1. science
2. social science
3. history
4. medieval history

The British landscape: Overview
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The British landscape: Overview
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The British landscape: Overview
CONTENTS
The British landscape: Overview _________________________________________________________ 4
The British landscape: module 1 case studies ______________________________________________ 8
The British landscape: module 2 case studies _____________________________________________24
The British landscape: module 3 case studies _____________________________________________34
The British landscape: module 4 case studies _____________________________________________59
British landscape tracks _______________________________________________________________87
The British landscape: how case studies fit with thematic concentrations_______________________90
Classics integrative seminar ___________________________________________________________94
English language and literature integrative seminar _______________________________________96
History integrative seminar ____________________________________________________________98
History of art integrative sub-seminar _________________________________________________ 101
Philosophy integrative seminar _______________________________________________________ 103
Philosophy of psychology integrative sub-seminar ________________________________________ 104
Theology integrative seminar ________________________________________________________ 106
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The British landscape: Overview
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: OVERVIEW
Compulsory reading
‘Oxford DNB’ refers to H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., The Oxford dictionary of
national biography (2004). This is available online under University licence via SOLO at
www.oxforddnb.com/subscribed. To access the work itself, rather than information about the
work, you will need to use a computer that is logged on to the University system, or your
Single Sign On password. It is also available in print (60 vols.), in many Oxford libraries, of
which the most accessible is the Lower Reading Room of the Bodleian.
The Oxford DNB contains articles on individual people and groups of people (e.g. PreRaphaelite women artists) which are searchable by the ‘Quick Search’ button (top right-hand
corner). It also contains encyclopaedia-type articles called ‘themes’ which are best accessed
from the home page. From articles readers can click through to the Royal Historical Society
bibliography which gives more reading on the person / group, and the National Portrait
Gallery for images of the person / group. All students should familiarize themselves with this
work, which is indispensable for this course.
General reading
Works appropriate for each module are found below but useful general texts are:
J. Cannon, The Oxford dictionary of British
history (2001)
P. Coones and J. Patten, The Penguin guide
to the landscape of England and Wales
(1986)
W.G. Hoskins, The making of the English
landscape, ed. C. Taylor (1988)
K.O. Morgan, The Oxford history of Britain,
4th edn (2001)
The Oxford history of Britain series
P. Salway and J. Blair, Roman and AngloSaxon Britain (1992)
J. Gillingham, The middle ages
J. Guy and J. Morrill, The Tudors and Stuarts
(1992)
P. Langford, The eighteenth century and the
age of industry (1992)
H.C.G. Matthew and K.O. Morgan, The
modern age (1992)
Additional reading
Students are most welcome to use additional materials but should ensure that they are
scholarly works, or, where appropriate, popular works handled in a scholarly way.
The BBC website (www.bbc.co.uk/history) has some excellent basic material (timelines etc.)
and authored, scholarly articles, though other parts, such as those for children, are obviously
less suitable.
Module aims
Module 1. Beginnings: Britannia conquered, 3100 BC to 1348: aims
•
•
to show Britain as a nation conquered (to counterbalance later views of imperial
Britain)
to examine the impact of conquering groups on the culture and landscape of Britain
Module 2. From middle ages to civil war: Britannia forged: 1348–1649: aims
• To show the impact of medieval Christendom and of the English and Scottish
reformations on British culture and landscape
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The British landscape: Overview
•
To examine the breakup of the medieval settlement and the transition from feudalism
to capitalism
Module 3. Stirrings of modernity: Britannia rule the waves! 1649–1832: aims
•
•
To examine the transition from civil wars to peace and prosperity at home and empire
abroad
To examine the cultural and landscape impacts of the destruction of war and the
creativity of peace
Module 4. Modernity to postmodernity: Britannia in an uncertain world? 1832–2000:
aims
•
•
to look at loss of certainty and purpose in modern Britain
to look at modern and post modern cultural and physical landscapes of imperial and
post imperial Britain
Rubric
Under each case study are listed questions and references to books and articles. Students
should choose one question and answer it using relevant matter from the following reading
list.
A = Art history and the British landscape
L = Literature and the British landscape
M = Musicology and the British landscape
P = Philosophy and the British landscape
Ps = Psychology and the British landscape
T = Theology and the British landscape
All questions are suitable for students seeking credit in ‘The British landscape’ and ‘History and
the British landscape’.
Figure 1: Dr Baigent with students at Bath
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The British landscape: Overview
Case studies: alphabetical list
Anglo-Saxon England: kings, queens, and saints, histories, and myths ___________________ 13
Benjamin Britten (1913–1976): music in war and recovery ____________________________ 75
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): public and private uncertainties ________________________ 81
Bloomsbury and beyond: Englishness and modernism ________________________________ 83
Celtic Christianity: historical reality and modern reinvention ___________________________ 9
Darwin and the arts _____________________________________________________________ 79
Darwin, Darwinists, and religion __________________________________________________ 80
David Hume (1711–1776), Adam Smith (bap. 1723, d. 1790), Thomas Reid (1710–1796),
and the Scottish enlightenment________________________________________________ 42
Elizabeth I: England personified ___________________________________________________ 29
Evolution and natural selection ___________________________________________________ 78
Francis Bacon (1561–1626), Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), and Robert Boyle (1627–1691):
religion, science, philosophy, and the landscape of politics ________________________ 26
Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340–1400), William Langland (c.1325–c.1390), and the rest: poets in
the landscape _______________________________________________________________ 19
George Orwell (1903–1950): landscapes of poverty and politics ________________________ 74
Henry Purcell (1659–1695) and the English musical landscape ________________________ 41
Horatio Nelson (1758–1805): British liberty and the sea ______________________________ 52
Isaac Newton (1642–1727) _______________________________________________________ 34
Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997): the search for liberty _____________________________________ 81
James Mill (1773–1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): philosophy and secularization in
Victorian England ___________________________________________________________ 62
John Aubrey (1626–1697), John Gadbury (1627–1704), and Samuel Hartlib (c.1600–1662):
landscapes of magic, science, antiquity, and religion ______________________________ 36
John Constable (1776–1837), English landscape painter ______________________________ 40
John Ruskin (1819–1900): landscapes of nostalgia and progress _______________________ 66
John Wyclif (1324–1364): ‘morning star of the reformation’? _________________________ 26
Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416) and Margery Kempe (b. c.1373, d. in or after 1438):
women’s place in the landscape and their visions of a better landscape ______________ 16
Karl Marx (1818–1884) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895): revolutionaries abroad _______ 60
King Arthur: the romance of the past _______________________________________________ 11
Landscapes of death and survival __________________________________________________ 71
Landscapes of memory: remembering war, commemorating the fallen __________________ 69
Mad or bad: criminal lunacy and public reaction in Victorian Britain ____________________ 84
Madness and literature: Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416); Margery Kempe (b. c.1373, d. in or
after 1438); Thomas Hoccleve (c.1367–1426) ___________________________________ 32
Madness and literature: Christopher Smart (1722 –1771); William Blake (1757–1827);
William Cowper (1731–1800); John Clare (1793– 1864) _________________________ 58
Madness and literature: John Clare (1793– 1864); Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) __________ 59
Magna Carta: royal power contained and myth created ________________________________ 21
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) and Jane Austen (1775–1817): gendered landscapes of
revolt, subversion, and conformity _____________________________________________ 45
Medieval cartography: science, the church, and the classical inheritance _________________ 14
‘Mind-forg’d manacles’: insanity and its treatment in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
Britain _____________________________________________________________________ 56
Mirror of class, gender, geographical identity, and race: the landscape of British sport ______ 72
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The British landscape: Overview
Miss Buss and Miss Beale: the landscape of women’s education transformed _____________ 65
National and imperial identities ___________________________________________________ 47
Oxford and natural philosophy in the fourteenth century _____________________________ 22
Philosophers and scholars in retreat from fascism: Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), Ernst
Gombrich (1909–2001), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), Karl Popper (1902–1994),
Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959), and others ___________________________________ 77
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958): English romanticism and the English past ________ 76
‘Rebellious Scots to Crush’: the Jacobite risings and their legacy ________________________ 43
Religious landscapes in the nineteenth century ______________________________________ 62
Remembering the Norman conquest: memorials in stone, silk, statistics, and prose________ 17
Robin Hood and Maid Marion: to the greenwood in search of heroes and a heroine _______ 11
Roman Britain: landscape of domination, accommodation, and revolt ___________________ 8
Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), John Evelyn (1620–1706), and Roger Morrice (1628–1702): the
landscape of politics, war, science, and domestic life revealed by the diarist __________ 35
Shakespeare in context ___________________________________________________________ 30
Sigmund Freud and his legacy in literature __________________________________________ 85
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871): scientist of empire _______________________ 60
Slavery and abolition: controversies over liberty _____________________________________ 51
The American revolution through English eyes: liberty and tyranny at home and abroad ___ 49
The Augustan landscape __________________________________________________________ 37
The early history of English childhood _____________________________________________ 25
The empire strikes back? Stephen Lawrence and the landscape of racial violence in twentiethcentury Britain ______________________________________________________________ 73
The English cathedral: Romanesque and Gothic monuments in the landscape and in music 15
The medieval university: the example of Oxford _____________________________________ 24
The Oxford martyrs and the English reformation _____________________________________ 28
The Oxford movement ___________________________________________________________ 64
(Thomas) Robert Malthus (1766–1834): new science for old questions__________________ 53
Travel, taste, and topography: discovering the landscapes of Britain in the eighteenth century39
Walter Scott (1771–1832): inventing a nation _______________________________________ 55
‘We never get out of the hands of men till we die!’ Millicent Fawcett (1847–1929), Josephine
Butler (1828–1906), and other feminists in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain _ 67
William Ockham (1287–1347) and John Duns Scotus (1265–1308): landscape of
philosophical, theological, and political dispute _________________________________ 18
William Wallace (d. 1305) and Robert I (1274–1329): the landscape of resistance and the
creation of myth ____________________________________________________________ 20
William Wordsworth (1770–1850): seeing the landscape with new eyes _________________ 38
Witchcraft in early modern Britain: magic, religion, patriarchy, and madness _____________ 33
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: MODULE 1 CASE STUDIES
Roman Britain: landscape of domination, accommodation, and revolt
L
T
1. ‘Native rulers contributed much to the growth and stability of the [British] Roman
provinces’ (Todd). Do you agree?
2. ‘History consists less of what actually happened than of what can be remembered,
or more often misremembered, as having happened’ (Summerson). Discuss in
relation to Roman Britain.
3. What are the dangers of relying on Roman sources for the history of Roman Britain?
What are the alternatives?
4. Why has Boudicca proved so appealing a heroine for successive generations of
British people?
5. With reference to one or more particular Latin sources, discuss the Roman view of
Britannia.
6. How did the Roman invasion affect religious practice in Britain?
M. Biddle, ‘Alban’, Oxford DNB
D. Braund, Rome and the friendly king
(1983)
B. Cunliffe, Excavations at Fishbourne (1971)
V. Collingridge, Boudicca (2005)
S.S. Frere, Britannia: a history of Roman
Britain, 3rd edn (1987)
N. Fuentes, ‘Boudicca re-visited’, London
Archaelogist, 4 (1983), 311–17
M. Aldhouse-Green, Boudicca Britannia
(2006)
—— Caesar’s Druids (2010)
M. Henig and P. Lindley, eds., Alban and St
Albans: Roman and medieval architecture,
art, and archaeology (2001)
R. Hingley and C. Unwin, Boudicca (2006)
L. Allason-Jones, Women in Roman Britain
(2005)
R. Merrifield, London, city of the Romans
(1983)
R. Niblett, Verulamium: the Roman city of St
Albans (2001)
T.W. Potter, ‘Boudica’, Oxford DNB
M. Roberts, ‘The revolt of Boudicca’,
American Journal of Philology, 109
(1988), 118–32
P. Salway, Roman Britain (1981)
—— ‘Roman Britain’, Oxford DNB
—— The Oxford illustrated history of Roman
Britain (1993)
G. Standing, ‘The Varian disaster and the
Boudiccan revolt: fabled victories?’,
Britannia, 36 (2005), 373–5
M. Todd, ‘British leaders in Roman Britain’,
Oxford DNB
—— ‘Cogidubnus’, Oxford DNB
G. Webster, Boudica (1978)
—— ed., Fortress into city: the consolidation of
Roman Britain, first century AD (1988)
This list is weighted towards sites visited on field trips but
essays need not have the same emphasis.
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Celtic Christianity: historical reality and modern reinvention
AT
LT
T
T
T
1. What was the artistic contribution of the Celtic Christians in Britain?
2. What do we know of the lives of early Celtic saints in Britain? If the answer is
‘rather little’, does this matter? Answer with respect to one saint/holy person or a
group of saints/holy persons in Britain.
3. Was the Synod of Whitby as important as has been traditionally asserted?
4. What is ‘Celtic Christianity’ and why is it attractive to some post-modern British
Christians?
5. Why are scholars such as Patrick Wormald and Kathleen Hughes so exercised by
what now passes for ‘Celtic Christianity’ in modern Britain? Are they right?
The Oxford DNB is a good source for the lives of individual saints: a few are individually
referenced here but there are many others, accessible by searching on their name or via ‘Saints
in the Oxford DNB’, Oxford DNB. Please note that Ireland is not part of Britain.
M. Atherton, ed., Celts and Christians
(2002)
M. W. Barley and R.P.C. Hanson, eds.,
Christianity in Britain, 300–700 (1968)
I. Bradley, Celtic Christianity (1999)
C. Brett, ‘Petroc [St Petroc, Pedrog]’, Oxford
DNB
D. Brooke, Saints and goddesses: the interface
with Celtic paganism (1999)
D. Broun, ‘Ninian [St Ninian]’, Oxford DNB
—— and T.O. Clancy, eds., Spes Scotorum /
Hope of Scots: St Columba, Iona and
Scotland (1999)
P. Brown, The rise of western Christendom,
2nd edn (2003)
D.A. Bullough, ‘Columba, Adomnan, and
the achievement of Iona’, Scottish
Historical Review, 43 (1964), 111–30;
44 (1965), 17–33
C. Butler, Postmodernism (2002)
J. Cartwright, ed., Celtic hagiography and
saints’ cults (2003)
Centre for the Study of Religion in Celtic
Societies, University of Wales, Lampeter
[web site]
N.K. Chadwick, The age of the saints in the
early Celtic Church (1961)
C. Corning, The Celtic and Roman traditions:
conflict and consensus in the early
medieval church (2006)
C. Cubitt, Anglo-Saxon church councils, c.
650–850 (1995)
S.H. Daniel, ‘Toland, John’, Oxford DNB
© SCIO MT 2012
O. Davies, Celtic Christianity in early
medieval Wales (1996)
—— and F. Bowie, Celtic Christian
spirituality: medieval and modern (1995)
W. Davies, ‘The myth of the Celtic church’,
in The early church in Wales and the west,
ed. N. Edwards and A. Lane (1992),
12–21
A.A.M. Duncan, ‘Bede, Iona, and the Picts’,
The writing of history in the middle ages,
ed. H.C. Davis and J.M. Wallace-Hadrill
(1981), 1–42
T.M. Charles-Edwards, ‘Bede, the Irish and
the Britons’, Celtica, 15 (1983), 45–52
—— Early Christians Ireland (2000)
—— ‘Iona, abbots of’, Oxford DNB
J. Wyn Evans, ‘David [St David, Dewi]’,
Oxford DNB
M. Ní Dhonnchadha, ‘Adomnán [St
Adomnán]’, Oxford DNB
C. Farr, The book of Kells (1997)
D.B. Forrester, ‘MacLeod, George Fielden’,
Oxford DNB
R. Ferguson, George MacLeod: founder of the
Iona Community (1990)
H. Mayr-Harting, The coming of Christianity
to Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edn (1991)
E. R. Henken, Traditions of the Celtic saints
(1987)
—— The Welsh saints (1992)
M. Herbert, Iona, Kells, and Derry: the history
and hagiography of the monastic familia of
Columba (1988)
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
—— ‘The Bible in early Iona’, in The Bible
in Scottish life and literature, ed. D.F.
Wright (1988), 131–9
—— Columba [St Columba, Colum Cille]’,
Oxford DNB
M.W. Herren and S.A. Brown, Christ in
Celtic Christianity (2002)
P. Hill, Whithorn and St Ninian (1997)
K.W. Hughes, Early Christian Ireland:
introduction to the sources (1972)
—— ‘Sanctity and secularity in the early
Irish church’, in Sanctity and secularity,
ed. D. Baker (1973), 21–37
—— The early Celtic idea of history and the
modern historian (1977)
—— ‘The Celtic church: is this a valid
concept?’, O’Donnell lectures in Celtic
Studies (1975); repr. in Cambridge
Medieval Celtic Studies, 1 (1981), 1–20
—— Church and society in Ireland, AD 400–
1200 (1987)
M. Low, Celtic Christianity and nature
(1996)
D. Ó Cróinín, Early medieval Ireland 400–
1200 (1995)
© SCIO MT 2012
T. O’Loughlin, Celtic theology (1999)
——, Adomnán at Birr, AD 697 (2001)
J.P. Mackey, ed., An introduction to Celtic
Christianity (1989)
F. O’Mahony, The Book of Kells (1994)
D.E. Meek, The quest for Celtic spirituality
(2000)
M.B. Parkes, The scriptorium of Wearmouth–
Jarrow (1982)
J.-M. Picard, ‘Bede, Adomnán, and the
writing of history’, Peritia, 3 (1984),
50–70
——, ‘Tailoring the sources: the Irish
hagiographer at work’, in P. Ní
Chatháin and M. Richter, eds., Irland
und Europa im früheren Mittelalter
(1996), 261–74
J. Stevenson, ‘Early Irish saints: some uses
of hagiography’, in C. Binfield, ed.,
Sainthood revisioned (1995), 17–26
C. Thomas, Whithorn’s Christian beginnings
(1992)
P. Wormald, ‘Bede and the “Church of the
English”’, in The times of Bede, ed. S.
Baxter (2006)
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Robin Hood and Maid Marion: to the greenwood in search of heroes and a
heroine
A L
L
L
L
P
1. ‘Robin Hood and King Arthur have been used in the construction of very different
kinds of Englishness.’ Why?
2. The search for Robin Hood has yielded ‘some real probabilities, some possible
candidates, one disappointing rejection … and a rag-bag of assertive speculations
which do not merit serious consideration.’ (Holt). Why then has it proved so
popular in Britain?
3. Why has Robin Hood proved so appealing a hero for successive generations of
English readers?
4. How and why did Robin Hood become an Anglo-Saxon?
5. Can we legitimately regard Robin Hood as a morally good man? What difference
does the answer make? Discuss in relation to his British reputation.
S.L. Barczewski, ‘“Nations make their own
gods and heroes”: Robin Hood, King
Arthur and the development of
racialism in nineteenth century Britain’,
Journal of Victorian Culture, 2 (1997),
179–207
—— Myth and identity in nineteenth-century
Britain (2000)
—— ‘Ritson, Joseph’, Oxford DNB
T. Hahn, ed., Robin Hood in popular culture
(2006)
J.C. Holt, Robin Hood (1982)
—— ‘Robin Hood’, Oxford DNB
S. Knight, Robin Hood (1995)
A.J. Pollard, Imagining Robin Hood (2004)
—— and T. Ohlgren, eds., Robin Hood and
other outlaw tales (2000)
D. Scragg and C. Weinberg, eds., Literary
appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from
the thirteenth to the twentieth century
(2000)
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (1819)
Students may answer a question on Robin Hood for Module 1 or Module 2 but not both.
© SCIO MT 2012
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
King Arthur: the romance of the past
A
A L
L
L
L
1. Why was the Arthur legend so attractive for Victorian artists in Britain?
2. Why has Arthur proved so appealing a hero for successive generations of British
people?
3. ‘Lack of knowledge of the historic Arthur has proved a happy chance for successive
inventors of the literary man.’ Has this lack of knowledge really been so happy?
Discuss with detailed reference to one text by a British author.
4. Discuss Arthur’s career in literature with detailed reference to one British work of
literature and its historical context OR one literary genre and its British historical
context.
5. ‘The women of the Arthur legend proved more problematic for later interpreters
than did the men.’ Discuss with detailed reference to one British work of literature
and its period.
S.L. Barczewski, ‘“Nations make their own
gods and heroes”: Robin Hood, King
Arthur and the development of
racialism in nineteenth-century Britain’,
Journal of Victorian Culture, 2 (1997),
179–207
W.R.J. Barron, ed., The Arthur of the English
(1999)
M. Biddle, ed., King Arthur's round table: an
archaeological investigation (2000)
R. Bromwich, A.O.H. Jarman, and B.F.
Roberts, eds., The Arthur of the Welsh:
the Arthurian legend in medieval Welsh
literature (1991)
I. Bryden, Reinventing king Arthur (2005)
Liana de Girolami Cheney, ed., PreRaphaelitism and medievalism in the
arts (1992)
M. Girouard, The return to Camelot: chivalry
and the English gentleman (1981)
W.H. Jackson and S.A. Ranawake, eds., The
Arthur of the Germans (2000)
N.J. Lacy, ed., The new Arthurian
encyclopedia (1991)
A. Lupack, The Oxford guide to Arthurian
literature and legend (2005)
—— and B.T. Lupack, King Arthur in
America (1991)
Debra N. Mancoff, Arthurian revival in
Victorian art (1990)
J.D. Merriman, The flower of kings: a study of
the Arthurian legend in England between
1485 and 1835 (1973)
O. Padel, ‘Arthur’, Oxford DNB
R. Purdie and N. Royan, eds., The Scots and
medieval Arthurian legend (2005)
J. Richards, ‘When knighthood was in
flower’, Swordsmen of the screen (1977)
R. Simpson, Camelot regained: the Arthurian
revival and Tennyson, 1800–1849 (1990)
Students should start with the DNB article on Arthur and consider fully the historical
Arthur before moving on to other sources and other aspects of his afterlife. Students are
welcome to include quotations from works of literature (e.g. T. Mallory’s Le morte d’Arthur)
but if they do so they should have read the texts themselves.
© SCIO MT 2012
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Anglo-Saxon England: kings, queens, and saints, histories, and myths
1.
2.
3.
4.
L
T
Was Bede right to regard the gens Anglorum as ‘in some sense united’ (Campbell)?
What was the role of women in Anglo-Saxon England?
Why did the Saxons prove attractive role models for Britons at the height of empire?
Why has Alfred proved so appealing a hero for successive generations of English
people?
5. What are the dangers and advantages of relying on works of literature for an
understanding of Anglo-Saxon England? Discuss with detailed reference to one or
more works of literature.
6. Was the Gregorian mission a fundamental turning point in English history? Argue
for and against.
Anon, ‘Rulers of Anglo-Saxon Britain’,
Oxford DNB [reference article with
introductory text and links to
numerous articles on specific kings]
Anon, ‘Saints in the Oxford DNB [reference
article with links to numerous articles
on saints including many Anglo-Saxon
ones]
N. Brooks, The early history of the church of
Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to
1066 (1984)
N.P. Brooks, ‘Gregorian mission’, Oxford
DNB
J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon history
(1986)
—— ‘Bede’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Sutton Hoo burial’, Oxford DNB
—— ed., The Anglo-Saxons (1982)
M.O.H. Carver, ed., The age of Sutton Hoo:
the seventh century in north-western
Europe (1992)
—— The cross goes north: processes of
conversion in northern Europe, AD 300–
1300 (2003)
D.N. Dumville, Wessex and England from
Alfred to Edgar (1992)
C. Fell, Women in Anglo-Saxon England.
(1984)
S. Foote, Monastic life in Anglo-Saxon
England, c. 600–900 (2006)
——, Veiled women: the disappearance of
nuns from Anglo-Saxon England, 2 vols.
(2000)
M. Godden, ‘Aelfric of Eynsham’, Oxford
DNB
J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Bede’s Ecclesiastical
history of the English people: a historical
commentary (1988)
© SCIO MT 2012
H. Mayr-Harting, The coming of Christianity
to Anglo-Saxon England (1972)
—— Two conversions to Christianity: the
Bulgarians and the Anglo-Saxons (1994)
—— ‘Augustine’, Oxford DNB
N.J. Higham, The convert kings: power and
religious affiliation in early Anglo-Saxon
England (1997)
C.B. Kendall and P.S. Wells, eds., Voyage to
the other world: the legacy of Sutton Hoo
(1992)
S. Keynes and M. Lapidge, Alfred the Great
(2004)
M. Lapidge and H. Gneuss, eds., Learning
and literature in Anglo-Saxon England
(1985)
M. Lambert, Christians and pagans (2010)
Clare A. Lees and Gillian R. Overing,
Double agents: women and clerical culture
in Anglo-Saxon England (2001)
D.W. Rollason, Saints and relics in AngloSaxon England (1989)
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (1819)
D. Scragg and C. Weinberg, eds., Literary
appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from
the thirteenth to the twentieth century
(2000)
F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edn
(1971)
B. Ward, The Venerable Bede (1990)
P. Wormald, ‘Alfred’, Oxford DNB
B.A.E. Yorke, Kings and kingdoms of early
Anglo-Saxon England (1990)
Students taking this case study are
encouraged to visit the British Museum to
see the Sutton Hoo treasures and the
Ashmolean to see the Alfred jewel.
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The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Medieval cartography: science, the church, and the classical inheritance
P
T
1. What can maps tell us of the medieval conception of Britain? Discuss with
reference to British maps.
2. What can maps tell us of the medieval conception of time OR space? Discuss with
reference to British maps.
3. What can maps tell us of the medieval conception of paradise OR religion? Discuss
with reference to British maps.
J.R. Ackerman, Cartographies of travel and
navigation (2006)
M.C. Andrews, ‘The British Isles on nautical
charts of the XIVth and XVth centuries’,
Geographical Journal, 68 (1928), 474–81
P.M. Barber, ‘Visual encyclopaedias: the
Hereford and other Mappamundi’, The
Map Collector, 48 (1989), 2–8
—— ‘The Evesham world map: a late
medieval English view of God and the
world’, Imago Mundi, 47 (1995), 13–33
D. Birkholz, ‘The Gough map revisited’,
Imago Mundi, 58 (2006), 23–47
C. Delano Smith and R.J.P. Kain, English
maps (2000)
© SCIO MT 2012
E. Edson, Mapping time and space: how
medieval mapmakers viewed their world
(1997)
—— and E. Savage Smith, Medieval views of
the cosmos (2004)
J.B. Harley and others, eds., The history of
cartography (1987), vol. i
P.D.A. Harvey, A history of topographical
maps: pictures, symbols, and surveys
(1980)
—— Medieval maps (1991)
—— Mappa Mundi: the Hereford world map
(2002)
—— and R.A. Skelton, Local maps and plans
from medieval England (1986)
N. Millea, The Gough map (2008)
A. Scafi, Mapping paradise (2006)
14
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
The English cathedral: Romanesque and Gothic monuments in the landscape
and in music
A P
A T
M
1. If English cathedrals are works of art, is it problematic that we know so little of the
artists?
2. What do English cathedrals tell us about the societies which produced them? (You
may answer this with respect to any medieval building now styled ‘cathedral’,
though you should be careful to distinguish those which originated as abbeys from
those which originated as parish churches, etc.) Discuss with reference to English
Romanesque AND/OR Gothic cathedrals.
3. John Dunstaple ‘was hailed as the chief exponent of a sweet new English style’
(Bent). What do his life and work tell us about contemporary English music?
R. Barthes, ‘The death of the author’, Image,
music, text, trans. S. Heath, 142–8
(1977)
M. Bent, Dunstaple, Oxford Studies of
Composers, 17 (1981)
—— ‘Dunstaple, John’, in S. Sadie and J.
Tyrrell, eds., The New Grove Dictionary of
Music and Musicians, 2nd edn, 29 vols.
(2001)
—— ‘Dunstaple, John’, Oxford DNB
P. Binski, Becket’s crown: art and imagination
in Gothic England, 1170–1300 (2004)
J. Cannon, Cathedral (2007)
L.A. Dittmer, The Worcester fragments
(1957)
F.L. Harrison, Early English church music
(1963– )
—— Music in medieval Britain (1980)
J. Harvey, English medieval architects (1984)
J. Hohn, In search of the unknown in
mediaeval architecture (2007)
S. Macready and F.H. Thompson, eds., Art
and patronage in the English Romanesque
(1986)
N. Pevsner, The Englishness of English art
(1956)
—— The cathedrals of England, ed. P.
Metcalfe (1988)
C. Platt, The architecture of medieval Britain:
a social history (1991)
R. Stoll, Architecture and sculpture in early
Britain (1967)
H.M. Taylor and J. Taylor, Anglo-Saxon
architecture (1965)
M. Williamson, The Eton choirbook (1995)
C. Wilson, The gothic cathedral (1990)
G. Zarnecki, J. Holt, and T. Holland, eds.,
English Romanesque art (1984)
Students taking this case study are recommended to visit Christ Church Cathedral, Iffley parish
church, Oxford, and the crypts of the chapel of St Edmund Hall (formerly the Church of St
Peter in the East) and at Oxford castle. Students should not make unsupported assertions
about the meaning of architectural features or the characteristics of mediaeval society.
© SCIO MT 2012
15
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416) and Margery Kempe (b. c.1373, d. in or
after 1438): women’s place in the landscape and their visions of a better
landscape
L T
L T
T
1. Bhattacharji has written of ‘Julian’s distinctive blend of orthodoxy and startling
originality’. Is it these things which account for her continuing popularity in
Britain?
2. ‘Feminist interpretations of Julian’s, Margery Kempe’s, and Christina of Markyate’s
writings tell us more about modern than medieval Britain.’ Do you agree?
3. Were Julian and/or Margery Kempe in any way representative of British medieval
women as a whole?
J.H. Arnold and K.J. Lewis, eds., A
companion to the book of Margery Kempe
(2004)
D. Baker, ed., Medieval women (1978)
S. Bhattacharji, ‘Julian of Norwich’, Oxford
DNB
—— God is an earthquake: the spirituality of
Margery Kempe (1997)
Christina of Markyate, The life of Christina
of Markyate, ed. C.H. Talbot, 2nd edn
(1987)
S. Fanous and H. Leyser, eds., Christina of
Markyate (2005)
M. Glasscoe, English medieval mystics (1993)
—— ed., The medieval mystic tradition in
England (1987)
Julian of Norwich, A book of shewings, ed. E.
Colledge and J. Walsh, 2 vols. (1978)
—— A revelation of love, ed. M. Glasscoe
(1976) [Long text: MS Sloane 2499]
H. Leyser, Medieval women (2002)
M. Kempe, The book of Margery Kempe, ed.
B.A. Windeatt (1985)
J.M. Nuth, ‘Two medieval soteriologies:
Anselm of Canterbury and Julian of
Norwich’, Theological Studies, 53/4
(1992), 611–45
E.A. Petroff, Medieval women’s visionary
literature (1986)
F. Riddy, ‘Kempe, Margery’, Oxford DNB
A. Savage and N. Watson, eds., Anchorite
spirituality: ‘Ancrene Wisse’ and associated
works (1991)
P. Szarnach, ed., An introduction to the
medieval mystics of Europe (1984)
C.H. Talbot and H. Summerson, ‘Markyate,
Christina of’, Oxford DNB
N.P. Tanner, The church in late medieval
Norwich (1984)
S. Thompson, Women religious: the founding
of English nunneries after the Norman
conquest (1991)
R. Voaden, God’s words, women voices
(1999)
B. Ward, ‘Julian the solitary’, in Signs and
wonders (1992)
—— ‘Mine even-Christian’, The English
religious tradition and the genius of
Anglicanism, ed. G. Rowell (1992), 47–
63
E.I Watkins, On Julian of Norwich and in
defence of Margery Kemp (1979)
D. Watt, Secretaries of God (2001)
Students may submit this case study for Module 1 or Module 2 (but not both).
© SCIO MT 2012
16
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Remembering the Norman conquest: memorials in stone, silk, statistics, and
prose
A
A
T
1. What does the Domesday book tell us about England before the conquest and after
it?
2. What contribution does the Bayeux tapestry make to our understanding of the
Norman conquest?
3. What do Romanesque buildings tell us about Norman society in Britain? Discuss
with detailed reference to one or more buildings.
4. ‘William’s attitude to religion was a mix of piety and ruthlessness which together
made the church an effective instrument of Norman power in Britain.’ Discuss.
C. Barber, The English language (2000)
S.L. Barczewski, Myth and national identity
in nineteenth-century Britain (2000)
F. Barlow, The English church, 1066–1154: a
history of the Anglo-Norman church
(1979)
D. Bates, ‘William the Conqueror’, Oxford
DNB
R.A. Brown, ‘The battle of Hastings’, AngloNorman Studies, 3 (1980), 1–21
M. Chibnall, The world of Orderic Vitalis
(1984)
—— The debate on the Norman Conquest
(1999)
—— ‘Poitiers, William of’, Oxford DNB
R.H.C. Davis, The Normans and their myth
(1976)
D.C. Douglas, William the Conqueror
(1964)
E. Fernie, The architecture of Norman
England (2002)
R. Fleming, Domesday Book and the law
(1998)
E. Freeman, ‘Sailing between Scylla and
Charybdis: William of Malmesbury,
historiographical innovation and the
recreation of the Anglo-Saxon past’,
Tjurunga, 48 (1995), 23–37
V.H. Galbraith, The making of Domesday
Book (1961)
R. Gameson, ed., The study of the Bayeux
tapestry (1997)
G. Garnett, Conquered England (2007)
W. Grape, The Bayeux tapestry (1994)
E. Hallam and D. Bates, eds., Domesday
Book (2001)
E. van Houts, ‘Jumièges, William of’, Oxford
DNB
—— trans.
and
ed.,
The
‘Gesta
Normannorum Ducum’ (1992)
C.P. Lewis, ‘The companions of the
conqueror’, Oxford DNB
G.A. Loud, ‘The Gens Normannorum: myth
or reality?’, Anglo Norman Studies, 4
(1981), 104–16
J.O. Prestwich, ‘Orderic Vitalis’, Oxford
DNB (2004)
D.R. Roffe, Domesday: the inquest and the
book (2000)
—— Decoding Domesday (2007)
W. Scott, Ivanhoe (1819)
F.M. Stenton and others, eds., The Bayeux
tapestry (1957)
H.M. Thomas, The English and the Normans
(2003)
R.M. Thomson, William of Malmesbury
(1987)
—— ‘Malmesbury, William of’, Oxford DNB
(2004)
William of Malmesbury, De gestis regum
Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols., Rolls
Series, 90 (1887–9); new edn, trans.
and comm. R.A.B. Mynors, R.M.
Tomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols.,
Oxford Medieval Texts (1998–9)
—— The Historia novella, ed. and trans. K.R.
Potter (1955)
D.M. Wilson, ed., The Bayeux tapestry
(1985)
www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk
Students choosing this case study are recommended to visit the Reading town museum,
where a full-scale replica of the Bayeux tapestry is on permanent display. They may like to
compare the Bayeaux with the Overlord tapestry at www.ddaymuseum.co.uk. Students
should also visit Christ Church Cathedral and Oxford Castle.
© SCIO MT 2012
17
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
William Ockham (1287–1347) and John Duns Scotus (1265–1308):
landscape of philosophical, theological, and political dispute
P
P T
P
P
P
P
T
T
T
T
P T
1. In what ways did Ockham’s work challenge that of Duns Scotus?
2. ‘Ockham has re-emerged as one of the major figures of scholastic thought, generally
ranked on the level of Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus’ (Courtenay). Why?
3. Why did Ockham’s views attract such opprobrium?
4. Was Ockham more influential in Paris than in Oxford? If so, why?
5. Why has Duns Scotus enjoyed so mixed a reputation?
6. What was the influence of the Franciscan order on Ockham and Duns Scotus, and
their influence on it?
7. What was the greatest contribution to philosophy of EITHER Ockham OR Scotus?
Justify your selection.
A. Broadio, The shadow of Scotus (1993)
W.J. Courtenay, ‘Ockham, William’, Oxford
DNB
R. Cross, The physics of Duns Scotus (1998)
—— Duns Scotus (1999)
—— The metaphysics of the incarnation:
Thomas Aquinas to Duns Scotus (2002)
—— Duns Scotus on God (2004)
G.J. Etzkorn, ‘Codex Merton 284: evidence
of Ockham’s early influence in Oxford’,
in From Ockham to Wyclif, ed. A.
Hudson and M. Wilks (1987), 31–42
E. Gilson, History of Christian philosophy in
the middle ages (1955)
E.F. Jacob, ‘Ockham as a political thinker’,
Essays in the conciliar epoch (1943), 85–
105
© SCIO MT 2012
G.
Leff, William of Ockham: the
metamorphosis of scholastic discourse
(1975)
—— The dissolution of the medieval outlook
(1976)
—— ‘Duns Scotus, John’, Oxford DNB
A.S. McGrade, The political thought of
William of Ockham (1974)
W. Ockham, Opera philosophica et theologica,
17 vols. (1974–88)
—— Philosophical writings, trans. P. Boehner
(1957); rev. S.F. Brown (1990)
J.K. Ryan and B.M. Bonansea, eds., John
Duns Scotus, 1265–1965 (1965)
P.V. Spade, ed., The Cambridge companion to
Ockham (1999)
T. Williams, ed., The Cambridge companion
to Duns Scotus (2003)
18
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340–1400), William Langland (c.1325–c.1390), and
the rest: poets in the landscape
L
L
L
L
L T
1. Why was Chaucer well received by his English contemporaries?
2. What was Chaucer’s contribution to the development of the English language?
3. Is Chaucer’s portrayal of women an accurate reflection of their position in English
society? Discuss with specific examples.
4. What does Chaucer’s OR Langland’s work tell us of the England of their age?
5. ‘At the centre of [Langland’s] anxiety was the evident failure of the church’s
ministers in pastoral care’ (Kane). Was it?
M. Andrew and R. Waldron, eds., The poems
of the Pearl manuscript (1978)
J. Bennet, Queens, whores, and maidens:
women in Chaucer’s England (2002)
M.J. Bennett, Community, class, and
careerism: Cheshire and Lancashire society
in the age of ‘Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight’ (1983)
D.S. Brewer, Geoffrey Chaucer: the writer and
his background (1990)
—— ed., Medieval comic tales (1996)
—— and J. Gibson, eds., A companion to the
Gawain-poet (1997)
G. Chaucer, The Riverside Chaucer, ed. L.D.
Benson, 3rd edn (1987)
C. Dinshaw, Chaucer’s sexual poetics (1989)
P. Gradon, ‘Piers Plowman and the
ideology of dissent’, Publications of the
British Academy, 66 (1980), 179–205
© SCIO MT 2012
D. Gray, ‘Chaucer, Geoffrey’, Oxford DNB
B. Hanawalt, ed., Chaucer’s England:
literature in historical context (1992)
G. Kane, Chaucer (1984)
—— Chaucer and Langland (1989)
—— ‘Langland, William’, Oxford DNB
A. McIntosh and others, A linguistic atlas of
late mediaeval English, 4 vols. (1986)
W. Scase, Piers Ploughman and the new
anticlericalism (1989)
—— R. Copeland, and D. Lawton, New
medieval literatures (2002)
M.C. Seymour, Sir John Mandeville (1993)
—— ‘Mandeville, Sir John’, Oxford DNB
E. Wilson, ‘Gawain Poet, The’, Oxford DNB
19
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
William Wallace (d. 1305) and Robert I (1274–1329): the landscape of
resistance and the creation of myth
A L
L
L
1. Did Wallace or Bruce contribute more to the development of Scottish identity?
2. Are most representations of Wallace ‘sheer fantasy, where history breaks almost
entirely loose from its moorings’ (Summerson)? If so, does this matter?
3. Why has Wallace proved so appealing a hero for successive generations of Scottish
people?
4. What are the consequences of relying on literary sources for an understanding of
history? Discuss with relation to Wallace OR Bruce.
J. Balaban, ‘Blind Hary and ‘The Wallace’,
Chaucer Review, 8 (1974), 241–51
J. Barbow, The Bruce, ed. A.A.M. Duncan
(1991)
G.W.S. Barrow, ‘Robert I’, Oxford DNB
—— Robert Bruce and the community of the
realm of Scotland (1988)
A.A.M. Duncan, ‘Barbow, John’, Oxford
DNB
A. Fisher, ‘Wallace, William’, Oxford DNB
—— William Wallace (2001)
M. Gibson, dir., Braveheart (1995) [film]
Hary’s Wallace, ed. M.P. McDiarmid, 2
vols., Scottish Text Society, 4th ser., 4–5
(1968–9)
J.D. McClure, ‘Hary’, Oxford DNB
M.P. McDiarmaid and J.A.C. Stevenson,
eds., Barbow’s Bruce, 3 vols., Scottish
Text Society, 4th ser., vols. 12–15
(1981–5)
R.J. Moll, ‘“Off quhat nacioun art thow?”’,
in R.A. McDonald, ed., History,
literature, and music in Scotland, 700–
1560 (2002), 120–43
M.G.H. Pittock, The invention of Scotland
(1991)
—— Inventing and resisting Britain: cultural
identities in Britain and Ireland (1997)
A. Ross, ‘Wallace’s monument and the
resumption of Scotland’, Social Text,
18/4 (2008), 83–107
E. Walsh, ‘Hary’s Wallace: the evolution of
a hero’, Scottish Literary Journal, 11/1
(1984), 5–19
Students are forcefully reminded that uncritical accounts of Wallace the freedom fighter are
unacceptable, and that Braveheart is a film primarily about America, not Scotland.
Students are welcome to discuss Braveheart but their discussion should be primarily of
Scottish or English sources.
© SCIO MT 2012
20
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Magna Carta: royal power contained and myth created
P
1. Does Magna Carta deserve its reputation as ‘the great charter of liberties’?
2. ‘[Simon de] Montfort’s popular reputation cannot quite be endorsed by the
judgement of history’ (Maddicott). Why does this matter?
3. With what justification has Simon de Montfort been regarded as a ‘visionary
initiator of parliamentary government’ (Maddicott)?
4. Is Simon Schama right to describe Magna Carta as the death certificate of despotism
rather than the birth certificate of modern democracy?
D.L. d’Avray, ‘“Magna Carta”: its
background in Stephen Langton’s
academic biblical exegesis and its
episcopal reception’, Studi medievali,
3rd ser., 38/1 (1997), 423–38
J.H. Baker, An introduction to English legal
history (1971); 3rd edn (1990)
A.D.T. Cromartie, The constitutionalist
revolution (2006)
A.D. Boyer, ‘Coke, Sir Edward’, Oxford DNB
—— Law, liberty, and parliament: selected
essays on the writings of Sir Edward Coke
(2004)
P. Brand, The making of the common law
(1992)
C. Breay, Magna Carta: manuscripts and
myths (2002)
D.A. Carpenter, ‘Simon de Montfort: the
first leader of a political movement in
English history’, History, new ser., 76
(1991) 3–23
—— ‘English peasants in politics, 1258–
1267’, Past and Present, 136 (1992), 3–
42
J. Gillingham, ‘John’, Oxford DNB
R. Helgerson, ‘Writing the law’, Forms of
nationhood: the Elizabethan writing of
England (1992), 63–104
C. Hill, Intellectual origins of the English
Revolution revisited, rev. edn (1997)
C. Holdsworth, ‘Langton, Stephen’, Oxford
DNB
J.C. Holt, Magna Carta and medieval
government (1985)
—— Magna Carta, 2nd edn (1992)
P. Linebaugh, The Magna Carta manifesto
(2008)
J.R. Maddicott, ‘Magna Carta and the local
community, 1215–1259’, Past and
Present, 102 (1984), 25–65
—— Simon de Montfort (1994)
—— ‘Montfort, Simon de, eighth earl of
Leicester’, Oxford DNB
M. Strickland, ‘Enforcers of Magna Carta’,
Oxford DNB
J.M. Theilmann, ‘Political canonization
and political symbolism in medieval
England’, Journal of British Studies, 29
(1990), 241–66
R.F. Treharne, The baronial plan of reform,
1258–1263, new edn (1971)
—— and I.J. Sanders, eds., Documents of the
baronial movement of reform and
rebellion, 1258–1267 (1973)
—— and E.B. Fryde, eds., Simon de Montfort
and baronial reform (1986)
D. Waley, ‘Simon de Montfort and the
historians’,
Sussex
Archaeological
Collections, 140 (2002), 65–70
S. Walker, ‘Political saints in later medieval
England’, in R.H. Britnell and A.J.
Pollard, eds., The McFarlane legacy:
studies in late medieval politics and society
(1995), 77–106
www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/magna.ht
ml [reproduction and translation of,
and guide to Magna Carta]
Please take care with this question. Do not use inflammatory or dogmatic language and try to
engage with the charter in a way appropriate to the times and places when it was drawn up
and later invoked; and ensure that your essay is substantially about England/Britain (not the
USA or other non British land).
© SCIO MT 2012
21
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
Oxford and natural philosophy in the fourteenth century
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P T
T
1. Discuss the role of the Merton calculators in the development of mathematics.
2. Discuss the role of the Merton calculators in the development of natural
philosophy.
3. Why was Oxford a conducive place for the study of natural philosophy in this
period?
4. The sixteenth-century polymath Girolamo Cardano placed Richard Swineshead
among the ten greatest intellects of all time, and Robert Burton in The anatomy of
melancholy claimed that he ‘well nigh exceeded the bounds of human genius’. Was
their praise justified? If so, why is he so little known today?
5. ‘The scholastics hit upon cavillations of the most stupid subtlety and called them
calculations.’ Was the scholastic philosophy practised in Oxford in the period really
‘so remote and divorced from all intelligence and common sense’ as this
Renaissance humanist claimed?
6. Leibniz acclaimed Richard Swineshead for having ‘introduced mathematics into
scholastic philosophy’. Why was this important?
7. With what justification does Mark Thakkar suggest that the work of the Oxford
calculators laid the foundation for that of Isaac Newton?
8. Why and with what justification is the work of the Oxford calculators ‘more
admired than read’ (Molland)?
9. What can the study of natural philosophy in this period tell us about the
relationship between religion and science in Britain at that time?
10. Was Bishop Richard de Bury right to observe that in England ecclesiastical
preferment diverted the best intellects of the period from their studies?
E.J. Ashworth, ‘The Libelli sophistarum and the
use of medieval logic texts at Oxford
and Cambridge in the early sixteenth
century’, Vivarium, 17 (1979), 134–58
—— ‘Traditional logic’, The Cambridge
history of Renaissance philosophy, ed. C.B.
Schmitt and others (1988), 150
—— ‘Heytesbury, William’, Oxford DNB
—— and P.V. Spade, ‘Logic in late
medieval Oxford’, Hist. U. Oxf. 2: Late
med. Oxf., 35–64
T.H. Aston, ‘The external administration
and resources of Merton College to
circa 1348’, Hist. U. Oxf. 1: Early Oxf.
schools, 333–42
M. Clagett, ‘Richard Swineshead and late
medieval physics’, Osiris, 9 (1950),
131–61
E.W. Dolnikowski, Thomas Bradwardine: a
view of time and a vision of eternity in
fourteenth-century thought (Studies in the
history of Christian thought, 65)
(1995)
© SCIO MT 2012
M.A.
Hoskin
and
A.G.
Molland,
‘Swineshead on falling bodies: an
example of 14th century physics’,
British Journal for the History of Science,
3/2 (1966), 150–82
N. Kretzmann and E. Stump, trans., Logic
and the philosophy of language (1988),
vol. 1 of The Cambridge translations of
medieval philosophical texts [incl. trans.
of works by Heytesbury]
G. Leff, ‘Bradwardine, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
G.H. Martin and J.R.L. Highfield, A history
of Merton College, Oxford (1997)
A.G.
Molland,
‘The
geometrical
background to the “Merton School”’,
British Journal for the History of Science,
4/2 (1968), 108–25
—— ‘Addressing ancient authority:
Thomas Bradwardine and Prisca
Sapientia’, Annals of Science, 53/3
(1996), 213–33
—— ‘Swineshead, Richard’, Oxford DNB
22
The British landscape: module 1 case studies
J.E. Murdoch and E.D. Sylla, ‘Swineshead
(Swyneshed, Suicet, etc.), Richard’, DSB
J. North, ‘Natural philosophy in late
medieval Oxford’, Hist. U. Oxf. 2: Late
med. Oxf., 65–102
J.D. North, ‘Wallingford, Richard’, Oxford
DNB
L.M. de Rijk, ‘Logica Oxoniensis: an attempt
to reconstruct a fifteenth century
Oxford manual of logic’, Medioevo, 3
(1977), 121–64
E.D. Sylla, ‘Galileo and the Oxford
Calculitores: analytical language and the
mean-speed theorem for acceleratal
motion’, in W.A. Wallace, ed.,
Interpreting Galileo (1986), 53–108
—— ‘Oxford Calculators’, in The Cambridge
Dictionary of Philosophy (1999)
—— ‘The Oxford calculators in contact’,
Science in Context, vol. 1/2 (1987),
257–79
J.A. Weisheipl, ‘Ockham and some
Mertonians’, Mediaeval Studies, 30
(1968), 163–213
—— ‘The interpretation of Aristotle’s
Physics and the science of motion’, The
Cambridge history of later medieval
philosophy: from the rediscovery of Aristotle
to the disintegration of scholasticism,
1100–1600, ed. N. Kretzmann, A.
Kenny, and J. Pinborg (1982), 521–36
—— ‘Ockham and the Mertonians’, Hist.
U. Oxf. 1: Early Oxf. schools, 607–58
C. Wilson, William Heytesbury: medieval
logic and the rise of mathematical physics
(1956); repr. (1960)
Students taking this case study should look out for Richard Wallingford’s tomb at St Albans.
Students may submit an essay on this case study for Module 1 or Module 2 but not both.
Figure 2 All Souls College (Rebecca Henrikson, HT05)
© SCIO MT 2012
23
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: MODULE 2 CASE STUDIES
The medieval university: the example of Oxford
T
T
1. What do you consider to have been the most characteristic aspects of an Oxford
education in the middle ages? Consider both intellectual and social aspects.
2. Was Oxford a typical medieval university?
3. What was the purpose of an Oxford education in the middle ages?
4. ‘Intellectual life in medieval Oxford was remarkably free from church control.’ Do
you agree?
5. How did the presence of friars in medieval Oxford affect learning there?
T.H. Aston, ed., The history of the University
of Oxford, vol. i: The early Oxford schools,
ed. J.I. Catto (1984); vol. ii: Late
medieval Oxford, ed. J.I. Catto and R.
Evans (1993)
P. Biller and B. Dobson, eds., The medieval
church: universities, heresies and the
religious life (1999)
A (Cambridge) history of the university in
Europe, vol. i: The university in the middle
ages, ed. H. de Ridder-Symoens (1991)
R. Evans, ed., Lordship and learning: studies
in memory of Trevor Aston (2004)
G. Leff, Paris and Oxford universities in the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: an
institutional and intellectual history
(1975)
—— The dissolution of the medieval outlook
(1976)
N. Orme, From childhood to chivalry: the
education of English kings and aristocracy,
1066–1530 (1984)
Students taking this case study are encouraged to visit Merton College,
particularly Mob Quad and the library.
© SCIO MT 2012
24
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
The early history of English childhood
1. ‘The education of the English child in this period was determined overwhelmingly
by its social class.’ Is this true?
2. ‘Childhood was radically reinvented during the English renaissance.’ Do you agree?
3. ‘The history of medieval and early modern English childhood reveals a continuing
preoccupation with the unruliness of the pubescent male.’ Discuss.
4. ‘The reformation curtailed the educational opportunities of the English girl.’ Is this
true?
C.M.K. Bowden, ‘Lyon, John’, Oxford DNB
R. Custance, ed., Winchester College (1982)
A. Fletcher, Growing up in England (2008)
S. Fletcher, ‘Sheriff, Lawrence’, Oxford DNB
R.A. Griffiths, ‘Henry VI’, Oxford DNB [esp.
section ‘A Christian prince’, on time at
Eton College]
D. Hoak, ‘Edward VI’, Oxford DNB [esp.
section ‘The education of a king’, on his
upbringing]
N. Orme, ‘An early Tudor Oxford
schoolbook’, Renaissance Quarterly,
34/1 (1981), 11–40
—— From childhood to chivalry (1984)
—— Education and society in medieval and
renaissance England (1997)
© SCIO MT 2012
—— Education in early Tudor England:
Magdalen College, Oxford and its school,
1480–1540 (1998)
—— Medieval children (2003)
—— ‘School founders and patrons in
England, 597–1560’ Oxford DNB
P. Partner, ‘Wykeham, William’, Oxford
DNB
J.B. Trapp, ‘Colet, John’, Oxford DNB
H. Trevor-Roper, ‘Sutton, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
A. Walsham, ‘The reformation of the
generations : youth, age, and religious
change in England c.1500–1700’, Royal
Historical Society Transactions, 6th ser.,
21 (2011), 93–121
25
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
Francis Bacon (1561–1626), Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), and Robert Boyle
(1627–1691): religion, science, philosophy, and the landscape of politics
P
P
P
P
P T
P T
1. Why and with what justification was Bacon described as ‘the greatest philosopher
since the fall of Greece’ (Mathews)?
2. Peltonen hails the establishment of Royal Society of London as ‘the final victory of
the Baconian project of collaboration, utility, and progress’. Against what and
whom was this victory secured?
3. Were later commentators right to praise Hobbes as ‘one of the true founders of
modernity in Western culture’ (Malcolm)?
4. ‘Boyle was an experimenter par excellence, both in theory and practice’ (Hunter).
What were the contemporary consequences of this in Britain?
5. Were his contemporaries right to denounce Hobbism as ‘a concentrate of
libertinism and irreligion’ (Malcolm)?
6. Do you agree with Michael Hunter’s assessment that ‘Boyle's chief lifework … was
the pursuit of his religious goals by means of intellectual activity’? Did
contemporaries and do you consider that he achieved his goal?
S.
Gaukroger, Francis Bacon and the
transformation of early modern philosophy
(2001)
T. Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. R. Tuck, (1992)
M. Hunter, ‘Boyle, Robert’, Oxford DNB
L. Jardine, Francis Bacon (1974)
—— Ingenious pursuits (1999)
—— and A. Stewart, Hostage to fortune: the
troubled life of Francis Bacon (1998)
R.P. Kraynak, History and modernity in the
thought of Thomas Hobbes (1990)
J. Leary, Francis Bacon and the politics of
science (1994)
N. Malcolm, ‘Hobbes, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
© SCIO MT 2012
S.I. Minz, The hunting of Leviathan (1962)
M. Peltonen, ‘Bacon, Francis’, Oxford DNB
—— ed., The Cambridge companion to Bacon
(1996)
G.A.J. Rogers and A. Ryan, Perspectives on
Thomas Hobbs (1988)
S. Shapin and S. Schaffer, Leviathan and the
air pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the
experimental life (1985)
T. Sorrel, ed., The Cambridge companion to
Hobbes (1996)
C. Webster, The great instauration: science,
medicine, and reform, 1626–1660
(1975)
26
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
John Wyclif (1324–1364): ‘morning star of the reformation’?
P T
P T
P T
P T
T
1. Is it right to consider Lollards as followers of Wyclif?
2. Has labelling Wyclif as ‘the morning star of the [later] Reformation’ obscured his
debt to earlier British thinkers?
3. Has labelling Wyclif as ‘the morning star of the [later] Reformation’ obscured his
impact on his British contemporaries?
4. Has labelling Wyclif as ‘the morning star of the Reformation’ obscured his
contribution to philosophy?
5. What was Wyclif’s most important contribution to philosophy? Justify your choice.
6. Is it only by stripping of ‘layers of rich brown protestant varnish’ (Macfarlane) that
we can recover Wyclif’s thought?
M. Aston, ‘John Wycliffe’s reformation
reputation’, Past and Present, 30 (1965),
23–51
—— Lollards and reformers (1984)
J.I. Catto, ‘Wyclif and Wycliffism at Oxford,
1356–1430’, History of the University of
Oxford, vol. ii: Late medieval Oxford, ed.
J.I. Catto and R. Evans (1993), 175–
261
C. Cross, ‘Great reasoners in scripture: the
activities of women Lollards, 1380–
1530’, Medieval women, ed. D. Baker
(1978), 359–80
J.A. Ford, John Mirk’s ‘Festial’: orthodoxy,
Lollardy, and the common people in
fourteenth-century England (2006)
K. Ghosh, The Wycliffite heresy (2002)
A. Hudson, The premature reformation:
Wycliffite texts and Lollard history (1988)
A. Kenny, Wyclif (1985)
© SCIO MT 2012
—— ‘Wyclif’, Proceedings of the British
Academy, 72 (1986), 91–113
—— ed., Wyclif in his times (1986)
—— and A. Hudson, ‘Wyclif, John’, Oxford
DNB
C. Kightly, ‘Lollard knights’, Oxford DNB
G. Leff, John Wyclif: the path to dissent
(1966)
J. Lutton, Lollardy and orthodox religion in
pre-reformation England (2006)
K.B. MacFarlane, Lancastrian kings and
Lollard knights (1972)
S. McSheffrey, Gender and heresy: women
and men in Lollard communities, 1420–
1530 (1995)
—— and N. Tanner, eds., Lollards of
Coventry, 1486–1522 (2003)
N.P. Tanner, ‘Lollard women‘, Oxford DNB
S. Walker, ‘John of Gaunt’, Oxford DNB
27
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
The Oxford martyrs and the English reformation
L
L T
L T
M
T
T
T
T
T
T
1. What was the effect of the reformation on English women?
2. Does the Henry VIII of Shakespeare’s and Fletcher’s play bear any resemblance to
the historic Henry?
3. Would you agree with Diarmaid MacCulloch that Cranmer’s greatest achievement
was, in the Book of Common Prayer, to have ‘create[d] a text which has remained
the most frequently performed drama in the English language’?
4. Is the account of the Oxford martyrs in Foxe’s Book of martyrs history, legend, or
myth? Does it matter?
5. What was the effect of the reformation on English music?
6. Did the English church need to be reformed?
7. Was the English reformation a success?
8. What was EITHER Ridley’s OR Latimer’s contribution to reform?
9. Why does Waduba suggest that ‘the most important of all of the tangible memorials
[to the Oxford martyrs] is the simple cross of cobblestones set in the middle of
Broad Street, Oxford, under the walls of Balliol College, where workmen in the
nineteenth century discovered the stump of a stake and pieces of charred bone’?
10. How did the example of stranger churches affect the English reformation?
11. Does scholarship’s recent recovery of flourishing popular piety immediately before
the reformation affect our view of reform in England?
A. Atherstone, ‘The Martyrs’ Memorial at
Oxford’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History,
54 (2003), 278–301
K. Coles, Religion, reform, and women’s
writing in early modern England (2008)
P. Collinson, ‘Truth and legend: the
veracity of John Foxe’s book of
martyrs’, Elizabethan essays (1994),
151–77
D. Cressey and L.A. Ferrell, Religion and
society in early modern England (2005)
S. Doran and C. Durston, eds., Princes,
pastors, and people, 2nd edn(2003)
E. Duffy, The stripping of the altars, 2nd edn
(2005)
—— and D. Loades, eds., The church of
Mary Tudor (2006)
T. Freeman, ‘Texts, lies, and microfilm:
reading and misreading Foxe’s book of
martyrs’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 30
(1999), 23–46
C. Haigh, English reformations (1993)
—— The English reformation revised (1987)
C.P. Hammer, ‘The Oxford martyrs in
Oxford: the local history of their
confinements and their keepers’, Journal
of Ecclesiastical History, 50 (1999), 235–
50
M. Kaartinen, Religious life and English
culture in the reformation (2002)
D. MacCulloch, Building a godly realm
(1992)
—— Thomas Cranmer (1996)
—— introduction in The book of common
prayer (1999)
—— The later reformation in England, 1547–
1603, 2nd edn (2001)
—— Tudor church militant (2001)
—— Cranmer, Thomas’, Oxford DNB
S. Marshall, Women in reformation and
counter-reformation Europe (1989)
J. Munns and P. Richards, Gender, power,
and privilege in early modern Europe
(2003)
S. Wabuda, ‘Latimer, Hugh’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Ridley, Nicholas’, Oxford DNB
—— ed., Belief and practice in reformation
England (1998)
Students answering question 2 should see the ‘Shakespeare in context’ reading list.
© SCIO MT 2012
28
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
Elizabeth I: England personified
A
TA L
M
L
L
L
L
1. Why were so few contemporary portraits of the queen likenesses?
2. Did the flowering of the arts and the imperial expansion of England under
Elizabeth owe anything to her?
3. How much of the historic Elizabeth is recognizable in Spenser’s Faerie Queene?
4. Does Scott’s Kenilworth tell us more about Elizabethan or Victorian England?
5. Did Elizabeth become legend or myth in the hands of contemporary and later
commentators?
6. ‘Most biographies have served a short-term purpose and can be mercifully
forgotten’. What does Collinson’s verdict on biographies of Elizabeth tell us about
Elizabethan biography as a whole?
W. Camden, The history of the most renowned
and victorious Princess Elizabeth, new
edn, ed. W.T. MacCaffrey (1970)
N.P. Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580–
1650 (2001)
P. Collinson, Godly people: essays on English
protestantism and puritanism (1983)
—— ‘Elizabeth’, Oxford DNB
M. Dobson and N. Watson, England’s
Elizabeth: an afterlife in fame and fantasy
(2004)
S. Doran, ed., Elizabeth (2003) [exhibition
catalogue, National Maritime Museum,
1 May – 4 Sept 2003, curator D.
Starkey]
—— and T. Freeman, eds., The myth of
Elizabeth (2003)
Elizabeth and the expansion of England,
Transactions of the Royal Historical
Society, 6th ser., 14 (2004) [proceedings
of a conference at the National
Maritime Museum, 2003]
D. Fischlin, ‘Political allegory, absolute
ideology, and the “Rainbow portrait” of
Queen
Elizabeth
I’,
Renaissance
Quarterly, 50 (1997)
R. Graziani, ‘The “Rainbow portrait” of
Queen Elizabeth I and its religious
symbolism’, Journal of the Warburg and
Courtauld Institutes, 35 (1972), 247–59
H. Hackett, Virgin mother, maiden queen:
Elizabeth I and the cult of the Virgin Mary
(1995)
C. Haigh, Elizabeth I (1988)
D. Loades, Elizabeth I (2003)
W. MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I (1993)
L. Moutrose, The subject of Elizabeth (2006)
D. Starkey, Elizabeth: apprenticeship (2000)
R.C. Strong, Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
(1963)
—— Gloriana: portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
(1987)
—— The Tudor and Stuart Monarchy:
pageantry, painting, iconography, vol. 2:
Elizabethan (1995)
—— The cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan
portraiture and pageantry (1999)
J.M. Walker, ed., Dissing Elizabeth: negative
representations of Gloriana (1998)
E.C. Wilson, England’s Eliza (1966)
F.A. Yates, Astraea: the imperial theme in the
sixteenth century (1975)
Students taking this case study are recommended to visit the National Portrait Gallery,
London, and Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire (English Heritage).
© SCIO MT 2012
29
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
Shakespeare in context
L
L
L
L
L
L
L P
L T
1. How does knowledge of the business of theatre OR the practicalities and
conventions of the theatre in Shakespeare’s lifetime affect our understanding of his
work?
2. Are Shakespeare’s histories history? Discuss with detailed examples.
3. How, when, and why did Shakespeare become the English national poet?
4. ‘One of the striking things about the advocates of other authors [for Shakespeare’s
works] is that many of the staunchest are Americans’ (Holland). What does this tell
us about American views of Englishness?
5. With what justification might visitors to Stratford-upon-Avon feel themselves close
to Shakespeare?
6. Are Shakespeare’s women representative of his age?
7. Why have there been so many attempts to show that Shakespeare did not write his
works?
8. Is Holland right to identify ‘the Bible and Shakespeare [as] the twin bedrocks of
[British] working-class culture’?
J. Bate, Shakespeare and the English Romantic
imagination (1986)
—— and R. Jackson, eds., Shakespeare: an
illustrated stage history (1996)
G.E. Bentley, The Jacobean and Caroline
stage, 7 vols. (1941–68)
E.K. Chambers, The Elizabethan stage, 4
vols. (1923)
W.L. Chernaik, Cambridge introduction to
Shakespeare’s history plays (2007)
C.S. Clegg, ‘Holinshead, Raphael, Oxford
DNB
P. Davidhazi, The Romantic cult of
Shakespeare (1998)
A.B. Dawson and P. Yachin, ed., The culture
of playgoing in Shakespeare’s England
(2001)
M. Dobson, The making of the national poet
(1992)
—— and S. Wells, The Oxford companion to
Shakespeare (2001)
R. Dutton and J.E. Howard, eds., A
companion to Shakespeare’s works, vol. 2:
The histories (2006)
M. Edmond, ‘Peter Street, 1553–1609:
builder of playhouses’, Shakespeare
Survey, 45 (1993), 101–14
—— ‘Burbage, Cuthbert’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Burbage, James’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Burbage, Richard’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Condell, Henry’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Davenant, Sir William’, Oxford DNB
© SCIO MT 2012
—— ‘Street, Peter’, Oxford DNB
M. de Grazia and S. Wells, eds., The
Cambridge companion to Shakespeare
(2001)
A. Gurr, The Shakespearean stage, 4th edn
(2009)
——, The Shakespearian playing companies
(1996)
M. Hattaway, ed., The Cambridge companion
to Shakespeare’s history plays (2002)
P. Holland, ‘Shakespeare, William’, Oxford
DNB
—— The Shakespeare company (2004)
E.A.J. Honigmann and S. Brock, eds.,
Playhouse wills, 1558–1642: an edition of
wills
by
Shakespeare
and
his
contemporaries in the London theatre
(1993)
W. Ingram, The business of playing: the
beginnings of the adult professional theater
in Elizabethan England (1992)
R. Jackson, ed., The Cambridge companion to
Shakespeare on film (2000)
D. Kennedy, ed., Foreign Shakespeare (1993)
W.A. Pantin and E.C. Rouse, ‘The Golden
Cross, Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 20 (1955),
46–89
P. Saccio, Shakespeare’s English kings (2000)
J. Shapiro, Contested Will: who wrote
Shakespeare (2010)
30
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
R.
Shaughnessy, ed., The Cambridge
companion to Shakespeare and popular
culture (2007)
G. Taylor, Reinventing Shakespeare (1989)
P. Thomson, Shakespeare’s professional career
(1992)
N. J. Watson, Literary tourism and
nineteenth-century culture (2009)
S.
Wells, Cambridge Companion to
Shakespeare (1986)
M. Wiggins, Shakespeare and the drama of his
time (2000)
S. Williams, Shakespeare on the German
stage, 1586–1914 (1990)
Students taking this case study are encouraged to visit Stratford upon Avon,
and Shakespeare’s Globe in London.
Students may submit a case study on Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe
for Module 1 or Module 2 (but not both).
Figure 3 Caernarfon Castle, optional field trip HT08 (Jonathan Kirkpatrick)
© SCIO MT 2012
31
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
Madness and literature: Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416); Margery Kempe
(b. c.1373, d. in or after 1438); Thomas Hoccleve (c.1367–1426)
L Ps
T
L Ps
T
L Ps
1. How did the mental state and treatment of ONE of the above authors affect their
literary output and the way their work has been read?
2. How did religion and madness intersect in the writings and life of EITHER Julian
OR Kempe?.
3. Is female ‘madness’ best understood as a rational response to a patriarchal society,
as a construct of a patriarchal society, or neither? Discuss with reference to EITHER
Julian OR Kempe.
Use texts under Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe as well as those below.
J. Bryan, Looking inward: devotional reading
and the private self in late medieval
England (2008)
J.A. Burrow, ‘Hoccleve, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
——, Thomas Hoccleve (1994)
G. Claridge, R. Pryor, and G. Watkins,
Sounds from the bell jar: ten psychotic
authors (1990)
S.M. Gilbert and S. Gubar, The mad woman
in the attic: the woman writer and the
nineteenth-century literary imagination
(2000)
M.B. Goldie, ‘Psychosomatic illness and
identity in London, 1416–1421:
Hoccleve's Complaint and Dialogue
with a Friend’, Exemplaria, 11 (1999),
23–52
L. Gordon, ‘Woolf, (Adeline) Virginia’,
Oxford DNB
S. Harper, ‘"By cowntynaunce it is not
wist": Thomas Hoccleve's complaint
© SCIO MT 2012
and the spectacularity of madness in
the middle ages’, History of Psychiatry, 8
(1997), 387–94
R. Lawes, ‘Psychological disorder and the
autobiographical impulse in Julian of
Norwich, Margery Kempe, and Thomas
Hoccleve’, in Writing religious women:
female spiritual and textual practices in
late medieval England, ed. D. Renevey
and C.A.R. Whitehead, (2000), 217–43
——, ‘The madness of Margery Kempe’, in
The medieval mystical tradition: England,
Ireland and Wales, ed. M. Glasscoe,
(1999), 147–67
L. Nelstrop, K. Magill, and B.B. Onishi,
Christian mysticism (2009)
R. Porter, ‘Margery Kempe and the meaning
of madness’, History Today, 38 (1988)
39–44
32
The British landscape: module 2 case studies
Witchcraft in early modern Britain: magic, religion, patriarchy, and madness
L
L Ps
Ps T
1. Does patriarchy provide a complete explanation for British witch trials?
2. What is revealed about contemporary views of EITHER magic OR religion OR
madness OR women by the portrayal of witches in Middleton’s The witch,
Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and Rowley’s, Dekker’s, and Ford’s Witch of Edmonton?
3. What is revealed about contemporary views of madness by the portrayal of witches
in Middleton’s The witch, Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and Rowley’s, Dekker’s, and Ford’s
Witch of Edmonton?
4. How do madness and religion intersect in British witch trials?
H. Breuer, Crafting the witch: gendering
magic in medieval and early modern
England (2009)
L.L. Estes, ‘Reginald Scot and his Discoveries
of Witchcraft: religion and science in the
opposition to the European witch
craze’, Church History 52 (1983) 444–
56
J. Freeman, ‘Sorcery at court and manor:
Margery Jourdemayne, the witch of Eye
next Westminster’, Journal of Medieval
History, 30/4 (2004), 343–57
M. Gaskell, ‘Fear made flesh: the English
witch panic of 1645–47’, in Moral
panics, the media, and the law in early
modern England, ed. D. Lemmings and
C. Walker (2009), 78–96
M. Gibson, Reading witchcraft: stories of early
English witches (1999)
——, ‘Sawyer, Elizabeth’, Oxford DNB
——, ed., Early modern witches: witchcraft
cases in contemporary writing (2000)
J. Goodare, L. Martin, and J. Miller, (eds.),
Witchcraft and belief in early modern
Scotland (2008)
J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish witch in context
(2002)
L. Gowing, ‘Pendle witches’, Oxford DNB
[follow links to individuals concerned
in the case]
G.L. Harris, ‘Eleanor’, Oxford DNB
S. Johnson, ‘Female bodies, speech, and
silence in The Witch of Edmonton’, Early
Theatre, 12 (2009), 69–91
B.P. Levack, ed., New perspectives on
witchcraft, magic, and demonology, vol. 3:
Witchcraft in the British Isles and New
England (2001) [incl. essays on Macbeth
and lack of witches in catholic Ireland]
D. Nichol, ‘Interrogating the devil: social
and demonic pressure in The Witch of
Edmonton’, Comparative Drama, 38
(2004), 425–45
E. Peel and P. Southern, The Lancashire
witches (1989)
R. Poole, ed., The Lancashire witches:
histories and stories (2002)
L. Roper, Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft,
sexuality, and religion in early modern
Europe (1994)
——, ‘Witchcraft and the western
imagination’, Transactions of the Royal
Historical Society, 16 (2006), 117–41
A.
Rowlands,
ed.,
Witchcraft
and
masculinities in early modern Europe
(2009)
J. Young, ‘The Scottish parliament and
witches in Scotland under the
Covenanters’, Parliaments, Estates and
Representation, 26 (2006), 53–66
Students may submit a case study on this topic for Module 2 or Module 3 (but not both).
© SCIO MT 2012
33
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: MODULE 3 CASE STUDIES
Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
P
P
P
P T
1. What does Newton’s career tell us about patronage in early modern Britain?
2. What was Newton’s contribution to the Royal Society?
3. Newton’s tomb bears the epitaph, ‘Let Mortals rejoice That there has existed such
and so great an Ornament to the Human Race’. What do you consider the chief
reason for rejoicing?
4. Newton’s tomb bears the epitaph, ‘Let Mortals rejoice That there has existed such
and so great an Ornament to the Human Race’. Is our rejoicing unalloyed?
5. What does Newton’s work tell us about the contemporary relationship between
religion, alchemy, and natural philosophy in England?
K.A. Baird, ‘Some influences upon the
young Isaac Newton’, Notes and Records
of the Royal Society, 41 (1986–7), 169–
79
J.B. Brackenridge, The key to Newton’s
dynamics (1995)
S. Chandrasekhar, Newton’s ‘Principia’ for
the common reader (1995)
I.B. Cohen, The Newtonian revolution (1980)
—— Introduction to Newton’s ‘Principia’
(1971)
I.B. Cohen and G.E. Smith, eds., The
Cambridge companion to Newton (2002)
B.J.T. Dobbs, The foundations of Newton’s
alchemy, or, The hunting of the greene
lyon (1975)
—— The Janus faces of genius: the role of
alchemy in Newton’s thought (1991)
M. Feingold, The Newtonian moment
[exhibition catalogue] (2004)
K. Figala, Newton as alchemist (1979)
J.E. Force and R.H. Popkin, eds., The books
of nature and scripture: recent essays on
natural philosophy, theology, and biblical
criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza's
time and the British Isles of Newton’s time
(1994)
—— —— eds., Newton and religion (1999)
F. de Gandt, Force and geometry in Newton's
Principia, trans. C. Wilson (1995)
A.R. Hall, Philosophers at war: the quarrel
between Newton and Leibniz (1980)
J.W. Herivel, The background to Newton's
‘Principia’, (1965)
A. Koyré, Newtonian studies (1965)
—— ‘A documentary history of the
problem of fall from Kepler to
Newton’, Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, new ser., 45
(1955), 329–95
S. Mandelbrote, ‘Footprints of the lion:
Isaac Newton at work’, exhibition
catalogue,
Cambridge University
Library, 9 October 2001–23 March
2002 (2001)
—— ‘“Then this nothing can be plainer”:
Isaac Newton reads the fathers’, in G.
Frank, T. Leinkauf, and M. Wriedt, eds.,
Die Patristik in der Frühen Neuzeit: die
Relektüre der Kirchenväter in den
Wissenschaften
des
15.
bis
18.
Jahrhunderts (2006), 277–97
—— ed., Special issue: Newton and
Newtonianism, Studies in History and
Philosophy of Science, 35A/3 (2004)
F.E. Manuel, A portrait of Isaac Newton
(1968)
D. McKie and G.R. De Beer, ‘Newton’s
apple’, Notes and Records of the Royal
Society, 9 (1951–2), 46–54, 333–5
D.B. Meli, Equivalence and priority: Newton
versus Leibniz (1993)
A.E. Shapiro, Fits, passions, paroxysms:
physics, method and chemistry and
Newton's theories of colored bodies and fits
of easy reflection (1993)
R.S. Westfall, Never at rest: a biography of
Isaac Newton (1980)
—— ‘Newton, Sir Isaac’, Oxford DNB
Students are strongly advised to start with Westfall’s excellent DNB article
as much of the other reading is highly specialized.
© SCIO MT 2012
34
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), John Evelyn (1620–1706), and Roger Morrice
(1628–1702): the landscape of politics, war, science, and domestic life
revealed by the diarist
A
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
T
T
1. Using Evelyn’s diary, critically assess the role the arts in contemporary English life.
2. What are the advantages and dangers of using diaries as sources for history? What
are the alternatives in the period of Pepys, Evelyn, and Morrice?
3. Using Pepys’s diary, critically assess the role of the navy OR science OR London OR
women OR government in contemporary English life.
4. Using Evelyn’s diary, critically assess the role of science OR the arts OR religion OR
horticulture OR government in contemporary English life.
5. What can we learn about the restoration from Evelyn’s and Pepys’s diaries?
6. What can we learn about the downfall of the Stuart dynasty from Morrice’s diary?
7. What can Morrice’s diary tell us about London OR fear of ‘popery’ OR fear of
arbitrary power OR the Whig ascendancy OR puritanism?
8. Was Morrice’s England the ‘dark side’ of Pepys’s?
9. Using Pepys’s diary, critically assess the role of music in contemporary English life.
10. What can Morrice’s diary tell us about fear of ‘popery’ OR puritanism?
11. Using Evelyn’s diary, critically assess the role of religion in contemporary English
life.
G. de la Bédoyère, ed., Particular friends: the
correspondence of Samuel Pepys and John
Evelyn (1997)
P. Carter, ‘Pepys, Elizabeth’, Oxford DNB
D.D.C. Chambers, ‘Evelyn, John’, Oxford
DNB
M.S. Dawson, ‘Histories and texts:
refiguring the diary of Samuel Pepys’,
Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 407-31
J. Evelyn, The diary of John Evelyn, ed. E.S.
De Beer, 6 vols. (1955; repr. 2000)
F. Harris, Transformations of love: the
friendship of John Evelyn and Margaret
Godolphin (2002)
—— John Evelyn and his milieu (2003)
M. Hunter, The Royal Society and its fellows,
1660–1700: the morphology of an early
scientific institution (1982)
—— Establishing the new science: the
experience of the early Royal Society
(1989)
—— ‘John Evelyn in the 1650s: a virtuoso
in quest of a role’, Science and the shape
of orthodoxy: intellectual change in late
seventeenth-century Britain (1995)
C.S. Knighton, ‘Pepys, Samuel’, Oxford
DNB
R. Morrice, The entring book of Roger Morrice
(1677–1691), ed. M. Goldie and others
(2007)
M.H. Nicholson, Pepys’ diary and the new
science (1965)
R. Ollard, Pepys (1974)
T. O’Malley and J. Wolschke-Bulmahn,
eds., John Evelyn’s ‘Elysium Britannicum’
and European gardening (1998)
S. Pepys, The diary of Samuel Pepys, ed. R.
Latham and W. Matthews, 11 vols.
(1970–83; repr. 1995, 2000)
—— The letters of Samuel Pepys, ed. G. de la
Bédoyère (2006)
C. Tomalin, Samuel Pepys (2002)
Students basing their answer on close reading of one text will need to consider how
representative of the whole picture are the experiences and views of the author.
© SCIO MT 2012
35
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
John Aubrey (1626–1697), John Gadbury (1627–1704), and Samuel Hartlib
(c.1600–1662): landscapes of magic, science, antiquity, and religion
P
P
P
P T
P T
T
1. How does an analysis of Aubrey’s or Hartlib’s life and works help our
understanding of contemporary English science?
2. What do the founding and early activity of the Royal Society reveal about science
during the restoration?
3. With what justification did Gadbury argue that astrology should be considered ‘a
friend to Natural Philosophy’?
4. How were religion and magic understood in Aubrey’s lifetime?
5. What was Samuel Hartlib’s main contribution to his adopted homeland?
6. What was the relationship between religion and magic in seventeenth-century
Britain?
J. Aubrey, Three prose works, ed. J. Buchanan
Brown (1972)
—— Brief lives, chiefly of contemporaries, set
down by John Aubrey, between the years
1669 and 1696, ed. A. Clark, 2 vols.
(1898)
B. Capp, Astrology and the popular press
(1979)
P. Curry, ‘Gadbury, John’, Oxford DNB
A. Fox, ‘Aubrey, John’, Oxford DNB
R.G. Frank, ‘John Aubrey, FRS, John
Lyndall and science at Commonwealth
Oxford’, Notes and Records of the Royal
Society of London, 27/2 (1973), 193–21
P. Gouk, Music, science, and natural magic in
seventeenth-century England (1999)
M. Greengrass, ‘Hartlib, Samuel’, Oxford
DNB
—— M. Leslie, and T. Raylor, eds., Samuel
Hartlib and universal reformation (1994)
M. Hunter, John Aubrey and the realm of
learning (1975)
—— Science and the shape of orthodoxy:
intellectual change in late seventeenthcentury Britain (1995)
—— The occult laboratory: magic, science and
second sight in late seventeenth-century
Scotland (2001)
—— ‘Boyle, Robert’, Oxford DNB
W. Poole, John Aubrey and the advancement
of learning (2010)
L. Stott, ‘Kirk, Robert’, Oxford DNB
K.V. Thomas, Religion and the decline of
magic (1971)
—— Man and the natural world (1983)
N. Tyacke, ‘Science and religion at Oxford
before the Civil War’, in D. Pennington
and K.V. Thomas, eds., Puritans and
revolutionaries (1978), 73–93
C. Webster, The great instauration (1975)
—— Utopian planning and the puritan
revolution (1979)
Students taking this case study are recommended to look at the
magic objects in the Pitt Rivers Museum.
© SCIO MT 2012
36
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
The Augustan landscape
A
A
A
A L
A L
L
1. Why were gardens considered a suitable vehicle for political expression in Augustan
England?
2. Did eighteenth-century English landscape gardeners really consult the genius of the
place, as Pope counselled?
3. ‘Behind the grassy walks and classical temples of the English landscape garden lurk
the rural poor who threatened to disrupt the Augustan harmony.’ Do you agree?
4. How did Pope’s Roman catholicism affect his life and his works?
5. How was the ancient world portrayed in English Augustan landscapes? Why?
6. Why has Pope’s reputation been so uneven? Discuss with relation to his British
critics, setting them in their historical context.
M. Batey, Alexander Pope: the poet and the
landscape (2006)
M.R. Brownell, Alexander Pope and the arts
of Georgian England (1978)
S. Daniels, Humphry Repton: landscape
gardening and the geography of Georgian
England (1999)
H. Erskine-Hill, ‘Pope, Alexander’, Oxford
DNB
P. Granziera, Freemasonic symbolism and
Georgian
gardens,
www.esoteric.msu.edu/
Volume
V/Freemasonill.html
J. Harris, ‘Kent, William’, Oxford DNB
J.D. Hunt, ‘Emblem and expressionism in
the 18th-century landscape garden’,
Eighteenth-Century Studies, 4 (1971),
294–317
—— The genius of the place: the English
landscape garden, 1620–1820 (1975)
—— The picturesque garden in Europe (2003)
C. Hussey, English gardens and landscapes,
1700–1750 (1967)
M. Mack, The garden and the city (1969)
N. Pevsner, ed., The picturesque garden
(1974)
J. Phibbs, ‘Brown, Lancelot’, Oxford DNB
A. Pope, Of taste: an epistle to the earl of
Burlington (1731)
—— Essay on man (1734–5)
J.M. Robinson, Temples of delight: Stowe
landscape gardens (1990)
W.A. Speak, ‘Political propaganda in
Augustan England’, Transactions of the
Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 22
(1972)
D. Stroud, Capability Brown (1975)
R. Turner, Capability Brown and the
eighteenth-century
English
landscape
(1985)
M. Wilson, William Kent: architect, designer,
painter, gardener (1984)
Students taking this case study are recommended to visit any or all of
Chiswick House, London (English Heritage, a Palladian garden);
Painswick, Gloucestershire (National Trust, a rococo garden);
Rousham, Oxfordshire (privately owned, a picturesque garden);
Stowe, Northamptonshire (National Trust, an Augustan landscape);
and the Museum of Garden History, London.
© SCIO MT 2012
37
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
William Wordsworth (1770–1850): seeing the landscape with new eyes
A L
L
L
L
L
L P
1. Can recent claims that Dorothy Wordsworth was a significant figure in the English
Romantic movement be substantiated?
2. How did revolutionary politics affect Wordworth’s poetry?
3. ‘I wish either to be considered as a Teacher, or as nothing,’ declared Wordsworth.
What do his life and his work teach us about contemporary British politics OR social
problems OR attitudes to nature?
4. With what justification might a reader feel close to Wordsworth in the Wye Valley or
the Lake District? Discuss with detailed examples.
5. How did Wordsworth teach contemporary British readers to see the landscape in a
new light?
6. ‘Wordsworth’s pastoral project is a fragile affair, artfully assembled by acts of
exclusion’ (Levinson). Do you agree?
7. Is Wordsworth interested more in memories of landscape or in landscape itself?
Discuss with relation to particular texts and particular British landscapes.
M. Andrews, The search for the picturesque:
landscape aesthetics and tourism in Britain
1760–1800 (1982)
J. Bate, Romantic ecology: Wordsworth and the
environmental tradition (1991)
A. Bewell, Words and the enlightenment
(1989)
M. Brennan, Wordsworth, Turner, and
Romantic landscape: a study in the traditions
of the picturesque and the sublime (1987)
D. Chandler, ‘Vagrancy smoked out:
Wordsworth “betwixt Severn and Wye” ’,
Romanticism on the Net, 11 (Aug. 1998),
users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/ hermit.html
S. Copley and P. Garside, eds., The politics of
the picturesque: literature, landscape and
aesthetics since 1770 (1994)
M. Ferber, ed., A companion to European
romanticism (2005)
F. Ferguson, Solitude and the sublime:
Romanticism and the aesthetics of
individuation (1992)
T. Fulford, Landscape, liberty, and authority:
poetry, criticism, and politics from Thomson
to Wordsworth (1996)
S. Gill, William Wordsworth: a life (1989)
—— ‘Wordsworth, William’, Oxford DNB
W. Gilpin, Observations on the River Wye
(1782)
A.G. Hill, ‘Wordsworth, Dorothy’, Oxford
DNB
R. Jarvis, Romantic writing and pedestrian travel
(1997)
K. Johnston, The hidden Wordsworth (1998)
© SCIO MT 2012
D. Kennedy, ‘Wordsworth, Turner, and the
power of Tintern Abbey’, Wordsworth
Circle, 33/2 (spring 2002), 79–84
M. Levinson, Wordsworth’s great period poems:
four essays (1986)
A. Liu, Wordsworth: the sense of history (1989)
J. McGann, The Romantic ideology: a critical
investigation (1983)
D.S. Miall, ‘Locating Wordsworth: “Tintern
Abbey” and the community with nature’,
Romanticism on the Net, 20 (Nov. 2000),
wwwsul.stanford.edu/mirrors/romnet/20miall
.html
N. Roe, Wordsworth and Coleridge: the radical
years (1988)
—— The politics of nature: William Wordsworth
and some contemporaries (repr. 2002)
W. St Clair, Reading and the Romantic nation
(2007)
T.W. Thompson, Wordsworth’s Hawkshead,
ed. R.S. Woof (1970)
N. Trott, ‘Wordsworth and the picturesque: a
strong infection of the age’, Wordsworth
Circle, 18/3 (summer 1987), 114–21
A.D. Wallace, Walking, literature, and English
culture: the origins and uses of peripatetic in
the nineteenth century (1994)
J.R. Watson, Picturesque landscape and English
Romantic poetry (1970)
—— ‘Nature’ in J.R. Watson, English poetry of
the Romantic period, 1789–1830 (1985,
repr. 1992), 50–64
38
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Travel, taste, and topography: discovering the landscapes of Britain in the
eighteenth century
A
A
1. How did travel in Britain affect travellers’ sense of national identity in the
eighteenth century?
2. Why did Scotland need to be reinvented for the eighteenth- and early nineteenthcentury tourist?
3. How did British landscape painters shape attitudes to landscape in the eighteenth
century?
4. Was the landscape painter or the antiquary more important to English people as
they discovered their past in the eighteenth century?
M. Andrews, The search for the picturesque
(1989)
J. Britton and E. Brayley, Beauties of England
and Wales, 27 vols. (1801–16)
J. Bryant, Turner: painting the nation (1996)
—— The English grand tour (2005)
E. Burke, Philosophical enquiry into the origin
of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful
(1757)
J. Christian, ‘Paul Sandby and the military
survey of Scotland’, Mapping the
landscape: essays on art and cartography,
ed. N. Alfrey and S. Daniels (1990),
18–22
P. Conner, Michael Angelo Rooker (1984)
S. Copley and P. Garside, eds., The politics of
the picturesque (1994)
A.J. Durie, Scotland for the holidays: tourism
in Scotland, c.1780–1939 (2003)
W. Gilpin, On picturesque travel (1792)
G. Grigson, Britain observed (1975)
T. Hearne, Antiquities of Great Britain
(1778–81)
L. Hermann, Paul and Thomas Sandby
(1986)
J. Holloway and L. Errington, The discovery
of Scotland: the appreciation of Scottish
scenery through two centuries of painting
(1978)
P. Howard, ‘Painters’ preferred places’,
Journal of Historical Geography, 11
(1985), 138–54
P. Hulme and T. Youngs, The Cambridge
companion to travel writing (2002)
© SCIO MT 2012
P. Humphries, On the trail of Turner in north
and south Wales (1995)
R. Jarvis, Romantic writing and pedestrian
travel (1997)
L. Knyff and J. Kip, Britannia illustrata
(1707)
K.D. Kriz, The idea of the English landscape
painter (1997)
D. Morris, Thomas Hearne and his landscape
(1989)
L. Parris, Landscape in Britain c.1750–1850,
exhibition catalogue, Tate Gallery
(1973)
S. Pearce, ed., Visions and antiquity: the
Society of Antiquities of London, 1707–
2007 (2007)
H. Pye, Short account of the principal seats in
and about Twickenham (1756) [by a
woman, for women]
D. Rixson, The Hebridean traveller (2004)
M. Rosenthal, C. Payne, and S. Wilcox,
eds., Prospects for the nation (1997)
S. Smiles, The image of antiquity (1994)
T.C. Smout, ‘Tours in the Scottish
Highlands from the eighteenth to the
twentieth centuries’, Northern Scotland,
5 (1983), 99–121
W. St Clair, Reading and the Romantic nation
(2007)
R. Sweet, Antiquaries: the discovery of the past
in eighteenth-century Britain (2004)
K. Woodbridge, Landscape and antiquity
(1970)
C. Woodward, In ruins (2001)
39
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
John Constable (1776–1837), English landscape painter
A
A
A
1. What is ‘Constable country’?
2. Why have Constable’s paintings proved enduringly popular with the English?
3. Is Ivy right to contend that ‘landscape art…signifies more than the land depicted’?
Discuss with reference to Constable’s work.
4. What can Constable’s work tell us about divisions in English society?
J. Barrell, The dark side of the landscape: the
rural poor in English painting, 1730–1840
(1980)
A. Bermingham, ‘Mapping the self:
Constable/country’,
Landscape
and
ideology: the English rustic tradition,
1740–1860, British edn (1987), 87–155
S. Daniels, ‘John Constable and the making
of Constable country’, Fields of vision:
landscape imagery and national identity in
England and the United States, ed. S.
Daniels (1993), 200–42
L. Eovier, Hogarth to Turner (2010)
J.C. Ivy, John Constable and the critics (1991)
—— ‘Constable, John’, Oxford DNB
L. Parris and I. Fleming-Williams, Constable,
exhibition catalogue, Tate Gallery, 13
June–15 Sept. 1991 (1991)
R. Rees, ‘Constable, Turner, and views of
native in the nineteenth century’,
Geographical Review, 72 (1982), 253–69
P.D. Schweizer, ‘John Constable, rainbow
science, and English colour theory’, Art
Bulletin, 64 (1982), 424–45
J.E. Thomas, John Constable’s skies (1999)
Students taking this case study are encouraged to visit the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery,
and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
The Tate Gallery also has a useful website.
© SCIO MT 2012
40
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Henry Purcell (1659–1695) and the English musical landscape
M
M
M
1. ‘Purcell’s works hold up a mirror to the role of the patron in contemporary English
musical life.’ Do you agree?
2. Is Thompson right to consider Purcell’s work ‘the culmination of almost a century
of baroque music in England rather than merely as part of the background to the
international baroque style of the eighteenth century’?
3. What can a study of Purcell’s life and work tell us about the audience for music in
seventeenth-century England?
M. Burden, ed., Performing the music of
Henry Purcell (1996)
M. Duffy, Henry Purcell (1994)
P. Holman, Henry Purcell (1994)
R. Luckett, ‘“Or rather our musical
Shakespeare”: Charles Burney’s Purcell’,
Music in eighteenth-century England:
essays in honour of Charles Cudworth, ed.
C. Hogwood and R. Luckett (1983),
59–77
T. Raylor, ‘Faire Englands joy is fled’?:
visual and performance arts in the
1650s’, Oxford DNB
R. Thompson, ‘Purcell, Henry’, Oxford DNB
J.A. Westrup, Purcell (1937); rev. ed. N.
Fortune (1980); repr. with foreword by
C. Price (1995)
F.B. Zimmerman, Henry Purcell, 1659–
1695: his life and times (1967; rev. edn,
1983)
Students taking this case study should list any works by Purcell that they have listened to.
See work lists issued in advance at Christ Church, Magdalen, and New College chapels.
CDs may be borrowed for a small charge from the Oxford Central Library in Westgate.
Students taking this case study are encouraged to visit the Chapel Royal at Windsor.
Figure 4 Blenheim Palace optional field trip (Jonathan Kirkpatrick, MT07)
© SCIO MT 2012
41
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
David Hume (1711–1776), Adam Smith (bap. 1723, d. 1790), Thomas Reid
(1710–1796), and the Scottish enlightenment
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P T
1. Why was Scotland’s enlightenment more noticeable than England’s?
2. What can either The wealth of nations OR The theory of moral sentiments tell us about
Smith’s Britain?
3. ‘As the science of man is the only solid foundation for the other sciences, so the
only solid foundation we can give to this science itself must be laid on experience
and observation’ (Hume). How did British contemporaries react to Hume’s claim
in his Treatise and why?
4. Were Reid and the Aberdeen Philosophical Society successful in promoting
enlightenment values in eighteenth-century Scotland?
5. What was Hume’s greatest insight? Justify your view.
6. What was Smith’s greatest insight? Justify your view.
7. What was Reid’s greatest insight? Justify your view.
8. Why was Hume accused of irreligion and what were the consequences of this for his
reputation in Britain?
M. Berg, The age of manufacturers, 1700–
1820 (1994)
—— and H. Clifford, eds., Consumers and
luxury (1999)
P. Cadell and A. Matheson, eds., For the
encouragement of learning: Scotland’s
National Library, 1689–1989 (1989)
R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, eds, The
origins and nature of the Scottish
enlightenment (1982)
G.E. Davie and M. Macdonald, eds., A
passion for ideas: essays on the Scottish
enlightenment (1994)
P. Deane, ‘McCulloch, John Ramsay’,
Oxford DNB
M. Goldie, ‘The Scottish catholic
enlightenment’, Journal of British
Studies, 30/1 (1991), 20–62
K. Haakonssen, ed., Enlightenment and
religion (1996)
—— The science of a legislator: the natural
jurisprudence of David Hume and Adam
Smith (1981)
P. Harrison, ‘Religion’ and the religions in the
English enlightenment (1990)
I. Hont and M. Ignatieff, eds., Wealth and
virtue: the shaping of political economy in
the Scottish enlightenment (1983)
A. Hook and R. Sher, eds., The Glasgow
enlightenment (1995)
D. Hume, Essays moral, political, and literary,
1741–1777, ed. E.F. Miller (1985) [incl.
‘My own life’]
© SCIO MT 2012
N. McKendrick, J. Brewer, and J.H. Plumb,
The birth of a consumer society (1982)
J. Moore, ‘Hutcheson, Francis’, Oxford DNB
P. Jones and A.S. Skinner, eds., Adam Smith
reviewed (1992)
T. Reid, An inquiry into the human mind, on
the principles of common sense, ed. D.
Brookes (1997)
J. Robertson, ‘Hume, David’, Oxford DNB
T. Sakamoto and H. Tanaka, eds., The rise of
political economy in the Scottish
enlightenment (2003)
R.B. Sher, Church and university in the
Scottish enlightenment (1985)
A. Skinner, A system of social science: papers
relating to Adam Smith (1979)
M.A. Stewart, ed., Studies in the philosophy of
the Scottish enlightenment (1990)
D. Winch, Riches and poverty: an intellectual
history of political economy, 1750–1834
(1996)
—— ‘Smith, Adam’, Oxford DNB
E.A. Wrigley, Poverty, progress, and
population (2004)
P.B. Wood, The Aberdeen enlightenment: the
arts curriculum in the eighteenth century
(1993)
——‘Aberdeen
Philosophical
Society’,
Oxford DNB
—— ‘Reid, Thomas’, Oxford DNB
—— ed., The culture of the book in the
Scottish enlightenment (2000)
42
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
‘Rebellious Scots to Crush’: the Jacobite risings and their legacy
A L
M
L
L
L
L A
1. What was the affect of the Jacobite rebellions and their aftermath on ONE of the
following: music, poetry, cartography, highland customs, religion, novels, the army,
Scottish national identity, British national identity, English national identity?
2. Does our understanding of Scotland owe more to Scott or Stevenson?
3. What is the role of language in Scottish national identity? Discuss with detailed
examples.
4. Are Scottish traditions quaint or subversive or neither or both?
5. Why were the highland traditions of Scotland reinvented in the later eighteenth and
nineteeth centuries?
E. Baigent, ‘Roy, William’, Oxford DNB
A.P. Baker, ‘Boulton, Harold’, Oxford DNB
L. Brockliss and D. Eastwood, eds., A union
of multiple identities (1996)
J. Calder, ed., Stevenson and Victorian
Scotland (1981)
J. Campbell, Highland bagpipe makers
(2001)
R.D. Cannon, The highland bagpipe and its
music (1988)
—— ‘MacDonald, Donald’, Oxford DNB
S. Carney, The Appin murder: the killing of
the red fox (1994)
J. Christian, ‘Paul Sandby and the military
survey of Scotland’, Mapping the
landscape: essays on art and cartography,
ed. N. Alfrey and S. Daniels (1990),
18–22
L. Colley, Britons! Forging the nation (1992)
[Collins], ‘Tartan map of Scotland’ [n.d.]
E. Cruickshanks, ed., Ideology and
conspiracy: aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–
1759 (1982)
—— and E. Corp, eds., The Stuart court in
exile and the Jacobites (1995)
R.A. Dodgshon, From chiefs to landlords:
social and economic change in the Western
Highlands and Islands, c.1493–1820
(1998)
W. Donaldson, The highland pipe and
Scottish society, 1750–1950 (2000)
H. Douglas, ‘MacDonald, Flora’, Oxford
DNB
J. Fergusson, ‘The Appin murder case’,
Scottish Historical Review, 31 (1952),
116–30
E. Gregg, ‘Edward, James Francis’, Oxford
DNB
© SCIO MT 2012
J. Hogg, The Jacobite relics of Scotland, 2 vols.
(2003)
D. Johnson and A. Myers, ‘Glen’, in S.
Sadie and J. Tyrrell, eds., The New Grove
Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd
edn, 29 vols. (2001) [family of pipers]
S. Johnson, A journey to the Western Islands
of Scotland (1775)
B.P. Lenman and J.S. Gibson, eds., The
Jacobite threat (1996)
E.M. Lloyd and R.T. Stearn, ‘Stewart, David,
of Garth’, Oxford DNB
A.I. Macinnes, Clanship, commerce and the
house of Stuart, 1603–1788 (1996)
Duncan Bàn Macintyre, The songs of Duncan
Bàn Macintyre, ed. A. MacLeod [a Gaelic
poet who fought on the Hanoverian
side in 1746]
B. Mackenzie, Piping traditions of the north of
Scotland (1998)
R.H. MacLeod, ‘The Highland Society of
London and the publication of
piobaireachd’, Piping Times, 34/9
(1981–2), 25–31; 34/11 (1981–2), 28–
32
A. Murdoch, ‘The people above’: politics and
administration in mid eighteenth-century
Scotland (1980)
E.I.C. Nicholson, ‘Stewart, Alan [Breck]’,
Oxford DNB
Y. O’Donoghue, William Roy 1726–1790:
pioneer of the Ordnance Survey (1977)
M.G.H. Pittock, The invention of Scotland
(1991)
—— Poetry and Jacobite politics in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland (1994)
—— Inventing and resisting Britain: cultural
identities in Britain and Ireland (1997)
43
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
—— Jacobitism (1998)
—— ‘Edward, Charles’, Oxford DNB
J. Purser, ‘MacArthur family’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘MacCrimmon family’, Oxford DNB
H.T. Roper, ‘The invention of tradition: the
highland tradition of Scotland’, The
invention of tradition, ed. E. Hobsbawm
and T. Ranger (1983) [but compare
with Stewart, Sketches below]
W.A. Seymour, ed., A history of the Ordnance
Survey (1980)
J.S. Shaw, The management of Scottish society,
1707–1764: power, nobles, lawyers,
Edinburgh agents, and English influences
(1983)
R.A. Skelton, The military survey of Scotland,
1747–1755 (1967)
W.A.
Speck,
‘Augustus,
duke
of
Cumberland, Prince William’, Oxford
DNB
R.L. Stevenson, Kidnapped (1886)
—— Catriona (1892)
D. Stewart, Sketches of the character,
manners, and present state of the
highlanders of Scotland: with details of the
© SCIO MT 2012
military service of the highland regiments,
2 vols. (1822; facs. repr. 1977, incl.
coloured map of the clans)
D. Szecki, The Jacobites (1994)
—— ‘Jacobite activists of the 1715 rising’,
Oxford DNB
—— ‘Jacobite activists of the 1745 rising’,
Oxford DNB
C. Tabraham and D. Grove, Fortress
Scotland and the Jacobites (1995)
D.S. Thomson, An introduction to Gaelic
poetry, 2nd edn (1990)
—— ‘Macintyre, Duncan Bàn’, Oxford DNB
—— ed., The companion to Gaelic Scotland
(1983)
G. Whittington and A.J.S. Gibson, The
military survey of Scotland, 1747–1755,
(1986)
www.contemplator.com/history/jacobite.ht
ml [see section on Jacobite music]
D. Zimmerman, The Jacobite movement in
Scotland and in exile 1746–1759 (2003)
44
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) and Jane Austen (1775–1817): gendered
landscapes of revolt, subversion, and conformity
L
L
L
L
1. ‘From having been an embarrassment to the feminist cause, Wollstonecraft was
gradually transformed into one of its leading heroines’ (Taylor). What do her
vilification and rehabilitation tell us about British society?
2. Does an understanding of Wollstonecraft’s life aid or hinder an appreciation of her
works?
3. What can Austen’s work reveal about the lives of her female British contemporaries?
4. Do screen adaptations of Austen betray her writing or, as Butler has claimed, signify
its universality? Discuss with detailed reference to particular adaptations.
5. What does the emergence of the professional female writer tell us about readership
and the business of writing in eighteenth-century Britain?
R.
Ballaster, Women’s worlds: ideology,
femininity, and the woman’s magazine
(1991)
H. Barker and E. Chalus, Gender in
eighteenth-century England (1997)
G.J. Barker-Benfield, ‘Mary Wollstonecraft:
eighteenth-century
Commonwealthwoman’, Journal of the
History of Ideas, 50 (1989), 95–115
M. Butler, Jane Austen and the war of ideas,
2nd edn (1987)
—— ‘Austen, Jane’, Oxford DNB
S. Cardwell, Adaptions revisited (2002)
E. Copeland, Women writing about money:
women’s fiction in England (1995)
—— and J. McMaster, eds., The Cambridge
companion to Jane Austen (1997)
L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family fortunes:
men and women of the English middleclass, 1780–1850 (1987)
G. Eliot, ‘Margaret Fuller and Mary
Wollstonecraft’, in Essays of George Eliot,
ed. T. Pinney (1963), 199–206
W. Godwin, Memoirs of the author of
‘Vindication of the rights of woman’
(1798, 1987)
B. Hill, ed., Eighteenth-century women
(1984)
C.L. Johnson, Jane Austen: women, politics,
and the novel (1999)
—— ed., The Cambridge companion to Mary
Wollstonecraft (2002)
V. Jones, ed., Women in the eighteenth
century (1990)
L.J. Jordanova, ‘Sex and gender’, Inventing
human
science:
eighteenth-century
© SCIO MT 2012
domains, ed. C. Fox, R. Porter, and R.
Wokler (1995), 152–83
E. Langland, Nobody’s angels: middle-class
women and domestic ideology in Victorian
culture (1995)
R. Lonsdale, ed., Eighteenth-century women
poets (1989)
A. Macdonald and G. Macdonald, Jane
Austen on screen (2003)
D. Monaghan, ed., Jane Austen in a social
context (1981)
M. Poovey, The proper lady and the woman
writer: ideology as style in the works of
Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and
Jane Austen (1984)
A. Richardson, Literature, education, and
Romanticism: reading as a social practice,
1780–1832 (1996)
J. Shattock, ‘The construction of the
woman writer’, Women and literature in
Britain, 1800–1900 (2001), 8–34
C. Shiner Wilson and J. Haefer, eds., Revisioning Romanticism: British women
writers, 1776–1837 (1994)
—— ‘Remaking the canon’, Women and
literature in Britain, 1800–1900 (2001),
34–54
L. Stone, The family, sex, and marriage
1500–1800 (1977)
——, Uncertain unions and broken lives
(1995)
B. Taylor, ‘Mary Wollstonecraft and the
wild wish of early feminism’, History
Workshop Journal, 33 (1992), 197–219
—— Mary Wollstonecraft and the feminist
imagination (2003)
45
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
—— ‘Wollstonecraft, Mary’, Oxford DNB
E. Taylor Bannet, The domestic revolution:
enlightenment feminisms and the novel
(2000)
J. Todd, Mary Wollstonecraft: a revolutionary
life (2000)
—— , ed., J. Todd, ed., Jane Austen in context
(2005)
L. Troost and S. Greenfield, eds., Jane
Austen in Hollywood (2001)
C. Tuite, Romantic Austen: sexual politics and
the literary canon (2000)
E. Ty, Unsex’d revolutionaries: five women
novelists of the 1790s (1993) [the five
authors are Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary
Hays, Helen Maria Williams, Elizabeth
Inchbald, and Charlotte Smith]
A. Vickery, The gentleman’s daughter (2003)
© SCIO MT 2012
M. Waldron, Jane Austen and the fiction of
her time (Cambridge, 1999)
M. Walters, ‘The rights and wrongs of
women’, The rights and wrongs of women,
ed. J. Mitchell and A. Oakley (1976)
J. Wiltshire, Recreating Jane Austen (2001)
M. Wollstonecraft, The works of Mary
Wollstonecraft, ed. M. Butler and J.
Todd, 7 vols. (1989)
V. Woolf, ‘Four figures’, The common reader
(1925)
D. Worrall, ‘Agrarians against the
picturesque: ultra-radicalism and the
revolutionary politics of land’, The
politics of the picturesque: literature,
landscape and aesthetics since 1770, ed. S.
Copley and P. Garside (1994), 240–60
46
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
National and imperial identities
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
L
L
L
M
T
Would you agree with the statement that ‘there ain’t no Black in the Union Jack’?
Is John Bull or Britannia the better epitome of British national character?
Why was it necessary to invent Britons in the eighteenth century?
What role in forging national identity in Britain since the eighteenth century has
been played by empire?
5. Why has British identity so often been elided with English identity? Discuss with
examples.
6. Is an understanding of the colonized ‘other’ necessary to an understanding of
British identity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
7. What role in forging national identity in Britain since the eighteenth century has
been played by high art OR appreciation of the natural landscape?
8. ‘Literature has been more important than history in forming English national
identity.’ Discuss with examples.
9. How has literature been used to subvert dominant narratives in British national
identity?
10. What role in forging national identity in Britain since the eighteenth century has
been played by popular literature OR high literature?
11. What role in forging national identity in Britain since the eighteenth century has
been played by popular song?
12. What role in forging national identity in Britain since the eighteenth century has
been played by religion?
S. Attridge, Imperialism and identity in late
Victorian culture (2003)
S.L. Barczewski, Myth and national identity
in nineteenth-century Britain (2000)
B. Bradshaw and J. Morrill, eds., The British
problem, c.1534–1707 (1996)
L. Brockliss and D. Eastwood, eds., A union
of multiple identities: the British Isles
c.1750–1850 (1996)
P. Carter, ‘Myth, legend, and mystery in the
Oxford DNB’, Oxford DNB
T. Claydon and I. McBride, eds.,
Protestantism and national identity:
Britain and Ireland, c.1650–c.1850
(1998)
L. Colley, Britons! Forging the nation, 1707–
1837 (1992)
A. Grant and K.J. Stringer, eds., Uniting the
kingdom: the making of British history
(1995)
A. Hadfield and J. McVeagh, eds., Strangers
to that land: British perceptions of Ireland
from the reformation to the famine (1994)
R. Helgerson, Forms of nationhood: the
Elizabethan writing of England (1992)
© SCIO MT 2012
T. Hunt, Defining John Bull (2003)
C. Kidd, British identities before nationalism
(1999)
C. Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s past: Scottish
Whig historians and the creation of an
Anglo–British identity, 1689–c.1830
(1993)
D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness
(1998)
A. Murdoch, British history, 1660–1832:
national identity and local culture (1998)
G. Newman, The rise of English nationalism:
a cultural history, 1740–1830 (1987)
I. Ousby, The Englishman’s England: travel,
taste, and the rise of tourism (1990)
G. Pentland, Radicalism, reform, and
national identity in Scotland, 1820–1833
(2008)
M. Pittock, The invention of Scotland (1991)
——Inventing and resisting Britain: cultural
identities in Britain and Ireland (1997)
P. Readman, Land and nation in England
(2008)
K. Tidrick, Empire and the English character
(2008)
47
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
K.
Robbins, Great Britain: identities,
institutions, and the idea of Britishness
(1998)
B. Porter, Britannia’s burden: the political
evolution of modern Britain, 1851–1990
(1994)
K. Tidrick, Empire and the English character
(1990)
C. Withers, ‘Geography, royalty, and
empire: Scotland and the making of
Great Britain, 1603–61’, Scottish
Geographical Magazine, 113 (1997), 22–
32
C. Withers, ‘How Scotland came to know
itself: geography, national identity, and
the making of a nation, 1680–1790,’
Journal of Historical Geography, 21
(1996), 275–98
Students may submit a case study on National and imperial identities
for Module 3 or Module 4 (but not both).
Figure 5 Derek resting on the Capitoline Hill, Rome, optional field trip (Jonathan Kirkpatrick, HT08)
© SCIO MT 2012
48
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
The American revolution through English eyes: liberty and tyranny at home
and abroad
P
T
1. Who in England considered the restive Americans as ‘our American brethren’ and
why?
2. ‘“American” ideas of liberty had specifically English roots.’ Discuss.
3. Why did so many people of African origin choose to fight with the English against
the rebelling Americans? What was the significance of their actions?
4. ‘The ideas enshrined in the American declaration of independence would all have
been familiar to voters in contemporary English elections.’ Discuss.
5. Was social class or religion more important in determining whether Britons would
sympathize with or condemn Americans who resisted English rule?
E. Baigent and J.E. Bradley, ‘The social
sources of late eighteenth-century
English radicalism: Bristol in the 1770s
and 1780s’, English Historical Review,
124 (2009), 1075–108
B. Bailyn, The ideological origins of the
American revolution (1992)
C. Bonwick, English radicals and the American
revolution (1977)
J.E. Bradley, Religion, revolution and English
radicalism (1990)
—— Popular politics and the American
revolution in England (1986)
J. Brewer, Party ideology and popular politics at
the accession of the reign of George III
(1976)
J.C.D. Clark, English society, 1688–1832, 2nd
edn (2000)
—— The language of liberty 1660–1832:
political discourse and social dynamics in
the Anglo-American world (1994)
S.S. Cohen, British supporters of the American
revolution, 1775–1883 (2004)
L. Colley, ‘Eighteenth-century English
radicalism before Wilkes’, Transactions of
the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 31
(1981)
M. Fitzpatrick, ‘Heretical religion and
radical political ideas in late eighteenthcentury England’, in H. Eckhart, ed., The
transformation of political culture: England
and Germany in the late eighteenth century
(1990), 339–72
J. Flavell, When London was capital of America
(2010)
© SCIO MT 2012
A.A. Hanham, ‘Trustees for establishing the
colony of Georgia in America’, Oxford
DNB
P. Langford, ‘Old Whigs, Old Tories and the
American revolution’, The Journal of
Imperial and Commonwealth History, 8
(1980), 106–30
P. Marshall, Bristol and the American war of
independence (1977)
—— ‘Manchester and the American
Revolution’, Bulletin of the John Rylands
University Library of Manchester, 62
(1979), 168–86
F. O’Gorman, Voters, patrons, and parties: the
unreformed electorate of Hanoverian
England, 1734–1832 (1989)
J.A. Phillips, Electoral behavior in unreformed
England (1982)
J.G.A. Pocock, ‘The definitions of
orthodoxy’, in R.D. Lund, ed., The
margins of orthodoxy: heterodox writing
and cultural response, 1660–1750 (1995)
C.
Robbins,
The
eighteenth-century
Commonwealthman (1959)
G. Rudé, Wilkes and liberty (1962)
S. Schama, Rough crossings (2005)
J. Sainsbury, Disaffected patriots: London
supporters of revolutionary America 1769–
1782 (1987)
E.P. Thompson, The making of the English
working class (1963)
A.M.C. Waterman, ‘The nexus between
theology and political doctrine’, in K.
Haakonssen, ed., Enlightenment and
religion: rational dissent in eighteenthcentury Britain (1996), 193–218
49
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
W.E. Minchinton, ‘The Stamp Act crisis:
Bristol and Virginia’, The Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography, 73
(1965)
—— ‘The political activity of Bristol
merchants with respect to the southern
colonies before the revolution’, The
Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography, 79 (1971)
S. Willis, Fighting ships 1750–1850 (2007)
Figure 6 Oxford signs (Mandi Burton, OSP06)
© SCIO MT 2012
50
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Slavery and abolition: controversies over liberty
A
L
M
P
T
1. ‘Extra-parliamentary agitation and the consequences of slave revolts in the colonies
have been unjustly neglected in conventional explanations of the ending of the
slave trade’ (Brown). Discuss the cause and consequences of this in British
historiography.
2. ‘Slavery is merely the most extreme end of imperial oppression which relied on a
discourse of alterity for its existence.’ In this true of the British Empire?
3. What was the impact of slavery on Britain?
4. Discuss the role of art in the British abolition campaign.
5. Discuss the role of literature in the British abolition campaign.
6. Discuss the role of music in the British abolition campaign.
7. What do debates over slavery tell us about contemporary (i.e. late eighteenth- and
early nineteenth-century) British understandings of liberty OR property OR human
nature OR race?
8. Why, in the late 1780s, did certain British evangelicals determine to abolish the
slave trade, when Christianity and slavery had hitherto been easy bedfellows?
R. Anstey, The Atlantic slave trade and British
abolition, 1760–1810 (1975)
E. Baigent, ‘Abdy, Edward Strutt’, Oxford
DNB
—— ‘Crow, Hugh’, Oxford DNB
J. Basker, ed., Amazing grace: an anthology of
poems about slavery, 1660–1810 (2002)
C. Bolt and S. Drescher, eds., Anti-slavery,
religion, and reform (1980)
J. Bradley and R. Muller, ‘The emergence of
critical church historiography’, Church
history: an introduction (1995), 11–25
H. Brogan, ‘Clarkson, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
C.L. Brown, ‘Evangelicals and the origins of
anti-slavery in England’, Oxford DNB
—— Moral capital: foundations of British
abolitionism (2006)
A.M.
Burton,
‘British
evangelicals,
economic warfare and the abolition of
the Atlantic slave trade, 1794–1810’,
Anglican and Episcopal History, 65/2
(1996), 197–225
V. Carretta, ‘Sancho, (Charles) Ignatius’,
Oxford DNB
—— ‘Cugoano, Ottobah’, Oxford DNB
H. Crow, The memoirs of captain Hugh Crow,
ed. J. Pinfold (2006)
D.B. Davis, The problem of slavery in the age
of revolution, 1770–1823 (1975)
© SCIO MT 2012
——The problem of slavery in western culture
(1966)
M. Dresser, Slavery obscured: the social history
of the slave trade in an English port
(2001)
M. Elder, The slave trade and the economic
development of Lancaster (1992)
D. Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of
the transatlantic slave trade (1987)
D. Ellis and S.L. Engerman, ‘The
importance of slavery and the slave
trade to industrializing Britain’, Journal
of Economic History, 60 (2000), 123–44
S.L. Engerman, ‘The slave trade and British
capital formation in the eighteenth
century’, Business History Review, 46
(1972), 430–43
R. Fogel, Without consent or contract: the rise
and fall of American slavery (1989)
C. Fyfe, A history of Sierra Leone (1962)
J. Gallagher, ‘Fowell Buxton and the new
African policy, 1838–1842’, Cambridge
Historical Journal, 10 (1950–52), 36–58
C. Hall, ‘Troubling memories: nineteenthcentury histories of the slave trade and
slavery’,
Royal
Historical
Society
Transactions, 6th ser., 21 (2011), 147–
69
W.J. Jennings, The Christian imagination:
theology and the origins of race (2010)
51
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
R. King, ‘Belle [married name Davinier],
Dido Elizabeth’, Oxford DNB
—— Ignatius Sancho: an African man of
letters (1977)
P.J. Kitson and D. Lee, eds., Slavery,
abolition, and emancipation: writings in
the British romantic period, 8 vols.
(1999)
A.D. Kriegel, ‘A convergence of ethics:
saints and Whigs in British antislavery’,
Journal of British Studies, 26/4 (1987),
423–50
D.M. Lewis, ed., The Blackwell dictionary of
evangelical biography, 1730–1860, 2 vols.
(1995)
P.J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford history of the
British empire, vol. ii: The eighteenth
century (1999)
C. Midgley, Women against slavery: the
British campaigns, 1780–1870 (1992)
K. Morgan, Slavery, Atlantic trade and the
British economy, 1660–1800 (2000)
J.R. Oldfield, Popular politics and British antislavery (1995)
J. Pinfold, ed., The slave trade debate:
contemporary writings for and against
(2006)
J.A. Rawley, ‘London’s defense of the slave
trade,
1787–1807’,
Slavery
and
Abolition, 14/2 (1993), 48–69
—— ‘Harris, Richard’, Oxford DNB
[defender of slavery]
S. Sandhu and D. Dabydeen, eds., Slavery,
abolition, and emancipation: writings in
the British Romantic period (1999)
S. Schama, Rough crossings (2005)
R.B. Sheridan, Sugar and slavery: an
economic history of the British West Indies,
1623–1775 (1974)
F. Shyllon, Black people in Britain, 1555–
1833 (1977)
—— James Ramsay: the unknown abolitionist
(1977)
S.J. Skedd, ‘More, Hannah’, Oxford DNB
H. Temperley, British anti-slavery, 1833–
1870 (1972)
—— White dreams, black Africa: the
antislavery expedition to the River Niger,
1841–1842 (1991)
H. Thomas, Romanticism and slave narratives
(2000)
C. Tolley, Domestic biography: the legacy of
evangelicalism in four nineteenth-century
families (1997)
D. Turley, Slavery (2000)
—— The culture of British anti-slavery, 1780–
1860 (1991)
J.W.St G. Walker, The black loyalists: the
search for a promised land in Nova Scotia
and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 (1976)
—— ‘Peters, Thomas’, Oxford DNB
J. Walvin, ‘Equiano, Olaudah’, Oxford DNB
—— An African’s life: the life and times of
Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (1998)
E.G. Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: a biography
(1989)
J. Wolfe, ‘Wilberforce, William’, Oxford
DNB
—— ‘Clapham Sect’, Oxford DNB [incl.
links to important figures in the sect]
P.H. Wood, ‘Archdale, John’, Oxford DNB
[British Quaker who introduced slave
code in South Carolina]
To gain an accurate understanding of this topic students must read Brown, ‘Evangelicals
and the origins of anti-slavery in England’ first and then move to other texts. All students
should read the relevant volume(s) of Kitson and Lee, Slavery, abolition, and emancipation
for contemporary texts. The Pinfold Debate volume should be looked at to gain a feel for
the contemporary language of the debate.
Students may submit a case study on Slavery and abolition for
Module 3 or Module 4 (but not both).
© SCIO MT 2012
52
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Horatio Nelson (1758–1805): British liberty and the sea
A
A
1. Was Trafalgar a turning point in British history?
2. What does public reaction to Nelson’s private life since his death tell us about
English society?
3. Why have generations of English people regarded Nelson as a hero?
4. Does it matter that so little of Victory is original?
5. Who should write naval history? Discuss in relation to Britain.
6. Did British liberty depend on her navy, as ‘Rule, Britannia’ suggests?
7. To what political use were British naval victories of the eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries put?
8. Why does Rodger describe the Georgian navy as a ‘wooden world’?
9. How far was British naval success due to medical, scientific, and technological
advances?
10. Were the visual arts particularly successful in conveying a sense of both loss and
glory on the death of Nelson?
11. ‘Ships … were works of art and architecture … that represented a nation, a
philosophy and a culture’ (Willis). Do you agree? Discuss in relation to Britain.
R. Blake, Evangelists in the Royal Navy,
1775–1815 (2008)
K. Breen, ‘Rodney, George Bridges, Baron
Rodney’, Oxford DNB
L. Brockliss, J. Cardwell, and M.S. Moss,
‘Nelson’s grand national obsequies’,
English Historical Review, 121 (2006),
162–82
G.A.R. Callender and A. Lambert,
‘Laughton, Sir John Knox’, Oxford DNB
D. Cannadine, ed., Admiral Lord Nelson
(2005)
—— ed., Trafalgar in history (2006)
P. Carter, ‘Trafalgar Square in history’,
Oxford DNB
M. Duffy, ‘Trafalgar, Nelson, and the
national memory’, Oxford DNB
F. Fraser, Beloved Emma (1985)
D.J. Golby, ‘Arne, Thomas Augustine’,
Oxford DNB
A.D. Lambert, The foundations of naval
history: John Knox Laughton, the Royal
Navy, and the historical profession (1998)
© SCIO MT 2012
—— ‘“Our naval Plutarch”: Sir John Knox
Laughton and the Dictionary of National
Biography’, Mariner’s Mirror, 84 (1998),
308–15
—— Nelson (2004)
—— ‘Nelson’s band of brothers’, Oxford
DNB
B. Lavery, Nelson and the Nile (1998)
H.W.G. Lewis-Jones, ‘Nelson and the bear:
the making of an Arctic myth’, Polar
Record, 41/4 (2005), 335–53
C.H.H. Owen, ‘Collingwood, Cuthbert,
Baron Collingwood’, Oxford DNB
T. Pocock, Horatio Nelson (1987)
—— ‘Hamilton, Emma’, Oxford DNB
N.A.M. Rodger, The wooden world (1986)
—— ‘Nelson, Horatio’, Oxford DNB
—— The command of the ocean (2004)
O. Warner, The life and letters of ViceAdmiral Lord Collingwood (1968)
S. Willis, Fighting ships 1750–1850 (2007)
—— Fighting at sea in the eighteenth century
(2008)
53
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
(Thomas) Robert Malthus (1766–1834): new science for old questions
P
P
T
1. ‘This was the extraordinary achievement of Malthus: to have formulated term of
the discourse on the subject of poverty for more than half a century’
(Himmelfarb). Do you agree?
2. Why were the ideas of Malthus so compelling to some of his British contemporaries
and so repugnant to others?
3. Were Malthus’s methods or his conclusions more startling to his British
contemporaries?
4. Did the ideas of Malthus advance secularization? If so, how?
J. Avery, Progress, poverty and population: rereading Condorcet, Godwin, and Malthus
(1997)
A. Flew, introduction in T.R. Malthus, An
essay on the principle of population (1970)
D. Coleman and R. Schofield, eds., The
state of population theory: forward from
Malthus (1986)
B.G. Gale, ‘Darwin and the concept of a
struggle for existence: a study in the
extrascientific origins of scientific
ideas’, Isis, 63 (1972), 321–44
E.K.
Heavner,
‘Malthus
and
the
secularization of political ideology’,
History of Political Thought, 17 (1996),
408–30
P. James, Population Malthus (1979)
The travel diaries of T.R. Malthus, ed. P.
James (1966)
J.M. Keynes, ‘Robert Malthus: the first of
the Cambridge economists’, Essays in
biography (1933), 93–148
T.R. Malthus, The works of Thomas Robert
Malthus, ed. E.A. Wrigley and D.
Souden (1986)
© SCIO MT 2012
D. McNally, ‘Political economy to the fore:
Burke, Malthus and the Whig response
to popular radicalism in the age of the
French Revolution’, History of Political
Thought, 21/3 (2000), 427–48
R.L. Meek, ed., Marx and Engels on Malthus
(1953)
W. Petersen, Malthus (1979)
J.M. Pullen, introduction in T.R. Malthus,
Principles of political economy, Variorum
edn, 2 vols. (1989)
—— ‘Malthus, Thomas Robert’, Oxford
DNB
M. Turner, ed., Malthus and his time (1986)
D. Winch, Malthus (1987)
—— introduction in T.R. Malthus, An essay
on the principle of population (1992)
—— Riches and poverty (1996)
E.A. Wrigley, ‘Corn and crisis: Malthus on
the high price of provisions’, Population
and Development Review, 25/1 (1999),
121–8
—— Poverty, progress, and population (2004)
54
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Walter Scott (1771–1832): inventing a nation
L
L
L, P
L
L
P
L, P
1. How much does our current understanding of ‘Scotland’ owe to Sir Walter Scott?
2. What does the popularity of Scott’s Rob Roy tell us about the nineteenth-century
reading public in Britain?
3. What did Scottish national identity in Scott’s day owe to German national identity?
4. Hewitt said of Scott that ‘None had his ability to illuminate the past through the
exercise of scholarship’ (2004). Do you agree with this estimation of his editorial
and antiquarian work?
5. The past ... is created by tale-telling’ (2004). What does Hewitt’s estimation of
Scott’s achievement tell us about the practice of history in Britain?
6. Is Scotland a nation?
7. Why and with what justification might a reader feel close to Scott in Scotland?
J.M. D’Arcy, Subversive Scott: the Waverley
novels and Scottish nationalism (2005)
A. Bautz, ‘Scott's Victorian Readers’,
Nineteenth-Century Contexts,
31/1
(2009), 19–29
I.G. Brown ed Abbottsford and Sir Walter
Scott (2003)
Barry Edginton, ‘Moral architecture: the
influence of the York retreat on asylum
design’, Health and Place (1997), 91–9
P. Fielding, Scotland and the fictions of
geography: North Britain, 1760–1830
(2008)
P. Garside, ‘Patriotism and patronage: new
light on Scott's baronetcy’, Modern
Language Review, 77 (1982), 16–28
D. Hewitt, ‘Scott, Sir Walter’, Oxford DNB
W. H. Murray, Rob Roy Macgregor: his life
and times (1982)
© SCIO MT 2012
M. Pittock, ‘Scott and the British tourist’, in
English romanticism and the Celtic world,
ed. G. Carruthers and A. Rawes (2003),
151–66
M. Pittock,, Scottish and Irish romanticism
(2008)
H.T. Roper, The invention of Scotland (2008)
W. Scott, ‘Memoirs’, Scott on himself, ed. D.
Hewitt (1981)
W. Scott, Rob Roy (1817)
D. Stevenson, ‘MacGregor, Robert, known
as Rob Roy’, Oxford DNB
D. Stevenson, The hunt for Rob Roy: the man
and the myths (2004)
J. Sutherland, The life of Sir Walter Scott
(1995)
N. Watson, The literary tourist: readers and
places in romantic and Victorian Britain
(2006)
55
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
‘Mind-forg’d manacles’: insanity and its treatment in eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Britain
P Ps
T
P Ps
T
P Ps
T
Ps
A Ps
A L
Ps
1. What do you consider to have been the most striking change in the treatment of the
insane in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain? Justify your view.
2. What, if anything, did religion contribute to the debate on lunacy in eighteenthand nineteenth-century Britain?
3. Were men and women treated differently in the diagnosis and treatment of insanity
in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain? If so, why?
4. What political, constitutional, and medical questions were raised by the madness of
George III?
5. How were contemporary understandings of madness reflected in architecture in
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain?
6. To what extent was EITHER the treatment of madness OR representations of it in
literature and art dominated by commercial considerations in eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Britain?
A report from the committee, appointed (upon
the 27th day of January, 1763) to enquire
into the state of the private madhouses in
this kingdom (1763)
J. Andrews and A.T. Scull, Customers and
patrons of the mad-trade: the management
of lunacy in eighteenth-century London
(2003)
J.A.R. Bickford and M.E. Bickford, The
private lunatic asylums of the East Riding
(1976)
S.B. Black, An eighteenth-century mad-doctor:
William Perfect of West Malling (1995)
W.A.F. Browne, The asylum as Utopia:
W.A.F. Browne and the mid-nineteenthcentury consolidation of psychiatry, ed.
A.T. Scull (1991)
J. Cannon, ‘George III’, Oxford DNB
D. Chandler, ‘”In sickness, despair, and in
agony”: imagining the king’s illness,
1788–89’, in Liberating medicine, 1720–
1835, ed. T.J. Connolly and S.H. Clark
(2009), 109–26
L.C. Charland, ‘Benevolent theory: moral
treatment at the York Retreat’, History of
Psychiatry, 18/1 (2007), 61–80
L. Colley, ‘The apotheosis of George III:
loyalty, royalty, and the British nation,
1760–1820’, Past and Present, 102
(1984), 94–129
M. Collie, Henry Maudsley, Victorian
psychiatrist: a bibliographical study (1988)
John Conolly, The construction and
government of lunatic asylums and
© SCIO MT 2012
hospitals for the insane (1847; repr.
1968)
A. Digby, ‘Changes in the asylum: the case
of York’, Economic History Review, 2nd
ser., 36 (1983), 218–39
——, ‘Hunter, Alexander’, Oxford DNB
——, Madness, morality, and medicine: a
history of the York Retreat, 1792–1914
(1985)
——, ‘Tuke, ,William’, Oxford DNB
C. Godridge, ‘Crichton, Elizabeth’, Oxford
DNB
N. Hervey, ‘Boyd, Robert’, Oxford DNB
——, ‘Carnegie, Susan’, Oxford DNB
R. Hunter and I. Macalpine, George III and
the mad-business (1969)
——, Three hundred years of psychiatry,
1535–1860 (1963)
——, editorial introduction, in J. Conolly,
On the construction and government of
lunatic asylums (1968)
——, editorial introduction, in J. Conolly,
The treatment of the insane without
mechanical restraints (1973)
W.L. Parry-Jones, The trade in lunacy: a study
of private madhouses in England in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
(1972)
C.J. Knight, “The God of Love Is Full of
Tricks”: Virginia Woolf’s vexed relation
to the tradition of Christianity’, Religion
and Literature, 39 (2007), 27–46
D. Leigh, The historical development of British
psychiatry (1961)
56
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
J. Martin, ‘Weldon, Georgina’, Oxford
A. Mason, ‘The Revd John Ashburne and
the origins of the private madhouse
system’, History of Psychiatry, 5 (1994),
321–45
T.J. Peters and A. Beveridge, ‘The madness
of King George III: a psychiatric reassessment’, History of Psychiatry, 21
(2010), 20–37
T.J. Peters and D. Wilkinson, ‘King George
III and porphyria: a clinical reexamination of the historical evidence’,
History of Psychiatry, 21 (2010), 3–19
R. Porter, Mind forg'd manacles: a history of
madness in England from the Restoration
to the Regency (1987)
——, ‘Willis, Francis’, Oxford DNB
Markus Reuber, ‘The Architecture of
Psychological Management: the Irish
Asylums, 1801–1922’, Psychological
Medicine, (1996,), 1179–89
Harriet Richardson, ed., English hospitals,
1660–1948: a survey of their architecture
and design. (1998)
M. Mulvey-Roberts, ‘Lytton, Rosina Anne
Doyle Bulwer’, Oxford DNB
T. Szasz, “My madness saved me”: the
madness and marriage of Virginia Woolf
(2006)
A. Scull, The most solitary of afflictions:
madness and society in Britain, 1700–
1900 (1993)
——, C. MacKenzie, and N. Hervey, Masters
of Bedlam: the transformation of the maddoctoring trade (1996)
© SCIO MT 2012
E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women,
Madness, and English Culture (1987)
H. Small, Love’s madness: medicine, the novel,
and female insanity (1996)
L.D. Smith, ‘Bakewell, Thomas’, Oxford
DNB
——, ‘Cure, comfort, and safe custody’: public
lunatic asylums in early nineteenth-century
England (1999)
——, ‘Ellis, Sir William Charles,’ Oxford
DNB
——, ‘Hitch, Samuel’, Oxford DNB
Ann
Snedden,
‘Environment
and
Architecture’, in Let there be light again:
a history of Gartnavel Royal Hospital from
its beginnings to the present day, ed.
Jonathan Andrews and Iain (1993)
A. Suzuki, ‘The politics and ideology of
non-restraint: the case of the Hanwell
asylum’, Medical History, 39 (1995), 1–
17
The First Annual Report on Madhouses (1816)
L.E. Topp, J.E. Moran, and J. Andrews, eds.,
Madness, architecture, and the built
environment:
psychiatric
spaces
in
historical context (2007)
C.C. Trench, The royal malady (1964)
T.H. Turner, ‘Henry Maudsley: psychiatrist,
philosopher,
and
entrepreneur’,
Psychological Medicine, 18 (1988), 551–
74
J.R. Walkowitz, City of dreadful delight:
narratives of sexual danger in lateVictorian London (1992)
57
The British landscape: module 3 case studies
Madness and literature: Christopher Smart (1722 –1771); William Blake
(1757–1827); William Cowper (1731–1800); John Clare (1793– 1864)
L Ps
T
L Ps
T
1. How did the mental state and treatment of ONE of the above authors affect their
literary output and the way their work has been read?
2. How did religion and madness intersect in the writings and life of ONE of the
following: Smart, Blake, Cowper.
Use texts under ‘Mind-forg’d manacles’ as well as those below.
J.D. Baird, ‘Cowper, William’, Oxford DNB
C. Brunnstrom, William Cowper: religion,
satire, society (2004)
J. Clare, Champion of the poor: John Clare’s
political writings, ed. P.M.S. Dawson, E.
Robinson, and D. Powell (2000)
——, John Clare by himself, ed. E. Robinson
and D. Powell (1996)
G. Claridge, R. Pryor, and G. Watkins,
Sounds of the bell jar: ten psychotic
authors (1990)
R.N. Essick, ‘Blake, William’, Oxford DNB
T.
Fulford,
ed.,
Romanticism
and
millenarianism (2002)
A. Ingram, ‘Resisting insanity: language and
disorder in eighteenth-century writing
about madness’, Cycnos, 19/1 (2002),
3–14
H. Ishizuka, ‘Enlightening the fibre-woven
body: William Blake and eighteenthcentury fibre medicine’, Literature and
Medicine, 25 (2006), 72–92
——, ‘Untying the Web of Urizen: William
Blake, nervous medicine, and the
© SCIO MT 2012
culture of feeling’, in Liberating
medicine, 1720–1835, ed. T.J. Connolly
and S.H. Clark (2009), 97–108
J. King, William Cowper: a biography (1986)
C. Mounsey, Christopher Smart: clown of God
(2001)
M. Myrone, ed., Gothic nightmares: Fuseli,
Blake and the romantic imagination
(2006)
L. Nelstrop, K. Magill, and B.B. Onishi,
Christian mysticism (2009)
R. Rix, William Blake and the cultures of
radical Christianity (2007)
E.H. Robinson, ‘Clare, John’, Oxford DNB
—— and D. Powell, John Clare (1984)
R.C. Sha, ‘Blake, liberation, and medicine’,
in Liberating medicine, 1720–1835, ed.
T.J. Connolly and S.H. Clark (2009),
83–96
A. Sherbo, Christopher Smart, scholar of the
university (1967)
K. Williamson, ‘Smart, Christopher’, Oxford
DNB
58
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: MODULE 4 CASE STUDIES
Madness and literature: John Clare (1793– 1864); Virginia Woolf (1882–
1941)
L Ps
T
L Ps
1. How did the mental state and treatment of EITHER Clare OR Woolf affect their
literary output and the way their work has been read?
2. Is female ‘madness’ best understood as a rational response to a patriarchal society,
as a construct of a patriarchal society, or neither? Discuss with reference to Woolf.
Use texts under the Bloomsbury Group as well as those below.
J. Clare, Champion of the poor: John Clare’s
political writings, ed. P.M.S. Dawson, E.
Robinson, and D. Powell (2000)
——, John Clare by himself, ed. E. Robinson
and D. Powell (1996)
G. Claridge, R. Pryor, and G. Watkins,
Sounds of the bell jar: ten psychotic
authors (1990)
T.
Fulford,
ed.,
Romanticism
and
millenarianism (2002)
S.M. Gilbert and S. Gubar, The mad woman
in the attic: the woman writer and the
© SCIO MT 2012
nineteenth-century literary imagination
(2000)
L. Gordon, ‘Woolf, (Adeline) Virginia’,
Oxford DNB
E.H. Robinson, ‘Clare, John’, Oxford DNB
—— and D. Powell, John Clare (1984)
H. Small, Love’s madness: medicine, the novel,
and female insanity (1996)
T. Szasz, “My madness saved me”: the
madness and marriage of Virginia Woolf
(2006)
59
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Karl Marx (1818–1884) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895): revolutionaries
abroad
L
P
P
1. Is Engels’s Condition of the English working class a work of history?
2. Can we learn more about British industrial cities from novels like Hard Times or
North and South or from works such as The condition of the English working class?
3. Why was it that in Britain Marx and Engels found freedom to express their ideas
and material to fuel them, but only a limited audience for them?
4. What was Marx’s debt to Darwin?
E. Aveling, ‘Charles Darwin and Karl Marx:
a companion’, New Century Review, 1/4
(1897), 232–43
T.
Ball,
‘Marx
and
Darwin:
a
reconsideration’, Political Theory, 7/4
(1979), 469–83
I. Berlin, Karl Marx (1939)
——‘Marx’s Kapital and Darwin’, Journal of
the History of Ideas (1978), 519
R.D. Butterworth, ‘Dickens the novelist’,
The Dickensian, 88 (1992), 91–102
T. Carver, Friedrich Engels: his life and
thought (1989)
—— , ed., The Cambridge companion to Marx
(1991)
G. Claeys, ‘The political ideas of the young
Engels,
1842–1845:
Owenism,
Chartism and the question of violent
revolution’, History of Political Thought,
6 (1985), 455–78
M.A. Fay, ‘Did Marx offer to dedicate
Kapital to Darwin?’, Journal of the
History of Ideas, 39/1 (1978), 133–46
V. Gerratana, ‘Marx and Darwin’, New Left
Review, Nov/Dec (1975), 60–83
© SCIO MT 2012
R. Colp, ‘The contacts between Karl Marx
and Charles Darwin’, Journal of the
History of Ideas, 35/2 (1974), 329–38
H. E. Gruber, ‘Darwin and Das Kapital’, Isis,
52 (1961), 582–3
H.E. Gruber, Darwin on man (1981)
W.O. Henderson, The life of Friedrich Engels,
2 vols. (1976)
E. Hobsbawm, ‘Marx, Karl Heinrich’,
Oxford DNB
G.S. Jones, ‘Engels and the history of
Marxism’, The history of Marxism, ed. E.J.
Hobsbawn, 1 (1982), 290–326
—— ‘Some notes on Karl Marx and the
English labour movement’, History
Workshop, 18 (1984), 124–37
—— ‘Engels, Friedrich’, Oxford DNB
D. McLellan, Karl Marx: his life and thought
(1973)
M. Taylor, ‘The English face of Karl Marx’,
Journal of Victorian Culture, 1 (1996),
227–53
R. Weikart, Socialist Darwinism (1999)
K. Willis, ‘The introduction and critical
reception of Marxist thought in Britain,
1850–1900’, Historical Journal, 20
(1977), 417–59
60
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871): scientist of empire
1. With what justification does Stafford call Murchison ‘scientist of empire’?
2. Were the imperial and scientific projects securely linked in nineteenth-century
Britain?
3. With what justification does Rotberg consider exploration ‘the handmaiden of
imperialism’? Discuss in relation to Britain.
4. What does the career of Murchison reveal about the institutionalization of science
in Britain in the age of empire?
E.
Baigent, ‘Founders of the Royal
Geographical Society’, Oxford DNB
F. Driver, Geography militant: cultures of
exploration and empire (2001)
D.R. Oldroyd, The highlands controversy:
constructing geological knowledge through
fieldwork in nineteenth-century Britain
(1990)
M.J.S. Rudwick, The great Devonian
controversy: the shaping of scientific
knowledge among gentlemanly specialists
(1985)
J.A. Secord, Controversy in Victorian geology:
the Cambrian–Silurian dispute (1986)
R.A. Stafford, Scientist of empire: Sir Roderick
Murchison, scientific exploration and
Victorian imperialism (1989)
D.R. Stoddart, On geography and its history
(1986)
Figure 7 Reading at Crick (Jonathan Kirkpatrick)
© SCIO MT 2012
61
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
James Mill (1773–1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): philosophy and
secularization in Victorian England
L
L P T
P
P
P T
P T
1. ‘Harriet Taylor’s life was too atypical for us to learn much from it about wider
questions of women’s roles in nineteenth-century Britain’. Do you agree?
2. Why is John Stuart Mill’s prose celebrated?
3. What was John Stuart Mill’s most significant contribution to his own and later ages?
4. Does knowledge of John Stuart Mill’s life enrich our understanding of his work?
5. What was James Mill’s most significant contribution to his age?
6. John Stuart Mill described himself as ‘one of the very few examples, in this country,
of one who has, not thrown off religious belief, but never had it’. How did this
affect his work?
7. With what justification did William Gladstone describe John Stuart Mill as the
‘Saint of Rationalism’?
T. Ball, ‘Mill, James’, Oxford DNB
J. Dinwiddy, Radicalism and reform in
Britain, 1780–1850 (1992)
E. Halévy, La formation du radicalisme
philosophique, 3 vols. (Paris, 1901–4);
trans. M. Morris as The growth of
philosophic radicalism (1928)
J. Harris, ‘Mill, John Stuart’, Oxford DNB
A.P. Robson and J.M. Robson, eds., Sexual
equality: writings by John Stuart Mill,
© SCIO MT 2012
Harriet Taylor Mill, and Helen Taylor
(1994)
A. Ryan, The philosophy of John Stuart Mill
(1970)
J. Mill, Autobiography, ed. J. Stillinger
(1969)
—— Political writings, ed. T. Ball (1992)
W. Thomas, The philosophic radicals: nine
studies in theory and practice, 1817–1841
(1979)
62
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Religious landscapes in the nineteenth century
T
T
T
T
1. Was Horace Mann right to attribute much of the ‘spiritual destitution’ of Victorian
Britain to urbanization?
2. ‘During the nineteenth century class replaced religion as the most fundamental
division in British society.’ Discuss.
3. ‘Only by looking at the local or regional level can we understand the varied and
complex ways in which religion continued to shape the lives of many Britons’
(review of Rival Jerusalems). Is this true?
4. Did religion contribute to or mitigate the subjugation of British women in the
nineteenth century?
C.G. Brown, ‘Did urbanization secularize
Britain?’, Urban History Yearbook
(1988), 1–14
S. Bruce, Religion in modern Britain (1995)
O. Chadwick, The Victorian Church (1987)
A. Crockett, ‘Rural-urban churchgoing in
Victorian England’, Rural History, 16
(2005), 53–82
R. Currie, A. Gilbert, and L. Horsley, Church
and churchgoers: patterns of church growth
in the British Isles since 1700 (1977)
M.C. Curthoys, ‘Mann, Horace’, Oxford
DNB
S.J.D. Green, Religion in the age of decline:
organisation and experience in industrial
Yorkshire, 1870–1920 (1996)
R. Imberg, In quest of authority: the ‘Tracts
for the times’ and the development of the
Tractarian leaders, 1833–1841 (1987)
H. McLeod, Class and religion in the late
Victorian city (1974)
—— Religion and the working class in
nineteenth-century Britain (1984)
—— Religion and society in England, 1850–
1914 (1996)
—— ‘Secularisation’, The Oxford companion
to Christian thought, ed. A. Hastings, A.
Mason, and H. Pyper (2000)
H. Mann, Census of Great Britain 1851
(1852–3)
J. Morris, ‘The strange death of Christian
Britain’, The Historical Journal, 46
(2003)
P. Nockles, The Oxford movement in context
(1994)
E. Norman, Church and society in England,
1770–1970 (1976)
K.D.M. Snell and P.S. Ell, Rival Jerusalems:
the geography of Victorian religion (2000)
R. Stark, ‘Pluralism and piety: England and
Wales 1851’, Journal for the Scientific
Study of Religion, 34 (1995), 431–44
A. Wilkinson, Dissent or conform? (1986)
www.stmarymagdalenoxford.org.uk
[especially
section
on
AngloCatholicism]
Students are reminded that they should write an essay specifically
about Britain, and that essays, not sermons, are required.
© SCIO MT 2012
63
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
The Oxford movement
A T
A L T
L T
T
T
1. What role did art OR architecture OR painting OR the applied arts play in
spreading the ideas of the Oxford movement in Britain?
2. Why was a return to pre-reformation practice and theology so attractive in a
century noted for its confidence in progress? Discuss with respect to England.
3. What role did poetry play in spreading the ideas of the Oxford movement?
4. Was Rome the inevitable end point of the Oxford movement?
5. What made the ideas of the Oxford movement so attractive to contemporary
British women?
J. Bentley, Ritualism and politics in Victorian
Britain: the attempt to legislate for belief
(1978)
P. Brendon, ‘Froude, Richard (Hurrell)’,
Oxford DNB
—— Hurrell Froude and the Oxford movement
(1974)
P. Butler, ‘Keble, John’, Oxford DNB
O. Chadwick, The spirit of the Oxford
movement: tractarian essays (1990)
R.W. Church, The Oxford movement: twelve
years, 1833–1845, ed. G. Best, new edn
(1970) [this is a useful source but must
be read in conjunction with more
modern sources]
P.G. Cobb, ‘Pusey, Edward Bouverie’,
Oxford DNB
D.J. DeLaura, Hebrew and Hellene in
Victorian England (1969)
G. Faber, Oxford apostles: a character study of
the Oxford movement (1954)
J. Garnett, ‘Lux mundi essayists’, Oxford
DNB
I.T. Ker, ‘Newman, John Henry’, Oxford
DNB
H.C.G. Matthew, ‘Edward Bouverie Pusey:
from scholar to Tractarian’, Journal of
Theological Studies, new ser., 32 (1981),
101–24
H. McLeod, Class and religion in the late
Victorian city (1974)
T. Merrigan, Clear heads and holy hearts: the
religious and theological ideal of John
Henry Newman (1991)
P.B. Nockles, The Oxford movement in
context (1994)
E.R. Norman, Church and society in England,
1770–1970 (1976)
S. Prickett, Romanticism and religion: the
tradition of Coleridge and Wordsworth in
the Victorian church (1976)
Project
Canterbury,
http://anglicanhistory.org/ [for many
original texts]
J.S. Reed, Glorious battle: the cultural politics
of Victorian Anglo-catholicism (1996)
G. Rowell, ed., Tradition renewed: the Oxford
movement conference papers (1986)
N. Yates, Anglican ritualism in Victorian
Britain, 1830–1910 (1999)
Students taking this case study should visit Keble College,
particularly its chapel, Pusey House, and the University Church.
© SCIO MT 2012
64
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Miss Buss and Miss Beale: the landscape of women’s education transformed
‘Miss Buss and Miss Beale/Cupid’s darts do not feel./How different from us,/Miss Beale and
Miss Buss.’ (Anon, c.1884)
P Ps
1. ‘The differences in the aspirations of Miss Buss and Miss Beale are as revealing as
the similarities.’ Explain.
2. ‘If we had only had the vote some of the difficulties I have described would never
have existed’ (Buss). Was the reform of education of less importance than was
extension of the franchise in nineteenth-century women’s emancipation in Britain?
3. To what extent did British working class girls benefit from the revolution in girls’
education in which Misses Buss and Beale played so important a role?
4. Was the reform of education for British girls and women largely a means to an end?
5. What does this verse tell us about constructions of gender, sexuality, and the person
in the nineteenth century?
R.D. Anderson, Univeresities and elites in
Britain since 1800 (1993)
J. Beaumont, ‘Beale, Dorothea’, Oxford
DNB
D. Bennett, Emily Davies and the liberation of
women, 1830–1921 (1990)
M.G. Brock and M.C. Curthoys, eds., The
history of the University of Oxford, vol. vi
(1997) [esp. J. Howarth, ‘The women’s
colleges’]
Cheltenham Ladies’ College Magazine (1931)
[Dorothea Beale centenary issue]
E. Coutts, ‘Buss, Frances Mary’, Oxford DNB
M. Crees, ‘Somerville, Mary’, Oxford DNB
S. Delamont, ‘Davies, Emily (Sarah)’,
Oxford DNB
S. Fletcher, Feminists and bureaucrats: a study
in the development of girls’ education in
the nineteenth century (1980)
M. Forster, Significant sisters: the grassroots of
active feminism, 1839–1939 (1984)
N. Glenday and M. Price, Reluctant
revolutionaries:
a
century
of
headmistresses, 1874–1974 (1974)
J.F. Goodman, ‘Girls’ Public Day School
Company’, Oxford DNB
T.H. Green, ‘The new Oxford high school’,
Educating our masters, ed. D. Reeder
(1980)
J. Howarth, introduction in E. Davies, The
higher education of women, new edn
(1988), pp. vii–liii
—— and M. Curthoys, ‘The political
economy of women’s higher education
in the late nineteenth century’,
Historical Research, 60 (1987), 208–31
J. Kamm, How different from us: a biography
of Miss Buss and Miss Beale (1958)
F. Lannon, ‘Wordsworth, Dame Elizabeth’,
Oxford DNB
P. Levine, Victorian feminism (1987)
R. McWilliams-Tullberg, ‘Women and
degrees at Cambridge, 1862–97’, A
widening sphere, ed. M. Vicinus (1977)
D. Reeder, ed., Educating our masters (1980)
J. Roach, A history of secondary education in
England, 1800–1870 (1986)
—— Secondary education in England, 1870–
1902 (1991)
A. Rosen, ‘Emily Davies and the women’s
movement’, Journal of British Studies,
19/1 (1979–80), 101–21
G. Sutherland, ‘The movement for the
higher education of women: its social
and intellectual context’, Political and
social change in modern Britain, ed. P.J.
Waller (1987)
Students taking this case study should visit the women’s colleges in Oxford (Somerville, St
Hugh’s, St Hilda’s, LMH, and St Anne’s) and should note that the newest University
nursery, on Jack Straw’s Lane, a few hundred yards from The Vines,
is named after Miss Beale.
© SCIO MT 2012
65
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
John Ruskin (1819–1900): landscapes of nostalgia and progress
A
A
A L P
T
Ps
1. Are recent claims that Ruskin’s works are relevant to modern society and
scholarship justified?
2. ‘Ruskin’s yearning for a return to the social reciprocity of the preindustrial age
shows his ignorance of history and economics and was inevitably doomed to
failure.’ Discuss with respect to Britain.
3. What was Ruskin’s contribution to Oxford?
4. Has Ruskin’s theory of aesthetics endured? Discuss with British examples.
5. What does Ruskin’s personal crisis of faith tell us about religion in nineteenthcentury Britain?
6. What effect did Ruskin’s mental state have on his writings and his legacy?
D. Birch, ed., Ruskin and the dawn of the
modern (1999)
J.L. Bradley, ed., Ruskin, the critical heritage
(1984)
G.G. Cockram, Ruskin and social reform
(2007)
P. Gianci and P. Nichols, eds., Ruskin and
modernism (2001)
R. Hewison, Ruskin and Oxford (1996)
—— ‘Ruskin, John’, Oxford DNB
—— I. Warrell, and S. Wildman, Ruskin,
Turner,
and
the
Pre-Raphaelites,
exhibition catalogue, Tate Gallery, 9
Mar–28 May 2000 (2000)
© SCIO MT 2012
——, ed., ‘There is no wealth but life: Ruskin
in the 21st century (2006)
T. Hilton, John Ruskin: the early years (1985)
—— John Ruskin: the later years (2000)
G.P. Landow, The aesthetic and critical
theories of John Ruskin (1971)
—— Ruskin (1985)
J. Ruskin, Selected writings, ed. D. Birch
(2004)
H.G. Viljoen, Ruskin’s Scottish heritage
(1956)
M.D. Wheeler, ed., Ruskin and environment
(1995)
—— Ruskin’s God (1999)
66
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
‘We never get out of the hands of men till we die!’ Millicent Fawcett (1847–
1929), Josephine Butler (1828–1906), and other feminists in nineteenth- and
twentieth-century Britain
T
T
T
1. In nineteenth-century Britain what was ‘the woman’s question’ and what was the
answer to it?
2. What effect did feminism have on men in Victorian Britain?
3. What was the significance of EITHER the Contagious Diseases Act OR the Married
Women’s Property Acts for British feminists?
4. With what justification does the Church of England recognise Josephine Butler as a
‘saint’?
5. Why did some British Victorian evangelical feminists draw inspiration from catholic
saints? Was this problematic for their evangelical peers?
6. Why did evangelicalism produce both misogynists and feminists in nineteenthcentury Britain?
7. Did the efforts of first wave feminism affect many British women?
J. Alberti, Beyond suffrage: feminists in war
and peace, 1914–1928 (1989)
O. Banks, Becoming a feminist: the social
origins of ‘first wave’ feminism (1986)
E.M. Bell, Josephine Butler (1962)
N. Boyd, Three Victorian women who changed
their world: Josephine Butler, Octavia Hill,
Florence Nightingale (1982)
A. Burton, Burdens of history: British
feminists, Indian women, and imperial
culture, 1865–1915 (1994)
—— ‘States of injury: Josephine Butler on
slavery, citizenship, and the Boer War’,
Social Politics, 5/3 (1998), 337–61
J.E. Butler, Personal reminiscences of a great
crusade (1896)
—— An autobiographical memoir, ed. G.W.
Johnson and L.A. Johnson (1909)
B. Caine, Victorian feminists (1992)
M.G. Fawcett, ‘The women’s suffrage
movement’, in The woman question in
Europe: a series of original essays with an
introduction by Frances Power Cobbe, ed.
T. Stanton (1884), 1–29
—— What I remember (1924)
M. Forster, Significant sisters (1984)
B.H. Harrison, Prudent revolutionaries:
portraits of British feminists between the
wars (1987)
—— ‘Women’s suffrage at Westminster,
1886–1928’, in High and low politics in
© SCIO MT 2012
modern Britain, ed. M. Bentley and J.
Stevenson (1983), 80–122
S. S. Holton, Feminism and democracy:
women’s suffrage and reform politics in
Britain, 1900–1918 (1986)
J. Howarth, ‘Fawcett, Dame Millicent
Garrett’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Mrs Henry Fawcett (1847–1929): the
widow as a problem in feminist
biography’, in Votes for women, ed. J.
Purvis and S.S. Holton (2000), 84–108
L.P. Hume, The National Union of Women’s
Suffrage Societies, 1897–1914 (1982)
J. Jordan and I. Sharp, eds., Josephine Butler
and the prostitution campaigns, 5 vols.
(2003)
S. Kent, Sex and suffrage in Britain, 1860–
1914 (1987)
P. Levine, Feminist lives in Victorian England:
private roles and public commitment
(1990)
J. Liddington and J. Norris, One hand tied
behind us: the rise of the women’s suffrage
movement (1978)
P. McHugh, Prostitution and Victorian society
(1979)
H. Mathers, ‘Evangelicalism and feminism:
Josephine Butler, 1828–1906’, in
Women, religion and feminism in Britain,
1750–1900, ed. S. Morgan (2002),
123–37
67
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
—— ‘The evangelical spirituality of a
Victorian feminist: Josephine Butler,
1828–1906’, Journal of Ecclesiastical
History, 52/2 (2001), 282–312
F. Mort, Dangerous sexualities: medico-moral
politics in England since 1830 (1987)
L.S. Nolland, A Victorian feminist Christian:
Josephine Butler, the prostitutes, and God
(2004)
A. Oakley, ‘Millicent Garrett Fawcett: duty
and determination (1847–1929)’, in
Feminist theorists: three centuries of
women’s intellectual traditions, ed. D.
Spender (1983), 184–202
G. Petrie, A singular iniquity: the campaigns
of Josephine Butler (1971)
R. Phillips, ‘Histories of sexuality and
imperialism: what’s the use?’, History
Workshop Journal, 63/1 (2007), 136–53
M.A. Pujol, Feminism and anti-feminism in
early economic thought (1992)
D. Rubinstein, A different world for women:
the life of Millicent Garrett Fawcett
(1991)
R. Strachey, The cause: a short history of the
women’s movement in Great Britain
(1928); facs. edn (1978)
R. Strachey, Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1931)
A. Summers, Female lives, moral states
(2000)
J. Uglow, ‘Josephine Butler: from sympathy
to theory, 1828–1906’, in Feminist
theorists: three centuries of key women
thinkers, ed. D. Spender (1983), 146–67
J. Vellacott, ‘Feminist consciousness and
the First World War’, History Workshop
Journal, 23 (1987), 81–101
J.R. Walkowitz, ‘Butler [née Grey],
Josephine Elizabeth’, Oxford DNB
—— City of dreadful delight: narratives of
sexual danger in late-Victorian London
(1992)
—— Prostitution and Victorian society (1980)
E.J. Yeo, ‘Protestant feminists and catholic
saints in Victorian Britain’, in Radical
femininity: women’s self-representation in
the public sphere, ed. E.J. Yeo (1998),
127–48
Figure 8 St Paul’s, London, optional field trip (Simon Lancaster, MT06)
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Landscapes of memory: remembering war, commemorating the fallen
L T
L T
L T
T
A
1. Why are there so many war memorials in Britain commemorating the dead of the
First World War?
2. How and why did the First World War change British attitudes to war?
3. Why was religion so inadequate a solace to British mourners after the First World
War?
4. What were the British mourners after the First World War mourning?
5. Why is Coventry significant in national memories of war and reconstruction?
6. Which in your view are the most aesthetically and emotionally satisfying war
memorials produced after 1918? Justify your choice.
E. Baigent, ‘Railton, David’, Oxford DNB
B. Bond, The First World War and British
military history (1991)
S.M. Barnard, To prove I’m not forgot: living
and dying in a Victorian city (1990)
L. Campbell, Coventry cathedral: art and
architecture in post-war Britain (1996)
—— To build a new cathedral (1987)
D. Cannadine, ‘War and death, grief and
mourning in modern Britain’, Mirrors of
mortality: studies in the social history of
death, ed. J. Whaley (1981), 187–242
Commonwealth [formerly Imperial] War
Graves Commission, www.cwgc.org/
cwgcInternet/search.aspx
D. Cohen, The war come home (2001)
M. Connelly, The Great War, memory, and
ritual: commemoration in the City and
east London, 1916–1939 (2002)
M.J. Farrar, News from the front (1998)
P. Fussell, The Great War and modern
memory (2000)
M. Gavaghan, The story of the unknown
warrior: 11 November 1920 (1997)
S. Goebel, The Great War and medieval
memory (2007)
A. Gregory, The silence of memory: Armistice
Day, 1919–1946 (1994)
R. Hart-Davies, ‘Sassoon, Siegfried Loraine’,
Oxford DNB
S.C. Hurst, The silent cities: an illustrated
guide to the war cemeteries and memorials
to the ‘missing’ in France and Flanders:
1914–1918 (1929)
P. Jalland, Death in the Victorian family
(1996)
E.J. Leed, No man’s land (1979)
P. Longworth, Unending vigil: the history of
the
Commonwealth
War
Graves
Commission (2003)
C. McIntyre, Monuments of war (1990)
A.J.A. Morris, ‘Ware, Sir Fabian Arthur
Goulstone’, Oxford DNB
F. Richards, Old soldiers never die (1964)
Wilfred Owen: the war poems, ed. J.
Stallworthy (1994)
B. Spence, Phoenix at Coventry (1962)
—— and H. Snoek, Out of the ashes (1963)
J. Stallworthy, ‘Owen, Wilfred’, Oxford DNB
G. Stamp, ‘Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer’,
Oxford DNB
M. Snape, God and the British soldier (2005)
R.T. Stearn, ‘The unknown warrior’, Oxford
DNB
J. Summers, Remembered (2007)
J. Watson, Fighting different wars (2004)
G.R. Wilkinson, Depictions and images of
war: Edwardian newspapers, 1899–1914
(2003)
J. Winter, Sites of memory, sites of mourning:
the Great War in European cultural history
(1995)
Students taking this case study should visit war memorials at St Giles’, St Margaret’s
Church, North Oxford, Christ Church (outside the cathedral and in the memorial
gardens), St John’s College, New College, and Rhodes House. It is also recommended that
they visit the Cenotaph, the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, the Cabinet War Rooms in
London, and Coventry Cathedral. Students in Oxford in November should attend the
remembrance parade in St Giles’ on the Sunday following 11 November. Students may
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
like to borrow from the SCIO office two short DVDs about Coventry cathedral. Please also
see the reading list for ‘Landscapes of death and survival.’
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Landscapes of death and survival
L
L
L
1. Why are British writers of the Second World War so little known compared with
those of the First?
2. Was there a specifically feminine contribution to the corpus of British war writing?
3. In what sense did Owen OR Sassoon OR another British war writer of your choice
speak for a generation?
C. Action, Grief in wartime (2007)
B. Bergonzi, Heroes’ twilight: a study of the
literature of the Great War (1980, 1996)
—— Wartime
and
aftermath:
English
literature and its background 1939–1945
(1993)
E. Blunden, Undertones of war (1928, 2000)
V. Brittain, Testament of youth (1933, 2005)
M.W. Cannan, Grey ghosts and voices (1976)
A. Cardinal, D. Goldman, and J. Hathaway,
eds., Women’s writing on the First World
War (1999)
K. Douglas, Alamein to Zem Zem (1946,
1979)
—— Complete poems, ed. D. Graham (1987)
B. Gardner, ed., A terrible rain: the war poets,
1939–1945 (1978)
R. Graves, Goodbye to all that (1929, 2000)
J. Hartley, Millions like us: women’s fiction of
the Second World War (1997)
S. Keyes, Collected poems, ed. M. Meyer
(2002)
H. Klein, J. Flower, and E. Homberger, eds.,
The Second World War in fiction (1984)
A. Lewis, Collected poems, ed. C. Archard
(1997)
Not without glory: poets of the Second World
War, ed. V. Scannell (1976)
C. Noakes, Voices of silence (2006)
W. Owen, Poems, ed. J. Stallworthy (2004)
G. Plain, Women’s fiction of the Second
World War: Gender, power and resistance
(1996)
J. Potter, Boys in khaki, girls in print: women’s
literary responses to the Great War, 1914–
1918 (2005)
M. Rawlinson, British writing of the Second
World War (2000)
C. Reilly, ed., English poetry of the Second
World War: a bibliography (1986)
—— ed., Scars upon my heart: women’s poetry
of the First World War (1981)
I. Rosenberg, The poems and plays of Isaac
Rosenberg, ed. V. Noakes (2004)
S. Sassoon, Memoirs of an infantry officer
(1930, 1988)
—— The war poems (1983)
H.Z. Smith, Not so quiet: stepdaughters of war
(1930, 1988)
J. Stallworthy, Anthem for doomed youth
(2003)
——The Oxford book of war poetry (1988)
T. Take, Modernism, history, and the first
world war (1998)
C.M. Tylee, The Great War and women’s
consciousness (1990)
Please also see the reading list for ‘Landscapes of memory.’
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Mirror of class, gender, geographical identity, and race: the landscape of
British sport
1. Whom do Britons choose as their sporting heroes and why? Discuss with reference
to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
2. ‘The history of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century British sport shows the
ascendance of bourgeois values over those of the aristocracy and the proletariat.’
Discuss.
3. ‘Underlying the British public’s changing response to sport is the changing
conception of the gentleman.’ Is this true?
4. Were wars really won on the playing fields of Eton? If not, what was?
5. What can the study of sport in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain tell us
about gender relations OR class relations OR empire OR nationalism OR militarism
OR education OR local history?
A. Appleton, Hotbed of soccer: the story of
football in the north east (1960)
W.J. Baker, ‘William Webb Ellis and the
origins of rugby football: the life and
death of a Victorian myth’, Albion, 13
(1981), 117–30
D. Brailsford, Bareknuckles: a social history of
prize fighting (1988)
C. Brookes, English cricket, the game and its
players through the ages (1978)
C. Chinn, Better betting with a decent feller:
bookmakers, betting and the British
working class, 1750–1990 (1991)
R. Clark, The Victorian mountaineers (1953)
A. Davies, Leisure, gender and poverty:
working-class cultures in Salford and
Manchester, 1900–1939 (1992)
E. Dunning and K. Sheard, Barbarians,
gentlemen and players: a sociological study
of the development of rugby football
(1979)
N. Elias and E. Dunning, The quest for
excitement (1986)
J. Ford, Prizefighting: the age of Regency
boximania (1971)
—— Cricket: a social history, 1700–1835
(1972)
S. Gehrmann, ed., Football and regional
identity in Europe (1997)
R. Holt, Sport and the British (1992)
P.N. Lewis, The dawn of professional golf
(1995)
R. Longrigg, The history of horse racing
(1972)
K.E. McCrone, Sport and the physical
emancipation of English women, 1870–
1914 (1988)
T. Mason, Association football and English
society, 1863–1915 (1980)
G. Moorhouse, A people’s game: the official
history of rugby league, 1895–1995
(1995)
D. Russell, Football and the English (1997)
R. Sissons, The players: a social history of the
professional cricketer (1988)
D. Stirk, Golf history and tradition (1998)
W. Vamplew, The turf: a social and economic
history of horse racing (1976)
C. Williams, Women on the rope (1973)
Students taking this case study should search in the Oxford DNB for memoirs and images
of individual sportspeople, to get a feel for the language of each sport and for the regional
characteristics of each game (note the county organization of cricket, for example,
compared with the urban association football). Good authors on sport are Richard Holt,
Eric Midwinter, Dennis Brailsford, Peter Hansen, Carl Chinn, Wray Wamplew, and Gerald
Howat. Students should also browse the Journal of Sport History.
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
The empire strikes back? Stephen Lawrence and the landscape of racial
violence in twentieth-century Britain
P
P
1. With what justification might MacPherson’s judgment that the British police
displayed ‘institutional racism’ in their handling of the Stephen Lawrence case be
extended to other aspects of British society in the twentieth century?
2. Is there any sense in which segregation in British society could be said to be a good
thing?
3. ‘Segregation by race is no more offensive than segregation by class.’ Discuss in
relation to Britain in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
S. Bourne, ‘Bruce, (Josephine) Esther’,
Oxford DNB
P. Carter, ‘Roberts [Lord Kitchener],
Aldwyn’, Oxford DNB
B. Cathcart, The case of Stephen Lawrence
(1999)
[Centre
for Contemporary Cultural
Studies], The empire strikes back: race and
racism in 1970s Britain (1992)
P. Gilroy, ‘There ain’t no black in the Union
Jack’: the cultural politics of race and
nation (2002)
—— After empire: melancholia or convivial
culture? (2004)
S. Heffer, ‘Powell, (John) Enoch’, Oxford
DNB
R.D. Hines, ‘Lawrence, Stephen Adrian’,
Oxford DNB
B. Jacobs, Black politics and urban crisis in
Britain (1986)
D. Mason, Explaining ethnic differences:
changing patterns of disadvantage in
Britain (2003)
The National Archives Moving Here
exhibition, www.movinghere.org.uk
C. Peach, Postwar migration to Europe: reflux,
influx, refuge (1997)
—— Good segregation, bad segregation
(1996)
R. Skidelsky, ‘Mosley, Sir Oswald Ernald’,
Oxford DNB
J. Solomos, Race and racism in Britain
(2003)
S. Vertovec and C. Peach, eds., Islam in
Europe: the politics of religion and
community (1997)
—— and A. Rogers, eds., Muslim European
youth: reproducing ethnicity, religion,
culture (1998)
V. Wilmer, ‘Preston, (Sydney) Denis’,
Oxford DNB
Students taking this case study are encouraged to visit (in daylight hours) the Cowley Road in
Oxford, the centre of Oxford’s multicultural community, noting the mosque in Manzil Way.
They should also note the new mosque being built on Marston Road. Students should also
visit www.interfaith-center.org/index.html (see Directory of Faith Communities in Oxford),
which gives information about most cultural and religious groups in or near the city. It may
be possible to visit some religious or cultural centres
(though this is more difficult for women).
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
George Orwell (1903–1950): landscapes of poverty and politics
L
L
L P
L T
1. ‘My starting point is always a feeling of partisanship, a sense of injustice’ (Orwell).
Discuss with relation to Britain and its empire and to one or two works.
2. Why did Orwell’s criticism of illiberal states find a readier audience in Britain than
his criticism of the failures of capitalism?
3. In what ways did Orwell consider language and liberty to be related?
4. ‘The language and liturgies of the church were part of the Englishness he felt so
deeply’ (Crick). Do you agree with this rather unexpected judgement of Orwell?
W.F Bolton, The language of 1984 (1984)
S. Collins, Absent minds (2006)
B. Crick, George Orwell: a life (1982)
—— Orwell and the business of biography
(1996)
—— ‘Orwell, George’, Oxford DNB
E.M. Forster, Two cheers for democracy
(1951)
R. Fowler, The language of George Orwell
(1995)
S. Greenblatt, Three modern satirists (1965)
G. Holderness, B. Loughrey, and N. Yousaf,
ed., George Orwell: contemporary critical
essays (1998)
E.J. Jensen, ed., The future of Nineteen
Eighty-four (1987)
J. Newsinger, Orwell’s politics (1999)
G. Orwell, Down and out in Paris and
London (1933)
—— The road to Wigan Pier (1937)
—— Nineteen eighty-four (1949)
—— Shooting and elephant and other essays
(1950)
—— ‘The decline of the English murder’,
The decline of the English murder and
other essays (1965)
—— ‘England your England’, Inside the
whale and other essays (1962)
—— ‘Politics and the English language’,
Inside the whale and other essays (1962)
J. Rodden, The Cambridge companion to
George Orwell (2007)
M. Shelden, George Orwell: the authorized
biography (1991)
I. Slater, Orwell: the road to Airstrip One
(1985)
Students taking this case study should securely and precisely link world
political events with changes in Orwell’s views.
Dates of world events and first publication dates of Orwell’s work are needed.
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Benjamin Britten (1913–1976): music in war and recovery
M
M
M
1. Discuss the importance in Britten’s life and work of Englishness OR war and
reconstruction OR homosexuality.
2. ‘It is a serious error of judgement to read the art as if it were somehow an
autobiographical account of the life’ (Mitchell). Discuss the relationship between
the life and work of Benjamin Britten.
3. Was Britten an outsider in his lifetime? If so, what does that tell us about
contemporary British society?
I. Aitken, Film and reform (1990)
—— ‘Grierson, John’, Oxford DNB
S. Banfield, ‘Music in Britain: 1905 and
after’, Oxford DNB
P. Brett, ‘Britten, Benjamin’, in S. Sadie and
J. Tyrrell, eds., The New Grove Dictionary
of Music and Musicians, 2nd edn, 29
vols. (2001)
H. Carpenter, Benjamin Britten: a biography
(1992)
M. Cooke, War Requiem (1996)
—— ed., The Cambridge companion to
Benjamin Britten (1999)
P. Kilden, ed., Britten on music (2003)
E. Mendelson, ‘Auden, Wystan Hugh’,
Oxford DNB
D. Mitchell, Britten and Auden in the thirties:
the year 1936 (2000)
—— ‘Britten, Benjamin’, Oxford DNB
—— ‘Pears, Peter’, Oxford DNB
Students taking this case study should list any works by Britten that they have listened to. See
work lists issued in advance at Christ Church and at Magdalen and New College chapels. CDs
may be borrowed for a small charge from the Oxford Central Library in Westgate.
.
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958): English romanticism and the English
past
L M
M
M
1. ‘Through hymnody Vaughan Williams reached his widest audience and had his
most profound impact on English cultural life’. Do you agree?
2. Why was folk tradition so important to Vaughan Williams and his British
contemporaries?
3. Is the customary emphasis on Vaughan Williams as a product and exemplar of
mellow English cultural nationalism justified by the facts of his life or his music?
B. Adams and R. Wells, eds., Vaughan
Williams essays (2003)
S. Banfield, ‘Music in Britain: 1905 and
after’, Oxford DNB
A. Frogley, ‘“Getting its history wrong”:
English nationalism and the reception
of Ralph Vaughan Williams’, in T.
Mäkelä, ed., Music and nationalism in
20th-century Great Britain and Finland
(1997), 145–62
—— ‘H.G. Wells and Vaughan Williams’s A
London symphony: politics and culture in
fin-de-siècle England’, in C. Banks, A.
Searle, and M. Turner, eds., Sundry sorts
of music books (1993), 299–308
—— ‘Vaughan Williams, Ralph’, Oxford
DNB
M. Kennedy, The works of Ralph Vaughan
Williams (1992)
H. Ottaway and A. Frogley, ‘Vaughan
Williams, Ralph’, in S. Sadie and J.
Tyrrell, eds., The New Grove Dictionary of
Music and Musicians, 2nd edn, 29 vols.
(2001)
P.J. Pirie, The English musical renaissance
(1979)
R. Savage, ‘Vaughan Williams, the Romany
Ryes, and the Cambridge Ritualists’,
Music & Letters, 83/3 (2002), 383–418
R. Vaughan Williams, National music and
other essays, rev. 2nd edn (1987)
——, Letters of Ralph Vaughan Williams,
1895–1958 (2008)
—— and G. Holst, Heirs and rebels: letters
written to each other and occasional
writings on music, ed. I. Holst and U.
Vaughan Williams (1959)
U. Vaughan Williams, R.V.W.: a biography
of Ralph Vaughan Williams (1964)
Students taking this case study should list any works by
Vaughan Williams that they have listened to.
See work lists issued in advance at Christ Church and at Magdalen and New College chapels.
CDs may be borrowed for a small charge from the Oxford Central Library in Westgate.
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Philosophers and scholars in retreat from fascism: Sigmund Freud (1856–
1939), Ernst Gombrich (1909–2001), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951),
Karl Popper (1902–1994), Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959), and others
L A P
T
L A P
T
P
P T
1. Consider the impact of his/her residence in Britain on the work of one intellectual
or artist who was a refugee from fascism.
2. Consider the impact on Britain of the work of one intellectual or artist who was a
refugee from fascism.
3. ‘Popper’s ideas cannot properly be understood without a knowledge of his life.’ Is
this true?
4. What made Britain both attractive to and uncomfortable for refugees from Nazi
Germany?
S. Austin, ‘Freud, Sigmund’, Oxford DNB
G. Baker, ‘Waismann, Friedrich’, Oxford
DNB
E. Gombrich, Myth and reality in German
war-time broadcasts (1970)
—— and D. Eribon, A lifelong interest
(1991)
P.M.S. Hacker, ‘Wittgenstein, Ludwig’,
Oxford DNB
M. Hacohen, Karl Popper, the formative
years, 1902–1945: politics and philosophy
in interwar Vienna (2000)
© SCIO MT 2012
B. McGuinness and G.H. von Wrights, eds.,
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Cambridge letters:
correspondence with Russell, Keynes,
Moore, Ramsey, and Sraffa (1995)
J. Onions, ‘Gombrich, Ernst’, Oxford DNB
A. Ryan, ‘Popper, Karl’, Oxford DNB
G.H. von Wright, ‘Wittgenstein in relation
to his times’, Wittgenstein (1982), 201–
16
I. Ward, Freud in England (1992)
http://www.freud.org.uk/
77
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Evolution and natural selection
L P T
T
1. ‘The facts and the rhetoric of imperialism underlie Darwinian thinking.’ Discuss
with relation to Darwin and his nineteenth-century British critics.
2. How did Darwinian ideas affect women in nineteenth-century Britain?
3. What do debates about evolution tell us about the business of science in
nineteenth-century Britain?
4. ‘The texts of science have no meaning apart from what readers make out of them,
yet—ironically—they aspire to be a transcript of the truth of nature, needing no
interpretation (Secord). How might this inform our reading of nineteenth-century
British texts about evolution?
5. Later commentators find the writings of Darwin more important than did his
contemporaries.’ Discuss with reference to British society.
R. Barton, ‘Evolution: the Whitworth gun
in Huxley’s war for the liberation of
science from theology’, The wider
domain of evolutionary thought, ed. D.
Oldroyd and I. Langham (1983), 261–
86
C. Darwin, On the origin of species (1859)
A. Desmond, Archetypes and ancestors:
palaeontology in Victorian London 1850–
1875 (1982)
—— The politics of evolution: morphology,
medicine, and reform in radical London
(1989)
—— Huxley (1997)
—— ‘Huxley, Thomas Henry’, Oxford DNB
—— J. Browne, and J. Moore, ‘Darwin,
Charles Robert’, Oxford DNB [incl.
extensive bibliography]
J. Dickenson, ‘Bates, Henry Walter’, Oxford
DNB
D.W. Dockrill, ‘T.H. Huxley and the
meaning of “agnosticism” ’, Theology, 74
(1971), 461–77
A. Ellegård, Darwin and the general reader
(1958)
S. Gilley and A. Loades, ‘Thomas Henry
Huxley: the war between science and
religion’, Journal of Religion, 61 (1981),
285–308
J.W. Gruber, ‘Owen, Richard’, Oxford DNB
B. Lightman, The origins of agnosticism:
Victorian unbelief and the limits of
knowledge (1987)
M. Ludwick, ‘Lyell, Sir Charles’, Oxford
DNB
J.R. Moore, ed., History, humanity and
evolution (1989)
D. Ospovat, The development of Darwin’s
theory (1981)
N.A. Rupke, Richard Owen: Victorian
naturalist (1994)
—— The great chain of history: William
Buckland and the English school of
geology, 1814–1849 (1983)
R. Schwartz Cowan, ‘Galton, Francis’,
Oxford DNB
J.A. Secord, ‘Introduction and notes’, in R.
Chambers, Vestiges of the natural history
of creation (1994)
—— ‘Introduction and notes’, in C. Lyell,
Principles of geology (1997)
—— Victorian sensation: the extraordinary
publication,
reception,
and
secret
authorship of vestiges of the natural history
of creation (2000)
C.H. Smith, ‘Wallace, Alfred Russel’, Oxford
DNB
H.S. Torrens, ‘Anning, Mary’, Oxford DNB
F.M. Turner, ‘The Victorian conflict
between science and religion: a
professional dimension’, Isis, 69
(1978), 356–76
Students answering this question should pay particular attention to chronology (e.g. make
sure causes and effects happen in that order) and use measured language throughout.
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Darwin and the arts
A
L
L
1. How did Darwinian ideas affect art in Victorian Britain?
2. How did Darwinian ideas affect the language OR the plots of Victorian novels?
3. What does Eliot owe to Darwin?
Students should read appropriate works from the ‘evolution and natural selection’ case study
and in addition:
D. Amigoni, Colonies, cults, and evolution
(2007)
R. Ashton, ‘Evans, Marian’, Oxford DNB
G. Beer, Darwin’s plots (1985)
—— Open fields: science in cultural encounter
(1995)
—— introduction in C. Darwin, On the
origin of species (1998)
G. Cantor and others, Science in the
nineteenth-century periodical (2004)
G. Dawson, Darwin, literature and Victorian
respectability (2007)
T. Dolin, George Eliot (2005)
J. Hodge and G. Radick, eds., The
Cambridge companion to Darwin (2003)
© SCIO MT 2012
D. Kohn, ed., The Darwinian heritage
(1985)
G. Levine, Darwin and the novelist (1988)
—— Dying to know: scientific epistemology
and narrative in Victorian England
(2002)
D. Ospovat, The development of Darwin’s
theory (1981)
S. Shuttleworth, Nature transfigured: science
and literature, 1700–1900 (1989)
—— George Eliot and nineteenth-century
science (1984)
J. Smith, Charles Darwin and Victorian visual
culture (2006)
R.M. Young, Darwin’s metaphor: nature’s
place in Victorian culture (1985)
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Darwin, Darwinists, and religion
T
T
T
1. Why and with what justification did contemporaries choose to interpret the Oxford
debate between Wilberforce and Huxley as one between the church and science?
2. Why did some nineteenth-century British commentators find Darwin’s work
compatible with religious belief and some not?
3. ‘The idea that science and religion were incompatible would have seemed very odd
to the many Victorian naturalist clergymen.’ Do you agree?
Students should read appropriate works from the ‘evolution and natural selection’ case
study and in addition:
F.B. Brown, The evolution of Darwin’s
religious views (1986)
D. Kohn, ‘Darwin’s ambiguity: the
secularization of biological meaning’,
British Journal for the History of Science,
22 (1989), 215–39
J.R. Moore, ‘Freethought, secularism,
agnosticism: the case of Charles
Darwin’, Traditions (1988), vol. 1 of
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Religion in Victorian Britain, ed. G.
Parsons, 274–319
J.R. Moore, ‘Of love and death: why
Darwin “gave up Christianity”’, History,
humanity and evolution, ed. J.R. Moore
(1989), 195–229
M. Ruse, The Darwinian paradigm: essays on
its history, philosophy, and religious
implications (1989)
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The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): public and private uncertainties
P
P
P
1. Why have Russell’s philosophical works endured better in Britain than his political
works?
2. What do Russell’s life and works tell us about contemporary British society?
3. Can autobiography be philosophy? Discuss with reference to Russell.
A.C. Grayling, Russell (2002)
S. Heathorn, ‘Explaining Russell's eugenic
discourse in the 1920s’, Russell: The
Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies, 25/2
(2006), 107–40
P. Ironside, The social and political thought of
Bertrand Russell (1996)
F.M. Leventhal, ‘Union of Democratic
Control’, Oxford DNB
B. McGuinness and G.H. von Wright, eds.,
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Cambridge letters:
correspondence with Russell, Keynes,
Moore, Ramsey, and Sraffa (1995)
© SCIO MT 2012
R. Monk, Bertrand Russell: the spirit of
solitude (1996)
—— Bertrand Russell: the ghost of madness
(2000)
—— ‘Russell, Bertrand Arthur William,
third Earl Russell’, Oxford DNB
B. Russell, Autobiography, 3 vols. (1967–9)
——, My philosophical development (1959)
P.A. Schilpp, The philosophy of Bertrand
Russell (1944)
J.G. Slater, ‘Is Bertrand Russell a logical
fiction?’, in T. Mathien and D.G.
Wright, eds., Autobiography as philosophy
(2006), 253–65
81
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997): the search for liberty
P
P
1. What does Berlin’s life tell us about contemporary British society?
2. ‘He started hares, flushed the historical coverts for overlooked quarry, and
discovered strange, neglected species’ (Ryan). What impact did these hares and
strange species have on contemporaries in Britain?
3. What do Berlin’s writings on liberty owe to his residence in Britain?
I. Berlin, Personal impressions, 2nd edn
(1998)
S. Collini, English pasts: essays in history and
culture (1999)
G. Dalos, The guest from the future: Anna
Akhmatova and Isaiah Berlin (1998)
J. Gray, Isaiah Berlin (1995)
M. Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin (1998)
R. Jahanbegloo, Conversations with Isaiah
Berlin (1992)
M. Lilla, The legacy of Isaiah Berlin (2001)
© SCIO MT 2012
E. Margalit and A. Margalit, eds., Isaiah
Berlin (1991)
A. Plaw, ‘Isaiah Berlin and the plurality of
histories: two concepts of Karl Marx’,
Rethinking History, 10/1 (2006), 75–93
T.L. Putterman, ‘Berlin’s two concepts of
liberty: a reassessment and revision’,
Polity, 38/3 (2006), 416–46
A. Ryan, ed., The idea of freedom: essays in
honour of Isaiah Berlin (1979)
A. Ryan, ‘Berlin, Sir Isaiah’, Oxford DNB
82
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Bloomsbury and beyond: Englishness and modernism
A
A L
A L
L
T
1. What was the influence of the Bloomsbury group and those associated with it on
politics OR the position of women OR sexuality?
2. What was the influence of the Bloomsbury group and those associated with it on art
OR gardening?
3. What has been the impact on England of its ‘intellectual aristocracy’ (Annan)?
4. What was the reaction of British contemporaries to the Bloomsbury group and their
work?
5. What was the influence of the Bloomsbury group and those associated with it on
contemporary British literature ?
6. What was the influence of the Bloomsbury group and those associated with it on
British religion?
N.G. Annan, Leslie Stephen: the godless
Victorian, rev. edn (1984)
—— Our age (1990)
A.O. Bell, ‘Bell, Vanessa’, Oxford DNB
Q. Bell, Bloomsbury (1968)
—— Virginia Woolf: a biography (1972)
—— and F. Spalding, ‘Grant, Duncan
James Corrowr’, Oxford DNB
V. Bell, Selected letters of Vanessa Bell, ed. R.
Marler (1993)
E. Boehmer, Empire, the national, and the
postcolonial, 1890–1920 (2002)
D. Cannadine, ‘Portrait of more than a
marriage: Harold Nicolson and Vita
Sackville-West
revisited’,
in
D.
Cannadine, Aspects of aristocracy:
grandeur and decline in modern Britain
(1994), 210–41
R. Fry, Letters of Roger Fry, ed. D. Sutton, 2
vols. (1972)
L. Gordon, Virginia Woolf: a writer’s life
(1984); rev. edn (2000)
—— ‘Woolf, Virginia’, Oxford DNB
A. Scott-James, Sissinghurst: the making of a
garden (1975)
R. Kennedy, A boy at the Hogarth Press
(1972)
H. Lee, Virginia Woolf (1996)
F.M. Leventhal, ‘Leonard Woolf, 1880–
1969: the conscience of a Bloomsbury
socialist’, in S. Pedersen and P.
Mandler, eds., After the Victorians
(1994), 148–68
P. Levy, ‘The Bloomsbury group’, in M.
Keynes, ed., Essays on John Maynard
Keynes (1975), 60–72
N. Nicolson, ed., Vita and Harold (1992)
S. Raitt, Vita and Virginia: the work and
friendship of V. Sackville-West and
Virginia Woolf (1993)
C. Reed, Bloomsbury rooms (2004)
S.P. Rosenbaum, The Bloomsbury group: a
collection of memoirs, commentary and
criticism (1975)
—— Victorian Bloomsbury (1987)
—— Edwardian Bloomsbury (1994)
—— ‘Woolf, Leonard Sidney’, Oxford DNB
——, ed., A Bloomsbury group reader (1993)
C. Saumarez Smith, ‘Bell, Quentin
Claudian Stephen’, Oxford DNB
R. Shone, Bloomsbury portraits: Vanessa Bell,
Duncan Grant and their circle, 2nd edn
(1993)
—— The art of Bloomsbury: Roger Fry,
Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant, with
essays by J. Beechey and R. Morphet
(1999)
F. Spalding, Vanessa Bell (1983)
—— Duncan Grant (1997)
A. Tolley, ‘Bell, Julian Heward’, Oxford
DNB
Students may write an essay on Religious landscapes and National and imperial identities
using the reading list under Module 3 for Module 3 or Module 4, but not for both.
© SCIO MT 2012
83
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Mad or bad: criminal lunacy and public reaction in Victorian Britain
P Ps
P Ps
T
P Ps
T
1. What does the shifting divide between madness and badness tell us about Victorian
society? Answer with respect to specific examples.
2. What does the reporting of the Jack the Ripper murders tell us about the British
public’s attitude to the criminal and the madman in the nineteenth century?
3. How can we tell whether people are responsible for their actions? Discuss with
reference to cases from the British past.
M. Clark and C. Crawford, eds., Legal
medicine in history (1994)
R. Davenport-Hines, ‘Jack the Ripper’,
Oxford DNB
R. Moran, Knowing right from wrong: the
insanity defense of Daniel McNaughtan
(1981)
R. Moran, The insanity defense (1985)
© SCIO MT 2012
R. Moran, ‘McNaughtan, Daniel’, Oxford
DNB
J.C. Moriarty, The role of mental illness in
criminal trials, vol. 1 (2001)
A. Walk and D. J. West, Daniel McNaughtan:
his trial and the aftermath (1977)
P. Sugden, The complete history of Jack the
Ripper (1995)
84
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Sigmund Freud and his legacy in literature
L Ps
1. What was the influence of Freud on either D.H. Lawrence or Virginia Woolf?
P. Collier and R. Davies, eds., Modernism
and the European unconscious (1990)
J.C. Cowan, D.H. Lawrence: self and sexuality
(2002)
M. Ellmann, The nets of modernism: Henry
James, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and
Sigmund Freud (2010)
L. Gordon, ‘Woolf, (Adeline) Virginia’,
Oxford DNB
D.H. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis and the
unconscious; and, Fantasia and the
unconscious, ed. B. Steele (2004)
M.H. Levenson, ed., The Cambridge
companion to modernism (1999)
© SCIO MT 2012
M. MacIntyre, Modernism, memory, and
desire: T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf
(2008)
D. Seelov, Radical modernism and sexuality:
Freud, Reich, D.H. Lawrence and beyond
(2005)
H. Small and T. Tate, eds., Literature,
science,
psychoanalysis,
1830–1970
(2003)
L. Stonebridge, The destructive element:
British psychoanalysis and modernism
(1998)
J. Worthen, ‘Lawrence, David Herbert’,
Oxford DNB
85
The British landscape: module 4 case studies
Conclusion
Aims
•
•
to examine what in the British landscape is unique and what shared with other
landscapes.
to transfer the method of reading landscapes to other areas, particularly the US.
M. Conzen, The making of the American landscape (2010)
S. Daniels, Fields of vision: landscape imagery and national identity in England and the United
States (1993)
E. O’Gorman, The invention of America (1961)
C. Sauer, Sixteenth-century America: the land and the people as seen by the Europeans (1975)
—— The morphology of landscape (1938)
S. Schama, Landscape and memory (1995)
Figure 9 Hampton Court field trip (Jonathan Kirkpatrick)
© SCIO MT 2012
86
British landscape tracks
BRITISH LANDSCAPE TRACKS
Theology and the
British landscape
Psychology and the
British landscape
Philosophy and the
British landscape
Musicology and the
British landscape
Literature and the
British landscape
History and the British
landscape
Art history and the
British landscape
The British
landscape
Case study
Track
Students must choose a British landscape track, named in the columns below. The track will
appear on the transcript. It is the student’s responsibility to submit case studies appropriate for
the chosen track. For more details please see the Programme Handbook.
Roman Britain

Celtic Christianity




Robin Hood




King Arthur




Anglo-Saxon England



Medieval cartography





The Romanesque and Gothic cathedral





Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe

The Norman conquest

William Ockham and John Duns Scotus


Chaucer, Langland, and contemporaries



William Wallace and Robert I



Magna Carta



Natural philosophy in the 14th century



The medieval university


The early history of childhood


Bacon, Hobbes, and Boyle




John Wyclif




The English reformation





Elizabeth I





Shakespeare in context



Julian of Norwich, Margery Kemp, and Thomas
Hoccleve





Witchcraft in early modern Britain





Isaac Newton


Pepys, Evelyn, and Morrice

87




























© SCIO MT 2012
Aubrey and Hartlib

The Augustan landscape




William Wordsworth




18th-century travel, taste, and topography



John Constable



Henry Purcell


Hume, Smith, and Reid


The Jacobite risings

Wollstonecraft and Austen

National and imperial identities

American revolution through English eyes

Slavery and abolition



Horatio Nelson



Robert Malthus


Walter Scott




Insanity and its treatment




Christopher Smart, William Blake, William Cowper,
and John Clare


John Clare and Virginia Woolf

Marx and Engels




Theology and the
British landscape
Psychology and the
British landscape
Philosophy and the
British landscape
Musicology and the
British landscape
Literature and the
British landscape
History and the British
landscape
Art history and the
British landscape
The British
landscape
Case study
Track
British landscape tracks




































Roderick Impey Murchison


James Mill and John Stuart Mill




Religious landscapes in the 19th century


The Oxford movement

Women’s education

John Ruskin

Victorian feminism

Remembering war

Landscapes of death and survival
British sport
© SCIO MT 2012

























88
Racial violence in 20th-century Britain


George Orwell


Benjamin Britten


Vaughan Williams



Philosophers and scholars in retreat from fascism


Evolution and natural selection

Darwin and the arts

Darwin, Darwinists, and religion


Bertrand Russell



Isaiah Berlin



Bloomsbury and beyond

Criminal lunacy and public reaction


Sigmund Freud





Theology and the
British landscape
Psychology and the
British landscape
Philosophy and the
British landscape
Musicology and the
British landscape
Literature and the
British landscape
History and the British
landscape
Art history and the
British landscape
The British
landscape
Case study
Track
British landscape tracks
























THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: HOW CASE STUDIES FIT WITH
THEMATIC CONCENTRATIONS
Students may choose to follow a thematic concentration. The concentration will not appear on
the transcript. The following table shows how case studies fit with the thematic concentrations.
For more details, please see the SCIO Prospectus (online).
© SCIO MT 2012
89
The British landscape: how case studies fit with thematic concentrations
THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE: HOW CASE STUDIES FIT WITH THEMATIC CONCENTRATIONS
Concentration
The ancient world
Late antiquity
Medieval studies
Renaissance and
Reformation
studies
Enlightenment
studies
Victorian and 19th
century studies
Modern studies
History and phil.
of science
Gender studies
Empire and postcolonialism
Philosophy and
the human mind
Philosophy of
human morality
Philosophy of
language
Religion and
literature
Religion and
science
Religion and
society
Social Sciences






Roman Britain
Celtic Christianity






King Arthur

Robin Hood













Medieval cartography

Anglo-Saxon England










Magna Carta

Natural philosophy in the 14th century

The medieval university


William Wallace and Robert I


Chaucer, Langland, and contemporaries




William Ockham and John Duns Scotus




The Norman conquest






Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe



The Romanesque and Gothic cathedral








The early history of childhood
Bacon, Hobbes, and Boyle















© SCIO MT 2012
Case study
John Wyclif
The English reformation
90
The British landscape: how case studies fit with thematic concentrations
Concentration
The ancient world
Late antiquity
Medieval studies
Renaissance and
Reformation
studies
Enlightenment
studies
Victorian and 19th
century studies
Modern studies
History and phil.
of science
Gender studies
Empire and postcolonialism
Philosophy and
the human mind
Philosophy of
human morality
Philosophy of
language
Religion and
literature
Religion and
science
Religion and
society
Social Sciences
Elizabeth I












Shakespeare in context
Julian of Norwich, Margery Kemp, and
Thomas Hoccleve






Witchcraft in early modern Britain






Aubrey and Hartlib

The Augustan landscape

Pepys, Evelyn, and Morrice



Isaac Newton











Slavery and abolition

Horatio Nelson


American revolution through English eyes






National and imperial identities






Wollstonecraft and Austen




The Jacobite risings




Hume, Smith, and Reid



Henry Purcell




John Constable






18th-century travel, taste, and topography


William Wordsworth





Robert Malthus



© SCIO MT 2012
Case study
Walter Scott
91
The British landscape: how case studies fit with thematic concentrations
Concentration
The ancient world
Late antiquity
Medieval studies
Renaissance and
Reformation
studies
Enlightenment
studies
Victorian and 19th
century studies
Modern studies
History and phil.
of science
Gender studies
Empire and postcolonialism
Philosophy and
the human mind
Philosophy of
human morality
Philosophy of
language
Religion and
literature
Religion and
science
Religion and
society
Social Sciences










Insanity and its treatment
The Oxford movement

Religious landscapes in the 19th century





James Mill and John Stuart Mill




Roderick Impey Murchison








Marx and Engels












John Ruskin




Women’s education

John Clare and Virginia Woolf














Victorian feminism

British sport


Landscapes of death and survival

Remembering war










Vaughan Williams






Benjamin Britten



George Orwell



Racial violence in 20th-century Britain










Philosophers and scholars in retreat from
fascism








© SCIO MT 2012
Case study
Christopher Smart, William Blake, William
Cowper, and John Clare
Evolution and natural selection
92
The British landscape: how case studies fit with thematic concentrations
Concentration
The ancient world
Late antiquity
Medieval studies
Renaissance and
Reformation
studies
Enlightenment
studies
Victorian and 19th
century studies
Modern studies
History and phil.
of science
Gender studies
Empire and postcolonialism
Philosophy and
the human mind
Philosophy of
human morality
Philosophy of
language
Religion and
literature
Religion and
science
Religion and
society
Social Sciences










Darwin, Darwinists, and religion

Darwin and the arts








Bloomsbury and beyond

Isaiah Berlin

Bertrand Russell



Criminal lunacy and public reaction




Sigmund Freud

93
© SCIO MT 2012
Case study
Classics integrative seminar
CLASSICS INTEGRATIVE SEMINAR
Dr Jonathan Kirkpatrick
Discussion classes
•
one introductory session in which Dr Kirkpatrick will set out the academic purpose and the
administrative requirements of the seminar and speak on the topic ‘Classics: the
development of a tradition’
four substantive discussion classes with set readings, detailed as follows:
•
1. Classics: continuity and change
M. Beard and J. Henderson, Classics: a very short introduction (1995), 1–22
What sets classics apart as a discipline? How do we bridge the gulf between the ancients and
ourselves, and why is it worth the effort? Do we study classics to learn about Greeks and
Romans, or about ourselves? This class will involve a visit to the Ashmolean.
2. Historiography
Download introduction and classics texts
M. Beard and J. Henderson, Classics: a very short introduction (1995), 23–59
M.I. Finley, ‘Myth, memory and history’, in M.I. Finley, The use and abuse of history (1971),
11–33
Homer, Iliad 1.1–24
Herodotus, Histories 1.1–5
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.1–2
Josephus, Bellum Iudaicum 1.1–18
Tacitus, Annales 1.1
Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiae 1.1.1–2
In this class we discover how the ancient Greeks created the art of writing history, a tradition
perpetuated to this day. What, if anything, distinguishes the writing of history from the
creation of myth?
3. Literature and critical theory
Download introduction and classics texts
M. Beard and J. Henderson, Classics: a very short introduction (1995), 60–101
D.P. Fowler and P.G. Fowler, ‘Literary theory and classical studies’, The Oxford classical
dictionary, ed. S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, 3rd edn (1996), 871–5
Hesiod, Theogony (opening)
Callimachus, Aetia (prologue)
Horace, Odes 1.6, 1.9, 1.11, 1.38
In this class we investigate literary theory and the ways in which it can help us to read
ancient literature afresh; and we also discover what ancient writers have to teach us about the
reading (or hearing) of literary texts.
4. Bits and pieces: material remains and other survivals
Download introduction and classics texts
M. Beard and J. Henderson, Classics: a very short introduction (1995), 102–29
J. Boardman, Greek sculpture: the classical period (1985), 96–145
Y. Hamilakis, ‘Stories from exile: fragments from the cultural biography of the Parthenon (or
“Elgin”) marbles’, World Archaeology, 31 (1999), 303–20
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We turn to the more fragmentary remains of antiquity and consider their worth. Different
people value the ancient world for different reasons; are some reasons better than others? To
focus our investigation, we will consider the call for ancient sculpture removed from the
Parthenon by Lord Elgin to be sent back to Athens.
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English language and literature integrative seminar
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE INTEGRATIVE SEMINAR
Dr Richard Lawes
Discussion classes: reading accounts of Christian experience
•
One introductory seminar on the nature of autobiography, the boundaries of the genre,
key issues in interpretation, and approaches to understanding autobiographical accounts
of religious experience. The following are helpful background reading for the seminars as a
whole, if you have time and are interested, but you are not required to read these in
advance.
o L. Anderson, Autobiography (2001)
o R. Pascal, Design and truth in autobiography (1960)
o J. Olney, ed., Autobiography (1980)
Download session notes
•
Four substantive discussion classes on Christian autobiographical writings with set
readings, detailed as follows:
1. Christian experience in autobiography I: the middle ages.
Margery Kempe, The book of Margery Kempe (early fifteenth century).
This, widely seen as the first autobiography in English, offers vivid accounts of intense
spiritual experience, including visions and divine guidance. How is the book shaped by the
expectations of the medieval church? How far can modern psychology shed light on
Margery’s experiences? How is Kempe’s narrative shaped by medieval conventions in
presenting spiritual experience? How far can we turn to modern psychology in interpreting
the text?
Please try to read at least one version of the Book, in hard copy or online:
• www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/kemp1frm.htm [original Middle English]
• www.luminarium.org/medlit/kempebk.htm [modern translation]
• L. Staley, ed., The book of Margery Kempe (2001) [translation]
• B. Windeatt, ed., The book of Margery Kempe (1994) [translation]
• B. Windeatt, ed., The book of Margery Kempe: annotated edition (2006) [original Middle
English]
Download session notes
2. Christian experience in autobiography II: nonconformist autobiography in the seventeenth century.
John Bunyan’s Grace abounding to the chief of sinners and George Fox’s Journal.
How does Calvinist or quaker theology shape these expressions of spiritual experience? How
is the experience universalised for Christian readers? How do the conventions of nonconformist or quaker conversion narrative shape these texts? How do Calvinist or quaker
theology influence their self-understanding? How does Bunyan’s autobiography relate to his
Pilgrim’s Progress?
Look at John Bunyan’s autobiography either online or as a book:
• www.gutenberg.org/etext/654 [Project Gutenberg]
• J. Bunyan, Grace abounding to the chief of sinners, ed. W.R. Owens (1987)
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•
John Stachniewski, ed., Grace abounding with other spiritual autobiographies (1998)
If you have time, also look at as much as you can of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s progress:
• J. Bunyan,The pilgrim’s progress from this world to that which is to come, ed. J. Blanton
Wharey, rev. R. Sharrock (1990)
Key extracts from The Journal of George Fox are included in the session notes and should be
read before the class.
Download session notes - Bunyan
Download ssession notes - Fox
3. Christian experience in autobiography III: poetry.
This will feature poems by George Herbert, Thomas Traherne, Gerard Manley Hopkins,
William Wordsworth, Elizabeth Bishop, and T.S. Eliot. These are in the session notes: please
read them before class.
In what forms can Christian autobiography be expressed in poetry? How can poetry be read
as autobiographical? What issues of genre and interpretation emerge? We will consider
especially William Wordsworth’s The prelude and T.S. Eliot’s Four quartets, as well as some
shorter poems which will be distributed at the end of class 2.
Download session notes
4. Christian experience in autobiography IV: the twentieth century.
C.S. Lewis’s Surprised by Joy.
What spiritual, psychological or literary considerations have shaped the textual form of
Lewis’s autobiography? What processes of ‘editing’ and construction are involved in
mediating his spiritual experience? How might processes of editing and self-presentation
have shaped Lewis’s text? How can we relate Lewis’s account to recent biographies of him
and to his own literary creations?
We will compare Lewis’s own account of his life with those of his recent biographers:
• C.S. Lewis, Surprised by joy (1983)
• W. Hooper, R. Lancelyn Green, C.S. Lewis: a biography, rev. edn (2002)
• A.N. Wilson, C.S. Lewis: a biography (2002)
Download session notes
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History integrative seminar
HISTORY INTEGRATIVE SEMINAR
Dr Stan Rosenberg and Dr Elizabeth Baigent
Discussion classes
•
•
one introductory session
four substantive discussion classes
‘The past ... is created by tale telling’ (Dr Hewitt, ‘Scott, Walter’, Oxford DNB (2004)).
‘History is, minimally, three things: what happened in the past, what people believe
happened in the past, and what historians say happened in the past. Historiography is
largely about the second and third of these definitions of history. It is in this sense an
adventure in the history of ideas, the study of how a subject has been written about, how
trends and interests in research have changed, how public events, world affairs, and so
simple a matter as the opening of an archive shapes the way in which writers explore the
past. Historiography is also about how and why a people have come to comprehend
themselves in a certain way. Historiography is thus more than a record of what has been
written. It is also the examination of why a body of writing has taken the shape it has’
(Robin Winks, Historiography, vol. 5 of The Oxford history of the British Empire (1999), xiii).
‘History is a process by which the present makes sense of the past and gives it
contemporary meaning’ (A.J. Pollard, Imagining Robin Hood (2004), 188).
‘History has two main elements – (i) Events in time, and (ii) the recollection of these
events in the mind. … The view that history is simply the recalling of a past event is
untenable for two reasons. First, because we never find facts in so simple a state as can
warrant us to take them as the only truth. Conflicting facts arise; and we are forced to
choose. History is necessarily a matter of selecting and rejecting, of weighing and
balancing. Documents have very different values, and in order to advance at all history
must be critical. But the second reason is far more fundamental. It is this. While facts are
outward, permanent, and accessible to all men, to the human mind they involve
judgements. All evidence rests in the end upon an inference. A bare fact, the simple
sensation, cannot be recalled without a judgment. Impartiality in the sense of mere
passivity is a thing ever impossible. And not only do we are individuals observe facts
differently from each other, but also each age, each civilization has a point of view which it
cannot discard, try as it will.’ (M.J. Oakeshott, ‘History is a fable’, in What is history? and
other essays, ed. L. O’Sullivan (2004), 32–3.)
‘To pursue “what really happened”, as distinct from simply “what the evidence obliges us
to believe” is to pursue a phantom.’ (M.J. Oakeshott, Experience and its modes (1990), 99).
The themes and set readings for the history discussion classes are:
Introductory session: Christian and historian: Dr Rosenberg
A.C. Outler, ‘Theodosius’ horse: reflections on the predicament of the church historian’,
Church History, 57 (1988), 9–19 [suppl.]
As the historian attempts to represent the past and develop a meaningful narrative, what
place is there for meta-narratives? For the historian who is religious (the issue cuts across
most faith traditions), is it possible to correlate belief in divine activity with particular
historic events? Can God be used as an explanatory cause of events or does this amount to
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creating a deus ex machina? Is attention to ‘providence’ faithful to both God and the
production of histories or is it a questionable historicism?
1. Facts: their creation and/or discovery and their interpretation: Dr Rosenberg
M. Poovey, A history of the modern fact: problems of knowledge in the sciences of wealth and society
(1998), chapter 1
Historians interpret data (of differing sorts) in order to interpret past events, cultures, and
ideas. To do so they have to gather data, but this is not simple as it requires editorial
decisions at every step (defining types of data to study, validating data, managing and
narrowing the data, and interpreting the findings—all in the context of previous
interpretations). This requires a high degree of editorial control. At the crux is the basic
artefact of the datum: but in what form does this exist and how authoritative is each fact
given the broader process which both defines and interprets it?
2. Is there a meaning in this text? Dr Rosenberg
C.G. Brown, Postmodernism for historians (2005), pp.1–32
K. Jenkins, ed., The postmodern history reader (1997) [individual students, as assigned, read,
and report on one or more extracts]
Theoretical approaches, which originated in the English faculties, have gained currency in a
wide variety of disciplines. The linguistic turn of post-structuralism has had a growing
influence in the production of history and this in turn has led to heated debate. Does this
‘turn’ offer a valuable method of writing history, or is it ‘the posing of an insuperable
problem’? If the problem of language posed at its core is correct, is narrative possible or
desirable? Is post-modern historiography valuable?
3. History and heritage: Dr Baigent
R. Hewison, The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline (1987), 131–46
M. Hunter, ‘Introduction: the fitful rise of British preservation’ in M. Hunter, ed., Preserving
the past: the rise of heritage in modern Britain (1996), 1–16
In this class we consider what Robert Hewison, sometime Slade professor of fine art at
Oxford, writer on Ruskin, and social critic, calls ‘the heritage industry’ using part of his book
of that title and a chapter by Michael Hunter, professor of the history of ideas at the
University of London. We consider such questions as whom is history for? What is heritage?
What is the difference between history and heritagism? What are the responsibilities of the
museum curator or historical site manager? Is history in a capitalist society necessarily a
commodity? What are the dangers of confusing history with nostalgia (Schama)? Whose is
heritage? Does concern for heritage betray fear of the present and future and retreat to a safe
past? If heritagism was a response to British decline in the 1980s, what of it in the twentyfirst century as Britain enjoys unprecedented wealth and increased confidence? What more
generally do we make of the idea that our view of the past is shaped by our present
circumstances? What parallels are there between the British and US experiences? Drawing on
the examples in the book and our experience of field trips and personal visits, in the UK and
elsewhere, we explore the integrity of history as event, spectacle, and commodity.
4. Public history: Dr Baigent
J. Champion, ‘Seeing the past: Simon Schama’s A history of Britain and public history’, History
Workshop Journal, 56 (2003), 153–74
In this class we discuss what Justin Champion, a historian from Royal Holloway College,
University of London, has called ‘public history’. Our discussion will start from a reading of
his article in History Workshop Journal (Oxford University Press), a highly respected British
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history journal which started in 1976 as a radical and avowedly interdisciplinary journal but
which has acquired respectability because many of its ideas have since entered the
mainstream. Using this reading we pose questions such as: what are the tensions between
scholarship and accessibility for the historian? What constraints and opportunities do
different media (books, articles, online discussion groups, film) give the historian? What role
should the imagination play in the creation of history, or to put it another way, what of the
story in history? What is truth in history? Whom is history for? Does putting the historian on
screen—between us and history—simply make apparent what goes covertly in written
history? Using the example of Schama’s History of Britain Champion considers these and
other questions which bring us to discussions of the purpose of history and the
responsibilities of the historian.
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History of art integrative sub-seminar
HISTORY OF ART INTEGRATIVE SUB-SEMINAR
Dr Jonathan Kirkpatrick
Discussion classes
•
•
one introductory session, shared with the History Integrative Seminar
four substantive discussion classes
1. Historiography: our need to provide images with a story
Giorgio Vasari, preface, Lives of the Artists, trans. G. Bull (various editions) [orig. 1568]
Walter Pater, ’Leonardo da Vinci’, The Renaissance (1873), chap. 3
“It goes without saying that the arts must have been discovered by some one man; and I
realize that someone made a beginning at some time.” (Giorgio Vasari) This class is devoted
to the impulse to write a history of visual art, how it arose and developed, and what effect it
has on the way art is appreciated. What is the value of writing art history? How important is a
knowledge of an artwork’s historical context for properly apprehending it? In particular, does
our obsession with the (usually male) artist’s genius as laid out in biography determine how
we value works of art?
2. Museums and galleries: our need to provide images with a place to live
Carol Duncan, ‘The Art Museum as Ritual’, Civilizing rituals: inside public art museums (1995),
chap. 1
How does the display of works of art in public museums implicitly support particular
accounts of the history of art? Conversely, how important is it that we understand the ways
in which art has been displayed in the past for our general understanding of art history? One
painting may have remained locked in a royal cabinet for centuries while another was
beheld, or at least walked past, by crowds of pilgrims and tourists: is this significant? Will the
ready availability of works of art as electronic images change the way art is perceived and
consumed? Is it significant whether a work of art is understood as an image or an object?
This session will involve a visit to the Ashmolean Museum.
3. Theory: our need to provide images with a meaning
Michel Foucault, ‘Las Meninas’, The order of things: an archaeology of the human sciences (1966;
Eng. trans. 1970)
In this class the closely-entwined relationship between art history and art theory is
investigated. Visual art has been the object of numerous theoretical discussions, and many
prominent figures in philosophy have devoted themselves to its consideration. Rarely will a
theory of art avoid discussion, or at least presupposition, about the history of art, even if it is
merely an attempt to deny its validity. How do theories of art allow new histories of art to be
written? For example, when Feminism encourages a greater interest in women artists, how
deeply must we alter historiography to accommodate this? What accounts of art history are
presupposed by the significant theories of art?
4. Religion: our need to provide images with a share in the divine
Frank Burch Brown, ‘Kitsch, sacred and profane: the question of quality’, in Good taste, bad
taste, and Christian taste: aesthetics in religious life (2000), chap. 5
Much of the traditional Western canon of visual art has Christian themes for its content and
was produced in religious contexts, but today, in general, the mainstream study and
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appreciation of this art is kept categorically distinct from the study and practice of religion. Is
this a mistake? Could religion be better integrated into our historiography of art, and would
this change the way art is appreciated? Or does the use of art to communicate religious ideas
constitute a form of propaganda, which should not be seen as part of the story of art per se?
Within the context of a Protestant tradition, which has at times opposed the production of
visual art and which may see in much of Western art the portrayal of doctrines it opposes,
can the production of art be reconciled to religious purpose?
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Philosophy integrative seminar
PHILOSOPHY INTEGRATIVE SEMINAR
Dr Matthew Kirkpatrick
Discussion classes
•
•
one introductory seminar
four substantive discussion classes with set readings, detailed as follows:
1. Philosophy and epistemology
S. Blackburn, Think: a compelling introduction to philosophy (2001), chap. 1
L. Shestov, All things are possible and penultimate words and other essays (1977), chap. 4
The aim of this session is to use epistemology as means to understand further the
relationship of Christianity to philosophy. Against Blackburn’s categories of knowledge,
Shestov presents something of an alternative. Is this an authentic view and one that may be
coherent within a theological perspective?
2. Philosophy and context
S. Blackburn, Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy (2001), chap. 2
S. Kierkegaard, introduction, A literary review (London: Penguin Classics)
S. Kierkegaard, Journals and papers (1967–1978) [selection]
This meeting will focus on the role philosophy may play in faith. Using Blackburn’s
understanding of the task of philosophy, questions will be raised as to how the content
and/or methodology of philosophy has something to offer, even in the light of revelation.
The session will further consider how Kierkegaard’s understanding of the ‘life-view’ may
inform or undermine this position.
3. Philosophy and theology
S. Blackburn, Think: a compelling introduction to philosophy (2001), chap.5
D. Bonhoeffer, ‘The anthropological question in contemporary philosophy and theology’, in
D. Bonhoeffer, Barcelona, Berlin, New York: 1928–1931 (2008)
The formal relationship between philosophy and faith will be considered in terms of
attempts to prove the existence of God. Are these successful, and how authentic is
Blackburn’s presentation of faith? What does Bonhoeffer have to say on the matter – can
there be Christian philosophy?
4. Philosophy and ethics
S. Blackburn, Think: a compelling introduction to philosophy (2001), chap.8
J. Savulescu, 'Sex selection: the case for', in H. Kuhse and P. Singer (eds.), Bioethics: an
anthology, 2nd edn (2009), pp. 145–9 s
J. Savulescu, 'Genetic interventions and the ethics of enhancement of human beings', in B.
Steinbock (ed.), The Oxford handbook of bioethics (2007), pp. 517–35
The discussion of philosophy and faith will be discussed in more practical terms. Does
Blackburn offer an adequate description of ethics, and how does this relate to the perspective
of Savulescu? What is an adequate basis for philosophical ethics, and does Christianity have
the possibility of productive dialogue with it?
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Philosophy of psychology integrative sub-seminar
PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY INTEGRATIVE SUB-SEMINAR
Ms Emily Burdett
Discussion classes
•
•
one introductory session with the philosophy integrative seminar group
four substantive discussion classes
1. Psychology and defining religious belief
D. Kelemen, ‘Are children “intuitive theists?”’, Psychological Science, 15 (2004) 295–301
W.M. Gervais and others, ‘The cultural transmission of faith: why innate intuitions are
necessary, but insufficient, to explain religious belief’, Religion, 41 (2011), 389–410
New research in developmental psychology and cognitive science suggests that there are
certain cognitive and psychological foundations for religion and belief in God. Kelemen,
Gervais and colleagues claim that religion is ‘natural’ and part of everyday psychological
processes. How should psychologists measure and define belief? Can experimental science
contribute to understanding the foundation and origins of religion? Do these studies
undermine belief?
2. Psychology and defining consciousness
D. Dennet, Consciousness Explained (1991), chap. 4, pp. 66–78
P.M. Merikle, D. Smilek, and J.D. Eastwood, ‘Perception without awareness: perspectives
from cognitive psychology’, Cognition, 79 (2001), 115–34
D. Wegner, ‘The mind’s best trick: how we experience conscious will’, Trends in Cognitive
Science, 7 (2003), 65–8
The aim of this meeting is to think critically about how psychologists can scientifically
measure an intangible phenomenon. We take, as an example, the idea of consciousness.
What is consciousness? Why is this important to the discipline of psychology? How can
psychologists measure this phenomenon?
3. Psychology and defining morality
J. Haidt, ‘The new synthesis in moral psychology’, Science, 316 (2007), 998–1001
H. Rakoczy, F. Warneken, and M. Tomasello, ‘The sources of normativity: young children’s
awareness of the normative structure of games’, Developmental Psychology, 44 (2008), 875–
81
F. Warneken, and M. Tomasello, ‘Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees’, Trends
in Cognitive Science, 13 (2009), 397–402
Each individual has a sense of right or wrong, yet morality is culturally variable. How should
psychologist test the foundations and origin of moral reasoning and thought? Rakoczy,
Warneken and Tomasello argue that children have a biological predisposition to share,
cooperate, and inform. Haidt suggests that morality comes from an intuitive sense of harm,
fairness, loyalty, authority, and bodily and spiritual purity. How can we apply these results
to our sense of moral responsibility? Is there an instinctive ‘moral compass’?
4. Psychology and defining mental illness
D.L. Rosenhan, ‘On being sane in insane places’, Science, 179 (1973), 250–58
O. Sacks, The man who mistook his wife for a hat (1985) chap. 1, pp. 7–21
T.A. Widiger and L.A. Clark, ‘Toward DSM-V and the classification of psychopathology’,
Psychological Bulletin, 126 (2000), 946–63
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The aim of this session is to discuss how psychologists should measure mental illness. How
do we define normality? How do we conceptualise mental illness in light of various
perspectives: mental illness as caused by possession of supernatural forces, neurological
problems, childhood traumas, medical disease or illness, or genetic inheritance? How should
Christians think about mental illness?
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Theology integrative seminar
THEOLOGY INTEGRATIVE SEMINAR
Dr Matthew Kirkpatrick with Dr Rosenberg
Discussion classes
•
•
one introductory seminar
four substantive discussion classes with set readings, detailed as follows:
1. On the use of scripture as a source for theological reflection: Dr Matthew Kirkpatrick
K. J. Vanhoozer, ‘Into the great “beyond”: A theologian’s response to the Marshall Plan’, in: I.
H. Marshall, Beyond the bible: moving from scripture to theology (2004), 81–95).
Scripture as canon, as the word of God and primary witness to the supreme self-revelation of
God in Christ is the primary source for our theological reflection. But the question how we
use scripture is not straightforward. What aspect of scripture do we consider authoritative: its
teaching, its testimony, or the religious experience which it encapsulates? And how do we
move from the very diverse genres of scripture (narrative, poetry, legislation, wisdom
literature, epistles) to the very specific genre of doctrinal texts?
2. On the contribution of culture as a theological source: Dr Matthew Kirkpatrick
D.J. Bosch, ‘Mission as contextualisation’, in D. J. Bosch, Transforming mission: paradigm shifts
in theology of mission (1991), 420–32.
Benezet Bujo, Foundations of an African ethic (2001), 3–39.
That our cultural context has a significant influence on how we formulate our theology is a
given. Should we limit this influence as much as possible as a distortion or should we rather
embrace the contextual nature of our theological reflection? If so, how do we understand the
relationship between scripture and culture as sources for theological reflection? Should we
be able to identify a universal gospel in all cultural expressions? Are there one theological
discourse and one theology or are there many discourses and theologies?
3. On the role of history and tradition as sources of theology and tools for theological reflection (select
two of the articles below): Dr Rosenberg
A.E. McGrath, ‘The importance of tradition for modern evangelicalism’, Doing theology for the
people of God, eds. D. Lewis and A.E. McGrath (1996), 159–73
R. L. Wilken, ‘Memory and the Christian intellectual life’, in R.L. Wilken, Remembering the
Christian past (1995), 165–80
D.H. Williams, Retrieving the tradition and renewing evangelicalism (1999), chap 1.
Theological reflection and analysis are performed in a place and time by particular
individuals who are shaped by their environment. To what extent is that determinative and
how should one both understand the development over time of a particular theological
position and interpret the views of a theologian? What do history and tradition contribute to
theology?
4. On the use of reason in theological reflection: Dr Matthew Kirkpatrick
D. Bonhoeffer, ‘Concerning the Christian idea of God’, Journal of Religion, 12 (1932), 177–85
D. Bonhoeffer, ‘The theology of crisis’, in No rusty swords, ed. (1965) 361–72
In contrast to the scholastics and enlightenment theologians, Bonhoeffer serves as an
example of someone who affirms reason and yet sees its profound limits. This seminar will
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consider the role reason is meant to play in the discussion of faith, and the relevance of
theological presuppositions when considered within a wider ‘scientific’ or philosophical
debate.
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