יה של מדיניות פנסיונית מרחיבה האנומל ליברלי
Tel Aviv University The Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political Science The Anomaly of an Expansionary Pension Policy in the Context of a Neo-liberal Age This paper was submitted as the thesis for the M.A. degree by: Michal Biran This study was carried out under the supervision of: Dr. Amos Zehavi # ! # $ " # ! ! " ! " " " " " " " " # ! ! ! % # "# # !" # ! ! ! " " " # " ! # " " !" Abstract This paper aims to explain the anomaly of an expansionary pension policy in the context of a Neo-Liberal age. Three explanations will be offered for the extension order for the pension of employees in 2008. According to the first, there is no anomaly, for the extension order aims to eliminate future claims from the state of Israel, whilst imposing the present costs on the employers and the employees. According to the second explanation, the anomaly was possible due to changes in the pension system which diverted the money saved to be invested in the capital market. According to the third explanation, a particular combination of interests between Ofer Eini, head of the Histadrut, and Shraga Brosh, President of the Manufacturers' Association and chairperson for the Coordination Bureau of the Financial Organizations, set off a powerful strategic alliance, which resulted in this anomaly. It seems that the answer lies in a synthesis between these three explanations, with the second explanation being a first amongst equals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ampel1 # ) " ! # ! ! " " !" # " ) 2Williamson1 " " Williamson, John B. and Pampel Fred; Old-age security in comparative perspective, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). P.7 * + * * % * * # * 'state-Cenntered$ * ** * * + * ) 4 5 ! " ! " " # # ! " # *$) " " # " " " # " " # # # ! # "# # " & " " " ! " # & # # ! " " " " " % # ! " " # " " " 2Verba1 " " ! " 2Keohane1 " #! " - % " " !2King1 " " " " " !, Gary King, Robert O . Keohane, and Sidney Verba, "Designing Social Inquiry : Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research". (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) p.182 Ibid, ibid, p.174 "! 6 7 " # " " " " # " " " $ " " " ! " " " ! " " !" " # # " ! " " " # # % # " # % !" $ " # " " " !% & ! + " # !" ! # ! # " ! !" # # !" !" " " " # !" ! " " " " !" !" # # " " " # " " " ! " " ! # " " " " !" " " # ! " " & Ibid, ibid "" 8 Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective " " " # " # ! " " ! " " ! Esping- " " " # !Andersen (1985) ,Myles (1984), Shalev (1983), Korpi (1983), Stephens (1979), Miliband O'Connor (1973) ,Offe (19721 !" Hewitt (1977) * (1969) " %# " " # # # " " " " " ! " " !" ! " " # # " , " # " Williamson and Pampe, ibid, P.7 * % + $2( * ( 197 ( ' 2005 Connolly William E, "Theoretical Self-Consciousness" ,Polity, (1973-74), p.16 " 9 10 11 # # " !" ! # # # " " # ! # ( # # # " # # # + # " ! # " ! !" # # " " # " 2Alexis de Tocqueville1 # " " ) ! " #" " # # ! # ! Williamson and Pampel, ibid, p.7 Ibid, ibid, p.8 Ibid, ibid Ibid, ibid, p.12 " 12 13 14 15 , # # - # # " # " " " ! ! $ # !" # , - Morris Janowitz 219761 Mancur Olson (19651 " " # " # ! " * # " " ! # # " # " " " # " # # # # " " # !" ' " " & # ( ! # # Ibid, ibid, p.13 Ibid, ibid, p.14 Ibid, ibid, p.13 Ibid, ibid Ibid, ibid, p.14 Ibid, ibid, p.14 Ibid, ibid, p.15 Ibid, ibid, p.15 " 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 # " # " # " # " # " ! " " # !" " " " ! !" " # + ! # " # " " # " #! !" " " ! " # " # " ) # " " # ! , " " - " ! " " # $ " " ! $$* # " !2Bismarck1 ! # # $- # # " James Stafford, The Class Struggle and the Rise of Private Pensions, 1900- 1950 . Source: Labour Le Travail, Vol. 20 (Fall, 1987), pp. 147-171 Published by: Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press. P.155 Ibid, ibid " + ) * ) ) & ) ) ) ) # ) # ) #* #) & -# # ) ) & # ) ) & ) #& ) ) ) Stafford, ibid, p.156 ) * # + Williamson and Pampel, ibid, p.22 Stafford, ibid, p.155 " 24 25 26 27 28 * " ## # ( ! " " # ! * " ! * * ## " " ! " # ! " " # ( ! " % " " " ( ! " # " " " ! ( " " # " ! # 2Pay-As-You-Go1 " " #" ! " (( # # " (+ " ! # # " ! # ! # " () " " Williamson and Pampel, ibid p.26 Stafford, ibid Arne L. Kalleberg, Barbara F. Reskin, Ken Hudson; "Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States", American Sociological Review, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Apr., 2000) Published by: American Sociological Association pp.257-258 71 ( 2004 67 * , * + ) , # 86 ( 2006 71 * ,2002-2004 # , 90 ( ) 8( , 15 # , 10 ( '2010 + # %) $ # # # " 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 (, !" # (- " " "# # ! " # # ! (* # " ($ # # # ! ! + OECD , / " " ! " !2 # " # + / $1 # + " " SHARE ! " " # & ! ! #! ! ! " * / !& - / # ) / + " - OECD * / ++ # + (/ 1 + (/ # ,3 - " )( / 2 ! , (/ -3$ ) $/ 18 ( " 2007 2 +( " )/ " $ 1" $ " ,2002-2005 ) " " # # 10 ( ) 18 ( ) , 2007 http://www.new- ) # . * # mivtachim.co.il/Mivtsite/mivt_es.nsf/($All)/AE30737422BCF645422577140048A864?openDocum ent 15 ( ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Pension at a glance 2011: Retirement- income system in OECD and G20 countries, OECD Publishing 2011. P.10 * , % ! ) # #) ) , * " !( !! " -" % " ( ) " ( %) !! , !! " 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 # # ! # # +) # ! " ! $3* # " # !2Beveridg1 # " +, % ! +- " ! & " ! # " " !+* 2Replacement Rate1 ! +$ ) * !) ) # ! # " "# # ) " . " " " # " !" # ( # # * %) !! !! 15 ( 5 , 27 45 * ) 15 ( ) # / * 11 ( ) * , ) * ) ) !" 117-119 ( '2006 !"! * % #& $ " * ) * + ) 46 #( 48 ) 50 ( 52 ,# 47 49 51 ! " " # !" ! ! ! ! )( !& " " #! " )+ % " % # " " " ! " # )) " ) " ), " " # ! # # !)- " " # # " # # ! * +/ )$ " !)* " " " " " ! " ! " ! " ! " # " ( $/ " (* +/ " " ) # " # % " 46 ( '2003 " "" !"! 997 ( + '2006 * " % $ ) % $ , # , 0, # ) 11 ( ( ) 6( ) ) 12 ( ) * + 90 ( ) !! 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 , " " " " # " # " , # " " " # "# ! # , , / ) / 2 1 " ! ! ) / " / +/ # ! ) "# " # ,( ! ,+ # " " & !" " " ! ! " ,, # # " ! ! ,- " " ! # # !" # " " " # " " ,$ " " ! # " #" ,* # ! ,) # ! " # " " " Assaf Razin.and Efraim Sadka, "Privatizing Social Security Under Balanced- Budget Constraints: A Political-Economy Approach", Working Paper No.5-2003, The Foerder Institute for Economic Research and The Sackler Institute of Economic Studies. February, 2003. p.5 Ibid, ibid Ibid, ibid, p.6 13 ( ) 2007 90 ( ) 2006 Razin.and Sadka, ibid, p.5 29-30 ( ) 90 ( ) 2006 29-30 ( ) 90 ( ) 2006 ! 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 " " " ! " " " !" $ ! # ! ! ! "# # # " - # !" " # - ! # ! ! *$+ # ! " " # " - " # " " " " !" " # # " *$) -+ # *-- ## -( # " " # ! " 2DB # % # ! **) Defined Benefits1 ! " " " " ! # Thomas Palley, "From Keyesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics", In: Neoliberalism, A Critical Rerader, ed. Alfredo Saad-Filho and Deborah Johnston (London : Pluto Press, 2005) p.24 David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, ( New York: Oxford University Press 2005) p.1 178 ( 1984 121 # # , # # , Daniel Béland and Toshimitsu Shinkawa (2007), “Public and Private Policy Change: Pension Reform in Four Countries,” Policy Studies Journal, 35(3). p.352 * % $ # % # & % 274 ( '2005 , + " 70 71 72 73 74 " -) " # " " -, ) " # ! # ) )-%1 -- *(/ 2 ! ! !" # # " ! -$ **) " # " " # " " -* "## " # " ! " " ! # # $ " " ! ! $ (Defined Contribution-DC) *** " # " " # $ " +" " !" * %) $ # 75 # ( 4( ) '2009 ) # ) # 1180-1182 ( ) ) & #)# 1172( ) 1179 ( 29 # , * ) 81 ( ) ) , ) + ) 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 $( " ,- " ,+ ! ! " ! + $+ " ! "# # ! % " # " " ! ( *** ! **) " " *$) " # # "# # " " " !" " " $) # ( # # # " ! ! ! # $, # # " " # " $- " # # " " " ! $ " " " - " " " " # " ! " " ! # ! " # & ) ) 0 # # )# # ) # 129 ) ## ( )/ 1180-1182 ( ) 18 ( ) 2007 28 ( ) 16 ( ) 2007 &, ) ) # 25 1 # # # )# ) ' )# $ , * , #) ) http://mastax.co.il/each_article.aspx?which_article=13 # # 83 84 85 86 87 $$ !" # - )/ ! " " " " ! " " 1" " 2 * " " ! # % 1 " # ( ( # " # " $ )/ )/ " 1" $ ((/ 2" )/ )/ " " 2 " " " + " * !" * # " " ( '2009 # ! " &# " % $ , - )/ * ) * # % 88 #, 4 ( ) %) ) http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/154/678.html 89 90 # # ! " * % " " " # " " !" " ! " " !" " " " " ! # **) # " # !" " " DC- ( " " " " - $ # ! " ! # $ # ! " # $ " # !" # # " # ! " ! *$) % " $ 2Harvey1 " " " # " ! * # " " " " " !" ! ! *( " " " * ! 4 " " " *+ # ! 5 !2Smith1 ! # *) " Laissez Faire # ! " ! # *, ! ! *$ % *- ! ! " " ! 19 " ! " " ! # !" " # !" " # # ! ** Harvey, ibid, p.2 'Rawls$ ( Mill$$ * * ( 'Montesquieu$ * 'Locke$ ) #) & ) & ) * ## ) ) ) 'Hayek$ 9 ( ) & 14 ( '2002 * % $ ) ) % )& & # # # # , # # ,%) $ 1 % # # & 7 ( '2006 ) 11 ( '1971 % ) $ # #+ ( Daniel Roland Fusfeld, The age of the economist. Rev. ed. ( Glenview, Illinois. : Scott Foresman, 1972) p. 41 Fusfeld, ibid, p.75 Fusfeld, ibid, p.75, p.99 Hands, D. W, Reflection without rules ( Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.61 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 " # # " # # !" # 2Perfect Market1 " " ! # " % " " # " " # ! " " # " !" " 2Friedman1 ! 2Hayek1 ! " ( " % ! *++ " " " # ! " % + # ! " " # # # " " # " % ) * * ! *+) *- ! "# #" ! " , 5 "# # " Fusfeld, ibid, p.96 6.11.20070 0 , # , & Walter Nicholson, Microeconomic theory : basic principles and extensions, 4th ed (Chicago, Ill. : Dryden Press, 1989) p.557-558 ,) , , ) , http://www.kivunim.org.il/article.asp?id=67#89 ( '2007 + # %) $ # # # +4 %- , 1 * , 122 ) Thomas l. Palley, "From Keyesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics", in: Neoliberalism, A Critical Rerader, ed. Alfredo Saad-Filho and Deborah Johnston (London : pluto Press, 2005) p.21 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 # " ! - # " ! ! # $ # # " " " * !" ! ! " " $ " " " ! " ! # ! ! $ " ! # # " +) " ! !% ! !" !" # !" ( # ! " !" # ! ) + ! " " !$ " ! 173 ( +4 % $2006 %- % , # # !" # *-* $3( " # # # 108 ( ! # + 107 # # , '2007 + # ( %) 108 $ # # # Palley, Ibid, p.21 Susan George :"A Short History of Neoliberalism" 1999 %) ) %) ) %http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/histneol.htmudo $ + * %- , ) % , 30-31 ( '2005 * ) # ) ) ) ) # 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 !" " " ! # ! ! - # $ "# # # # " " # " *$ # " " , # " " !" # " ! # # * # # !" ! ! "# # ! " " # " ! # # ! " ! " ! ( ! +" " # " ! ! " " # " # " # " " # ) " # # " # &# "# # # ! ," Palley, ibid, p.24 Harvey, Ibid, p.1 Ibid. p.52 ) # Harvey, ibid, p.76 25 ( 2005 70 * , 1) , # & % , & & ) ) Costas Lapavitstas , "Mainstream Economics in the Neoliberal Era",", in: Neoliberalism, A Critical Reader, ed. 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" " # ! . $ " ( * ! /05 0, * ) 181 182 " ! " " # $+ 7 ! % $( " " . ! # # " " # ! " " " " # ! " # % # " " # " " $) 5 8 # # " & " " $, ! $- " # " " " ! ! # " " !" ! ! " # # # " !" " " & ! & 2.5.2007 nrg ,) # + * )# , http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/576/003.html 19.10.2007 Ynet , + # , http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3460165,00.html Lapavitstas, ibid, p.33 Palley, ibid, p.23 Rodrik Dani, Has globalization gone too far?,( Washington, D.C. : Institute for International Economics, c1997) p.12 ! 183 184 185 186 187 " $$ ! # & " &# !" " &# " " " $* " " ! " " ! * !" " " # " " ! " !" " ! # & ! " " # ! " " " " # % !" " ! # ! ! *) " ' "" ( " !" ! ) *( " *+ , " " ! " * !" " ## ! " 2Housman1 " * % # + $ ) ( * " " " # 188 * ) *& ) * , 156 ( 2010 153-190 %12 * Kalleberg, Reskin and Hudson, ibid, p.256 189 190 157 ( ) 191 & ,) # ) , ) ) 192 193 ) ) 194 ( ) , & , ) Kalleberg, Reskin and Hudson, ibid, ibid 195 " " " !" " *, " " " " " " " " ! " " ! " " # " " !" " !" # " " ! 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