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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
What is the basis of this device's operation?
One can judge the dynamics of fluids by two
fundamental propositions: the concepts of
viscosity and compressibility. By these two
characteristics, the dynamics of the flow is
determined. Thus the task is to correctly
consider the influence of viscosity and compressibility on the hydrodynamics of the flow.
when the flow is moving with a speed
near the sonic speed, the Mach number
is the only determining criterion, and the
Reynolds number can, in some cases,
not be taken into consideration. That is,
when we are dealing with gases.
Why? Because the gas' speed is about
300 m/sec. (or 500 m/sec. for steam);
these are speeds equal to the sonic
speed. In this case, it is not possible not
to take the influence of compressibility
into consideration.
If you are dealing with a liquid, then the
speeds of liquids are always slow in
relation to their sonic speed. That's why
the Mach number does not have any
influence in this case (i.e. it need not be
taken into consideration.).
But what is happening in two-phase
flows? In determining the dynamics of
two-phase flow, the so-called modified
criterion of Reynolds is used (i.e. viscosity
is taken into consideration, but
traditionally the Mach number is not at
all considered.).
Therefore, the Reynolds Number serves
as a determining criterion of the ordinary
liquid. That is, the criterion which
determines the situation related to the
viscosity—the resistance of the liquid in
the pipeline, as well as the influence of
the local resistances and the flow's
conditions—laminar or turbulent—are
determined with the help of the Reynolds
number. Worldwide, calculations made
for equipment operating with liquids use
the Reynolds number. Only the
viscosity—but not the compressibility—is
considered.
This is the greatest disadvantage of the
existing theoretical approach to analysis
of two-phase media.
It still persists
today. Yet no one, except the school I
created, takes into consideration the
influence of the Mach number on the
dynamics of the two-phase mixtures.
That’s why the device I invented is
nowhere else to be found, since I take
into consideration a factor which others
do not.
The situation with gases is different. If the
gases are moving with speeds near the
sonic speed, or faster than the sonic speed,
the determining factor for the calculations
becomes the compressibility, or the Mach
number—the ratio of the flow's speed to
the local sonic speed.
Ignoring the influence of the Mach
number in two-phase flows frequently
leads to vibrations in the pipelines, to
intensification of percussive waves, and
to operational breakdowns in reactor
plants.
And, when the flow is moving with a speed
near the sonic speed, or faster than the
sonic speed, the determining factor for the
calculations becomes the compressibility or
the Mach number—the ratio of the flow’s
speed to the local sonic speed. And
The causes of all this are the peculiarities
of two-phase flows, particularly, the
strong influence of compressibility.
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
and 50% gas in the flow, it turns out that
the sonic speed is less than 20 m/sec.
(i.e. much slower than in gases, and all
the more slower than in liquids).
It sounds paradoxical, but a two-phase
medium is a more compressible medium
than the pure gas. Thus in cases when
the sonic speed in the two-phase flow is
much slower than the sonic speed of
gas, it is impossible not to take this fact
into consideration.
Anyone today who seeks to obtain M>1 in
gas flows—in the case of a supersonic
speed aircraft, or a supersonic speed
turbine—attempts to accelerate the speed
and in this way obtain M>1. This requires a
tremendous expenditure of energy.
You know the sonic speed in the
two-phase flow is much slower than the
sonic speed in gases, which in its turn, is
much slower than the sonic speed in
liquids. It is obvious, that if we have to
consider the compressibility factor in the
flow of gases, much more so we have to
consider it in two-phase flow, because
the two-phase medium is more compressible than pure gas.
What we do is quite the opposite.
Taking into consideration this property of
the two-phase flow, we slow down the
sonic speed (i.e. reduce the denominator
in the formula). And then, at quite
moderate—even very slow speeds—
which means with minimal energy
expenditures, effects are being obtained
related to the fact that the Mach number
is greater than 1.
It is very important to note that in
two-phase
homogeneous
flow
at
moderate speeds, the Reynolds number
is not at all the determining factor.
Although
everyone
averages
the
Reynolds number in different ways when
trying to describe the hydrodynamics of
the flow of two-phase media, they forget
altogether about the Mach number,
considering it useless, because they think
that it is less than 1.
The basis of the operation of the device I
am describing today lies in a new
fundamental flow theory of the flow of
two-phase media, which is founded on
the concept of the influence of compressibility. The equations for the movements which I use for this kind of flow
are valid for both the liquid and the gas.
Fig. 1
This curve is quite impressive, isn’t it?
The sonic speed in liquids (Vl) is 1500
m/sec., the sonic speed in gases (Vg) is
330 m/sec. If there is no liquid, the ratio
equals 1 (amount of liquid - 0). If there
is no gas (i.e. there is only liquid), the
ratio equals 0. When there is 50% liquid
The ideal gas, as well as the ideal liquid,
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
conditions my equations can also create
conditions for an injector's work, but this
is just a particular case, and, apropos,
not an interesting one. In any manual
about jet devices, a jet apparatus is
described as the one, in which at the
expense of the energy of the working
medium (be it steam, gas or liquid) the
transportation of another medium is
provided, and where the mixture's
pressure is always intermediate between
the pressure of the working and the
transported medium.
represents the ultimate state of these
equations.
Everyone already knows that if the speed
is accelerating, the resistance is
increasing. It happens exactly in this
manner, but only until a determined
moment. When the Mach number reaches
approximately 1, the resistance drops
dramatically (it tends towards 0).
When people say about our device: "This
is a Venturi!," they suppose that this is an
injector. There is an obligatory condition
for an injector's work: the outlet cross
section of the accelerating device the jet
has to be smaller than the cross section
of the mixing chamber. Otherwise, there
will be no air suction, which is called the
injection effect.
For instance, if at the inlet, the steam
pressure is 20 lb. and water pressure is
0, then the pressure of the mixture
should be between 0 and 20. It should
be this way according to thermodynamic
rules. Depending on the mass ratio of
the two media, the result could be as
follows: if it is a pure gas: the steam’s
pressure; if it is pure water: the water's
pressure; and if it is a mixture the ratio
between them.
If you look at the drawing of our device,
you will see that the outlet cross section
of its jet is larger than the cross section of
the mixing chamber.
I would like to stress once again our
device is not an injector; because its
design is in principle different from the
design of the injector's, because
Bernoulli's equation does not work here,
as it creates an outlet pressure higher
than the pressure of the working
medium.
According to Bernoulli's law, such an
apparatus cannot work. However, in
seeming violation of this law, our device
operates steadily. Which proves that it is
not an injector!
As we know, the effective condition for the
steam-water injector’s operation is the
necessity of condensation in the mixing
chamber.
In the present device, this
condition is neither necessary nor desired.
The known equations
injector's functioning
particular case of
formulated by me.
The impulse equation used for two
sections II and IV on the accompanying
diagram. In the first impulse there is the
double-phased atmosphere and single
Fig. 2
describing the
are only a
the equations
Under certain
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
The first result is rather ordinary; only the
steam is coming through the device, and
it corresponds with this nozzle position in
the cone chamber, when its outer
extremities are protruding into the inner
conical chamber and in this condition
the fluid supply into the device is
aborted. Second result earns a more
serious analysis. By ß< 1/3, the given
dependence (Gl/Gs) has physical sense
only by the following conditions that the
pressure on the outlet of the mixing
chamber is greater than the back pressure
of the system Pbp. This limits the region of
application of existing steam-water
injectors and creates the principle
impossible and it works with a greater
counter pressure. If ß reaches the value up
from 0 to 1/3, it will result in a
breakthrough.
phase (liquid); in the second, taking into
account the above mentioned 2 shock
wave expression (P2=P1+P1 K ßM ) gives
the real possibility of figure out the
following expression for fluid-to-steam
flow rate proportion:
The following indexes are used in the
above equation:
Ws - outlet steam velocity from the steam
nozzle (Section III)
P1 - pressure before the jump;
Pbp - working pressure in the operating
supply system (back pressure);
Pl - liquid pressure at inlet coming to the
mixing plenum chamber (section II)
What is the most important part of this
device's theory? It is the fact that it takes into
consideration the determining influence of
the compressibility of homogeneous flows as
compared to gases and its effect on sonic
speed. When I say that the two-phase
medium is more compressible than pure gas,
the specialists are amazed. But I am not
contradicting the facts. What is more, my
theoretical description was experimentally
proven long before my own experiments.
Such a fact was determined long ago
and was forgotten, since no one knew
what to do with it.
As the maximum value (Gl/Gs) is
reached by given values of Pbp, Pl, P1
and pressure P0 at the nozzle inlet nozzle
(sec. II) at the maximum value of (1-ß) (3ß-1)
in its denominator.
As the given expression reaches 0, as it is
seen from the formula at maximum
product into two values equivalent to the
zero values ß = 0 and ß = 1/3, then this
function shall have the extremes of:
From the analysis brought forward
dependence follows that the flow rate of
the fluid through the device transforms
into zero by the formula twice:
Nobody realized that now different equations,
different solutions, different calculations are
needed. Everything has to be different. But
nowhere is anyone doing that.
when ß =1 and ß = 1/3.
Once again, the basis of the operation of this
device lies in the effect of the increased
compressibility of the two-phase flows as
compared with pure liquids and even pure
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
The second distinctive feature is related
to the compressibility: the independence
of the flow rate from the resistance of the
system as seen at the outlet, guaranteeing a constant flow rate over a wide
range of counter-pressures.
gases. Steam and liquids are fed into the
device. They exchange the quantities of their
movements. This starts the zone of the twophase homogeneous mixture and in the
mixing chamber a dramatic pressure jump
arises (i.e. the pressure at the outlet is higher
than the pressure at the inlet).
In the conventional circulation pump, the
flow changes depending on the
resistance in the pipeline. This is a
tragedy for the boilers, because in the
process of their prolonged usage, scale
is formed in the pipes of the boiler which
causes the internal resistance to change,
and consequently, the flow rate changes.
That's why, in outfitting a boiler with
pumps, standby output is always
envisaged. As for our device, in a wide
range of changes of the counter-pressure
it creates conditions for an ideal and
steady output.
The following is the formula for the calculation
of the jump:
P2/Pl = 1 + K ß M2
I came to this equation during my work
on the theory for the device. So, if the
speed of the flow, after the steam has
mixed with the water is—let us assume—
30 m/sec, then this speed is much slower
than the sonic speed in steam and all the
more slower than the sonic speed in
water. It would appear this is obviously
a subsonic rate. But because at this point
the sonic speed in the homogeneous
two-phase flow is 5 m/sec, the Mach
number equals 10. And, if the jump is
proportional to the squared Mach
number, then it means that the jump
equals 100, the pressure ratio:
On a diagram, it would look like this:
And it is possible to get even 1000.
Indeed, what can this device do? If it
raises the pressure it means that it is a
pump. If at the same time a heat
exchange takes place, then it can be a
heater or a cooler. The first and most
important distinctive feature of our
device is that it creates a higher pressure
at the outlet than the pressure of the
working medium at the inlet.
Fig. 3
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
If the pipeline's resistance is low, the
intensity of the jump is low and its length
is large. If the pipeline's resistance is
high, the intensity of the jump is high
and its length is short. This applies till the
up right jump. It is a unique feature which
distinguishes our pumps from existing
pumps. Even as the outlet valve is closing,
we continue to see an ideal steady flow.
Conventional wisdom tells us when the
outlet valve is closing, the flow must
decrease. It seems, it can’t be otherwise.
Not so with our device!
The device is also a very efficient mixer.
In figure 4 below are enlargements of
electron micro-photographs of particles
in a burn cream made out of 18
separate components. It was formulated
in a German laboratory, using state-ofthe-art-mixing equipment. The size of the
particles on the left is 2 - 3 microns.
On the right is the same cream prepared
with our device. Here the particles are 0.2
- 0.5 microns!
Now, what else can the device do? It is
a perfect proportioner, since you can
feed into the vacuum zone any
ingredient. The counter pressure at the
outlet of the device does not influence
the total flow of the mixture and the flow
of the components running through it. It
turns out, that if we regulate the
parameters at the inlet, the changes at
the outlet do not have any influence on
the operation of the device.
Fig. 4
How is the dispersion and such a high
degree of homogeneity achieved in our
device? Because, at the beginning, all
components are fed into the expansion zone.
Within this zone, everything is blown up! You
have a pure cavitation effect. A misty
medium is formed with a volume ratio of
the phases at 50/50, then the smashing
pressure jump crushes the gaseous
mixture in such a way that what becomes
mixed can’t be separated anymore. The
acoustic mechanism snapping into action
also adds a mixing effect.
Adjusting the dosages in the food and
pharmaceutical industry, for instance, is
quite complicated. You need a lot of
expensive electronics.
But with our
device, you don't need anything. You
simply keep constant the parameters at
the inlet and the doses of all components
will ideally and strictly remain the same.
This is a critical quality of our device,
because proportioning pumps and
valves are very capricious. They have
very precise surfaces (plungers, cylinders,
etc.) and at the slightest disturbance of
the precision settings, they just stop,
while our device offers effective
proportioner capability in a fool-proof,
simple manner, making it an ideal
proportioner for numerous applications.
The device manifests all of these properties
because it develops a vast interaction surface.
If the particles are very tiny, the activation
surface is very well developed, and in any
interchanging process, the interacting media
have very fine dispersion and highly
developed surface.
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TECHNICAL PAPER BY PROF. VLADIMIR V. FISENKO
JOINT POWER CONFERENCE - MINNEAPOLIS, OCT. 11, 1995
That's why through our device any
interchanging processes can be realized in
very small dimensions. So it can, without
changing the technology, mix everything with
equipment of considerably smaller sizes and
with much less expenditure of energy.
and retrofitting, in electricity, space utilization
and in general maintenance.
Also, it will find its way into improving
the existing operations and processes in
a broad number of many industries, as
well as in new applications. They will yield
time and materials savings and make new
products and processes possible.
To summarize the key features of the device:
1. The pressure at the outlet is higher than
the pressure of the working medium;
For myself and because of my lifelong
concern with human safety and pollution
control—and in light of the growing and
very necessary global concern for the
environment—I am extremely pleased to
have made such a solid and meaningful
contribution to technology.
Because
there is no doubt that such a device as
this will find its place in industry and in
homes.
2. In a broad range of counter pressures,
the flow rate of the mixture and of
the components remains constant,
making it an ideal proportioner;
3. It is a perfect mixer;
4. The interchanging process proceeds
extremely well because of the extraordinarily developed activation surface.
Thank you for your kind attention.
5. It can be a degasifier and gas saturator.
- Prof. Vladimir V. Fisenko
6. The only energy used is that contained in
the liquid and gaseous inputs.
7. Extremely small space requirements.
There are many fields in the industrial sector
where the device has invaluable applications,
including:
• energy
• chemicals and pharmaceuticals
• perfumes and cosmetics
• food and dairy processing
• environment and industrial cleansing
From the point of view of free market
economics, this device and principal can mark
a watershed of competitiveness in most of its
applications, in terms of money saved in the
initial cost of new construction, in replacement
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