What is a limb?
What is a limb? Ventral somatic outgrowth of outer tube The Upper Limb BMS 711 IBMS (KMU) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones (made of bony tissue, cartilage, and other tissues) Joints Muscles Nerves (with motor neurons to muscles, sensory neurons to skin) No viscera--all innervation is somatic (motor or sensory) from ventral ramus of spinal nerve (except autonomics to blood vessels) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb UPPER LIMB What is a limb? Skeleton Joints Shoulder/Scapula muscles Brachial plexus— getting spinal nerves out onto limb Muscles—anterior and posterior compartments Sensory innervation Surface anatomy Mataitoga/PT111 From Royal CollectionCummings da Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Vinci drawings Bones of the Upper Limb Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton Incomplete girdle Scapula and clavicle Upper Limb Arm/Brachium Humerus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb 1 The Appendicular Skeleton Bones Continued Forearm/Antebrachium Radius and ulna Wrist/Carpus Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Trapeium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpus/Palm metacarpals 1-5 Fingers Phalanges 1- proximal/distal 2-5 proximal/middle/distal Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pectoral girdle Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk Pelvic girdle Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk Upper and lower limbs differ in function Share the same structural plan Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral Girdle Consists of the clavicle and the scapula Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae Scapulae do not join each other or the axial skeleton Mataitoga/PT111 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 The Pectoral Girdle Clavicles Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Sternal end articulates with the manubrium Acromial end articulates with scapula shallow Good for flexibility – bad for stability Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulated Pectoral Girdle PLAY Clavicles Shoulder Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.1a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.1b, c 3 Clavicles Structures of the Scapula Provide attachment for muscles Hold the scapulae and arms laterally Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton PLAY Shoulder Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.2a Structures of the Scapula Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage Located between ribs 2 – 7 Have three borders Superior Medial (vertebral) Lateral (axillary) Have three angles Lateral, superior, and inferior Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.2b 4 Structures of the Scapula Arm Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow Humerus The only bone of the arm Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Upper Limb 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the Arm Forearm Hand Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.2c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arm Humerus Many structures of the humerus provide sites for muscle attachment Other structures of the humerus provide articulation sites for other bones Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5 Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Forearm Radius and ulna articulate with each other At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints The interosseous membrane Interconnects radius and ulna In anatomical position The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forearm Figure 8.3a, b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Details of Arm and Forearm Formed from the radius and ulna Proximal ends articulate with the humerus Distal ends articulate with carpals PLAY Elbow Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.5a 6 Ulna Radius and Ulna Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage Plays little to no role in hand movement Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proximal Part of the Ulna Figure 8.4a, b Radius Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Contributes heavily to the wrist joint Distal radius articulates with carpal bones When radius moves, the hand moves with it Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.5b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7 Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.5c Hand Includes the following bones Carpus – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8
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