Download Report

Fall 2010
BIOCONTROL NEWS AND VIEWS FOR WYOMING
Editor: Tim Collier, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming
Volume 10, Number 2
What is CABI? A Brief History
Hariet L. Hinz, Head Weed Biological Control Research, CABI Europe-Switzerland
Many of you have heard of CABI before and you
might even know something about the biological control
research conducted by our Centre, located somewhere in
Switzerland, right? (Or was that Sweden?). Indeed, the
Wyoming Biological Control Steering Committee sends
money to our Centre in Switzerland each year, for which
you eventually receive bugs that eat your weeds. But
CABI does a lot more than that and I thought you might
be interested to hear a little bit about the history of the
organization and what we do besides weed biological
control work.
CABI was founded in 1910 in the UK. With a little
mental arithmetic you will figure out that this means we
are celebrating our 100th anniversary this year! Back then
it was called the Entomological Research Committee
from being responsible for the identification of insect
and fungal pests, and parasitoids, the organization also
produced a monthly periodical giving summaries of
current entomological literature. This eventually led to
the production of the CAB Abstracts, which is now
the world-leading database covering agriculture and the
environment. In 1986, the name was changed from
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux to CAB
International, indicating the switch from a purely
Commonwealth organization to a truly international one.
In 1990, CABI’s four international research institutes at
the time (Entomology, Mycology, Parasitology and
Biological Control) became known as the International
Institute of Biological Control (IIBC). Eight years
continued on page 2…CABI…
Dr. Benno Herting and Dr. Hubert
Pschorn-Walcher with insect nets
and included two field entomologists, one in East Africa and one in
West Africa, to collect and study
insects injurious to humans, crops
and animals. Over the next four
decades, the organization went
through three name changes and
moved its headquarters four times:
first to Ontario, Canada, to escape
the Second World War, then to
Ottawa, Canada, and Trinidad before returning to the UK in
1984. During that period, the Canadians contributed significantly to the growth of CABI by allocating funds to stations
in Switzerland, Trinidad, Kenya, India and Pakistan. Apart
Inside this issue:
What is CABI? A Brief History
1
The CABI Summer Student Experience
3
CABI and the Wyoming Weed & Pest Council
4
5
6
7
Bio Control of Common Tansy
Beneficial Visit to CABI
CABI Visit 2009
continued from page 1…CABI…
later, the four institutes of the IIBC
were integrated into a new entity –
CABI Bioscience. In the same year,
CABI Publishing was born, reflecting
the increasing importance of our
publishing to CABI’s reputation and
income. Besides CAB Abstracts, and
CABI books, one of CABI’s best
known products is the Crop Protection Compendium, a comprehensive
database for crop protection information worldwide. Currently, an Invasive
Species Compendium is being
developed, which will be available free
on the internet. Our most recent
organizational change, in 2006,
involved the merging of CABI
Bioscience and CABI Publishing under
a single CABI brand.
The current CABI is a not-forprofit organization with 45 member
countries. Unfortunately, the U.S. is
not a member yet, but we are working
on it! Each member country has an
equal role in the organization's governance, policies and strategic direction,
in addition to enjoying a number of
privileges and services. CABI is
governed by the Review Conference
and an Executive Council, both of
which consist of representatives of
member countries. So we are a real
customer-driven organization. In addition, an independent board of nine
advisors oversees CABI’s
programmes and guides management
on operational and strategic issues.
All in all CABI has over 400 staff
operating from bases in nine countries
and working in more than 70. Apart
from publishing, CABI focuses on
development projects and research to
find solutions to agricultural and
environmental problems. A third
component is our microbial services
unit that manages a collection
of over 28,000 living fungal strains: the
UK's National Collection of Fungus
Cultures. Besides offering identifica-
Group picture of CABI staff at the Swiss Centre in 2010
tions, and consultancy services, we
also screen our collection for natural
products such as antibiotics, vitamins
and enzymes. As one little snapshot, in
2000 CABI developed a tool kit to
detect microbial contamination in fuel
tanks of aero planes. Believe it or not,
plane engines can be blocked up by
fungal growth, which
passengers would
certainly not appreciate, especially when
the plane is up in the
air! The test is now
being commercialized
by a CABI spin-out
company.
So how does our
Swiss Centre fit into
all of this?
The CABI EuropeSwitzerland Centre
was initially set up in
1948 and was driven
Staff at CABI in Switzerland in the 1960ies. From left to right: Dr.
by Canada’s needs for
Klaus P. Carl, Dr. G. Scheibelreiter, Dr. O. Eichhorn, Ms. Monique
parasitoids to be used
Gyseler, Dr. Helmut Pschorn-Walcher, and Dr. Dieter Schroeder
Page 2
against forest pests. Initially, the
Centre was established near Zürich,
in the German-speaking part of
Switzerland; however, in the 1950s it
was moved to Delémont in the
French-speaking part because the area
was more forested. (Unofficially, it
may have had something to do with
the fact that the Centre Director at the
time was French-speaking.) But there
is no doubt that Delémont is less
pricey than Zürich, so the move made
sense. In 1963 a new laboratory (the
current Centre) was built on the
outskirts of Delémont, and the local
authorities even named the road
leading to the institute “Rue des
Grillons” (Cricket Street).
“…the local authorities even named the road
leading to the institute ‘Rue des
Grillons’ (Cricket Street).”
CABI Europe-Switzerland started
off with a small group of scientists, but
now employs 19 permanent staff
on-site, four external scientists in
Serbia, Hungary and China, currently
seven students, and roughly 15 temporary technical assistants known
as summer students (Note that
one person, our administrator,
Monique Gyseler, is present in both
pictures!) If you have problems
locating her, especially in the second
continued on page 4…CABI…
The CABI Summer Student Experience
by Danielle Fife
Most entomologists I meet tell me
they’ve been collecting since they could
barely walk and have reared everything
from walkingsticks to Cercropia moths
in their (very understanding) parent’s
basements. My love of insects dates all
the way back to my second year of
university…so about four years ago.
I took a class called ‘Insect Natural
History and Diversity’ with Dr. Steve
Marshall and I was hooked! Suddenly I
was seeing insects everywhere that I
had no idea existed. It’s amazing what
you can see if you take a closer look at
that goldenrod in your garden or flip
over a few rocks in the forest!
I had always had an interest in
nature, especially birds and mammals,
which is why I decided to enroll in the
zoology program at the University of
Guelph in Southern Ontario (about an
hour away from Toronto, where I grew
up). Since many of the ‘ology’ courses
were being cut or condensed by the
time I could take them, I was able to fit
in more entomology courses, such as
Insect Behaviour, Systematics and even
a tropical entomology course in Bolivia!
Danielle Fife collecting weevils on garlic
mustard.
Volume 10, Number 2
It was one of my entomology
professors that told me about CABI
and encouraged me to apply. Why
not? It would be a great way to
continue working with insects, learn
about biological control (something I
had no experience with) and get to
travel. I wrote a letter of interest to
Dr. Hariet Hinz who was the contact
listed on the advertisement and was a
little surprised to actually hear back
from her. I found out I got the job
the day before I finished my last
exam as an undergrad. Phew! Off to
Switzerland to start a new adventure.
The whole process of coming
over here was pretty stress-free.
CABI took care of organizing my
work permit, a place to live and
helped me get settled in comfortably
when I got here. I just had to get
myself there! At the end
of February I flew into Basel (or Bale
in French) and somehow managed to
find my way by train to the station in
Delémont, a quaint farming town
in the French-speaking region of
Switzerland (so much for 'when am I
ever going to need French, anyway?').
This is where the CABI office is
located and where I was greeted by
my new boss Dr. Esther Gerber and
another recently arrived summer
student, Beata. I felt a bit like
the living dead when I arrived so they
just took me the grocery store quickly
and then to my new home, a basement apartment that I would share
with two students from China.
Luckily, I was able to take my
time going into work the next day and
started off easy with a tour of the
building and meeting the other staff.
Life at CABI was pretty quiet at first.
There were only a handful of summer
students from various different countries along with the permanent staff.
It was a good way to get to know
people before the rest of the students
arrived for the peak season in summer, which is definitely not quiet!
The strong social community is
something that has made CABI such
a positive place to work. I imagine it
would vary from year to year, but there
really is a great group of people here
and there’s always something going
on whether it’s a hiking trip on the
weekend, filling up on cheese fondue (a
requisite Swiss experience), or watching
the World Cup at the local bar. It
creates an atmosphere where I actually
look forward to going into work. Of
course there are days when I would
rather sleep in and not stare at tiny
larvae through a microscope though!
Since the initial few weeks of
getting settled in I've gotten into the
swing of things at work. As I already
mentioned, I work for Esther who is
a research scientist in the Weed
Biological Control section. Esther is
investigating potential biological
control agents for garlic mustard and
perennial pepperweed. Both plants are
European in origin and are invasive in
“…a place where it's cool to be
a biology geek!”
the United States and Canada. For
garlic mustard we have been investigating three different weevil species to use
as potential bio-control agents and for
perennial pepperweed, two weevils and
one flea beetle. These all need to be
tested on closely related plant species
to ensure the risk of them having a
negative impact on native North
American plants is low.
The process is similar for both
weeds; we offer the insects different
plant species from the same family
as the target weeds to see if they can
complete their life cycle on them. This
involves setting up a lot of plants
covered in gauze, releasing adult beetles
on them and dissecting plants to look
for eggs and larvae. For perennial pepperweed, this work has to be done
in quarantine, because the insects being
tested come from Turkey and Russia.
Fortunately, the work in quarantine
continued on page 8…Experience…
Page 3
continued from page 2…CABI…
picture, see the solution on page seven
of the Wyo-Bio. In general, we tend to
accommodate 10+ nationalities, so
our Centre is a hot-spot for cultural
diversity.
Focusing originally on classical
biological control of insect pests and
weeds for North America; the Centre
has enlarged its portfolio over the
last 15 years to include ecosystem
management, risk assessment and
inventories for invasive alien insects,
invasion ecology, climate change and
implementation of Integrated Crop
Management (ICM) through international development projects. In one
of these, my colleague, Ulli Kuhlmann
and his team, is trying to improve
food security for the people of North
Korea. Maize is one of the most important crops in North
Korea and grown on almost 20% of
the total arable land. The biggest
threat to maize production is the
Asian corn borer. Ulli and his Team
are setting up production facilities to
mass release a tiny parasitic wasp
(Trichogramma), which has been shown
to result increases
in yield of 20 to
up to 40%. So far,
eight
facilities
have been established
which
have the ability to
produce and distribute 2.8 billion
Trichogramma
wasps every year,
protecting almost
6,000 ha. How- CABI Europe-Switzerland: part of the garden space, greenhouses and
ever the plan is to the backside of the lab.
implement the approach on 200,000ha
toadflax, purple loosestrife, and
of maize production in the near fuhoundstongue. Currently, we are investure!
tigating potential agents for 18 invasive
Connection to North America
plants in North America. Recent
Based on work carried out over the
highlights include the release of two
years in our Centre’s Weed Biological
agents for Russian knapweed, a
Control section, 50 biological control
gall-forming wasp and a gall-midge in
agents have been released against
Wyoming.
weeds – seven in New Zealand and
But how, you might wonder,
43 in North America. Many of
did the Wyoming Biological Control
these agents are currently contributing
Steering Committee and CABI
to the successful control of important
Europe-Switzerland begin their strong
invasive species in North America,
relationship? This happened in the
including: leafy spurge, spotted
1990s and was initiated by Lars
and diffuse knapweeds, Dalmatian
Baker. See his account below.
CABI and the Wyoming Weed and Pest Council
A Productive Partnership
By Lars Baker, Past Chair of the Wyoming Biological Control Steering Committee
Wyoming came into the field of biological control
of weeds cautiously. It really started in 1978 with the
redistribution of Rhinocyllus conicus by USDA/ARS in
Bozeman in 1978. In a few years the Wyoming Weed and
Pest Council had established the Biological Control
Steering Committee. We talked about the potential of
biological control and listened excitedly when researchers
like Dr. Paul Dunn and Dr. Norm Rees USDA/ARS
would speak to the Council at various meetings, but we
were all reluctant to spend any money to support research.
It looked like a black hole.
The formation of the steering committee brought Dr.
Robert Lavigne, University of Wyoming into the picture.
Four counties combined resources and sent $7,000 to
USDA/ARS in Albany, CA for work on leafy spurge agents
and as a result of that small contribution, we obtained 14
pairs of Oberea erythrocephala that we moved around under
cages until they all died. While we were not successful in
establishing Oberea from this release, it lighted a fire and
while the Steering Committee generated little money for
international research, it did start to channel funds to the
University of Wyoming in support of biological control
work in Wyoming. We more or less watched from afar as
Page 4
other states, the USDA, and Canada funded research in
leafy spurge and other weeds.
Wyoming began its relationship with CABI, then
called the International Institute of Biological Control
(IIBC), when Dieter Schroeder came to a meeting or two
in Wyoming looking for partners. Dieter charmed his
way into the Council and in 1996, for the first time,
Wyoming Weed and Pest Districts joined together to
support the Canada thistle research program at IIBC.
While this never did produce any new agents, it did cross
a threshold and establish a financial mechanism for
future contracts for weed bio-control research.
Wyoming was very interested in working on Russian
knapweed and we began discussing a program. IIBC
submitted a proposal for a five year work plan. One of
Wyoming’s main concerns was duplication of effort by
the various research programs and competition for funds.
Dieter addressed the issue by developing agreements with
USDA/ARS/EBCL and others to share the work load
and for staff to fully cooperate and that effort alone
comforted Wyoming contributors that their funds were
going to be carefully spent. A consortium was formed
between the Wyoming Weed and Pest Council Biological
continued on page 7…CABI and Wyoming…
Volume 10, Number 2
Biological Control of Common Tansy
By Alec McClay, McClay Ecoscience, Sherwood Park, Alberta
Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is an aromatic,
perennial European plant that was introduced into North
America in 1631 by settlers as a kitchen and medicinal
herb. It escaped cultivation soon after introduction, and
is now a widespread weed across the northern US and
Canada. Tansy is mostly avoided by grazing livestock
because of its pungent aroma, and contains several toxic
compounds. It is listed as a state, provincial, or local
noxious weed in Britsh Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba,
Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, South
Dakota, and Minnesota. Common Tansy is often found
A pasture in Minnesota infested with common tansy
in pastures, roadsides, waste areas, and riparian habitats,
where it often forms dense stands. Over the past few
years it has been spreading into forested areas of
northern Alberta, along the Athabasca River.
Some preliminary studies on the potential for biological control of common tansy were carried out in
the 1990s, and literature and field surveys in Europe
identified several insects as possible candidate control
agents. It was considered to be a good target as it is a
perennial plant growing in stable habitats, with
relatively few close relatives in the North American flora.
After a hiatus of several years, funding was identified to
begin studies with some of these agents, and a project
was started at the
CABI laboratory
in Switzerland in
2006. The project
is a joint USCanadian one,
with funding on
the US side being
coordinated by
the Minnesota
Longitarsus noricus
Department of
Volume 10, Number 2
Microplontus millefolii
Agriculture, and on the
Canadian side by the
Alberta Invasive Plants
Council.
André Gassmann at
CABI is leading the
studies on potential biological control agents.
Common tansy is mainly
a
problem
in the prairie
provinces of Canada and in the
north central US.
To maximize the
chances of finding
climatically
adapted agents,
field surveys are
concentrating on Isophrictis striatella larva in flower head
eastern Europe, of common tansy
particularly Russia
(around St. Petersburg and Moscow) and Ukraine
(around Kiev). Species under study at present include a
root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus noricus, a stem-mining
weevil, Microplontus millefolii, a flower and stem-feeding
moth, Isophrictis striatella, and a leaf-feeding beetle, Cassida
stigmatica.
A test plant list of 56 species, mostly in the tribe
Anthemideae, has been reviewed by the Technical
Advisory
Group
and
the
Canadian
Biological Control Review Committee. Almost all species
have been obtained and are being grown at CABI. There
is one native North American species Tanacetum, T. bipinnatum which is sometimes split into three or four species.
Genetic studies are under way to assess the relationships
among these T. bipinnatum populations and between this
species and common tansy.
Common tansy is a very variable plant chemically,
with a wide range of secondary compounds in its essential oils. A Ph.D. student, Vera Wolf at the University
of Bielefeld, has been investigating this diversity in
European and North American populations of tansy and
its possible affect on host acceptance by insects.
Funding support has been provided by: Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada adaptation programming
(delivered in Alberta by the Agriculture and Food Council), Agriculture Development Fund (Saskatchewan),
continued on page 7…Common tansy…
Page 5
Beneficial Visit to CABI
Nancy AP Webber, Assistant Supervisor/Bio-Control, Fremont County Weed & Pest Control District
evidence of insect attack
and impact on the plant
stands in the test plots and
weedy areas associated with
the vineyards. Closer to
Delémont I accompanied
Esther Gerber and Danielle
Fife, Esther’s summer assistant, on an expedition to
collect weevils on garlic
mustard, a problem weed
in forested areas of the
eastern U.S. I also spent a
morning with Danielle in a Hariet in the Rein River Valley inspecting Dyers Woad for
quarantine room placing insect impact
insect eggs on perennial
pepperweed plants and
non-host test plants.
“One of the most important areas of the
The CABI facilities are located a
facility, in my view, is the kitchen.”
short walk from the Delémont town
center in a beautiful
country setting. The
noon meal for the group. Many
facility is impressive
languages can be heard in the halls and
with a main building,
around the tables but, luckily for me,
a number of greenEnglish is the common language used
houses and many dozat CABI.
ens of gardens and
It is unusual for an “end user”
cages. My appreciation
of their work to visit the Delémont
of CABI and the
center, during my stay I was often
Delémont center inasked if I was a professor or what
creased as I learned
individual project I was working on.
the extent, variety and
Hariet asked that I give a presentation
quality of work done
on the history of Biological Control in
out of the facility
Wyoming which was well received. I
which includes a numwas able to share a bit of the Wyoming
ber of laboratory
Nancy & Esther collecting garlic mustard weevils
biological weed control experience,
rooms, two quarantine facilities,
plants with the smallest paint brush
and give the researchers the perspectemperature controlled chambers and
in the world. Enthusiastic summer
tive of the people implementing the
many offices and meeting rooms.
students do much of this tedious, time
work started by CABI.
One of the most important areas
consuming work. After taking part in
of the facility, in my view, is the
these activities I have a much better
kitchen. This is the room when everyunderstanding of the magnitude of the
one congregates for lunch and coffee.
testing that takes place.
People come to the Delémont Center
We took advantage of some beautifrom all around the world to work on
ful spring days to work in the field.
many different aspects of bio-control,
Hariet and I spent a day at some Dyers
leaving home and family to become
Woad test plots among vineyards in the
part of the tightly knit CABI staff.
picturesque Rhein River Valley of
This makes for a truly international
Southern Germany. Despite the exotic
experience, and the international
surroundings, bending over test plots
flavors were best expressed during
and digging up specimens for hours is
lunch time when the permanent and
hard work. We were easily able to see
Houndstongue weevil, Mogulones borraginis
seasonal staff take turns making the
For two weeks last spring I had the
opportunity to travel to Delémont,
Switzerland and work with the great
folks at CABI.
It was very beneficial for me to see
the screening procedures and the many
different aspects of testing. I was given
the opportunity to participate in many
of the activities that take place during
the bio-agent screening process. I took
part in host- and test-plant examination
and dissection under a microscope to
look for insect attack and damage.
Hariet Hinz, my primary host, taught
me how to sex weevils so equal numbers of male and female beetles are
placed on caged test plants. I spent a
long morning transferring newly
hatched larva onto field bind weed
Page 6
Volume 10, Number 2
CABI Visit 2009
Brett Richardson, Assistant Supervisor, Big Horn County Weed & Pest Control
District
Brett Richardson enjoying the view of the Alps
It sounds like this issue of WYO-BIO is going to
have a lot of CABI and Switzerland articles. I guess it is
fitting as this relationship is very important in the quest
to find and test new bio-control species. It has been a
long and mutually beneficial relationship. Both Nancy
and I have had the pleasure (except for the plane ride) to
be able to tour the CABI labs and spend time in the areas
that these projects are taking place. It was interesting to
me to find that one of the most important positions at
the institute was the gardeners. These individuals are the
backbone of the research. The number of plantings that
they managed is remarkable and if they fail to get
the plants to grow research becomes very difficult. The
institute also takes great pains not to allow any plants that
are not native to escape into their environment. One
of the plant issues that you notice in this in Europe is
the problem with Goldenrod which is a native on our
continent and has been introduced as an ornamental in
Europe. Along the freeways and in the native areas it
resembles the noxious weed problems that we are used
to dealing with.
I was also very impressed with the young people
that were working there as summer interns. They were
truly excited and involved with the projects that they
were assisting with, which was very apparent as they
explained what their role was and how the project was
progressing. I was able to observe some of our old
friends in their native ranges (Spotted knapweed, Oxeye
daisy, Houndstounge, and Hawkweeds) playing nice with
the other plants and behaving themselves. While I
was at CABI they managed to show me a couple of
churches, some Roman ruins and vineyards, and a
section of the Alps. I came home from the trip with a
better understanding of how and what is going on across
the big water. I also came back with even more trust and
respect for the organization and individuals that are
managing these searches and tests for us. Unlike Nancy
who might retire there I think I will stay on this side and
raise some raspberries.
Volume 10, Number 2
continued from page 4…CABI and Wyoming…
Control Steering Committee, the Wyoming Department of
Agriculture, the University of Wyoming and USDA/
APHIS/PPQ and a three year agreement was developed
with CABI to fully research the potential for a program. At
the end of three years it was felt that literature could be
reviewed and a host plant test list, a North American
distribution map, and an economic analysis could be
developed. At the end of the contract, we would all meet
to review the project and decide if it was feasible. The
three year agreement was funded at $165,000 ($55,000
annually). APHIS and other federal agencies added to that
to make a viable program. By 1999, we had a good list of
potential agents and a promising program in place that is
still being funded today as the last of those agents are
being screened. Two agents have been approved for
release. One has been established. This has been a model
program that has established a relationship of trust
between CABI and Wyoming to the end that the Steering
Committee maintains consortium accounts for many weed
bio-control projects and funds research at CABI in excess
of $100,000 annually. It took a lot of time to develop this
commitment and relationship which has outlived the
careers of many of the individuals involved initially and
demonstrates that a commitment to common goals can
cement lasting institutional relationships.
continued from page 5…Common tansy…
Alberta Beef Producers, Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development, British Columbia Ministry of Forests
and Range, Canadian Pacific Rail, Enbridge Pipelines
(Athabasca) Inc., EnCana Corporation, Lawrence and
Pennington Counties (South Dakota), Marksmen Inc,
Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Montana Noxious
Weed Trust Fund, Saddle Hills County (Alberta), State of
South Dakota, Suncor Energy Inc., TransCanada Pipeline,
and UPM Blandin Paper Mill.
If you are interested in more information about the
common tansy project, or in becoming a participant in
the consortium, please contact the Canadian coordinator,
Alec McClay, at [email protected]
or the US coordinator, Monika Chandler, with the
Minnesota Departm ent of Agriculture at
[email protected].
Did you guess?
Monique Gyseler, our Administrator, then and now!
Page 7
continued from page 3…Experience…
Danielle Fife releasing garlic mustard weevils in an open-field test in the
CABI garden.
Www.fcwp.org
We’re on the Web!
450 North 2nd Street, Rm 325
Lander WY 82520
Wyo-Bio
gets balanced out by getting to work outside in
the garden or go out on collecting trips around
Switzerland and Southern Germany.
I am a little relieved after working for CABI.
To be honest I wasn't sure what I wanted to do
with my entomology background. I just knew I
wanted to work with bugs! Many of the summer
students that come to work here end up coming
back as a master's student, carrying out the
theoretical work at their university back home
and then coming to CABI for the field work
component. This is definitely a possibility I would
like to consider.
Now, as the season starts to wind down,
things have gotten quieter around here again, it's
getting cooler and the leaves are starting to change
colour. Many of the summer students have left
and have either gone back home to finish up their
degrees or are taking some time to travel around
Europe. This really has been an unforgettable
experience and I would highly recommend CABI
to anyone interested in gaining practical work
experience in biological control or entomology.
You'll also make some great friends from all types
of backgrounds in a place where it's cool to be a
biology geek!☺
Wyo-Bio Mailing List
If you know of anyone who you think
would like to receive a Wyo-Bio
Newsletter and has not, please email
the information to [email protected]. If
you would like to be removed form
the mailing list you can write to the
Fremont County Weed & Pest Control
District, 450 North 2nd Street, Room
325, Lander, Wyoming, 82520-2371 or
email your request to the above email
address and your name will be removed. Anyone interested in receiving
the Wyo-Bio newsletter electronically
in a .pdf format please forward your
email address. Check out our website
at www.fcwp.org, each issue of the
newsletter will be posted in full color
o n th e website at th e lin k
www.fcwp.org\wyobio.