1. No category

Plagiarism - what is it,
what are the sanctions, and
how can it be avoided?
Student Manual
2009-2010 edition
(version 14 March 2010)
Faculty of Arts
Radboud University Nijmegen
Contents
1.
Why focus on plagiarism?
2
2.
What constitutes plagiarism?
3
3.
What are the sanctions?
4
4.
How can students avoid plagiarism?
5
4.1
Paraphrasing: how do you do that?
6
4.1.1
6
4.2
4.3
Paraphrasing website content
Quoting: how do you do that?
8
4.2.1
9
Quoting website content
Referring: how do you do that?
12
4.3.1
Referring to a website
12
4.4
Choosing suitable verba dicendi
14
4.5
Correct source crediting
15
Notes
21
Bibliography
22
Website addresses
22
1
1.
Why focus on plagiarism?
Science is all about amassing knowledge. And that happens through intricate interplay
between theories and ideas, and through the expression of new ideas, opinions,
observations, etc. In order to actually introduce authentic and original ideas, the actions of
scientists are marked by a high level of meticulousness, reliability, verifiability, impartiality,
and independence1. Students at a scientific institution would be expected to be able to track
down relevant information, process that information critically, and record the results of that
process in a responsible way. Regrettably, it does happen on occasions that students credit
others insufficiently, or not at all, in their research. Those students are committing
plagiarism: they are presenting other people’s work as their own.
When a case of plagiarism comes to light, sanctions will inevitably ensue, to the detriment of
the plagiarist. The Faculty of Arts of the Radboud University Nijmegen will not shy away
from that. But the faculty would, of course, prefer to see unintentional plagiarism being
avoided altogether. And two manuals have been drawn up for that:
•
a manual intended to help lecturers spot cases of plagiarism (for which lecturers at the
Faculty of Arts of the Radboud University Nijmegen have the plagiarism detection
program Ephorus at their disposal, amongst other tools) and subsequently guide
lecturers through the process of starting a procedure that will lead to a fitting sanction for
the plagiarizing student, and
•
a manual informing students on the faculty’s anti-plagiarism policy, as well as on ways
of avoiding unintentional plagiarism.
The latter, the student manual, is what you are reading now. This manual explains what
constitutes plagiarism, what happens if a case of plagiarism comes to light, and most
importantly, what you can do to avoid ever being accused of plagiarism. The main focus will
be on the rules you must follow when referring to the sources you consulted during your
research for an academic essay or other pieces of academic writing.
2
2.
What constitutes plagiarism?
Plagiarism encompasses all cases where something is suggested to be the author’s own
work, when it is in actual fact the work of someone else. At the Radboud University, you will
be considered to be plagiarizing when you:
•
submit a text by someone else as if it were your own;
•
completely or partially copy texts, ideas, conclusions, designs and/or theories from other
authors without citing the source (book, journal article, report, website, etc.);
•
use parts of information or adapted versions of information without crediting the source;
•
use your own sources for two different purposes without stating that (self-plagiarism);
•
submit a text you have written together with others, without explicitly stating that;
•
invent a source;
•
quote or paraphrase without clearly stating that in the text;
•
credit a source incorrectly or incompletely;
•
fail to use quotation marks for verbatim quotes, or have placed quotations marks in such
a way that part of the quoted passage is wrongfully presented as your own work;
•
do refer to sources, but not at every instance where you use information from those
sources, as a result of which part of the copied information is wrongfully presented as
your own work;
•
credit sources in a way that makes it hard for others to find the credits;
•
submit an essay, thesis or other written piece of which the part that copies information
from only one source (even though this source is credited) is larger than the part made
up of your own words;2
•
translate a text from one language into another without crediting the source.
In the same way as putting down the wrong name on an exam answer sheet, stealing exam
questions, and copying during exams are considered fraud, plagiarism is also considered a
form of fraud, and will be punished accordingly.
3
3.
What are the sanctions?
Depending on the seriousness and the extent of the detected case of plagiarism, the
course'
s exam commission can, as in other cases where fraud has been detected, impose
different sanctions, including:
•
reprimand;
•
exclusion from (completing) the exam the writing assignment is part of;
•
exclusion from sitting the exam at the next opportunity;
•
exclusion from one or several other (final) exams for a period of a maximum of 12
months.
These sanctions have been laid down in the Onderwijs en Examen Reglement [Exam
Regulations] (OER) of the course in question.
When a case of plagiarism has been detected, the name of the plagiarizing student will
forever be recorded in a fraud register. Repeated fraud can even lead to heavier sanctions.
Note: students may be asked to sign a document declaring that they have not committed
plagiarism in the execution of a written assignment. By signing the document, the student
declares to have familiarized him/herself with the faculty’s anti-plagiarism regulations.
4
4.
How can students avoid plagiarism?
Many communication manuals for students in higher education contain instructions, some
more detailed than others, for careful source crediting. Useful and detailed guidelines are
available in manuals that are used across the globe, such as the Publication Manual of the
APA (American Psychological Association, 2001), the Chicago Manual of Style (Grossman,
1993), the Holt Handbook (Kirszner & Mandell, 2002), and the Wadsworth Handbook
(Kirszner & Mandell, 2005). A widely used Dutch-language manual with advice on how to
avoid unintentional plagiarism is Leren communiceren (fifth edition); in particular sections
12.6 and 12.7 (Steehouder et al., 2006, pp. 385-392). Instructions and examples below are
partly based on plagiarism prevention recommendations from Leren Communiceren. 3
But firstly we will list a few websites that you can turn to when in doubt about the best way of
tackling specific cases.
•
http://webcursus.ubvu.vu.nl/cursus/ -> Informatievaardigheden Niveau B (Algemeen) ->
Hoe verwerk ik literatuur in mijn verslag? -> Wat is plagiaat?
•
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_understand_plagiarism_1/
•
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml
Information and links to other sites on the faculty website for ACV teaching may also prove
very helpful:
•
http://www.ru.nl/letteren/onderwijs/algemene_academische/
Comprehensive advice on bibliographical referencing is also available on the
Taalunieversum website of the Dutch Language Union: http://taaladvies.net (run a search
on: literatuurlijsten (algemeen)).
Avoiding plagiarism is actually quite simple: you will never be committing plagiarism when
you do justice to the work of others by being very meticulous about source citation, quoting,
and paraphrasing. How to do that, and what requirements to bear in mind, is explained
subsequently.
Academics (to be) need to be skilled writers of good texts containing relevant information
they found in different books and processed in line with the laws of academic courtesy.
There are three ways of doing that, which are generally used in combination: paraphrasing,
quoting and reference. The following sections will go deeper into these three methods.
5
4.1
Paraphrasing: how do you do that?
When you paraphrase something, you will reflect what you read in your own words. It goes
without saying that you must not twist the words from your source: your representation must
do justice to the original content of the publication you consulted. Either directly before or
directly after your rendering of the sourced information in your own words, you must put
down the name of the author and the year of publication of his/her work, and when referring
to a specific passage the reference must also include the page number (in case of a long
passage: both the page on which it starts and the page on which it ends).
4.1.1 Paraphrasing website content
When paraphrasing text you found on a website, you have two options. The first is to treat
online texts you are paraphrasing in the same way as you would paper publications from
which you paraphrase passages. That can be particularly handy when you are dealing with
a digital document (in PDF format or .doc format, for example) with an definite author and a
title. The credit will then consist of the author'
s name (and when the author is unknown, the
title of the document) followed by the year of publication (when the year of publication is
unknown, use the abbreviation of ‘no date’: ‘n.d.’), and when referring to a specific passage
and the source contains page numbers, you must also put down the page numbers of your
passage. The full bibliographical entry, complete with an indication of where and when you
found the source on the web, will subsequently have to be stipulated in the bibliography
under the name of the author (if known, otherwise use the title of the document) amidst all
other bibliographical entries.
The second option, which is particularly suited to cases where it is unclear who wrote
something, because the website in question does not list an author, is to include the address
of the website (i.e. the website’s URL) in your text. If that website address is excessively
long, it will suffice by putting down the first, general part of it, followed by further navigation
instructions, or a search term that will lead the reader to the relevant passage on the
website. 4 The same details, plus the date on which you consulted the website in question,
will then go into the alphabetical bibliography at the end of your text.
Check the APA website for useful instructions on how use websites in bibliographical
entries: http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx
6
Whichever approach you choose, make sure your reader will at least have a date on which
you consulted the website. Be aware of the fact that websites come and go, and that a
reference to a website can turn out to be an empty one when the website has disappeared
when a critical reader who wants to check your sources tries to access the site. That will
harm the reliability of your sources, and with that the credibility of your text.
Example 1
Below you will find a paragraph from an article about complaints citizens have about the
municipality of Hengelo. The article deals with the question what causes those complaints.
This paragraph focuses on one of the sources of people’s complaints: completing forms.
The key information from the report that was studied has been paraphrased. That is
followed by another paraphrase of a fragment from another source that is relevant to this
case: a file that can be found on a website. Author names and years of publication (insofar
as these are known) enable the reader to quickly find these publications in the bibliography
at the end of the text. The page numbers make sure the reader will subsequently be able to
quickly track down the right passages in the sources. Website addresses enable the reader
of this text to visit websites where he/she can find more information – providing these
websites are still online.
Forms make up an important source of citizens’ complaints. A study among clients of
Hengelo Municipal Social Services (De Waal, 2001, pp. 24-36) showed that over
30% of respondents found that GSD forms in general contain too many questions.
Nearly 50% of respondents considered the questions unclear, and the same number
of people stated that forms sometimes include questions that are wholly
unnecessary. See also http://pvda.nl -> onderzoeksrapporten2001 -> GSDHengelo
and http://www.henkdewaal.nl (run a search on GSD). Ravesteijn (n.d., p. 12), whose
website makes reference to the study that was run in Hengelo, has not seen any real
improvement in the situation in the years following the study.
7
The corresponding bibliography would be as follows:
Bibliography
http://pvda.nl -> onderzoeksrapporten2001 -> GSDHengelo (consulted on 12 June
2006)
http://www.henkdewaal.nl (run a search on GSD) (consulted on 12 June 2006)
Ravesteijn, P. (z.j.). Het Nederlandse overheidsformulier; Blijvende bron van
frustratie. http://www.ravesteijn.nl/formulierenellende.pdf (consulted on 12
June 2006).
Waal, H. de (2001). Onderzoek onder cliënten van de Hengelose Gemeentelijke
Sociale Dienst. Hengelo: Uitgeverij Twentestad.
4.2
Quoting: how do you do that?
Quotes are verbatim citations of other publications. Such citations are useful in the following
cases.
•
It concerns a particularly pertinent formulation, such as a definition or a hypothesis
expressing a certain idea in a pithy manner.
•
It is important that the reader know exactly (literally) what the original author said or
wrote, in order to be able to, for example, understand what the difference is with regards
to other publications, or to be able to understand what disagreements with other authors
hinge on.
The text you are quoting must match the source exactly, even if the source contains typos,
spelling mistakes, or uses spelling conventions that differ from the conventions you use in
the rest of the text. The beginning and the end of the quote have to be clearly marked by
quotation marks. When leaving something out, you must show that by placing an ellipsis in
square brackets [...] where the text you are omitting would normally go. If you want to place
an explanatory note within the bounds of the quote, this note will also have to go in square
brackets. Be sure to place your initials after the note/comment, so that the reader knows
who is speaking.
After the quote, you enter the author’s name, the year of publication, and also the page or
pages where you found the quote.
8
4.2.1 Quoting website content
When quoting text from a website, you can do so in the same way as when paraphrasing
text from a website (see Section 4.1.1). Also when quoting text you sourced on a website,
you have two options.
The first is to treat online texts you are quoting from in the same way as you would paper
publications you are quoting from. That can be particularly handy when you are dealing with
a digital document (in PDF format or .doc format, for example) with a definite author and a
title. The credit will then consists of the author'
s name (and when the author is unknown, the
title of the document) followed by the year of publication (when the year of publication is
unknown, use the abbreviation of no date: ‘n.d.’) and, if that is the case for the source you
are quoting from, also the page number(s). The full bibliographical entry, complete with an
indication of where and when you found the source on the web, will subsequently have to be
placed in the bibliography under the name of the author (if known, otherwise use the title of
the document) amidst all the other bibliographical entries.
The second option, which is particularly suited to cases where it is unclear who wrote
something, because the website in question does not list an author, is to include the address
of the website (i.e. the website’s URL) in your text. If that website address is excessively
long, you can suffice by putting down the first, general part of it, followed by further
navigation instructions, or a search term that will lead the reader to the relevant passage on
the website.4 The same details, plus the date on which you consulted the website in
question, will then go into the alphabetical bibliography at the end of your text.
Check the APA website for useful instructions on using websites in bibliographical entries:
http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx
Example 2
Below you will find a quote with an added explanatory note by the writer of the report (SdB:
Sanderijn de Bont). Part of the original quoted text has been omitted by the author. The
original spelling of the quote was maintained (‘recognises’ in the quote contrasts with
‘criticized’ in regular text, these would normally both have to use ‘-ise’ or ‘-ize’ for reasons of
spelling consistency). The name of the author, year of publication, and the page where the
quote can be found, are included in the sentence leading up to the quote.
9
Ever since the economic crisis in the early 1980s, the fixed retirement age has
increasingly been criticized. Early retirement schemes offered many the chance of
retiring before reaching the age of 65. But not everybody considered that a positive
development. Elderly citizen Braadbaart (1983, p. 231), argues that “our kind of
society [the Western welfare state; SdB] only recognises people as full members of
society as long as they are able to make a maximum contribution to production and
consumption. [...] There'
s nothing to be got from the elderly."
It is particularly important to clearly mark the beginning and the end of the quote. You must
use “double inverted commas” for that. Also make sure that the sentence leading into the
quote is basically at one with the quote.
Example 3
WRONG (quote does not match up with the sentence leading up to it):
Holleman’s (1997, p. 12) idea of presentation is: “My idea of presentation is the way
in which subject matter is brought to people’s attention using a certain medium.”
RIGHT (quote matches up with the sentence leading up to it):
Holleman (1997, p. 12) puts it as follows: “My idea of presentation is the way in which
subject matter is brought to people’s attention using a certain medium.”
OR:
“My idea of presentation is the way in which subject matter is brought to people’s
attention using a certain medium”, says Holleman (1997, p.12).
10
OR (again, the quote matches up with the sentence leading up to it):
Holleman’s (1997, p. 12) idea of presentation is: “[...] the way in which subject matter
is brought to people’s attention using a certain medium.”
When a quote is more than three lines long, you must place it between blank lines and
indent the whole quote.
Example 4
The (fictitious) verbatim quote in the text below is rather long: it almost covers an entire
paragraph. That is why it is framed by blank lines and indentation. Quotation marks then
cease to be required. You could use a smaller font, but that is not necessary. The original
spelling of the quote was maintained (British spelling of ‘clamour’ in the quote contrasts with
the US spelling the regular text uses, for example in ‘center’). The website address for the
site the quote was taken from is listed – with the date on which the site was consulted – in
the bibliography with other entries.
As long as schemes and executive procedures continue to be complex or unclear,
forms will only be one of the factors leading to the outlined problems. A case in point
comes in the form of a statement by J. Huige, former crisis manager at the Student
Grants Service, a role which often saw him at the center of incidents caused by the
complexity of student grant schemes. On his own website, he states:
I have always taken the following position. Whenever underlying schemes
contain vague concepts, which are poorly defined or open to different
interpretations, the form in itself will not be able to provide a solution to that.
Any clamour against the structure of forms would be far more productive if it
were directed at the makers of the underlying scheme. (http://www.janhuige.nl
-> formulieren).
Despite the prospect of the outcome probably being limited, we still deem it useful to
explore the possibilities of raising the completion-friendliness of the forms.
11
The bibliographical entry for this example is as follows:
http://www.janhuige.nl -> formulieren (consulted on 29 June 2006)
Warning
Try to find a balance in your use of quotes. As said earlier, quotes can be very useful, but
excessive usage of quotes (too many quotes and/or quotes that are too long) can be taken
as a sign of laziness.
4.3 Referring: how do you do that?
A reference means that a publication is credited, but its contents are neither copied literally
nor paraphrased. References are very common in academic texts; after all, information
presented in such texts has to be based on as many different and reliable sources as
possible. A reference can have the following functions.
•
Helping the reader find sources that are relevant given the context.
•
Giving authors of source publications their due credit.
A reference starts with the author’s name; followed by the year of publication. When
referring to a specific passage, you must also include the page number (and for long
passages both the page on which it starts and the page on which it ends).
4.3.1 Referring to a website
When referring to a website, you have two options, as with paraphrasing and quoting (see
Section 4.1.1 and Section 4.2.1).
The first option is to treat online texts you are referring to in the same way as you would
paper publications you are referring to. That can be particularly handy when you are dealing
with a digital document (in PDF format or .doc format, for example) with a definite author
and a title. The credit will then consists of the author'
s name (and when the author is
unknown, the title of the document) followed by the year of publication (when the year of
publication is unknown, use the abbreviation of no date: ‘n.d.’) and possibly the page
number or page numbers.
The second option, which is particularly suited to cases where it is unclear who wrote
something, because the website in question does not list an author, is to include the address
12
of the website (i.e. the website’s URL) in your text. If that website address is excessively
long, you can suffice by putting down the first, general part of it, followed by further
navigation instructions, or a search term that will lead the reader to the relevant passage on
the website. 4
Check the APA website for useful instructions on how to use websites in bibliographical
entries: http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx
Example 5
WRONG:
We are living in an information society, according to Van Oenen (2004) and the
website http://www.voltijd.hva.nl/verpleegkunde/studieprogramma.htm.
These references are rather pointless: this is a generally known fact.
RIGHT:
We are living in an information society. We all know that. But there is more to it. Van
Ginneken (2000, p. 10), for example, states that although we are living in an
information society, we are fooled more than ever before.
This reference does make sense: Van Ginneken adds his own observation to a
generally known fact.
Sometimes it is important to clarify what kind of information the source contains. Is it a
personal impression of the author, for example, or a conclusion of a study?
13
Example 6
WRONG:
A question that has not been tackled yet is whether flow charts are also suited for the
presentation of subject matter that has to be remembered. There is no consensus on
this matter in the literature. Lewis (1967) is highly positive, while Wright and Reid
(1973) are far less positive.
It is unclear here whether the sources ‘merely’ vent opinions, or whether they are
articles reporting on research that has lead to those conclusions.
RIGHT:
Are flow charts suited for the presentation of subject matter that needs to be
remembered? Lewis (1967) argues they are, albeit without clear arguments to back
up her claim. The experiment described in Wright and Reid (1973), on the other
hand, produced negative results.
This way we get a better idea of what statements are based on: Lewis (1967) vents
an opinion; Wright and Reid (1973) report on a study.
4.4
Choosing suitable verba dicendi
It can be quite tricky to interlink different paraphrases, quotes, and references in an
informative and varied way. It requires choosing the right verba dicendi (Latin for “verbs of
speaking”). Varied, but equally careful use of different variations of the verb ‘to say’ makes a
text livelier, and also clearer and more exact.
14
Refer to the following examples of verba dicendi:
state that
point out that
argue that
suspect that
write that
wonder whether
allege that
doubt whether
claim that
object that
underline that
add that
4.5
Correct source crediting
Whichever way(s) of presenting other people’s information you choose, you will in any case
have to ensure that the reader will be able to find the original publications whenever needed.
The verifiability requirement plays a key role here. You have to be clear about where exactly
you got your information from. And you do that through correct source crediting.
A correct source credit contains the name of the author (or authors if there are more than
one), followed by the year of publication, and when quoting verbatim the page number(s)
of the cited publication must also be included. A bibliography with full bibliographical
entries should be at the end of text and contain the exact details of all publications you
have referred to and consulted. There is a raft of different requirements a bibliography
and its entries have to meet. We will not go into detail here; but we will list a few useful
sources you can consult for guidelines on how to compile a bibliography.
•
Instructions from the Chicago Manual of Style (Grossman, 1993) and the APA
guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2001) are particularly authoritative on
a global scale. The University of Tilburg has included a handy Dutch-language
overview of the APA guidelines for source crediting on its website: http://www.uvt.nl
(run a search on: apa-regels).
•
Professioneel communiceren (Jansen, Steehouder, & Gijsen, 2006) is a particularly
useful resource for Dutch-language publications.
Note: it might be that these general guidelines do not apply to your specific discipline.
Check with your lecturers.
In the following we will further go into questions that might arise when dealing with source
credits.
15
When do I include page numbers?
Quotes always have to include page numbers (and in case you are quoting a website,
paragraph numbers). When paraphrasing or referring to text, page numbers are only listed
when it concerns a specific passage in the publication. When referring to the publication as
a whole, page numbers are not necessary.
In the following example, the first source credit provides information about the author, the
year of publication, and the page number of the relevant information. The second credit
lacks a page number, which probably means the entire publication is relevant. The third
reference, to a document on a website, includes the name of the author, followed by ‘n.d.’
because the year of publication is unknown. The quote from this source is closed with a
reference that also includes the page number. The corresponding entry in the bibliography
will also state the date on which the document was found online. Note: author name
annotation in source credits only uses the surname and omits initials, sex, and titles. As you
will see in the following example.
Example 8
Ten Hoopen (1989, p. 354) argues that information density of 10 million characters
per cm2 is feasible for a magneto-optical computer memory. Witjes (2001) examines
that further in great detail, although not always convincingly. Verolme (n.d.) makes a
number of relevant corrections to Witjes'(2001) argument. Verolme writes: “It is, with
hindsight, at least highly surprising that Witjes’ discourse was considered the main
Dutch source of information on computer memories, and that no other Dutchlanguage publications on this subject had emerged by the end of the twentieth
century.” (Verolme, n.d., p. 13).
16
The corresponding bibliography contains the following entries:
Hoopen, J.A. ten (1989). Nieuwe informatie- en communicatietechnologie: Op weg
naar een volledige integratie in het dagelijks leven van de burger. Tilburg:
Keta en Zoon.
Verolme, K. (z.j.). Over computergeheugens. (found at
http://www.verolme.nl/overcomputergeheugens.pdf on 12 June 2006)
Witjes, F. (2001). De capaciteit van magneto-optisch computergeheugens. Nieuw
Nederlands tijdschrift voor computertechnologie, 4(2), pp. 12-19.
Does the author'
s name go in or outside the sentence?
It is possible to include the author’s name from a source credit in a sentence. You will then
have to place the year of publication in parentheses after the author’s name and in case of a
quote also the page numbers. If the author’s name does not fit into the sentence, you can
place it in parentheses, followed by a comma, the year of publication and in case of a quote
also always page numbers. By using author names outside the sentence, you can also refer
to more than one publication (separated by a semicolon).
Example 9
According to Van de Hoeven (2001, p. 21) there is “continuous tension in the
communication between state and citizen in the welfare state that the Netherlands
still is [in her view, PvT].” The relationship between state and citizen was indeed
characterised as a bureaucratic paradox earlier: the more systematic and neutral the
state’s position, the larger the gap between the state and its people (Bruinsma, 1980;
Wagenaar, 1994).
17
The corresponding bibliography lists the following entries:
Bruinsma, H. (1980). Overheid en burger. Elst: De Wuurde Uitgevers.
Hoeven, F.A. van de (2001). Overheidscommunicatie: Problemen, oorzaken en
mogelijke oplossingen. Tijdschrift voor overheidsbeleid en -management, 21,
pp. 410-448.
Wagenaar, S.V.H. (1994). De bureaucratische paradox nader verkend. Tilburg: Keta
en Zoon.
How to refer to publications by more than one author
For publications by two authors, both authors must always be credited. When a publication
has more than two, but fewer than six authors, you must credit all authors in the first
reference, separated by commas, and with ‘and’ in front of the last author’s name. In all
subsequent references to that publication, you can suffice by using the first author’s name,
followed by ‘et al’ (et alii, Latin for and others). And in case of more than six authors, you use
the ‘et al’ right away in the first reference.
When referring to an English-language publication in running text, you must place ‘and’ in
front of the name of the last author. When dealing with a Dutch-language publication, you
use the Dutch ‘en’, for a French-language publication ‘et’, for a German-language
publication ‘und’, etc. When parenthesizing a reference, you must place an ampersand (&)
before the last author’s name, regardless of what language the publication is in. In the
bibliography, the name of the last author (even when there are only two authors) is always
preceded by a comma and a subsequent ampersand.
Example 10
Van Dam en Deugens (1995) defend the hypothesis that existing rules are
unnecessarily bureaucratic; these authors therefore issue a warning against the red
tape that ensues from those rules. Willems, Vriens en Van Aertsen (1996, p. 12) add
to that: “The tendency to uniformize guidelines can easily lead to the specific security
issues and health issues of all sorts of organisations going unnoticed.” Willems et al.
(1996, p. 16) also point at the hidden, but high social cost of what they call “excessive
regulation”. Cohen and Vanderbilt (1997, p. 78) write that they wholly disagree with
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that point of view. Other British authors take up a more standoffish position (see
Schriver & Flower, 2005) for example.
The corresponding bibliography will look as follows:
Cohen, T., & Vanderbilt (1997). On bureaucracy and modern citizenship. London:
Evermore.
Dam, P. van, & Deugens, W. (1995). Zo zit het niet met de relatie tussen overheid en
burger: Een verlate reactie op de visie van Henk Bruinsma. Tijdschrift voor
overheidbeleid en -management, 25, pp. 210-219.
Schriver, L., & Flower, K.A. (2005). Society and government. Bristol: Hayes.
Willems, P.C., Vriens, F.A.A., & Aertsen, P. van (1996). Overheidsbeleid: Mag het
een onsje minder gecentraliseerd misschien? Tilburg: Keta & Zoon.
How to deal with several publications by the same author(s) from the same year
When using several publications by the same author(s), which were published in the same
year, you must separate these using ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. The first letter of the title of the publication
will be decisive here. Use ‘a’ for the publication with a title that starts with a letter that comes
earliest in the alphabet, etc (disregard articles when putting publications in alphabetical
order).
Example 11
Some recent articles express fierce criticism of current Occupational Health and
Safety guidelines. Willems (1998a) considers these guidelines to fall short. He also
points at their doubtful legal status. It is also clear that medical examiners are having
major problems with their vague status: they should serve both the interests of the
employer and those of the employee (Willems, 1998b).
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The corresponding bibliography will clarify which publications these references with
‘a’, ‘b’ etc. refer to exactly. The first letter of the title of Willems (1998a) that matters
here is the ‘A’, which precedes the first relevant letter of the title of Willems (1998b),
the ‘K’:
Willems, H. (1998a). De Arbo-richtlijnen aan de toets der kritiek onderworpen. Elst:
De Wuurde Uitgevers.
Willems, H. (1998b). De keuringsarts gemangeld tussen werkgever en werknemer?
Elst: De Wuurde Uitgevers.
Another possibility: bibliographical details in a footnote
In humanities, and history, literary studies, and philosophy in particular, bibliographical
references in the text sometimes take the form of a footnote reference number referring to
the full bibliographical entry instead of a brief parenthesized source credit. These numbered
bibliographical entries can then be found in footnotes at the bottom of the page, or endnotes
at the end of the text. But this method is becoming increasingly outdated.
Example 12
The footnote below the next passage provides all bibliographical details of the source.
Seeing as this is not a bibliography, there is no need to alphabetize bibliographical entries
on the basis of surnames, meaning that first name initials can go in front of the surname.
Against the background of the ever increasing computerization of our society, more
and more questions about the meaning of work arise. The work of the Dutch
technician and cultural philosopher Dippel has proven particularly meaningful for
contemplations on this issue.1
*************************************************************
1. For a summary of Dippel’s work, refer to: P.R.M. van Dijk (1985). Op de grens
van twee werelden: Een onderzoek naar het ethisch denken van de
natuurwetenschapper C.J. Dippel. Den Haag: Boekencentrum.
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Notes
1.
VSNU, Nederlandse gedragscode wetenschapsbeoefening: principes van goed
wetenschappelijk onderwijs en onderzoek; Amsterdam, 2004.
2.
Partly based on: Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen, Bronvermelding:
principes en regels, Juni 2008. Examples of types of plagiarism can also be found on
the site of the UBVU Webcursussen of the VU University Amsterdam. See
http://webcursus.ubvu.vu.nl/cursus/ -> Informatievaardigheden Niveau B (Algemeen) > Hoe verwerk ik literatuur in mijn verslag? -> Wat is plagiaat?
This site was used as one of the sources for section 2 of this manual.
3.
With the permission of the publisher, of course.
4.
The APA recommends using a different approach for references to websites that do
not have an identifiable author; see http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
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Bibliography
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association. Fifth edition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association.
Grossman, J. (1993). The Chicago Manual of Style: The essential guide for writers, editors,
and publishers. Fourteenth edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jansen, C., Steehouder, M., & Gijsen, M. (Red.). (2006). Professioneel communiceren:
Taal- en communicatiegids. Second, revised edition. Groningen/Houten: Martinus
Nijhoff.
Kirszner, L.G., & Mandell, S.R. (2002). The Holt Handbook. Second edition. Boston:
Thomson-Heinle.
Kirszner, L.G., & Mandell, S.R. (2005). The Wadsworth Handbook. Seventh edition. Boston:
Thomson-Heinle.
Steehouder, M., Jansen, C., Maat, K., Staak, J. van der, Vet, D. de, Witteveen, M., &
Woudstra, E. (2006). Leren Communiceren: Handboek voor mondelinge en
schriftelijke communicatie. Fifth, revised edition. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
Website addresses
http://taaladvies.net (run a search on: literatuurlijsten (algemeen)) (consulted on 23 February
2010)
http://webcursus.ubvu.vu.nl/cursus/ -> Informatievaardigheden Niveau B (Algemeen) -> Hoe
verwerk ik literatuur in mijn verslag? -> Wat is plagiaat? (consulted on 23 February
2010)
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_understand_plagiarism_1 (consulted on 23 February 2010)
http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx (consulted on 23 February 2010)
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx (consulted on 23 February 2010)
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (consulted on 23 February 2010)
http://www.ru.nl/letteren/onderwijs/algemene_academische (consulted on 23 February
2010)
http://www.uvt.nl (run a search on: apa-regels) (consulted on 23 February 2010)
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