1. technology and computing

CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
ABN 28 077 060 872
ACN 077 060 872
Unit 9, 12 Mars Rd
Lane Cove, NSW 2066
Australia
Tel: +61 2 9420 0690
Fax: +61 2 9420 0692
Web: www.cap-xx.com
GB130 & GB230 SUPERCAPACITORS
Datasheet Rev 1.0
Features




High capacitance; High energy density
Low ESR; High pulse power support
High peak current
Thin, prismatic form factor
Typical Applications





Pulse power support for LED flash, RF modems, GPS, thermal printers, etc.
Secure power backup for handheld PDAs, POS terminals, Location trackers, SSDs,
and M2M wireless networks
Ride-through power during interruptions
Efficient energy storage device for ambient energy harvesters such as solar,
vibration/kinetic, thermo-electric and RF scavenging
Peak power support for improved audio performance
Specifications
Table 1: Nominal Characteristics
Device
GB130F
GB130G
GB230F
GB230G
1
Nominal
1
Capacitance
700mF
700mF
350mF
350mF
Nominal
2
ESR
30m
30m
60m
60m
Nominal
Voltage
2.3V
2.3V
4.5V
4.5V
Body Size
3
20.5 x 18.5mm
20.5 x 18.5mm
20.5 x 18.5mm
20.5 x 18.5mm
2
Thickness
1.5mm
1.6mm
3.1mm
3.2mm
3
+/-20% at 23ºC DC. +/- 20% at 23ºC, measured using a 0.5A step in current. Refer to Section 14.
Table 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings
Parameter
Terminal
Voltage/cell
Temperature
Name
Conditions
Min
Vc
T
-40
Max
Units
2.75
V
+70
°C
Table 3: Electrical Characteristics
Parameter
Terminal
Voltage/cell
Leakage
4
Current
RMS
5
Current
Peak
6
Current
4
5
Name
Conditions
Min
Vc
23°C
0.0
IL
23°C, 2.25V
for 72hrs
0.0
IRMS
IP
Max
Units
2.3
V
2.0
µA
23°C
7.0
A
23°C
>20
A
Refer to Section 10. Refer to Section 8.
6
Typical
1.0
Single pulse, non-repetitive current.
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
3
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
1. ESR and Capacitance
In its simplest form, the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of a supercapacitor is the real part of
its complex impedance. In the time domain it can be found by applying a step discharge current to
a charged capacitor as shown in Figure 1. The ESR is found by dividing the instantaneous voltage
step (∆V) by the current (I).
The effective capacitance (Ce) for a given discharge time is found by dividing the total charge
removed from the capacitor (∆Qn) by the voltage lost by the capacitor (∆Vn). Note that ∆V, the IR
drop, is not included in this calculation because very little charge is removed from the capacitor
during this time. Ce(t) shows the time response of the capacitor, and it is useful for predicting circuit
behavior in pulsed applications.
For GB230, as shown in Figure 1, V = 4.491V – 4.420V = 0.071V, and I = 1.011A, so
ESR = 0.071V / 1.011A = 70.2mΩ
Similarly, for a pulse width of 20ms: Vn = 4.420V – 4.325 V = 0.095V, tn = 0.02s, and I =
1.011A, so
Ce (20ms) = 1.011A X 0.02s/0.095V = 213mF
Note that Ce(10s)  DC capacitance
ESR 
4.5
Voltage
1.8
Current
t n
1.6
4.4
1.4
Vn
1.2
4.3
1
t
Ci  I
v
4.2
0.8
0.6
Q n
t
Ce 
I n
Vn
Vn
I
4.1
0.4
SUpercapacitor Load Current (A)
Supercapacitor Voltage (V)
V
2
V
I
0.2
4
-0.01
0
0
0.01
Time(s)
0.02
0.03
0.04
Figure 1: Definitions for ESR, Instantaneous Capacitance and Effective Capacitance
Page 2 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
2. Measuring DC Capacitance
CAP-XX measures DC capacitance by recording the time taken for the supercapacitor voltage to
decline from ~2/3 of Vnom to ~1/3 of Vnom after a current step is applied. The supercapacitor is
charged to its nominal voltage, disconnected from the source, and a constant current discharge of
100mA applied. C = I x Δt / ΔV.
For GB230, as shown in Figure 2, with I = 0.100A, and taking ΔV as 3.0V – 1.0V = 2V, the
corresponding Δt is 11.83s – 5.108s = 6.722s, so C = 0.100 x 6.722 / 2.0 = 336mF.
0.2
5
4.5
0.16
Current (A)
4
0.14
Voltage (V)
3.5
0.12
3
0.1
2.5
0.08
2
0.06
1.5
0.04
1
0.02
0.5
0
Supercapacitor Voltage (V)
Supercapacitor Current (A)
0.18
0
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Time (S)
Figure 2: Measuring DC capacitance
3. Measuring ESR
CAP-XX measures ESR by recording the voltage drop across the supercapacitor 50µs after a
current step is applied. The supercapacitor is charged to its nominal voltage, disconnected from the
source, and a current step applied. The 50µs delay ensures that the current step has settled.
For GB230, as shown in Figure 3, ΔV = 4.49V – 4.38V = 80mV, and ΔI = 1.03A (load pulse), so
ESR = ΔV / ΔI = 0.080 / 1.03 = 49.5mΩ.
4. Effective Capacitance
Figure 4 shows the effective capacitance for a GB230 @ 23⁰C. The GB230 was charged to
nominal voltage (4.5V) and held there until the charge current dropped to < 100µA. The
supercapacitor was then disconnected from the source and discharged with a constant current, i.
The voltage drop, excluding the ESR drop (as per the example of Fig 1) was then measured for
various times from the start of the discharge. This enables Ce(t) to be calculated as i x t/Vdrop(t).
Fig 4 shows Ce(t), where Ce is shown as a % of DC capacitance.
Page 3 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
V
I = ILOAD
Figure 3: Measuring ESR
Figure 4: Effective Capacitance as a function of Pulse Width
Page 4 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
5. Frequency Response
Figure 5 shows that the GB230 behaves as an ideal capacitor until ~3Hz, at which point the
magnitude no longer rolls off proportionally to 1/frequency, and the phase crosses -45⁰. The
performance of supercapacitors with frequency is complex, and the best predictor of performance
is Figure 4, which shows effective capacitance as a function of pulse width.
GB230 Frequency Response
100.00
100
Magnitude
80
Phase
60
10.00
20
1.00
0
-20
-40
Phase (Degrees)
Magnitude (Ohms)
40
0.10
-60
-80
0.01
1.E-02
1.E+00
1.E+02
Frequency (Hz)
1.E+04
-100
1.E+06
Figure 5: Frequency Response of Impedance (biased at 4.5V with a 50mV test signal)
GA230 ESR, Capacitance and Inductance vs. Freqency
1000
Inductance
100
1.0
ESR
Capacitance
10
0.1
0.0
1.E-02
1.E+00
1.E+02
1.E+04
Inductance (nH)
ESR(Ohms)/Capacitance(F)
10.0
1
1.E+06
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 6: Frequency Response of ESR, Capacitance and Inductance
Page 5 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
Inductance becomes significant above 10kHz, where it becomes >70nH (Figure 6). The GB230 is
self-resonant in the 5kHz range.
6. Pulse Response
Figure 7 shows the voltage ripple for a class 10 GPRS pulse with a GB230 providing the 1.8A load
pulse for 1.15ms on a 25% duty cycle, with the source current limited to 600mA.
The low ESR and high effective capacitance of the GB230 limits the voltage ripple seen by the load
to 110mV. The supercapacitor supplies the difference between the 1.8A load current and the 0.6A
source current.
4.5
1.8
4.45
1.6
4.4
Load Current (A)
Load Current (A)
1.4
1.2
4.35
4.3
Limited Source
Current
1
4.25
Capacitor Voltage
0.8
4.2
0.6
4.15
0.4
4.1
0.2
4.05
0
Capacitor Voltage (V)
2
4
-1.0
1.0
3.0
Time (mS)
5.0
7.0
Figure 7: Supercapacitor voltage ripple for GPRS class 10 pulse with 1.8A peak load current
Page 6 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
7. Effect of Temperature on Capacitance and ESR
DC capacitance does not vary over the operating temperature range
Normalised C vs Temp
120%
C normalised to value @ 25 deg C
115%
110%
105%
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature (deg C)
. Figure 8: Capacitance change with temperature
ESR increases at low temperatures: At -40⁰C, ESR is ~350% of nominal (at 23⁰C).
Normalised ESR vs Temp
180%
ESR normalised to value @ 25 deg C
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Temperature deg C
Figure 9: ESR change with temperature
Page 7 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
8. RMS Current
Continuous current flow into/out of the supercapacitor will cause self-heating. This limits the
maximum continuous current the supercapacitor can handle. Self-heating is measured by applying
a current square wave with a 50% duty cycle, charging the supercapacitor to its nominal voltage,
then discharging it to 0.5V at a constant current. For a square wave, the RMS current is the same
as the current amplitude.
Figure 10 shows the increase in temperature in the body of the supercapacitor as a function of
RMS current, and an empirically derived formula to estimate the temperature rise for any given
RMS current. For example, if the ambient temperature is 40⁰C, and the maximum desired
temperature for the supercapacitor is 70⁰C, the allowable temperature increase = 30⁰C. Reading
from Figure 10, the maximum sustainable RMS current to remain within this temperature limit is 4A.
GB230 5 min Temp Rise vs Irms Current
(Part mounted on 1.6mm FR4 circuit board, Temp after 5 Min)
60
Temp Increase (Deg C)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
Current (A)
4
5
6
Figure 10: Temperature increase as a function of RMS current
8. SPICE Models
Please refer to the CAP-XX website (www.cap-xx.com) for SPICE models of our supercapacitors.
Note that the SPICE model predicts the frequency and pulse response of a supercapacitor, but not
its leakage current over the first ~120hrs (see Leakage Current section).
Page 8 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
9. Leakage Current
The capacitance in a supercapacitor is distributed throughout the electrode material, so the device
will continue to draw some charge current long after it has reached terminal voltage. This diffusion
current will gradually decay until the underlying leakage current of the device is revealed.
The leakage current of the GB130 and GB230 supercapacitors is ~1uA at 23⁰C. As shown in
Figure 11, the leakage current after 24hrs is ~2A. After 72hrs, it has decayed to less than 1A.
Leakage current increases with temperature. The leakage current at 50⁰C will be approximately
double that at 23⁰C.
14
Leakage Current (µA)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
Time (Hours)
80.00
Figure 11: Leakage current of GB230 @ 23⁰C and 4.5V
Page 9 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
100.00
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
10. Minimum Charge Current
The minimum charge current for the GB130 and GB230 is < 20A.
Supercapacitors do not follow the function V = I x t / C during charging from 0V at very low
charge currents. The minimum charge current at which charging follows V = I x t / C is ~100A.
Figure 12: Charging behavior of a GB130 supercapacitor at 23C
Charge Current
2.5
200u
Voltage (V)
2.0
100uA
50u
20uA
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Time (hrs)
25.00
30.00
35.00
Figure 12: Charging behavior of a GB130 supercapacitor at 23C
Page 10 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
11. Soldering
CAP-XX recommends a maximum soldering time of 5 seconds when using an iron at 400⁰C in an
ambient temperature of 23⁰C.
Capacitor Internal Temperature when Soldering
Capacitor Internal Temperature (°C)
55
50
Iron at 400°C
45
Iron at 300°C
40
35
30
25
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time (s)
Figure 13: Supercapacitor temperature during soldering
12. Shock and Vibration
Shock (half-sine pulse)
Tested to IEC68-2-27
Amplitude
30g±20%
Duration
18ms±5%
No. of Shocks 3 in each direction (18 in total)
No. of Axis
3 orthogonal
Results
No electrical or mechanical degradation (adhesive not required)
Vibration (sinusoidal pulse):
Tested to IEC68-2-6
Frequency
55Hz-500Hz
Amplitude
0.35mm±3dB (55Hz to 59.55Hz)
5g±3dB (59.55Hz to 500Hz)
Sweep Rate
1 Oct/min
No. of Cycles
10 (55Hz-500Hz-50Hz)
No. of Axis
3 orthogonal
Results
No electrical or mechanical degradation (adhesive not required)
Page 11 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
13. Mechanical drawings
GB230 dual cell supercapacitor module
Page 12 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd
GB130 / GB230 Datasheet v1.0
GB130 single cell supercapacitor
Page 13 of 13
CAP-XX reserves the right to change the specification of its products and any data without notice.
CAP-XX products are not authorized for use in life support systems.
© 2012 CAP-XX (Australia) Pty Ltd