What is a limb?
Ventral somatic outgrowth of
outer tube
The Upper Limb
BMS 711
IBMS (KMU)

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Bones (made of bony tissue,
cartilage, and other tissues)
Joints
Muscles
Nerves (with motor neurons to
muscles, sensory neurons to
skin)
No viscera--all innervation is
somatic (motor or sensory)
from ventral ramus of spinal
nerve (except autonomics to
blood vessels)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb
UPPER LIMB
What is a limb?
Skeleton
Joints
Shoulder/Scapula
muscles
Brachial plexus—
getting spinal nerves
out onto limb
Muscles—anterior
and posterior
compartments
Sensory innervation
Surface anatomy
Mataitoga/PT111
From Royal
CollectionCummings
da
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as Benjamin
Vinci drawings
Bones of the Upper Limb
 Appendicular Skeleton
 Pectoral Girdle
 Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton
 Incomplete girdle
 Scapula and clavicle
 Upper Limb
 Arm/Brachium
 Humerus
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Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb
1
The Appendicular Skeleton
Bones Continued
 Forearm/Antebrachium
 Radius and ulna
 Wrist/Carpus
 Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Trapeium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
 Metacarpus/Palm
 metacarpals 1-5
 Fingers
 Phalanges 1- proximal/distal 2-5 proximal/middle/distal
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 Pectoral girdle
 Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
 Pelvic girdle
 Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
 Upper and lower limbs differ in function
 Share the same structural plan
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The Pectoral Girdle
 Consists of the clavicle and the scapula
 Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body
completely
 Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the
manubrium and first rib
 Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the
scapulae
 Scapulae do not join each other or the axial
skeleton
Mataitoga/PT111
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2
The Pectoral Girdle
Clavicles
 Provides attachment for many muscles that move

the upper limb
Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
 Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton
 Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is
 Extend horizontally across the superior thorax
 Sternal end articulates with the manubrium
 Acromial end articulates with scapula
shallow
 Good for flexibility – bad for stability
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulated Pectoral Girdle
PLAY
Clavicles
Shoulder
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Figure 8.1a
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Figure 8.1b, c
3
Clavicles
Structures of the Scapula
 Provide attachment for muscles
 Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
 Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton
PLAY
Shoulder
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Scapulae
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Figure 8.2a
Structures of the Scapula
 Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
 Located between ribs 2 – 7
 Have three borders
 Superior
 Medial (vertebral)
 Lateral (axillary)
 Have three angles
 Lateral, superior, and inferior
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.2b
4
Structures of the Scapula
Arm
 Region of the upper limb between the shoulder

and elbow
Humerus
 The only bone of the arm
 Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb
 Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder
 Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow
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The Upper Limb
 30 bones form each upper limb
 Grouped into bones of the
 Arm
 Forearm
 Hand
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Figure 8.2c
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Arm
 Humerus
 Many structures of the humerus provide sites for
muscle attachment
 Other structures of the humerus provide
articulation sites for other bones
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5
Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
Forearm
 Radius and ulna articulate with each other
 At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
 The interosseous membrane
 Interconnects radius and ulna
 In anatomical position
 The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
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Forearm
Figure 8.3a, b
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Details of Arm and Forearm
 Formed from the radius and ulna
 Proximal ends articulate with the humerus
 Distal ends articulate with carpals
PLAY
Elbow
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 8.5a
6
Ulna
Radius and Ulna
 Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint



with the humerus
Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
Distal end is separated from carpals by
fibrocartilage
Plays little to no role in hand movement
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proximal Part of the Ulna
Figure 8.4a, b
Radius
 Superior surface of the head of the radius
articulates with the capitulum
 Medially – the head of the radius articulates with
the radial notch of the ulna
 Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
 Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
 When radius moves, the hand moves with it
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Figure 8.5b
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Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
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Figure 8.5c
Hand
 Includes the following bones
 Carpus – wrist
 Metacarpals – palm
 Phalanges – fingers
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8