no
of the horse, for which
ing,
accountand
much
more
frequently
neglected
very
broken-winded
sight,and
pony,
lame one
or
a
roarer,
is
a
very
common
un-
is
an
by no means
day
everyto believe that the
is every
reason
Arab
the ponies of our
blood has been largely diffused among
and great powers
heads
and forests ; and their neat
heaths
of endurance,
together with the small size of their bone3,
occurrence.
would
warrant
Among
hardiness
are
the
a
the
assumption.
man
ponies there is a strong cross of the Nordown
of them
the dark mark
they have many
is peculiar to that breed, together with the
the Welsh
horse, and
the back
even
There
which
of constitution
refuse
ot the
inherent
in it.
hunting-stock
or
of all kinds
Gigsfcers
of the racing-stud,
38
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
A
HORSE.
clumsy and slow for those purposes
being
Some
are
good trotters and yet bad ers,
put to harness.
gallopand
they are, consequently, as well fitted for harness
work
of
as
they are unsuited for hunting. A great number
also
under-sized
which
last
carriage-horses,
are
gigsters are
the produce of Cleveland
or
Clydesdale mares
by well-bred or
Until latelythe Cleveland
even
mare
thorough-bred horses.
almost
the sole origin,on
the dam's
of
was
best
our
side,
has been
latterlythe Clydesdale mare
carriage-horses
; but
and
with
much
better
much
success
very extensively used,
; inasthe produce are
much
as
more
hardy, and though, perhaps,
not quite so level,yet more
blood-like,and their legs
firm and
and feet much
more
enduring. This is,I believe,
in the world
for general harness work, and it
the best cross
which
those
will beat
the Cleveland
horseman
noted
A
cross
too
are
breed
in every
first recommended
direct between
the
Cleveland
horse, and
name
and
practice
his
but
since;
ever
far as legs go they are
almost
stand
road-work
I
unsound
race-horse.
will turn
mare
her
dams
horses and
of
with
great ragged
with
tempers
to
me
from
from
mare
the
the
bred
thorough-
kept up
the
at last discovered
in
am
now
great hopes that the Clydesdale
much
better
only be useful
three-quarters and
hunters.
adoption of
and
that as
and
that
an
unprofitablesort,
they
than
worse
an
others,
except
any
very
a
the
authority have
will not
produce
the
out
it is
respect.
substitute; and that
carriage horses, but as
as
seven-eighths-bredroad-
frame to go upon,
There is a fine roomy
and
good heads, and
hips,flat clean legs,
tit to be taught auything. The constitution
also is good, and in every respect this breed appears
calculated
I am
for the purpose
now
discussing; and
the
which
are
I
the first cross,
am
of those who
have
"In
all
have
induced
seen
resulting
that the
to hope
tions
expectaadopted it will be fullyrealized.
HARNESSING
Harnessing.
I
good specimens
numerous
AND
cases
PUTTING-TO.
the first
to be
collar, which
thing
done, after
is effected
is dressed, is to put on the
and
in
round
his
stall,
slippingit over
by turning the horse
is reThis
inversion
quired
his head
with the large end upward.
is the widest
the front of the head
because
part, and
in this way
is adapted to the widest part of the collar,which,
the horse
even
with
this
arrangement,
will
in
coarsely-bred horses
the
collar is put
Before
hardly pass over
and
in its place, the hames
buckled; for if this
are
put on
wa9
delayed until after it had been reversed, they would
were
to be held on
while the bame-straps
have
being drawn
the
together,whereas
in place. They
in
are
cheek-bones.
this
now
their own
weight keeps them
way
reversed
altogether, and the pad
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
A
39
HORSE.
iu its
place; before buckling the belly-band of which the
slipped over the tail by doubling up all the hair,
crupper
and
grasping it carefully in the left hand while the right
adapts the crupper.
put
is
careful
A
hairs
and
should
examination
left under
it,for if they
are
often
cause
tit of
a
that no
always be made
are
they irritate the skin,
After
kicking.
the
is set
buckled
crupper
forward, and its belly-band
pad is drawn
bridle
the
the curbis now
put on, and
up pretty tightly;
chain properly applied, the reins being slipped through the
both sides, if for single harness, or on
terrets
and buckled
on
the outside only if for double, and the driving-reinfolded back
right
the
tied in the
and
pad
managed
differently,according to
very
the horse
is going in shafts or with a pole.
tilted up and
held there
shafts, they are
by one
Putting-to
whether
If
for
is
while
person,
the
when
them,
under
terret,
they
horse until
down, and the
is under
tugs slipped
the formation
shafts, according
being hooks, and others merely leather
taken that they do not slip beyond the
of the
of the tugs, some
be
loops. Care must
the
he
the
dropped
are
the ends
over
or
backs
other
shafts.
The
to
attached
to
the
or
drawing-bar, the breechen
kicking-strap buckled, and
false belly-band buckled
up pretty tightly,so as to keep
shafts steady. Id four-wheeled
carriages it should be
loose
when
breechen
is used, to allow of
a
tolerably
untwisted
from
having free play. The reins are now
the
pins
on
the horse
terret, and
traces
are
now
the
left
this
the
is put to.
harness, the first thing is to bring the horse
round
by the side of the pole, and put the pole-piece through
the slidingrings of the hames, the groom
holding it, or else
For
double
buckling it at the longest hole while
to;
as
proper
horse's
the two
leaders
soon
as
this is done
buckled
are
wheelers, and
or
not
The
chief
attaching
it
the
from
horses
in either
pole-piece at
altogether too
the
libertyto get back upon
damage by kicking.
soon,
to its
opposite
the terrets, and
are
ready. The
are
the
exactly the reverse
exactly iu the same
errors
the
to
up
easilyattached, and
rings on the heads of the
half of the pad terret.
four-in-hand
passed through
through the upper
is
Unharnessing
undone
being
done.
the
being put
are
is buckled
pole-piece
together, and
tandem
a
traces
untwisted
driving-reins
bit, the
of
the
coupling-rein buckled
length, each
their reins
the
of the
order
in
are-
once
in
double
often
the
it
was
harness, in
putting to,
by which
bars, and
above, everything
in which
or
horse
does
in unbuckling
is at
able
consider-
4C
HOW
TO
RIDE
BREAK,
BREA
For
horse
Double-Harness
timid
a
The
by
before
time
some
country work
for
and
steady companion,
a
It is
lady, but
days,
be
HARNESS.
TO
Work,
with
hands.
of
alarmed
days
HORSE.
A
double
break
aud
a
break
effect
this
and
a very short
object,
only are required
will generallysuffice to make
horse
a
able,
manageyoung
if driven
allow
KING
DRIVE
to
time
pair
AND
with
those
3light freak,
be
used.
safely
may
first thing to be done, is to put the
occasional
an
by
he would
after
who
thoroughly
know
a
to break
the
broken
to the
during
two
harness
on,
the two
or
but
this
and
of
is
plow, by
letting them jump and
a
in limb
spavins
bad
and
plan, aud
kick
practice
till they were
have
been
caused
by the struggles
will
often
high-couraged horse;
jibbing
in a bad-tempered or
sluggish one.
consequence
and
derived
and fight
the dull and
plunge
plan is
now
from
the Eastern
horse
leads
ensue
in favor
of
the
break, where
the
the power
of moving forward, to
if
plunges, any, and his blood is not
unnecessarily roused
resistance.
accustomed
has
he
The
colts to
different way
these
against restraint, in a very
phlegmatic cart-horse; and, therefore,the
discarded
After
tirely
en-
horses
many
temper by it.
very commonly
are
and
dle
in the mid-
putting them
a
hot blood
from
ten
three
will be
use
and
team,
a
Curbs
a
or
Previously to this he should
wise
saddle, because he will not other-
carriage-horsesat
spoiledboth
as
not
are
week
of the bit, and without
that he
unmanageable. It was formerly a very common
tired;
careful
fit for a
horse
it to remain
for an hour or
before the horse is driven.
of
a
be
he has
been
made
is put in with the
break
and
steadiness.
The
size,
power,
the break
put to, and
brought
extent, in all his
some
horse, an
break
colt
to the
animal
horse
should
by
ness,
har-
of great
first be
into a tolerably open
out
it
level
start
on
place,
ground, or with a very
may
The
break
is built very
slightascent.
strongly,and should
the
have
between
axlethe drawing-bar and the front
space
tree made
if
kicks
the
with
horse
iron
that
over
a
rods,
so
up
bar his legs do not
them
back
fall,but he draws
again at
The
should
be
aging
dambar
him
also
to
once.
padded,
prevent
where
himself in his violence, if he plunges and kicks as some
will do.
The colt should
have a well-fitting
collar on, and it
be previously well-oiled,
should
its frettingthe
to prevent
also have a common
skin; he should
rope halter on, with the
end tied loosely to the hame
terret, so that the breaksman
ing
touchlay hold of it,and draw him toward him, without
his mouth.
Wheu
all is ready, and
the two
hor3es
are
put together,
with the driver on the box, the break horse is gently touched
with
the
off very quietly, the
whip, and takes the break
can
42
HOW
TO
fixed; and then
thus
the shafts, and
is
stop by the power
mode
the reins are
is
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
DRIVE
break-horse
a
may
colt is then
the
of the
A
attached
be
compelled
trained
and
outside
to
on
go
horse.
In
or
this
steady
applied as for pair-horse driving,and it
of breaking unruly horses; indeed, I
way
very excellent
when
all other
known
it succeed
have
kicker ; but
in an obstinate
only, however,
a
vice showed
HORSE.
itself
nearly
bad
as
as
for
after
ever
failed
had
means
time, as the
a
time.
a
DRIVING.
Driving
Horse
Single
a
is
a
simple process,
very
good hand and eye.
from riding,the
reins are held differently
only
The
quires
re-
a
the
over
and
and
forefinger,
the
off between
rein ing
passthe middle
near
it and
finger; and then through the hand, descending from the
The thumb
rein
keeps the near
palm by the side of the knees.
I have
and
firmly against the forefinger,
always found it a
out
of
to
both
reins
the
hand
between
the
good plan
pass
little and
that
so
ring-fingers,
without
keeping the thumb
fingers when
very firmly fixed,they do not slip through the
This has saved
the horse makes
a mistake.
me
when
because
the
miles, and
a
is
person
attention
tired
with
an
many
driving
flags, horse, in making
a
cident,
ac-
many
mistake,
a
of the thumb
till it is too late, in consequence
is not checked
to
and forefinger
the
rein
inches
before
it
slip some
suffering
is held
firmly between them; but when
passing through an
of
and
pair
fingers,
making an angle in order to do
this, it is astonishing how firmly the reins are
held, and yet
additional
with
much
how
less
the
driver
has
in the
were
a
doing
from
horse
to hold
which
might
horses
which
be
have
been
with.
that
from
that
I have
but
a
bearing-reinis
ordinarycare the horse
does
not
was
straight-necked form
heavy hanging upon
useful
injuriousto
a
to
some
but
driving the
equal extent
an
of
in most
of
though
from
defective
which
is almost
the bit.
in
those
which
pensed
its use, it may
safely be discould
be
few which
never
bearing-rein,even
this
if he
his powers
It
old
fall.
is true
that many
the bearing-rein
to lean
upon
without;
had
than
a
quick exertion
used
accustomed
without
for me;
up,
that
been
safely driven
never
trusted
from
him
save
it is
head
by confining him
cannot
with
therefore,although it is
the
single
riding,because
for
keep him up, but
he is partlyprevented from
of the head, caused
ing-rein,
by the bear-
confinement
the
and,
have
doubt
no
driver; but
a
him
makes
is
than
in
use
of the mouth
slightcheck, which
keep himself up. This
by
is saved
command
There
careless
of
totallyout
needed
more
more
even
saddle.
than
better
almost
now
it is no
harness, where
the hand.
fatigueto
bearing-reinis
The
broken-in
action, and
sure
to
fully
care-
from
Jead to
a
RIDE
down
now
in
worked
as
the four.
with
compared
as
general
was
and
use,
and
ever,
with
But
AND
yet
often
DRIVE
4o
HORSE.
A
former
this rein
years, when
horses
are
quite as hard
these
with
their heads
scarcely
good leg
one
liberty,and
at
only
a
out of
double-
or, if they do,
it. Too tight
holding it too loose, and a gagged
in his action as to be always making
ringed snaffle,they rarely
they
a
almost
are
rein
horse
is
quite
will be
so
mistakes.
bad
as
confined
The
head
should
have
tolerable
a
degree of
just feeling the hand, so as in a good
playing with the bit which is the perfection
that tenof breaking and
dency
driving. By this I mean
which
to keep within the bit and
to avoid its pressure
fine mouth
will always show; and yet when
there is high
liberty,the
mouth
to lead
mouth
a
to
sure
as
make
a
mistake;
themselves
from
save
to that
desire
to
tbe
as
as
soon
a constant
pourage,
press forward
the
hand
is at all relaxed:
should
have
head
up a steep hill,
entire liberty,while
should
down-hill
the hand
be shortened
the rein, and, with his knees straight,and tlie feet well
upon
To
do
two
and
a
driver
should
prepared for a mistake, and ready
to assist if it i3 made, not
by violentlydragging at the head,
but by checking sufficiently
without gagging the horse.
The mere
avoiding of other vehicles in meeting or passing
is too simple an affair to require minute
description.
In Driving
the
consists
in putting them
art
a
Pair,
great
together, so as to draw equally, and to step together.
out, the
be
this well, the horses must
match
better than a
slugs being much
slug; because
makes
only
impossible
in this case
in action
and
per,
tem-
free-tempered horse
the whip applied to the one
the other more
free, and as
draw equally.
them
to make
a
In
consequence
some
cases
it is
where
are
exactly equally matched, the coupliDg-reins
this is seldom
both be of equal length; but
the case;
and when
they do not do an equal an^ount of work, the coupling
be taken
rein of the free one
must
up, and that of the
In watching the working of the two horses
idle horse let out.
if both
the pole-pieces should always be the guide; and
are
two
horses
must
slack, with
the
end
of the pole steady, and neither horse
that his horses
shouldering it, the driver may rest contented
each
their
share
the
are
pole is shouldered
doing
; if,however,
by either,that horse
more
is
making the other .do
than his share, and keeping the pole straightby the pressure
a
rogue,
and
is
of hi3 shoulder, instead of pulling at the traces.
On
the
other hand, if either horse is pulling away
from the pole, and
at
the
he
is
than
his share,
straining
pole-piece,
doing more
and
his coupling-rein must
be taken hi accordingly. Sometimes
both shoulder
the pole, or spread from
are
it,which
and
be
cured
equallyunsightlyhabits,
generally
by an almay
44
HOW
AND
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
coupling-reinsof both horses, lettingthem
in for its opposite
shouldering, and taking them
teration
for
of the
The
habit.
for
as
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
reins
held
are
in the
same
out
bad
for double-harness
way
single.
Bearing-reins
because
more
are
is not
there
here
necessary
the same
in
than
immediate
ness,
single-har-
command
of
horse; but in tolerably active and safe goers there is little
necessity for them; it is only when horses stand about much
that they are
wanted, and then only for display; but for this
t hey certainly are
of service,as the horse
in a very
stands
and
attitude
handsome
when
"borne
proud
up," and the
much
better when
pair match
they are suffered "to stand at
a
In
it should
driving a pair,
there
methods
two
are
the inside
remembered
be
that
of
rein,and
should
and
always
driving round a curve, one by pulling
outside
the
by hitting
horse^
generallybe"combined, graduating thlF
the other
these two
of
the whip by the thinness
of the skin
of the horse.
use
all cases
the whip is required in double-harness, if not
drive horses
when
pull
want
a
change
always kept
harness
reminding
one
bad
every
was
a
otherwise
Devices
are
The
and
used
put
other
on
the
is
a
get
to
prevention of
into if they
are
fore,
should, there-
and
back
pole rather
the other
by old hands
make
them
do not occasionally
A conduties.
stant
coachman
then,
to
which
their
horses
pullerfrom
when
pairs
of
to the
which
only.
now
few
very
side
habits
side
them
what
it than
Various
are
little
to one
change
to make
there
from
tricks and
those
as
thoroughly put together,yet
equally; and
In
for
again,
bear
so
ward
to-
side.
curing
vices in
horses.
The kicking-strapin single harness
is merely a strap over
the croup, buckled down
to the shafts ; and in double
harness
similar plan is adopted, but of little use
a somewhat
as
pared
comBesides
with that used in "ingle harness.
these there
side-reins,martingales, and a variety of other schemes
them
has his
invented; but every one who is likelyto want
the
ideas
will
and
it
be
on
own
peculiar
subject,
unnecessary
are
for
me
to go
into
a
description of
them.
:o :
MISCELLANEOUS
FOR
No.
1.
amount
of
OOLIC.
of laudanum,
1 ounce,
spirits of turpentine,
and
dose
in three times the
mix,
give to one
Take
1 1-2 ounces,
RECEIPTS.
warm
water.
TO
HOW
No.
2.
essence
shake
RIDE
BREAK,
a
before
well
No.
for
a
45
HORSE.
giving.
a
feed
once
will stop
time.
1 oz.,
vinegar, 16
copaiba,
fir,1 oz., cider
spoonful
HEAVES.
given in the
teaspoonful of lobelia,
twice a week
or
week, and then once
balsam
2.
balsam
A
One
1.
day, for
them
DRIVE
Sulphuric ether, 1 1-2 ounces, laudanum, 1 ounce,
peppermint, 2 ounces,
water, 16 ounces, mix, and
FOR
No.
AND
day.
a
once
spts. of turpentine, 2 oz.,
oz.,.mix, and give a table-
Saltpeter, 1 ounce,
indigo, 1-2 ounce, rain water,
four pints, mix, and give a pint twice a day.
4.
No.
Licorice, elecampane, wild turnip, fenugreek,
skunk-cabbage, lobelia, cayenne, and ginger equal parts of
twice a day ; if
or
each, mix, and give a tablespoonful once
into a ball and
to eat it in feed, make
the horse refuses
No.
3.
give.
CONTRACTED
HOOF
SORE
OR
FEET.
Take
No. 1.
equal parts of soft fat, yellow wax, linseed
Venice
oil,
turpentine, and Norway tar; first melt the wax,
then add the others, mixing thoroughly. Apply to the edge
of the hair
a
once
day.
salts of
niter, 1 ounce, alcohol,
2 ounces,
Venice
3 ounces,
turpentine, 8
ammonia,
aqua
all over
and
the
to
the
of
the
Mix, apply
hair,
ounces.
edge
for a short
twice a week
hoof once
a day, for ten days, then
No.
Benzine,
2.
1 ounce,
time.
lard, 8 ounces; heat them over a
oflfand
slow fire,then take
add, po. verdigris,1 ounce, stir
it
well to prevent
running over ; when partly cool, add spirits
inch
Apply to the hoof about one
turpentine, 2 ounces.
No.
down
Rosin,
3.
from
4 ounces,
the hair.
HORSE
No.
spike, oil origanum, oil hemlock, oil
ammonia,
camphor gum, of each 2 ounces,
Oil
1.
aqua
oil,4 ounces,
liniment
No.
ouuce,
each,
No.
for
2.
oil
two
LINIMENTS.
alcohol,
or
man
Oil
quart.
one
Mix.
This
is
an
olive
excellent
beast.
oil amber, sweet
one
oil, of each
ammonia, and oil of turpentiue, of
origanum,
spike, aqua
ounces.
3.
Linseed
origanum,
4 ounces.
Mix.
oil,
8
Mix
ounces,
well.
oil
ounces,
is excellent for sprains
turpentine,
This
8
and bruises, and as a general liniment is good.
No. 4.
Oil spike, 1 ounce, oil origanum, 2 ounces,
16
wood,
worm-
for lameness
Good
from almost any cause.
ounces.
Take equal parts, alcohol,chlorofoim, aqua
No. 5.
Mix.
Jamaica
and water.
rum
alcohol,
nia,
ammo-
46
TO
HOW
BREAK,
SCRATCHES
FOK
No.
Balsam
1.
heat
gentle
RIDE
fir,4
AND
AND
mixed.
HORSE.
A
GREASE
lard, 4
ounces,
until
DRIVE
HEEL.
Stir with
ounces.
a
the
well
sores
thoroughly
apply.
No. 2.
Sugar of lead, 2 oz., borax, 1 oz., sweet oil,6 oz.,
mix, and apply twice daily after washing with castile soap,
and drying.
No. 3.
Tincture
of myrrh, 2 oz., glycerine, 4 oz., tincture
of arnica, 2 oz.
Mix thoroughly and apply two or three times
with castile soap.
above
a day, after cleansing as
No. 4.
1-2 oz., of powdered
Take
verdigris,and one pint
twice a day.
or
or
proof spirits. Mix, and apply once
rum,
This works
for
heel
mud
fever.
or
nicely
grease
No. 5. Take
of oxide of zinc, 1 drachm, lard, 1 ounce,
dered
powbenzoin, ten grains, camphorated
spirits,one
gum
Mix thoroughly and rub on twice a week.
drachm.
Do not
wash
after the first application.
with
castile soap,
Wash
and
CUTS,
WOUNDS
AND
SORES.
No.
1. Take
of lard, 4 ounces,
beeswax, 4 ounces, rosin, 2
carbolic
the three first and
Mix
acid, 1-4 ounces.
ounces,
This is
melt, then add the carbolic acid, stirringuntil cool.
excellent for man
well as beast.
as
No.
2. Tincture
tincture
opium,
night and
No.
No.
aloes, 1
1-2
ounce,
ounce,
tincture
myrrh, 1-2 ounce,
mix, and apply
water, four ounces,
morning.
3. Tincture
4. Carbolic
opium, 2 ounces, tannin,
acid, 1 ounce, soft water,
1-4
1
ounce.
quart.
Mix.
Mix.
SWEENEY.
No.
1.
of each
Spanish flies,camphor gum, and cayenne,
10 ozs., spts. turpentine, 6 ozs., oil origanum.
1 oz., alcohol
2 ozs.
Mix.
No.
2.
ate
Alcohol, 16 ozs., spiritsturpentine, 10 ozs., muriof ammonia,
1 oz.
Mix.
No. 3.
Alcohol, water, spiritsof turpentine and soft soap,
of each 1 pint, salt. 6 ozs.
Mix.
POLL
No.
1.
EVIL
AND
FISTULA.
mon
Copperas, 1 drachm, blue vitriol,2 drachms, comand powder
1 drachm
drachms, white vitriol,
; mix
fine. Fill a goose-quill with the powder, and push it to the
bottom
of the pipe, having a stick in the top of the quill,so
that you can
push the powder out of the quill,leaving it at
the bottom
of the pipe ; repeat again in about four days, and
in two
three
or
days from that time you can take hold of the
it without
trouble.
pipe and remove
No. 2.
of opium, 1 drachm,
Tincture
potash, 2 drachms,
1
when
dissolved injectinto the pipes
water, ounce; mix, and
salt 2
TO
HOW
with
BREAK,
AND
RIDE
DRIVE
47
HORSE.
A
the sore
with soapsyringe, having cleansed
suds;
days until the pipes are completely
repeat every two
destroyed.
No. 3.
Take
small piece of lunar caustic, place in the
a
pipe, after being cleansed with soap-suds, then till the hole
with
small
a
oil.
sweet
BOTS.
Take
milk,
new
and
whole,
2
quarts, syrup,
in fifteen
1
quart, mix
or twenty minutes
tea; half an hour
strong sage
oil,or if the oil cannot
warm,
quart of linseed
OINTMENT
Bees-wax,
FOR
and
after
give
after
the
be had
give the
2
quarts of
tea, give 1
give lard
stead.
in-
HORSES.
bolic
rosin, 3 ounces, lard, 4 ounces, caracid, drachm, honey, 1-2 ounce, melt all together and
the fire,and add
from
bring slowly to a boil,then remove
slowly 1 gillof spiritsof turpentine, stirringall the time
until cool ; used with
for galls,
cracked
heels,
good success
2
ounces,
1
flesh wounds
or
bruises.
CONDITION
No.
POWDERS.
of
Gentian, fenugreek, sulphur, saltpeter,cream
2 ounces,
black
antimony, of each 1 oz.,
rosin,
1 oz., pulverized and
each, cayenne,
ginger, licoriee,3 ozs.
mized
twice a
or
thoroughly; dose, 1 tablespoon ful, once
for coughs,
day, mixed with the feed; used with good success
colds, distemper, hidebound, and nearly all diseases for which
Condition
Powders
are
given.
No.
2.
Fenugreek, 4 ozs., ginger, 6 ozs., anise, pulverized,
2
4 ozs., gentian, 2 ozs., black
hard
antimony,
ozs.,
wood
all together; excellent to give a
ashes, 4 ozs.; mix
1.
tartar, of each
horse
No.
ozs.,
an
3.
appetite.
Licorice, 4
blood
each
ozs., fenugreek, 4 ozs., elecampane, 4
root, 1 oz., tartar emetic 1-2 oz., ginger and cayenne,
1 oz. ; mix
and
three
two
or
give a tablespoonful
best condition
powders
also
excellent
any cough, cold, distemper or epizootic;
For
for heaves.
heaves, 1 oz. of lobelia and camphor may
added.
be
times
a
day in
the
feed.
One
of the
for
LINIMENTS
FOR
Olive
No. 1.
oil,2 ozs., aqua
add
2 ozs. oil origanum, 2 ozs.
HORSES.
1 oz. ; mix
and
ammonia,
of
1-2
oz.
spirits
turpentine,
1 pint strongest alcohol; mix.
oil of wormwood,
This liniment
for any
also
is excellent
for
lameness,
good
spavins,
the first apthey make
ringbones, curbs, etc., if used when
pearance.
48
HOW
No.
TO
2. Oil of
monia,
2 ozs.,
spike,
the
3.
strain
and
HORSE.
A
origanum,
4 ozs., aqua
4
ozs., beef's
pepper,
alcohol, 1
1 oz.,
gum,
pint;
mix:
am
gall,
used
for
1.
qt., saltpeter, pulverized, 4 ozs.,
steep in a dish well covered;
mix, and
4 ozs.;
wormwood,
DRIVE
of cayenne
No.
as
purposes
Best vinegar, 1
same
No.
AND
1 oz., oil of
tincture
gill,camphor
one
TUDE
BREAK,
press the herbs
:
valuable
for
bruises,swellings and
sprains.
SADDLE
No.
No.
and
or
1. Tincture
apply twice
and
2.
Take
apply
two
GALLS,
opium,
day.
of
a
white-lead
three
or
wounds
any
HARNESS
AND
on
a
2
ozs.,
tannin,
linseed
and
times
day
a
ETC.
BRUISES,
oil,mix
; this is
mix
drachms;
2
as
good
for
paint,
for scratches,
horse.
EYE-WATER
FOR
HORSES.
of
lead, 1 drachm, tincture of opium, 2 drachms,
soft water, 1 pint ; mix, and wash
the eye two or three times
Sugar
a
day.
FOUNDER.
No.
1-2 drachm,
pints, cayenne
pepper,
tincture of aconite
to 1
root, 15 drops, mix, and boil down
quart; when
cool, give as a drench; blanket the horse well;
after the horse has perspired for an
hour or
give one
more,
1.
Vinegar,
3
of linseed oil: this treatment
will be found
good for
horses foundered
by eating too much graiu.
No 2.
Some
recommend
for horses foundered
on
grain, to
bleed about 1 gallon,then to drench
the horse
with linseed
quart
oil,1 quart; after this,rub the fore legs well, and
for a long
time with very warm
of opium
water, with a little tincture
mixed
with it. As the horse will not recover
from
the loss of
blood for a long time, it is^usually
better to adopt the treatment
given
in No.
1.
ANODYNE
No.
1.
Tincture
2.
Sweet
of
DRENCHES.
1 ounce,
opium,
starch
gruel, 1 quart;
mix.
No.
spiritsof niter,1 oz., tincture of opium, 1
oz., essence
peppermint, 1-4 oz., water, 1 pint; mix.
No. 3. Tincture
of opium,
1-2
1 oz., spirits of camphor,
ounce, anise, 1-2 ounce, sulphuric ether, 1 oz., water, 1 piut;
of
mix.
DIABETES.
Sugar
of
lead, 10 grains, alum
tincture of opium, 1-2 ounce,
FARCY
No.
1. Iodide
of
30
grains, catechu, 1 dr.,
pint; mix.
.
water, 1
AND
potassium,
GLANDERS.
1
1-4
drachms,
copperas
1-2
50
HOW
TO
RTDE
BREAK,
ALTERATIVE
No.
soap,
ANE
Linseed
1.
1-2
AND
DRIVE
LAXATIVE
BALLS.
aloes, 1-2
1 ounce,
meal,
HORRE.
A
castile
ounce,
mix.
ounce;
Ginger, 1 drachm, bar soap, 3 drachms, Barbadoes
aloes pulverized, G drachms, flaxseed meal, 1 ounce.
No.
2.
BALL.
TONIC
Ginger, 2 drachms, gentian,
fenugreek, 1-4 oz. ; mix
ounce,
1
drachm, Peruvian
and
form
a
bark, 1-2
ball.
DIURETICS.
of balsam
Take
copaiba,
spiritsof
ounces,
2
sweet
spiritsof niter, 3
ozs.,
oil of juniper, 2 ozs.,
2 ozs.,
turpentine,
the bottle before
camphor, 2 ozs. ; mix; shake
for
adult
dose
tablean
horse, two
pouring the medicine;
spoonfuls in a pint of milk, repeated every four to six hour3
This is a reliable preparation for kidney difficulties.
if necessary.
of
tincture
MIXTURES.
COUGH
Oil of tar, given as directed for the treatment
of
remedies
for
of
the
all
best
is
one
nearly
coughs.
heaves,
of alcohol, 1-2 pint, balsam
of fir,2 ounces;
Take
No. 2.
No.
1.
well, and
mix
from
using.
Dose
times
day.
a
all the
add
it will
tar
to
one
cut.
Shake
leaspoonfuls
two
well
two
or
before
three
FARCY.
potash, 4 ozs., black antimony, 2 ozs., sulphite
2 ozs.; mix; dose, one
tableof soda, 1 oz., elecampane,
twice
a
day.
spoonful once or
Nitrate
of
GLEET.
NASAL
Copperas,
oz.,
linseed
2 ozs., pulverized gentian, 3 ozs.,
meal, 3 ozs.; mix, and give from
spoonful twice
No.
2.
flaxseed
two
or
1 oz.,
and
Aloes,
meal, 4
of the
to 1 table-
6 ozs.,
pulverized
make
ozs.,
vomica, 3 drachms,
into eight powders and give one
nux
day.
each
8 ozs., bees- wax,
sulphate of iron,
boil
1-2
1
day.
a
HEELS.
CRACKED
Tar,
elecampane,
over
a
scrapings
1 oz.,
1 oz.,
rosin, 1
oz.,
alum,
1 oz.,
acid, 1 drachm;
and
add
off* the filth,
tallow,
mix,
carbolic
fire. Skim
elder.
of sweet
slow
2
ozs.
THRUSH.
castile soap and water, and
sprinkle a small quantity of pulverized blue vitriol in the cleft,
and press it in so
then
fillup all the cavities with cotton
and
until
to keep out all dirt,and repeat as often as necessary
as
is complete.
the cure
No.
1.
Wash
the feet well with
HOW
No.
alum,
2.
TO
Blue
vitriol and
2 ozs., white
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
DRIVE
of each
copperas,
1-4
vitriol,
51
HORSE.
A
one
burnt
ounce,
; mix.
oz.
FARCY.
WATER
Saltpeter, 2 ozs., copperas, 2 ozs., ginger, 1 oz.,
fenugreek, 2 ozs., anise,1-2 oz., gentian, 1 oz. ; mix and divide
into eight powders; give two or three each day.
pane,
No. 2.
Gentian, 1 oz., ginger 1-2 oz., anise,loz., elecam2 ozs., blue
peter,
vitriol,1 oz., flaxseed
meal, 2 ozs., saltdivide into eight powders. Moderate
2 ozs. ; mix, aud
daily exercise and rubbing the limbs are useful.
No.
1.
PREPARATIONS.
HEALING
No.
acid, 1 oz., soft water, 2 pts.; mix.
1. Carbolic
No.
2. White
No.
3.
oz., soft water, 2
camphor, 1 drachm,
vitriol,1
Pulverized
drachms, burnt
alum,
4
mix.
drachms;
pts.;
mix.
prepared chalk, 6
the
Sprinkle over
sore.
of
No. 4. Tincture
and shake
well before
opium,
using.
1
mix
oz., tannin, 1 drachm;
Excellent
for galls of collar,
gent.
requiring a healing astrin-
saddle, or in fact for any purpose
Tincture
BACK
GALLED
FOR
SHOULDERS.
OR
of arnica,
sal ammoniac,
it often.
1 oz., vinegar, 6 ozs., brandy, 4
2 ozs., soft water, 1 pt. ; mix, and
bathe
FOR
UNHEALTHY
ozs.,
with
ULCERS.
3 ozs., soft water, fifteen ozs.
Nitric acid, 1 oz., blue vitriol,
FRESH
FOR
WOUNDS.
3 drachms, gunpowder,
Copperas, 2 drachms, white vitriol,
cool it is
2 drachms, boiling soft water, 2 qrts. ; mix; when
for
use.
ready
MIXTURE.
HEALING
Cosmoline,
one
cases
5 ozs.,
carbolic
acid,
drachm;
1
for any sore,
of the very best of mixtures
inclined not to heal readily.
as are
TO
Oil tar, 1 oz., lac
Rub
a little on
sulphur,
mix.
and
continue
soap and warm
daily for
This
is
a
the skin
a
is
especiallysuch
MANGE.
1
1-2
whale
oil, 2 ozs.;
the disease appears,
wash
off with castile
ozs.,
wherever
week, and
then
FOR
MIXTURE
copaiba, 2 ozs., tincture
good healing mixture.
SORE
The
This
water.
HEALING
Balsam
CURE
mix.
lipsbecome
sore
CUTS.
of
myrrh,
3 ozs.
; mix.
LIPS.
frequently at the angles of the mouth
52
HOW
BIDE
BREAK,
TO
from bruising with the bit.
the followingmixture:
AND
They
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
be cured
can
by applying
of myrrh, 2 ozs., tincture of aloes,1 oz., and tincTincture
ture
three
mix
and
four
of opium, 1-2 oz. ;
or
times a
apply
day.
FOR
SORE
AND
MOUTH
LIPS.
Borax, 1 oz., tannin, 1-4 oz., glycerine,8 ozs.; mix
apply two or three times a day with a swab.
FOR
a
ETC.
spiritsof turpentine; mix, and
or five days.
Apply four
Hog's lard
and
sunshine
week.
for four
hot
SPAVINS,
and,
place in the
five times
or
EYE-WATER.
vitriol and
White
saltpeter,of each
should
be
if the
This
scruple,pure soft
applied to the inflamed
one
water, 8 ozs. ; mix.
inflammation
does
lids 3 or 4 times
not
a
day, .and
be injected directlyinto the eye.
lessen in 1 or 2 days, it may
this for his own
half
ha3 used
The writer
eyes, reduced
with water
and dropped directly into the eye, which would
the eye to smart
considerably for about five minutes,
cause
the eye with
bathe
he would
and by repeating this three
given the very best of satisfaction.
when
It does
nicely many
the outside freely.
Fill
EVIL,
POLL
FOR
the
sore
repeat
two
to
or
times
to
FISTULA,
the
bottom
three
cold
or
for
water
four
times
a
a
few
day
just close the eye and
OR
ANY
with
INDOLENT
ashes
bathe
ULCER.
from
times, if necessary,
utes,
minit has
burnt
until
a
cobs;
corn-
cure
is
effected.
FOR
Take
of gum
myrrh, 1
COLIC.
oz., gum
camphor,
1 oz.,
powdered
1 oz., sassafras bark, powdered,
guaiac, 1 oz., cayenne,
gum
lock,
1 oz., spiritsturpentine, 1 oz., oil origanum, 1-4 oz., oil hem1-2
1-2 oz., pulverized opium,
oz., strongest alcohol, 2
together and shake often for eight or ten days
Dose
from 1 to 3 tableand filter or strain through flannel.
spoonfuls, according to the severity of the case, given in a
qrts.; mix
ail
pint of milk.
the above
known
remedy to fail of giving
In many
where
cases
relief when
given for colic in horses.
relief
when
various
immediate
has
used
it
it has been
given
other remedies had failed of giving any relief.
Killers for family
of the very best of Pain
It makes
one
hand.
use, and we advise all to keep it on
We
never
have
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
FOR
To
AND
FLESH
prevent inflammation
DRIVE
A
53
HORSE.
WOUNDS.
tendency to slougbiug or mortification.
Take
1 pound saltpeter,2 gallons water, 3 pints
proof spirits;mix, and injectinto the wound
with a syringe
three times a day until it heals. In treating deep wound3, or
of a dangerous character, especiallyif the animal
is inclined
to be fat, give a dose
of physic, feed bran, carrots, etc.
No
should
be fed, grass is more
desirable than hay. If
grain
is
fed
is
not
freely,
physic
grass
necessary.
FOR
or
REMOVING
ENLARGEMENTS,
ETC.
Oil
spike, 1 oz., camphor, 1 oz., oil origanum, 2 ozs., oil
amber, 1 oz., spiritsturpentine, 2 ozs.
Rub
the mixture
on
thoroughly
two
FOR
Shake
with
wet
times
CUTS,
week.
a
ETC.,
ON
arnica, 1 oz., sassafras
; mix.
keep
three
BRUISES,
Tincture
oz.
or
wwll
before
HORSE
OR
MAN.
oil,1-2 oz., laudanum,
using.
Bandage
1
lightly,and
the mixture.
CRACK.
QUARTER
The
best way to cure
quarter crack is to open the heel on
bar and
side between
frog, cutting down
pretty well
(not sufficient to cause
bleeding),until the quarter will give
freely; then put on a shoe that will expand the heel. It is
that
only necessary in this case that the inner heel should be opened
or
spread, as the hoof is simply too small for the foot; if
this is properly done
the point is directlyreached.
Some
in addition to this,burning with
hot
recommend,
iron a
a
at the
across
crease
the
hoof
rapidly grown
shoe is the point of
more
of hoof.
edge
upper
will not
split any
if desired.
If this is done
The
more.
hoof
the
Opening
may
foot
properly
be
now
and
the
success.
QUITTOR.
sublimate, 1-4
Corrosive
2
water
first.
ozs.
Injecta
the two
little with
a
oz., muriatic
last and shake
glass syringe one
inject to the bottom.
well, used for several days.
careful
work
; mix
to
acid
20 drops, soft
well, then add the
two
times, being
poultices generally
or
Warm
BOTS.
out
All horses which
run
in their stomachs, and
bots
to
grass
are
as
there
is
quite
so
much
sure
to
have
tion
misconcep-
to horses, we
bots and their destructiveness
about
copy
the, result of a series of experiments with bots three-fourths
grown,
When
immersed
tobacco,
11
in
rum,
hours; strong
they live 26 hours; decoction of
vitriol,2 hours IS minutes;
oil of
54
HOW
TO
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
Were
immersed
mint, 2 hours 5 minutes.
in
of
without
apparent injury, spirits camphor, 10 hours; fish
lution
oil,49 hours; tincture aloes, 10 hours; in brine,10 hours; soof
small
A number
bots, with one
indigo,10 hours.
in a strong solution of
full grown,
immersed
that was
were
corrosive
powerful poisons; the
sublimate, one of the most
died in one hour, but the full-grown one was
small ones
taken
after its immersion, apparently
out of the solution,six hours
essential
oil of
unhurt.
It will be
experiments that no medicine
will
effect
the
bot that will not
can
destroy
the coating of the stomach, and injure or kill the horse.
No
tell
bots
from
colic.
the
of
veterinary surgeon can
symptoms
In fact, there is but little doubt that ninety-nine out of every
hundred
of belly-ache,is no more
less than colic
nor
cases
one
and notbots, and should be treated as we have already directed
be
by the above
seen
given which
in the treatment
of colic.
TO
HAIR.
GROW
Mix sweet
oil,1 pint, sulphur, 3
well into the dock twice a week.
ozs.
Shake
well, and
rub
WORMS.
FOR
Calomel, 1 drachm, tartar emetic, 1-2 drachm, linseed
Mix
and. give in feed at night,
meal, 1 oz,, fenugreek, 1 oz.
dose
for
and
the
three
two
or
times, and follow with
repeat
6
hours
after the last powder
1 1-2 pints of linseed oil about
has been
given.
HEEL.
GREASE
zinc, 1 1-2 drachm, water, 10 ozs., glycerine,8
If there is much
ozs. ; mix.
discharge,apply a poultice for
after
several hours, followed
by application of the above
The following
cleansing well with soft water and castile soap.
should
the
time
in
the
be
at
same
powders
feed,
given
Bicarbonate
week
for
two:
of
1
a
or
soda,
night
oz.,
every
arsenic, 1 drachm, iodide of iron, 1-2 oz., fenugreek, 2 ozs.,
ginger,2 ozs., elecampane, 1 oz. ; mix thoroughly,and divide
into 12 powders.
Chloride
of
Hops, 2 ounces,
FOR
DISTEMPER.
carbolic
acid
30
drops, boiling
water
2
acid with the boiling
the
for 15 or 20
and compel the animal
steam
water
to inhale
at a time
and repeat three
minutes
times
a day.
Apply a
tice
poulstrong mustard
paste to the throat, and place a warm
gallons.
over
Mix
the
hops
paste.
and
Feed
carbolic
warm
mashes
and
boiled
tables;
vege-
and the air pure.
comfortably warm
powdered
a
day. Take
following powders once
bark, 2 ounces,
powdered gentian, 1 ounce, powdered
keep
Give
the
Peruvian
the
copperas,
stable
1 ounce
; mix
and
divide into 8
powders.
.
TO
HOW
BREAK,
DRIVE
AND
RIDE
55
HORSE.
A
THRUSH,
Take
and
white
apply
vitriol,2
the
to
diseased
been
cut
away
cavities with cotton
batting,so
FOB
Apply mercurial
of
Take
castor
3
AND
keep out all dirt.
to
as
4 times
or
will
of
give something
a
for the treatment
drugs
with their effects and
uses.
soft soap,
stir while
a
equal
cooling,and
week.
THE
FOR
used
history of the
the'diseases
HOUSE.
important
more
of
of
the
horse,
nearly all have a sour taste, and are derived
animal
and
vegetable, mineral
kingdoms. The
These
Acids.
the
from
and
tar
USED
week.
HOOFS.
parts of each, melt all together, and
apply a little to the hoof 3ov 4 times
We
a
CONTRACTED
oil, Barbadoes
MEDICINES
Mix,
ounces.
RINGWORM.
ointment
BRITTLE
FOR
water, 8
after the ragged parts
Pack
the
thoroughly cleansed.
surface,
and
have
soft
ounces,
is small; among
the most
of acids used in medicines
of
these
acetic
muriatic
nitric
are
acid,
acid,
acid,
important
sulphuric acid, tannic acid, gallicacid, carbolic acid, arsennumber
ious acid,
phosphoric acid, tartaric acid.
When
Acid.
Acetic
diluted
with
parts of
seven
water
it is
It is produced from
the strength of ordinary vinegar.
the purificationof pyroligneous acid.
It is used
with good results for sprains,
Use.
by some
of the poison of insects,
and bruises, and for the destruction
about
ty
adding
opium
six
to
and
two
of
ounces
ounces
of
the
acid
1-4
ounce
tincture
of
camphor.
is obtained
by the action of
salt.
When
it is a transparent
sulphuric acid on common
pure
acid has a yellowcolorless liquid; but the commercial
ish
color.
diseases of the
acid is a good tonic in debilitating
Muriatic
Muriatic
horse, and
Dose.
diluted
This
Acid.
is
Half
with
acid
refrigerantand
to
cold
one
fluid
water,
day.
Externally, it may
few
a
drops in
be
and
used
antiseptic.
drachm
repeated
for
be
may
sores
two
to
in the
given largely
four
times
a
feet, by pouring
Eight or ten
drops may be advantageously used for poll-evilor quittor by
being poured directlyinto the fistulous opening.
the
sores
or
nail-holes.
5G
It
it.ay
used
be
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
HOW
affections
for various
glycerine,and
with
DRIVE
AND
of
off in
washing
a
HORSE.
A
the
skiu
short
ing
by dilut-
time
if used
strong.
This
Acid,
Carbolic
from coal-tar oil.
in
Its smell
It is used
Uses.
resembles
by washing
is obtained
that of creosote.
such as
purposes,
have
distempers,
for various
animals
stalls,floors
stables, where
the
mediciue
important
and
a
ant
disinfect-
fevers,etc.,
ceilings with water
acid; also used with
contains a small
results for
of the
solution
which
quantity of the
fying
gratiwounds
and
unhealthy
sores,
by applying a
Carbolic
:
acid, 1 oz. ;
strength
following
fresh soft water, 6 pints. This
prevents putrefaction,and
to be more
will cause
the wound
healthy and heal sooner.
for destroying woodticks, lice,and
Carbolic acid is also used
is quite effective in preventing
all kinds of parasites,and
.
depositing her
bot-flyfrom
the
when
by the bot-flyare
the strength given above.
commonly
are
eggs
chosen
double
those
washed
parts which
with
a
tion
solu-
Fortis.) This is also a
when
valuable
properly given. It is extremely sour
caution as
and corrosive,and should be guarded by the same
in giving the sulphuric acid.
of 5 to 25 drops, largely
be given in doses
Dose.
It may
Nitric
(Called also Aqua
Acid.
tonic
diluted with
water.
Acid
Sulphuric
(calledalso oil of Vitriol;. This acid is
with
obtained
one-eighth of its
by burning sulphur, mixed
of water
stratum
in a
contained
a
weight of niter over
sheet-lead.
lined with
chamber
this acid to be
Many consider
Uses.
preferableto any other
for internal use, in debilityof
weakness, and as a refrigerant.
of the acids
general
Externally, it is used
is desired
to
towdered
it
use
white
so
it
can
as
digestiveorgans,
similarlyto muriatic
caustic
a
it
should
be
acid.
When
mixed
with
it
dry
vitriol sufficient to make
it of a pasty consistence,
sired
dethe
location
it
confined
which
is
be
to
to cauterize.
This
acid, as
well
as
nitric
or
acid
muriatic
is
a
powerful
undiluted;
irritatingpoison when
given into the stomach
should
that when
these acids are
and
bear in mind
persons
and
diluted
with
water
should
that
be
given
they
largely
thoroughly mixed
before
of Sulphuric
diluted with water.
Dose
or
acid
is about
Acid.
slightlyyellowish,with
a
10
to
40
drops, largely
Tannin.) This is produced
white
It is uncrystallizable,
inodorstrong astringent taste,
(Called also
nut-galls,oak-bark, etc.
Tannic
from
administering.
from
10 to 45
for most
but
drops,
should
purposes
be about
drops.
25
of several
Are
Aloes.
it bad
ordinary
purposes,
be
with
to combine
it
a
horses;
It
ounce.
plant.
others
is
for
generally
canella.
or
France
in
state
of
and
Dose, should,
fenugreek, ginger
in its natural
exists
Antimony,
for
it much.
1-2 to 1
from
leaves
of the
cathartic
a
Barbadoes
Cape,
juice
purgative or
practice to use
as
consider
best
condensed
is the
Socotrine, and
Given
by some
varieties:
and
many.
Ger-
The
preparations of antimony which are used for the
horse
also commonly
1st, sidphnret of antimony,
most, are
is'by many
considered
called black antimony.
This
markable
rea
but
remedy for the horse, for many
purposes,
cially
espeto make
of
the horse
the
called
Anise
Seed.
Potassa,
of antimony
been
in great repute
in
of the
sidered
conchest; but is now
little value
native
of
in these
obtained
Are
from
been
Egypt, bu-t has
diseases.
the anise
It is
supposed
into
It is
etc.
times
south
country,
of this country.
carminative, and
is
1-2 to two
when
remedy
kinds
combined
of condition
and
ounces,
be
may
with
powders.
repeated three
day.
a
(Called also Hartshorn.)
Ammonia.
Aqua
is
for various
From
ose.
excellent
an
medicines
other
the
of that
is
the property
of increasing the secretion
of
for flatulent'
colic, indigestion,loss of appetite,
It is used
milk.
grateful aromatic
a
to have
plant, which
introduced
in various parts
of Europe, and is cultivated
and is cultivated
occasionally in the gardens
Uses.
appearance
and
has
emetic,
of diseases
treatment
the
have
to
Tartrate
tartar
of but
a
2d.
fat.
being quite
commonly
shine, and
for both
valuable
very
internal
and
external
stimulant, antispasmodic and
with
in various
olive oil,and
Used
irritant.
antidote
medicine
This
It is
use.
antacid.
mixtures
fusible
dif-
a
It is used
as
a
ternally
ex-
counter-
for bites of
as
an
poisonous serpents.
good results for flatulent colic in doses of two to
three drachms
below
directed
for caras
bonate
given with milk
Given
with
of ammonia.
Carbonate
for
debility and
or
any
similar
are
Dose.
times
to
a
to
One
the
to
the
Aksenic.
when
given
those
and
day,
protect
prostration
disease
of
from
causing
a
very
valuable
medicine
lung fever, bronchitis,
great weakness.
Its
fluenza
in-
eflects
given above.
three
drachms, which maybe
repeated three
be given in milk
should
cold
or
gruel, so as
aqua
ammonia
of the
membranes
mucous
This
is
This
Ammonia.
of
is
in proper
general condition
an
active
doses
is
poison
an
throat
in
excellent
of the horc'e.
and
stomach.
large doses, but
tonic, improving
.It should
be
given
in
a
RIDE
AND
A
DRIVE
59
HORSE.
From
large bulk of cut feed, so as to protect the stomach.
24
in
and
be
be
should
the
hours,
grains may
given
2 to 5
stopped for
as
into
is collected
and
that
to
stimulant
of appetite,also used
give
Perplant of sia
juice
living root, and the
dried in the sun.
It has
a
culiar
pe-
of onions.
expectorant,
given
as
a
and
moderate
a
vermifuge
in connection
and
with
heaves.)
drachms, and if the stimulant
to two
one
This
Vitriol.
a
for
phor.
cam-
of
(See treatment
Dose.
One to three
from
from
obtained
for heaves
loss
for heaves.
cure
the
It is antispasmodic,
It is
and laxative.
Uses.
Blue
asure
gum-resin
A
odor, similar
wanted
it
incisions
by making
I
be
the medicine
should
weeks, when
and
be
then it may
weeks,
given agaiu
consider
Assafoztida.
exudes
two
or
one
Some
before.
which
two
for about
continued
is
ounces
eflect is
of the tincture.
excellent
medicine
when
given
Given
for
internally, as a tonic to build up the system.
diseases
and
various
other
tonic
requiring
glanders, farcy,
be combined
and alterative
with ginmedicine, and should
ger,
blue
vitriol
is
used
fenugreek or gentian. Externally
an
for
proud-flesh by touching
lor
the parts with a piece of the crystal. It is also excellent
have
which
it
wounds
in
no
proud-flesh by applying
many
of soft water.
solution, 6 to 12 grains to each ounce
doses
from
1-2
to 2 drachms,
be given in
Dose.
It may
and given twice a day.
with
good
results
as
a
caustic
derived from a
substance
peculiar concrete
is
It
for nervous
recommended
Japan.
plant
It
excitement, heaves, and is used in many
cough mixtures.
household
is a favorite
remedy, and used externally to a
extent.
large
Dose.
Camphor may be given in doses varying fron 1-2 to
1 oz., and
oil 8 ozs., mixed,
2 drs.
sweet
Camphor
gum,
for
external
makes
various
a very
remedy
good
purposes.
Camphor.
A
in China
and
(Spanish Flies.) This remedy is produced
called Spanish Flies.
commonly
of a
are
beautiful,shining, golden green
Cantharides.
by
collectingthe beetle
insects
These
color, and usually make
Spain,
Italy,and
and
June, when
the trees
under
the
their appearance
in
of France
south
they
are
collected
by
the trees
of
upon
of May
months
placing linen cloths
the
lodged through the night
they
and by shaking the tree early in the morning, while
they are
torpid from the cold of the night, and consequently let go
their hold easily.
from
boiling
They ar" then deprived of life by the vapor
heated
by
vinegar, and then dried in the sun, or in rooms
stoves.
on
which
have
60
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
are
a
Internally, cantharides
powerful stimulant
to
the
direction
urinary organs, and in modwith a peculiar
acts
Used
with good
as a diuretic.
doses it sometimes
erate
and
results for glanders
farcy.
of
the
cantharides
is as a blister by mixThe
use
principal
Uses.
lard.
rug it with
Spanish Flies may be given in .doses varying from
a day.
7 grains,given only once
Pose.
3 to
This is the
Oil.
Castor
castor oil plant, which is now
expressed oil of the seeds
cultivated largely in this
of the
throughout many
and
Southern
Western
of
the
try
coun-
States.
safe for common
oil is very useful and
use
unfit for the horse, as
family, but is considered
in
This
Use.
the human
sometimes
inflammation
causes
of the
of
coats
relief from the purging.
safe and
as
(Linseed Oil is considered
the
it
bowels
without
castor
as
Dose.
absence
oil is for
efficient for the horse
Linseed
See
Oil.)
thought best to give castor oil,or in the
be given in doses
of the linseed oil,it may
varying
man.
it is
When
3-4 to 1 1-4 pints.
of Acacia
An
extract prepared from the wood
Catechu.
abundant
Indies.
the
found
in
East
It is a
and
mo3t
Catechu
twelve
feet in height,
than
small tree, seldom
growing more
from
with
the trunk
Use.
and
about
with
is combined
foot
one
astringent
An
which
results
good
chalk for diarrhoea.
One to three
Dose.
in diameter.
will bind
in diarrhoea
the bowels
with
opium
and
prepared
drachms.
Chalk.
Prepared
(Creta Prasparata.) This is the only
and
excellent
chalk is used in medicine
is an
form in which
for oxalic acid.
It is
of the best antidotes
antacid ; is one
and
results
for
of
the
stomach
for
used
with good
acidity
diarrhoea, etc.
One
Dose.
to
two
ounces.
This
Flowers.
Camomile
grows wild in all the
is also
Use.
with
native
a
of
Europe,
and
temperate parts of that continent, and
largelycultivated.
very mild
other medicines
tonic, and
A
It may
Dose.
two
is
be
quite useful when
of this class.
given in doses
varying from
combined
one-half
to
ounces.
Charcoal.
for chronic
given with good results powdered
diarrhoea, dysentery and debilitated stomach.
This
Dose.
Half
suspended
in
when
Chloride
an
may
applied
of
to
ounce
gruel.
Lime.
be
one
It may
to
and
ounce,
be
used
with
it may
good
be given
results externally
badly smelling wounds.
This
compound
was
originallypre-
AND
RIDE
BREAK,
TO
HOW
DRIVE
61
HORSE.
A
bleaching agent nearly a century ago, and has
to have valuable
properties as a disinfectant.
Hince been found
but slightly
moist, grayish white, pulverulent
It is a dry, or
pared for
a
with
substance^
that of chlorine.
a
disinfectant, and
an
properties makes
odor similar
is
of lime
an
Chloride
Uses.
and
to
from
its
excellent
antiseptic
unhealthy ulcers, applied in solution, also for
Its principal use
is as a disinfectant
cutaneous
eruptions, etc.
in stables occupied by glandered and other sickly horses,
the floor every morning, or may
be
be sprinkled on
and may
has several holes cut
suspended in the stable in a box which
deodorizing
stimulant
to
into it.
Dose.
When
drachms
may
Chloroform.
ethereal odor
Uses.
It is
it is
be
given
Is
and
an
thought
at
taste.
for horses when
having
in congestion, and is sometimes
given to
It is used
other painful diseases.
and
and
of chloroform
an
to 3
colorless,volatile liquid,having a bland
a
stimulant
chill,from cold or
quiet pain in colic
mostly in liniments, and
makes
give it internally,1
to
dose, in water.
a
sweetish
excellent
a
ounce
best
three
liniment
excellent
One
for inhalation.
of olive oil well mixed
sometimes
ounces
for external
use.
When
should
form
chloro-
be well
by inhalation, he
it
times
someso
as
doing any damage, as
prevent
When
makes
the horse perfectlywild and uncontrollable.
is to be performed it
any operation of any considerable extent
horse
the
is
secured
given
is best
to tie the horse
to
his
to
down, and
then
administer
form
the chloro-
of chloroform
on
a sponge,
by pouring about an ounce
nostril
and
to
the
one
covering the nose
holding
sponge
loosely with a large towel; but care should be taken to allow
and
the
horse
pure
chloroform.
air, also
Usually
its effects when
Dose.
One
Croton
to
two
four
the
with
breathe
ounces
fumes
of the
is sufficient to produce
inhaled.
drachms
to two
Oil.
if
to
This
improperly
well
diluted
with
weak
spirits.
gerous
is a very powerful cathartic, and danused.
"last
resort"
But
a
as
many
works
very well.
is
Dose
usually from ten
times
Elecampane.
This
lung affections,and
is
to fifteen
one
should
drops.
of the best medicines
in use
all
mixtures
into
enter largely
for
for
It is also an
this class of diseases.
agreeable aromatic, and
should form a part of all Condition Powders.
Salts.
Epsom
(Sulphate of Magnesia.) This medicine,
in every household, is used with
well known
so
good results
is
a
nd
as
often given
a
as
a febrifuge,
purgative. It is not
only cheap, but it is very good for several diseases,and forma
a
part of various
condition
powders.
62
TO
HOW
RIDE
BREAK,
AND
DRIVE
HORSE.
A
of ginger dissolved
pound, with one ounce
in as large quantity of cold water
be given the horse
as
can
and
also
the
horse
to drink, if he will,
conveniently,
allowing
after the salts have been given, for the reason
that they will
efficient if largely diluted.
be much
more
Dose.
to 1
1-2
This
Ergot.
in the
is produced
from
diseased
rye, and
is of
great
it is the most
effectual remedy
for
the
action
of
the
known
there is
increasing
uterus, when
should be taken when
not sufficient contraction.
Great care
value
is
it
foalingseason,
that
given
action
of the
It should
they would
good; in fact,the
be
Of the
fluid
to two
one
its
and
is used
is
use
with
excellent
This
Euphorbiu.Mv
Use.
has
to
the
the
is
in Africa
Owing
use
are
very
really called
powder, 1-4 to 3-4 ounce.
be given.
may
This
is
results
Of
raro,
ing
for noth-
the
and
very
tincture,
valuable
colic,and
Given
resinous
concrete
in other
a
for
is a good antispasmodic.
purposes
of opium it works
admirably for colic.
Dose.
One to two fluid ounces.
plant growing
its
ounces
(Sulphuric Ether.)
Ether.
be
demanding
cases
we
Dose.
not
more
said before, where
but,
will act as well.
as
delivery, only deficient
used
by the non-professional,
likelyto do harm with it
nothing prevents
uterus.
as
than
as
with
edy,
rem-
for various
tincture
juice of
a
parts of the world.
severity of its
action, its internal use
it is now
nally,
only used exter-
been entirely abandoned, and
and it is so severe
that it is but
very
little used
now
externally.
Male
Fern.
The root of a plant growing in South Africa.
for ridding animals
of worms.
Is said to be very valuable
It may
Dose.
be given to the horse in doses of one-half to
one
pound of the powdered root, and followed with a purgative
the next
day.
plant growing spontaneously in
is quite
Southern
which
It has a peculiar odor
Europe.
and
The
seeds
is
the
used,
they
ground
portion
agreeable.
enter
powders which
largely into nearly all the condition
are
put up and sold through the country.
Dose, 1-4 to 1 ounce.
Fenugreek.
Nut
An
Galls.
from
A
holes
annual
morbid
being
Uses.
bowels
It is a powerful
when
affected with diarrhoea
applying to
Dose.
the oak-tree
upon
in
the bark.
insect
by an
astringent, and is used to bind
excrescence
the
One
greasy
to three
sulting
re-
made
heels
or
of horses.
drachms.
[the
end.]
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