Sample Injection
Technology
Status and Perspective
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
A reasons for sample injection
2
Highest repetition rate
in the world
Requires
fast
sample
change
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Another reasons for sample injection
Lensless imaging
Free particles
give good
prior knowledge
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
3
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Yet another reason for sample injection
1. Many single
particle images
2. Classify for
orientation
3. Average each
class
4. Combine to 3D
image
5. reconstruct
Need of many
samples
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Serial femtosecond crystallography
Chapman, H. N., et al., Nature 470 733 p73 (2011).
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Gas dynamic virtual nozzle
DePonte D. P. et al. J Phys D (2008)
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Crystal diffraction at AMO/LCLS
Chapman, H. N., et al., Nature 470 733 p73 (2011).
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Environmental scanning electron microscope
Imaging jets with ESEM
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Isopropyl alcohol jet 350nm
Dan DePonte, et al. Ultramicroscopy 111 (2011) 824–827
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Photosystem I at CXI/LCLS
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Liquid microjet - summary
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January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
liquid jet and drops in
vacuum
bio-samples in watery
environment
imaging in water window
better efficiency
compared with
aerodynamic lenses
High gas load
Differential pumping or
windows required
Scattering at water
surfaces
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Aerodynamic lens
M. Bogan et al. Phys. Rev. special topics - accelerators and beams 13, 094701 (2010)
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Aerodynamic lens at AMO/LCLS
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
12
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
State of the art injector for virus particles
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Based on aerodynamic focusing:
W.K. Murphy and G.W. Sears, ―Production of Particulate Beams‖ J. Appl. Phys. 35, 1986–1987 (1964).
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Free Virus particles
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Image reconstruction
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Jet or particle beam?
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Technology
Liquid jet
Aerodynamic lens
Bio-samples in
natural environment
Stays in solution
++
Slow dry-out
+
Background in
coherent imaging
Jet-scattering
--
Rest gas
O
Alignment
jet-fluorescence
++
Low sample density
-
Dry particles
Always in solution
--
Any aerosol
++
Gas load
evaporation & gas
--
Evaporation & gas
-
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Perspective: Making use of the time structure
Repetition Rate
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FLASH: 10 Hz
bunch trains
FERMI: 10 Hz
LCLS: 120 Hz
European XFEL: 10 Hz
bunch trains
Using the time structure
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January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Synchronized breakup
Drop on demand
Pulsing the aerodynamic lens
 Pulsed source (save sample)
 Output shutter (reduce gas load)
 Danger of clogging!
Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Advanced injection technologies
Storage in an electromagnetic cage
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Injection
Storage
Pulsed release
Aerosol Science and Technology, 44:316–328, 2010
J. Meinen, S. Khasminskaya, E. Rühl, W. Baumann, and T. Leisner,
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Conclusion
Main sample injection methods are
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Aerodynamic lens to bring all kinds of aerosol into vacuum
Liquid jet and droplet for direct injection
Aerodynamic lens successfully used
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At LCLS and FLASH
for coherent imaging of viruses, cells and nanoparticles
Liquid jet very productive
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At LCLS
for crystallography on nano-crystals of membrane proteins
Future developments could include
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Pulsed sources and drop on demand
Storage and release
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
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Sample injection technology — Status and perspective
Thanks
CFEL CXI-group
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Henry N. Chapman
Anton Barty
Dan DePonte
Lars Gumprecht
Holger Fleckenstein
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Uppsala University
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Arizona State
University
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John Spence
Uwe Weierstall
Bruce Doak
January 25th 2012, XFEL Users Meeting
Joachim Schulz, European XFEL GmbH
Janos Hajdu
Bianca Ivan
Martin Svenda
Tomas Ekeberg
Daniel Westphal
and others
PULSE at SLAC
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Mike Bogan
Christina Hampton
Ray Sierra