CHAPTER-III Structural Characteristics· of Sample Industrial Estates 3.1 Structural Characteristics Estates in the NCR of Sample Industrial 3.1.1 Okhla Industrial Estate 3.1.2 NOIDA Industrial Estate · 3.1.3 Rohtak (I.D.C.) Industrial Estate 3.1.4 Alwar (M.I.A.) Industrial Estates 3.1.5 Rozka Meo Industrial Estate 3.1.6 Loni Industrial Estate 3.2 Field Experience 3.3 Structural Characteristics of Sample Industrial Units in the Industrial Estates 3.3.1 Distribution of Sample ndustrial Units 3.3.2 Registration and Age-Profile 3.3.3 Types of Organisation 3.3.4 Work Shifts 3.3.5 Types of Plant and l\tlachinery 3.3.6 Power Used and Working Capacity 99 3.3. 7 Profile of Entrepreneurs 3.3.8 Employment Size 3.3.9 Net Value Added 3.3.1 0 Capital Investment 3.4 Conclusions 100 CHAPTER-III Structural Characteristics of Sample Industrial Estates 3.1 Structural Characteristics of Sample .Industrial Est~tes The complex process of industrial development introduces changes not only. in the quantitative characteristics like income, capital accumulation, etc., but also in the organisation of production. In Chapters 1 and 2, a macro-analysis of the whole National Capital Region was attempted. In this Chapter, the characteristics of the industrial units functioning in the six sample industrial estates will be presented at the micro level. The Chapter is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the characteristics of sample industrial estates, the second section deals with some of the problems faced in collecting data and the last section is devoted to the analysis of the characteristics of the units surveyed. Before we begin the estate wise discussion it would be appropriate to give a synoptic view of these estates. This is done in Table 3.0. 3.1.0 Status of Industrial Estate in the Sample Study Area in 1994 In all the sample industrial estates, except in Lo'ni, more than 70 per cent of the functioning industrial units are small scale. NOIDA has the largest share in the total number ofindustrial units located in the sample industrial estates in the NCR selected for this study. Out of the total 5580 industrial units in the sample industrial estates, NOIDA has 78.87 per cent,i.e., 4401 industrial units out of which 94.93 per ent units are in the small scale category. This is the highest share followed by Okhla which has 93.39 per cent. 101 TABLE 3.0 .STATUS OF ~DUSTRIAL ESTATES IN THE SAMPLE STUDY AREA IN 1994 Industrial Estates OKHLA NO IDA ROHTAK ALWAR ROZKA-MEO LON I Year of establishment of the Industrial Estates 1968-69 1976 1971 1971 1979 1960 Total number of plots 1083 5975 205 590 211 105 Number of plots alloted 883 5675 160 502 201 79 Number of industries established 807 4981 155 411 70 55 740 4636 ISO 352 40 50 Number of SSI units in operation 695 4401 130 289 30 35 Perecentag of SSI units in operation 93.39 94.94 86.67 82.10 75.00 70.00 Percentage share of SSI units in the Sample Estates 12.50 78.87 02.33 05.18 00.54 00.63 Number of industries in operation . Source: All Disricts Industrial Centres ii. Commissioner of Industries (Delhi) iii. Delhi Development Authority iv. Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation v. Haryana State Industrial Deveopment Corporation vi. Haryana Urban Deveopment Authority vii. Rajasthan State Industrial Deveopment and Investment Corporation Ltd. viii. Rajasthan Financial Corporation ix. Small Scale Industries i. 0 > Total 5580 100.00 3.1.1 Okhla Industrial Estate The Okhla Industrial Estate is located in the south-eastern part of Delhi and was established in 1968-69. It is considered to be one of the biggest and the oldest of its kind in India. It is one of the twelve industrial estates that were sanctioned in the First Five Year Plan. The total area earmarked and developed by Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation was 759 acres, the average size of a plot being 0.38 acre. The total number of sheds or plots occupied is 1996.- A wide variety of products are manufactured here. The surrounding industrial areas are Mohan Singh Industrial Area, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, Tughlakabad and Badarpur Border, where more than a thousand units are working. Mohan Singh Industrial Area has a total area of 65.63 acres and plots are allotted to 349 entrepreneurs. Here, all the units are functioning and large variety of goods is produced. Govindpuri and Kalkaji are specialising in Garments and Packing industry. In the flatted factories in Okhla several facilities are being provided to the units, like subsidised rent, water, electricity, absence of property tax, ward and watch facilities, etc. Some basic training programmes are run through PHD Chambers, HARDICON and Small Industries Service Institutes. Loan is available at low interest rates and extra facilities are given to export oriented units. Okhla industrial estate was initially established under the Twenty Point Programme to provide the selfemployment opportunities to the unemployed graduates. These unemployed graduates were given several facilities ranging from training to financial facilities. In Okhla, training facilities are being provided by government-run as well as private training centres. Sometimes government departments also organise special training programmes so that the entrepreneurs are updated in their productive skills and thus produce quality and competitive products. 102 3.1.2 NOIDA Industrial Estate It is situated to the east of Delhi across the Yamuna river and is contiguous to Delhi. NOIDA was created to provide a proper climate and atmosphere for housing more than five thousand small scale industrial units in 1971. The total eannarked area is 2432.95 acres, out of which only 19 15 acres have been developed so far. The remaining area will be developed by 201 I. The total number of plots or sheds developed are 5975, having an average size of 0.32 acre. At present only 5925 plots and sheds are under occupation. Sector number sixteen in NOIDA is called "Electronic City". Most of the 1arge and medium units are located in Phase II. NOIDA has strong transport linkages with Delhi. National Highway No. 24, on which it is located, links major cities between Ghaziabad and Calcutta and the proposed 100 metres wide Express Way would link, via Faridabad, the other major cities, such as Bombay and Madras. Besides these linkages there is also scope of physical expans1on. Proximity to Delhi's market, excellent infrastmcture, availability of skilled labour and backward and forward linkages of industries are its main advantages. The setting up of the New Okhla Inrlustrial Development Authority (NOIDA) in 1976 is an experiment in developing a modem township under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act. This 1s a new inte!:,rrated industrial township of its kind, accommodating both large and medium or small scale industrial units. The township has been set up with a strong industrial base along with commercial, institutional, recreational, residential and public amenities. In NOIDA, there are industries of all kinds covering manufacturing and service sectors. Ready-made Gannents, Electrical machine apparatus, Electric goods, Paper products, Printing, Plastic and Rubber 103 and Metal and Metal & Metal products are mainly in the small scale sector. Electronic products, BPL, Hotline, Videocon, Uncle Chips, Panprag and Food products are the major industrial units in the large and medium sector. The complex consists of a combination of small, medium and large industries. The Export Processing Zone in Phase II of NO IDA is also functioning very well. The Uttar Pradesh State Govemment has opened Industrial Training Institutes (I Tis) to meet the trained man-power requirement of all industries. NOIDA has a proper power sub-station of 132 KV. Single Window System has been introduced in this township facilitating faster decisions. Institutions like PICUP, UPFC, UPSIDC and Projects and Development are located in the township. The c~ntiguity of NO IDA to Delhi gives tremendous encourageinent to the industrial activities in this Estate. Being the National Capital, Delhi is already crowded industrially. Due to the restriction imposed by the Delhi Development Authority on the establishment of new as well as expansion of old industrial units, the industrialists prefer to select better sites adjacent to Delhi. 104 3.1.3 Rohtak Industrial Estate (I.D.C.) Industrial Development Colony (I.D.C.) in Rohtak was established in 1971 . It is situated on the National Highway No.1 0, on Hissar Road. It is 71 kilometers from Delhi. The total area eannarked and developed by the District Industrial Centre (DIC) is 63.45 acres. Total number of plots or sheds are 205. Average plot size is 0.30 acre. units are functioning in the estate. At present 150 Major types of industries existing, produce Mechanical, Chemical & Chemica] Products and Food Products. Laksluni Precision Screws Limited is a large scale industry, adjacent to I.D.C. It gives anciJiary work to approximately one third of the industrial units of I.D.C. 105 3.1.4 Alwar Industrial Estate (M.I.A.) Matsya Industrial Area, twelve kilometer away from Alwar is located on Delhi-Alwar road, which is a State Highway: com1ected with a It is also Alwar is 163 kilometer away railway network. from Delhi, 141 kilometer from Jaipur, 798 kilometer from Ahmedabad and 1204 kilometer from Bombay. Inside M.I.A., banking, post office and police station facilities are available. The gross area acquired and developed by M.I.A. was 1768.25 It contains 590 plots or sheds but only 352 plots or sheds are acres. functioning while 502 plots or sheds are under occupation. Though the industrial units are involved in the ,production ofa variety of products, around one third industrial units are producing either Chemical products or Mineral based products (marbles and granites). Delhi-Alwar metre gauge railway line is being converted into broad gauge and is being electrified. With adequate power supply, the M.I.A. estate can play an impor1ant role for future industrial development. In addition, Delhi serves as an important outlet for the industrial produce of the estate. Rajasthan Agencies involved in the development State Industrial Development, of M.I.A. Investment are Corporation Limited (RIICO) and Rajasthan Financial Corporation(RFC). Rajasthan State Industrial Development Corporation Limited plays a key promotional role. and Investment Besides providing a package of financial assistance to industries, it develops industrial areas and allots land to all kinds of industrial units. Well developed land is made available·by RIICO to entrepreneurs at very moderate prices. It also provides a variety of technical inputs to entrepreneurs by way of technical and managerial services . .... 106 Rajasthan Financial Corporation is the other agency which provides the loans at a low rate of interest. It gives a rebate of 20 per cent on interest to new units if a project exports more than 25 per cent of its production. Rajasthan State Industrial Corporation Limited and Rajasthan Development Financial and Investment Corporation undertake reconstmction programmes for reviving projects and also operate special schemes with Industrial Reconstn1ction Bank of India (IRBI). 107 3.1.5 Rozka Meo Industrial Estate (Gurgaon) Rozka Meo is in Sohna tehsil of Gurgaon district ofHaryana state. It is situated on the State Highway leading to Alwar district of Rajasthan. It is 48 kilometer from Delhi and II 0 kilometer from Alwar. Sohna is 3 kilom~ter from Rozka Meo. It was established in 1979, originally as a rural industrial estate like Loni. The total area earmarked by Haryana Urban Development Authority and Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation is 642.83 acres. sheds developed are functioning. goods. 2II. At Total number of plots or present only 30 industrial units are The industries are producing a wide variety of industrial Mechanical industrial units are the largest occupants in the estate. Rozka Meo is included affiong the 18 industrial estates where Haryana Government is making an endeavor to provide uninterrupted power supply to all existing units and new units having sanctioned connected load up to 1 MW. 108 3.1.6 Loni Industrial Estate (Ghaziabad) It is located 7 kilometer away from Shahadra and 12 kilometers from Inter State Bus Tenninal (ISBT) of Delhi. It is situated on the major road leading to Saharanpur. It was first established in 1960 and extended later in 1978. The total area earmarked and developed is 25 acres. plots or sheds are I 01 but only 35 units are Total functioning. District Industrial Centre (DIC) and Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) both are engaged in 'the development of Loni industrial estate. Loni was originally a rural industrial estate developed under District Industrial Centre and ts the still identified as a rural industtial estate. However, it is no longer mral in character. The industrial nnits are producing wide varieties of products like Gannent and Chemical and Mechanical products, etc. The present availability of power is not sufficient to attract and feed more industrial units. Loni is a state owned industrial estate where most of the units are declared sick due to lack of entrepreneurial spirit and managerial caliber. Many industrialists are conve11ing their industrial units into commercial complexes. 109 3.2 Field Experience A ten page questimmaire which has been provided in Appendix I was personally administered to the entrepreneurs of the selected sample units. I had to spend more than eight months in field investigations. If an entrepreneur, proprietor or manager was not available for a number of days or if he refused to respond, those industrial units were either substituted by others or~ dropped altogether. The proprietors, managers or entrepreneurs of some of the industrial units of Rozka Meo and Alwar industrial estates were not easily available on the estates, as many of them visit their factory units once or twice a week. Since they were very busy during these visits, . they preferred to be interviewed Delhi, therefore, they had to ·be approached in Delhi. m Besides administering the questionnaire, some useful infonnation about the industrial estates accommodated and the problems of m the industrial estates, small were industrial units also noted down separately. As industrial units, either under either proprietorship partnership genera11y do not publish their annual financial or statement (balance sheet), the data collection was a serious problem. Most of the entrepreneurs, when convinced connected with Govemment industrial that the nor interested interviewer was neither m closely guarded 'secrets', responded well. However, some respondents even then gave vague replies or at best -rough estimates. They were reluctant to provide detailed statistical infonnation on capital,_ production and income stmcture. Invariably, there was a tendency on the part of the respondents to under-estimate their income and over-estimate their expenditure and to exaggerate their operational problems and difficulties . In some cases, there were apparent inconsistencies in the 110 data supplied by the respondents and they had to be visited again to verify the data and to remove the inconsistencies. In around ten cases, the replies had to be rejected and other units were selected from the sample industrial estates. In the case of private limited companies and sometimes also in the case of industrial units, the entrepreneurs, directors or managers were reluctant to show their balance sheets. I had to then consult either the bank from where the units had taken loan or the office where the units had registered themselves. for The data collected in the questionnaire were the accounting period ending 31st December 1994. variables the period extended upto 31st March feasible to reconstruct the accounts to suit one For some 1995. As it was not accounting period, no adjustments were made for differences in the accounting period. 3.3 Structural Characteristics of Sample Industrial lJnits in the Industrial Estate -- 3.3.1 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units The distribution of the three hundred industrial units by the major industrial categories is given in Table 3 .I. Out of the fifteen industrial groups which are identified on · the basis of nature of products, the maximum number of industrial units are in Mechanical and Chemical industries i.e. 59 and 50 units respectively. The least number of sample industrial units are in the Cement and Textile industry, i.e. 5 and 7 units respectively. In percentage terms Mechanical and Chemical units together account for 35.34 per cent of the total sample units while Cement and Textile 4 per cent only (see Figure 3.1 ).. Ill Table 3.1 Industry-wise Distributi\on of Sample Units in the Selected Industrial Estates in 1994 I I I N D u s T R I A L C A T E G 0 R I E S lndust.-ial Estates CHE ELE GAR MEC PAC ELT PRJ PLA FOD GLC MIN TEX CEM MET MIS ALL Okhla 10 12 10 12 10 5 12 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 79 Okhla.l 5 6 5 (i 5 5 12 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 Okhla.2 5 6 5 6 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 31 NO IDA 8 13 0 12 0 13 0 5 10 10 0 0 0 II 0 82 Rohtak 12 0 0 14 0 0 I 4 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 40 AI war 13 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 20 0 5 0 2 50 Rozka Meo 2 4 0 10 () 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 25 Loni 5 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 24 TOTAL 50 29 10 59 10 18 13 20 20 10 20 7 5 17 12 300 %SHARES 16.67 9.67 3.33 19.67 3.33 6.0 4.33 6.67 6.67 3.33 6.67 2.33 1.67 5.67 4.0 100 Note: a. CHE=CHEMICAL, ELE=ELECTRICAL, MEC=MECHANICAL, PAC= PACKING, ELE=ELECTRONIC,PRI=PRINTING, PLA=PLASTIC.. FOD=FOOD, GLC=GLASS & CERAMICS, MIN=MINERAL, TEX=TEXTILE, CEM=CEMENT, MET=METALLURGY, MIS=MISCELLENEOUS h. Okhla. I =Okhla inside and Okhla.2=0khla outside . N l I Sample Industrial Units (Industry-wise) 20 18 ~ 18 ·c: ;:::) 0 ·c 1 14 12 ..& 10 ....0 Ill CD L. c ..c B 8 Ul 1:-e 4 o~==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~ CHE EU: GAR t.£C PAC El.T PRI PlA F'OO GlC ~ TEX CEiol MCT loiS Industrial Categories Fig. 3.1 3.3.2 Registration and Age Profile Out of 300 industrial units investigated, 91 mlits (30 per cent) i.e. less than one third of the total tmits were registered under the Shops and Establishment Act and the remaining 209 (70 per cent) i.e. more than two-third of the industrial units wefe registered under the Factory Act. Most of the unit in Okhla and NOIDA are registered tmder Factory Act, i.e. 72 and 84 per cent respectively (Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2). So far as age-profile is concerned, about 4 7 per cent units (140 units) were only four years old at the time of investigation. About 41 per cent m1its were 6 to 8 years old and only II per cent of the tmits were either I 0 or more than 10 years old. Most of the units in Alwar are just about 4 years old and none is more than 10 years old (86 per cent i.e. 43 units out of 50 units). In Rohtak, 68 per cent of the units are only 4 years old (see Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3). 114 Table 3.2 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units: Nature of Registration Industrial Estates Factory Act (I) Shop& Estb.Act (2) %Share of(l) %Share of(2) (3) Okhla 57 22 79 72 28 NO IDA 69 13 82 84 16 Rohtak 26 14 40 65 35 AI war 29 21 50 58 42 Rozka Meo 16 9 25 64 36 Loni 12 12 24 50 50 All Estates 209 91 300 70 30 Note : Estb.=Establishment Total Nature of Registration (Estate-wise) 90~-------------------------------------------------------, BO 70 Ul Q) B so .c Ul so Q) 1:11 ,g 40 1: e 3o Q) Q) 0.... 20 10 Oldlld NOOA Ro~tak Alw<:~r Re.zktl !,jee. l.ol'l Sample Industrial E:stctes j ~Factory Act Fig. 3.2 (:·:·:·:·:-:l Shop & Eat.Act AI Ett<:~ti!S Table 3.3 I Distribution of Sample Industrial Units: Age Profile I A G E p R 0 F I L E I I Industrial I<:states 4-Years Old 6-Years Old 8- Years Old 10-Years. Old > JOYears Okhla 27(34.18) 21(26.58) 16(20.25) . 10(12.66) 5(6.33) 79(100) NOJDA 22(26.83) 31(37.80) 25(30.49) 4(4.88) 0(0.00) 82(100) Rohtak 27(67.50) 5(12.50) 0(0.00) 2(5.00) 6(15.00) 40(100) Alwa1· 43(86.00) 1(2.00) 5(10.00) 1(2.00) 0(0.00) 50(100) kozka Meo 11(44.00) 6(24.00) 5(20.00) 3(12.00) 0(0.00) 25(100) Loni 10(41.67) 6(25.00) 2(8.33) 0(0.00) 6(25.00) 24(100) All Estates 140(46,67) 70(23.33) 53( 17.67) 20(6.67) 17(5.67) 300(100) Total Old Note: Figures, outside the parenthesis show number of industrial units and inside the parenthesis show the percentage shares. Age Profile of Industrial Units (Estates-wise) 120 .., 100 ID a .£; ao Ul ~ 0 1: ID ~ so 40 ~ 20 Dkhlc:l NOIOA R6hlok Alw.:sr ~!kd IAao L6nl All Etolt~lu Sample Industrial Estates B(Z;l4 Yra Did l!mlil 10 Yra Old Fig. 3.3 t:::::::::::jt) Yra Old fZZLl Above 10 Yra Old ~ B Yra Did 3.3.3 Type of Organization A large proportion of the sample industrial units were functioning tmder proprietorship (46 per cent of the total sample units i.e. 138 units). Private limited and partnership units together accmmt for 48 per cent of the industrial units. The share of private limited and partnership tmits is 26 per cent (i.e. 79 units) and 22 per cent tmits (i.e. 65 units) respectively. Only 6 per cent units were operating under public limited .... compames, i.e. just 18 units of the total sample units (Table 3.4 and Figure 3.4 ). In case of industrial groups, the Mechanical industry has the highest number of units (i.e. 59 units). In this group, 28 tmits (i.e. 47 per cent) are under proprietorship and 15 units (i.e. 25 per cent) tmder partnership. When this group is compared with all the industrial groups, it ranks first in both proprietorship and partnership. In case of private limited and public limited units, it is the Chemical industry which ranks first in tenns of percentage with 21.52 per cent and 27.27 per cent respectively (Table 3.5 and Figure 3.5). Although in tenns of total number of units amongst the fifteen industrial groups, the Chemical industry ranks second with 50 units. 119 Table 3.4 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Type of Organistion TYPE ORGA· NISA OF TION Industrial Estates Prop. Part. Pvt.lid. Pub.lid Total %of %of %of %of (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) Okhla 24 21 31 3 79 30.38 26.58 39.26 3.78 100 a.Okhla.l I8 13 15 2 48 37.50 27.08 31.25 4.17 100 h.Okhla.2 6 8 16 I 31 I9.35 25.81 51.61 3.23 100 NO IDA 47 l) I9 7 82 57.32 10.98 23.17 8.54 100 Rohtak 25 12 I 2 40 62.50 30.00 2.50 5.00 100 AI war 21 16 13 0 50 42.00 32.00 26.00 0.00 100 Rozka Meo 6 3 10 6 25 24.00 I2.00 40.00 24.00 100 Loni I5 4 5 0 24 62.50 I6.67 20.83 0.00 100 All Estates 138 65 79 18 300 46.00 21.67 23.33 6.00 100 Note: Prop.= Proprietorship, Part.= Partnership, Pvt.Ltd.= Private Limited, Pub.Ltd.= Public Limited, Okhla.l = Okhla Inside, Okh1a.2 = Okhla Outside. N 0 Total Type of Organisation (Estot-wlse) so ~ 50 L. _g Ul 40 Q) 01 .!!c 30 Q) 0 L. ~ 20 10 Oknla NDIDA Ront~:~k Alw~:~r Rozktl flleo lonl All Esl~:~les Semple Industrial E:stctes ~ ~roprierorship j.:-:;:.:-:-:1 ~CJdnership Fig. 3.4 ~ ~vr.Ltd HPub.Ltd Table 3.5 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units According to Industrywise : Type of Organisation Industrial Categories Prop. Part. Pvt.Ltd. Pub.Ltd. Total Chemical 15 12 17 6 50 Electrical 14 2 10 3 29 Garment 0 4 5 1 10 Mechanical 28 15 11 5 59 Packing 8 1 1 0 10 Electronic 6 2 10 0 18 Printing 6 3 4 0 13 Plastic 9 6 5 0 20 Food 6 6 5 3 20 Glass & Cer. <) 1 () 0 10 Mineral 10 9 I () 20 Textile 2 () 4 I 7 Cement 5 () () () 5 i\ldallurgy 10 3 2 2 17 i\'liscellenious 6 I 4 I 12 All Industry 134 65 79 22 300 % Share 44.67 21.67 26.33 7.33 100.00 iote : Prnr.=Prorrietorship, Part.=Partncrship, Pvt.!Jd.=Privalc Ltd. Puh.Ltd.=Puhlic Limited, Ccr.=Ccramics '""'""' Type of Organisation (Industry-wise) 80 so Ill E '- '0 L: ....0 .... CD 30 ..0 E ::J z 20 C~£ EU: GA.Ft M£C PAC El.T PRI PLA F'OQ GU: MIN TO: C£M ME:T MIS Industrial Categories I~ Proprietorship 1·:-:;:-:·:;:1 Partnership Fig. 3.5 ~ Pvt.Ltd BmmPub.Ltd 3.3.4 Work Shifts Almost all the sample units were perennial in nature. Out of 300 units surveyed, 246 (82 per cent) units operated one shift only, 41 units (13.67 per cent) two shifts and only 12 units (4 per cent) operated three shifts. One unit did not give a clear picture of its shift pattern. The number of shifts operated in the different industrial estates and industrial groups, is given in Table 3. 6 and 3. 7. All Packing, Electronic and Metallurgical based industrial units work under one shift only. AIJ other types of industria) categories worked more than one shift except five Cement, three Chemical and one each of Plastic, Mineral and Miscellaneous based units which were operating three shifts. Only the · Cement industry nms round the clock i.e. all the three shifts (see Figure 3.6 and 3.7). 124 Table 3.6 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Number of Shifts NUMBER " SHIFTS %of %of %of %of (1) (2) (3) (4) 79 1.27 84.81 11.39 2.53 100 0 82 000 91.46 8.54 0.00 100 4 1 40 0.00 87.50 10.00 2.50 100 27 16 7 50 0.00 54.00 32.00 14.00 100 () 22 2 I 25 0.00 88.00 8.00 4.00 100 Loni () 20 3 I 24 0.00 83.33 12.50 4.17 100 Total 1 246 41 12 300 0.33 82.00 13.67 4.00 100 No Rsponse One Shift Two Shifts Three Shifts Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Okhla 1 67 9 2 NO IDA () 75 7 Rohtak 0 35 AI war () Rozka Meo Industrial Estates -.J OF Total Number of Shifts (E!tClte-wl!e) 100 90 ··························· BO .... II) L 70 ..c (f) so II) 50 0 0> 0 c II) .4.0 0 '- /:. 30 20 ,0 0 DkhltJ NDIOA Rl)hl<»: Alwor Ro!ko ~ LM' Tr.l"' Sample Industrial E:statas I[2ZI No Response 1-::::-::-:j One Sl-ift Fig. 3.6 ~ Two Shift-s Bm!B Three Shifts Table 3.7 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units Number of Shifts %of %of %of %of (1) (2) (3) (4) 50 0.00 72.00 22.00 6.00 100 0 29 0.00 100.0 0.00 0.00 100 5 0 10 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 100 52 6 I 59 0.00 88.14 10.17 1.69 100 () 10 0 () 10 0.00 100 0.00 0.00 I(X) Electronic I 17 0 0 18 5.56 94.44 0.00 0.00 100 Printing 0 12 1 0 13 0.00 92.31 7.69 0.00 I (X) Plastic 0 17 2 I 20 0.00 85.00 10.00 5.00 I (X) Food 0 13 7 0 20 0.00 65.00 35.00 0.00 100 (;Jass & Cer. 0 10 0 0 10 0.00 1(X) 0.00 0.00 I (X) Mineral 0 14 5 I 20 0.00 70.00 25.00 5.00 100 Textile 0 6 I 0 7 0.00 85.71 14.29 0.00 I(X) Cement 0 0 0 5 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 1(X) I (X) Metallurgy 0 14 3 0 17 0.00 82.35 17.65 0.00 I (X) Miscen. 0 11 0 1 12 0.00 91.67 0.00 8.33 100 All Industry 1 246 41 12 300 0.33 82.00 13.67 4.00 100 No Re!>pon!>e One Two Shift!> Three Shifts Total Shift (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Chemical 0 36 II 3 Electrical 0 29 0 Garment 0 5 Mechanical 0 Packin~ Industrial Categories Note: Ccr.= Ceramic, Miscen.= Miscelleneous Total Number of Shifts (Industry-wise) 120 100 Ill CD 1... c L BO (/1 CD Ol 0 80 c CD (.) 1... 4.0 CD a. 20 CHE EJ...[ I~ No Fig. 3.7 t-.J 00 C:AR ~EI: Response PR1 PL.A roo C:U:: loiN Industrial Categories PAC El.T 1:·••:·:·:1 One Sl-ift TO: ~Two Shifts CW ~ET t.15 !11mB Three AU. Sl-ifta 3.3.5 Type of Plant and Machinery Out of 300 sample- units, 242 units had acquired exclusively first hand plant and machinery (i.e. 80.67 per cent), six tmits (2 per cent) had obtained second hand and 50 units ( 16.67 per cent) had both first hand and second hand plant and machinery. Alwar, Rohtak and Okhla generally had first hand plant and machinery (98, 90 and 88 per cent respectively). There were two sample units which did not provide infonnation on this score. The detail is given in Table 3.8 and Figure 3.8. In case of source of acquisition of plant and machinery, it is found that almost all had purchased it within India and very few tmits had imported their machinery. Some units had purchased their plant and machinery both from indigenous as weJl as from foreign markets. 1'10 Table 3.8 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Type of Plant & Machinery Used First Hand Second Hand F&S Hand Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Okhla I 70 I 7 NO IDA () 54 () Rohtak I 36 AI war () Rozka Meo Total % of %of %of % of (1) (2) (3) (4) 79 1.27 88.60 1.27 8.86 100 28 82 0.00 65.85 0.00 34.15 100 () 3 40 2.50 90.00 0.00 7.50 100 49 I () 50 0.00 98.00 2.00 0.00 100 () 19 () 6 25 0.00 76.00 0.00 24.00 100 Loni () 14 4 6 24 0.00 58.33 16.67 25.00 100 All Estates 2 242 6 50 300 0.67 80.67 2.00 16.67 100 Industrial Estates No Response Note : F & S = First and Second Type of Plant and Machinery (Estate-wise) 120 100 .... II) L. 0 BO .£: Ul II) 0> c so c ~ L. LO II) Cl... 20 0 I~ No Response (:·-::1 F'irst Hood Fig. vJ 3.8 ~ Second Hood mmJ Both 3.3.6 Power Used and Working Capacity As many as 248 units (82.67 per cent) out of 300 sample industrial units were using electricity as well as generators as a source of power supply. Only 52 units (17.33 per cent) were dependent on electricity alone (Table 3.9 and Figure 3.9). In NOIDA and Okhla, almost all the units kept generators as an emergency source of power (i.e. 98 per cent and 96 per cent respectively). Alwar is the only industrial estate where 60 per cent of the industrial units were totally dependent on electricity as a source of power supply and 40 per cent used generators as captive power. In tenns of working capacity, quite a number of industrial units (233 units i.e. 77.67 per cent) were utilizing 50 to 70 per cent of the total installed capacity. There were 33 units (i.e. 11 per cent) which had utilized more than 70 per cent of their total installed capacity Remaining 34 units (i.e. 11.33 per cent) were working below 50 per cent of the total working capacity. In Okhla 23 per cent units ( 18 units) were utilising more than 70 per cent of the installed capacity. (Table 3.10 and Figure 3.1 0). 132 Table 3.9 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Nature of Power Used POWER USED Industrial Eatates Electric Ele & Gen Total (1) (2) (3) % of (1) (2) Okhla 3 76 79 3.80 96.20 100 NO IDA 2 RO 82 2.44 97.56 100 Rohtak 7 33 40 17.50 82.50 100 AI war 30 20 50 60.00 40.00 100 Rozka Meo 5 20 25 20.00 80.00 100 Loni 5 19 24 20.83 79.17 100 All Estates 52 248 300 17.33 82.67 100 Note : Elc = Electric, Gen = Generator %of Total Nature of Power Used (Estate-wise) ·.·.·.·.·.·.·:.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. All Estates K2~tZ:!!:ti~F:.:.:.:.:..:.:.:.:.:~:.:.:.:.:.:.:.;.:.7'"'.:.:.:.:..~~:.;.;.:.:.""fo:..:.:.:."'""'"f'"'""':.;.;.:.:.f" ......... ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·...·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· ... ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.-.·.·.·.·.·.·.-.· ·.·.·.·.·:.·.·.·.·.·.-.- ·.·.·.·.·.-.·.-.....................·.·.·.·... ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·:.·.·.·... ·::u R<)~!ak NOIOA Ql(hla ~·::· ~ 0 ,.,..,.,................,. ........ :· .. ·..... . ·........ ,. .. ,.,.,.........,. . .-.·· ............................................·. ·............,. ................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ,0 20 30 .iO SO SO 70 80 PsrcsntaQ& Shares \00 Electricity Fig. 3.9 \::··::·~ E:ledy & Generator 90 100 Table 3.10 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Working Capacity Utilisation WORK lNG 50-70 (3) CAPA CITY Above-70 (4) Total (5) %of UTILI SATION %of (3) %of (4) Total (1) % of (2) Industrial Estates Below-30 (1) 30-50 (2) Okhla 7 4 50 18 79 8.86 5.07 63.29 22.78 100 NO IDA 0 2 70 10 82 0.00 2.44 85.37 12.20 100 Rohtak 2 3 35 0 40 5.00 7.50 87.50 0.00 100 AI war 0 8 39 3 50 0.00 16.00 78.00 6.00 100 Rozka Meo () 3 20 2 25 0.00 12.00 80.00 8.00 100 Loni 0 5 19 () 24 0.00 20.83 79.17 0.00 100 All Estates 9 25 233 33 300 3.00 8.33 77.67 11.00 100 2.31 10.64 78.89 8.16 100 Average Shares Working Capacity Utilisation (Estcte-wlse) 90-------------------------------------------------------~ BO ·································· 70 ................................. . Ill 01) L. so U'l so .E 01) 0 ., 40 c 01) ~ :30 If 20 1: ·········-········ ·············~. Old'lld NOOA Rontc:lk Alwc:~r Rozka Meo Lonl AU Eltc:~te• Sample Industrial E:stales I~ Balow Fig. 3.10 :so % c:J :50-50 % ~ 50-70 % amm Above 70 % 3.3. 7 Profile of Entrepreneurs The profile of entrepreneurs in the sample industrial estates will now be examined in tenns of their educational qualifications and technical or managerial experience. Table 3.11 and Figure 3.11 presents the distribution of entrepreneurs by their educational qualifications. More than 32 per cent of the entrepreneurs who had set up industrial concen1s in the industrial estates in the sample had degrees, 32 per cent had technical training, 26.33 per cent had diplomas and only 9 per cent had passed their Senior School Certificate (S.S.C.). If we look at individual estates then we find that in case of Alwar 54 per cent of the entrepreneurs had degrees which is 21 average for all Estates (i.e. 33o/o). per cent more than the overall In case of those with technical training, the percentage is highest for Rozka Meo i.e. 56 per cent. From this distribution one can deduce that educated were attracted to industrial estates in order to establish ·small persons industrial concems. The distribution of the entrepreneurs by the professional experience in the sample industrial estates is given in Table 3.12 and Figure 3 .12. About one half of the industrial entrepreneurs i.e. 152 (50.67 per cent) had an experience of less than 3 years and 65 entrepreneurs (2 I .6 7 per cent)· had prior experience of 3 to 7 years before opening their units. Only 35 entrepreneurs ( 11.6 7 per cent) had experience of more than 7 years at the time of starting their units. Forty eight entrepreneurs (6 per cent) had either no experience or did not respond. NOIDA industrial estate had 56 units (68.29 per cent) where the experience of the entrepreneurs was less than 3 years and there were only 4 units (5 per cent) where the experience of the entrepreneurs was 137 Table 3.11 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Educational Qualification of Entrepreneur EDUCA TIONAL QUAL I TION Industrial Estates s.s.c. Degree Diploma Tech. Total % of % of % of %of (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) Okhla 7 26 19 27 79 10.42 31.25 25.00 33.33 100 NO IDA 6 18 28 '30 82 7.32 21.95 34.15 36.59 lOO Rohtak 3 15 8 14 40 7.50 37.50 20.00 35.00 100 AI war 8 27 11 4 50 16.00 54.00 22.00 8.00 100 Rozka Meo 0 5 6 14 25 0.00 20.00 24.00 56.00 lOO Loni 3 7 7 7 24 12.50 29.17 29.17 29.17 100 All Estates 27 98 79 96 300 9.00 32.67 26.33 32.00 100 Note : S.S.C.= Senior Secondary School Certificate , Tech.=Technicl \..J 00 FICA Total Qualification of Entrepreneurs (Estote-wlse) 50~-------------------------------------------------------, 50 1·--·--·---·--·--·· f-·--··--·--·---·--·--··--·--·--·····--··--·--·· Ill OJ) ;:; 4.0 ..r::: Ul ---------~ ~ ~ 30 0 c e 20 .... OJ) ,__ , .... 1----...... ........ .. .. ~ ~- .. ....... . 1-- .......... ..... 1--" OJ) 0.. 10 ....... -------~ ~ Ok~lcl NOOA ...... ] ~ Ro~tak l Alwor 1--- ~:· J:::: Rozko ~eo Lon! AI Estoll!ls Sample Industrial E:states I~ S.S.C Fig. 3.11 ;) 0 c:::J Degree ~ Diploma mmJ Techrical Table 3.12 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Professional Qualification of Entrepreneur PROF ESS IONAL <3 Years >7 Years Total (4) (5) No Exp. (1) (2) 3-7 Years (3) Okhla 8 35 21 15 NO IDA 2 56 20 Rohtak II 16 9 Industrial Estates QUAL I FICA TION %of %of (1) (2) o/oof (3) (4) 79 10.13 44.30 26.58 18.99 100 4 82 2.44 68.29 24.39 4.88 100 4 40 27.50 40.00 22.50 -- ··- %of -- 10.00 . Total .. 100 AI war 20 24 3 3 50 40.00 48.00 6.00 6.00 100 Rozka Meo 2 12 7 4 25 8.00 48.00 28.00 16.00 100 Loni 5 9 5 5 24 20.83 37.50 20.83 20.83 100 All Estates 48 152 65 35 300 16.00 50.67 21.67 11.67 100 Note : Exp. = Experience Experience of Entrepreneures (Estate-wise) 70~------------~-------------------------------------------. so ································ ~ !iO 6 .£ Ul 40 ., IJ) .Ec 30 IJ) 0 L rf 20 , 0 t············· ·············~ 0 Okhlo NOOA Roh!ok Alwor So~le IKXX;l No Experience EZJ Below 3 Fig. 3.12 Ro:OOI !.leo AI Et+at.~t Lori Industrial E:sloles Years ~ 3-7 Years H Above 7 Yeara more than 7 years. It is only in the Okhla industrial estate that 15 units i.e. 44 per cent had entrepreneurs with experience of more than 7 years. From the above observation one can infer that quite number of entrepreneurs seemed to have established a good their industrial units after gaining some professional experience. L1'"J 3.3.8 Employment Size On an average one industrial unit provided employment to skilled workers, 8 tmskilled workers and 11 3 administrative staff (managerial, supervisor, clerical and other staff), making altogether 22 workers. As per the Half Yearly Progress .Report for the Industrial Estates in India62 for the period ending 31st March, 1972, the average nwnber of persons employed per industrial unit was 18. Table 3.13 &3.14andFigure3.13& 3.14 show theestate-wise and industry-wise average employment figures of sample tmits in 1994 in tenns of three maJor categories, namely, skilled workers, unskilled workers and administrative staff. In quite a few cases, the respondents, it is feared, failed to distinguish ~ight between skilled and unskilled workers. have The category of semi-skilled workers also created a problem as it is quite ambi_guous. Taking employment as the criterion of size, it could be inferred from the above Table that Okhla has the largest number of persons employed per industrial unit i.e. 27. Rozka Meo, though, a ntral estate in character, employed 24 persons per unit while Loni only 18. In case of NO IDA and Alwar, the number of persons per unit was 21 each. Among different industrial groups, the Printing industrial w1its were relatively small sized, employing on an average only 12 employees per unit. It was the Cement industrial units which were employing on an average the maximum number of workers i.e. 72 persons per unit. Next stood 62 the Gannent industrial units with 53 persons per unit. Ministry oflndustry ( 1973 ), "Industrial Estates in India" Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries (Economic Investigation Division), Ministry of Industry), Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. 143 Table 3.13 Industrial Estates Average Employment Size Per Sample Unit : Type of Workers Skid. (I) WORK ERS Unskld. Admi. (3) (2) TYPE Total Avg Avg (4) (~l (~l Avg of Avg of" (I) (2) (3) (4) Okhla 793 991 3X2 2166 10 13 5 27 NO IDA 72X 713 259 1700 9 9 3 21 Rohtak 146 385 78 609 4 10 2 15 AI war 320 59 X 112 1030 6 12 2 21 I ?X 319 95 592 7 13 4 24 Loni !28 26X 44 440 5 11 2 18 All Estates 2293 3274 970 6537 8 11 3 22 Rozka M~o Note: Skid.= Skilled, Unskld.= Unskilled, Admi.= Administrative Avg = Av~ragc Average Employment Size (Estate-wise) 30~----------------------------------------------------------, ..-.. ~ 25 II) .:Y. '0 ~ 20 .....0 0 315 II) N 1/i II) 10 .............."16ii'.;~- .••••••••••••••... 01 0 ''-', '- II) > ~ 5 ...... ,....... ._..._, -._ _,,,. . -- ••••••••J!f4•.::,::~•o•oooooooooooooo••ooooooooo!...., , . , ,• •. ,•• ,.,. . . . . . f.~o~ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo~~~A-J!!.,,,,,,,,,,,,uoooooooooooo ~----- • Mol---~---~ -~o~~-------- -loH- ~- ~- ~-~-*-~-~ -~-~----- ------Mol 0~--.--------.-------,--------~-------r------~--------r-~ NOIOA Rollldk Alwdr Rozkd ~ LonI AI Esldtu So~la Industrial E:stotas ~-· Sk111ed Fig. 3.13 -•- A.dmiriatrativs -e- Total Table 3.14 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units :Type of Workers TYPE OF WOR KERS Industrial Categories Skid. Unskld. Adm. Total Avg Avg Avg (1) (2) (3) (4) of(l) of(2) of(3) Chemical 316 499 166 981 6 11 3 20 Electrical 225 260 99 584 8 9 3 20 Garment 193 260 105 528 19 23 11 53 Mechanical 438 714 175 1327 7 12 3 22 Packing 40 58 27 125 4 6 3 13 Electronic 135 168 79 382 8 9 4 21 Printing 70 66 23 159 5 5 2 12 Plastic 103 226 45 374 5 11 2 19 Food 11 I 223 59 393 6 11 3 20 Glass & Cer. 152 122 36 310 15 12 4 31 Mineral 86 153 32 271 4 8 2 14 Textile 53 100 18 171 8 14 3 24 Cement Ill 225 26 362 22 45 5 72 Metallurgy 173 132 49 354 10 8 3 21 Miscelleneous 87 98 31 216 7 8 3 18 All Industry 2293 3274 970 6537 8 11 3 22 Total Note: Skld.=Skilled, Unskld.=Unskilled, Adm.=Administrative, Avg=Average,Cer=Ceramics Average Employment Size (Industry-wise) ~ 80,-----------------------------------------------------------, ~ 70 .... 0 ~ ._ so (! ~ !!.0 ......., 1i 40 ~ 30 E >. ~ w 20 .. CD 0> ~ 10 ~ CHE ElE CAR ~ PAC ELT PRI PlA roo GLC IAN TEX COA Industrial Categories i·• •Sk111ed Fig. 3.14 -u-mkiled -ME-- Admiriatrative -a- Total ~ Maximum number of skilled and unskilled labourers were also employed by Cement industry followed by Garment industry. So far as Administrative workers are concerned, it was Garment industrial units which had employed the maximum, i.e. 11 persons per industrial unit. Such figures have also been observed in other similar studies. 63 From Table 3.15 and Figure 3.15, it is observed that there were 70 per cent industrial units which had employed upto 20 workers and 23 per cent units which had employed between 21 to 50 workers. It is also observed that only 7 per cent units had employed more than 50 workers. If we look at the different industrial groups, 54 per cent (32 units) of Mechanical industry had employed II to 20 workers per unit and 30 per cent (6 units) had employed more than 50 workers. In case of Chemical industry, 26 per cent units ( 13 units) had employed upto I 0 workers and 30 per cent ( 15 units) had employed between 21 to 50 \Yorkers. It had Most labour intensive was the Cement industry. employed more than 50 workers per unit in 80 per cent of the units. 63 AK. Jain ( 1982), "Industrial Estate in Uttar Pradesh" with Special Reference to Meerut Region, Meerut University. Meerut, p.l38. 148 Table 3.15 Distribution of Sample Industrial Units : Employment Size EMPLOY < 10 Industrial Categories MENT SIZE 11-20 21-50 >50 Total Chemical 13 21 15 1 50 Electrical 3 19 6 1 29 Garment 0 2 6 2 10 Mechanical 11 32 10 6 59 Packing 2 8 0 0 10 Electronic 5 11 0 2 18 Printing 6 5 2 0 13 Plastic 5 10 4 I 20 Food 5 7 7 I 20 Glass & Ceramics I 4 4 I 10 Mineral 6 13 I 0 20 Textile 2 2 2 1 7 Cement 0 0 I 4 5 Metallurgy I 7 t) () 17 Miscelleneous 6 4 2 0 12 All Industry 66 145 69 20 300 Percentage Shares 22.00 48.33 23.00 6.67 100.00 Note: Integers indicate nurnher of workers. 149 Size of Employment (Nunnber of Persons) 0 (22.0%) 21-50 (23.0%) Fig. VI 0 3. 15 3.3.9 Net Value Added The average net value added per industrial enterprise is given in Table 3.16 andFigure3.16&3.17). The average netvalue addedin all the industrial estates is 29.27 · lakhs per year per unit. The average net value added is the highest in the Okhla units (i.e. 50.42 lakhs) followed by NOIDA with an average of 30.21 lakhs. The least is observed in Rohtak (11.55 lakhs). If an inter-industry analysis is made, then the Cement industry is on the top with an average net value added of Rs. 69.80 lakhs per year. The next two in sequence are Garment industry (3 7.45 (88.60 lakhs). the Metal industry (44.16 lakhs) and lakhs) besides the Miscellaneous category The least value was observed the in case of Printing industry i.e. only 6.99 lakhs. An abnonnal situation was observed in the case of Miscellaneous industry, which account for more than three times of the average value of all the industrial estates. 151 Table 3.16 Average Fixed Capital Investment and Net Value Added per Sample Unit (in Rupees) INDL.CAT. p & M PM & LB NVA INDL.EST. p & M PM & LB NVA CHE 1536493 2423617 3052778 Okhla 1875143 3004550 504188 ELE 1291198 1851159 3015462 Okhla.1 1274779 2208131 3475763 GAR 2010000 3720000 3744780 Okhla.2 2475506 3800968 6608013 MEC 1576354 2370247 2132114 NO IDA 1461971 2116539 3021581 PAC 1273248 1887019 2002649 Rohtak 1638250 2583250 1155199 ELT 1395481 1986404 3207423 Alwar 1919140 4258380 2449885 PRI 718787 1655838 699928 Rozka Meo 1750000 2598200 2262190 PLA 1960230 2699180 2105767 Loni 1106875 1625542 1390377 FOD 1999362 3409562 2649263 All Estates 1632046 2725311 2926936 GLC 1281050 1881050 2433010 MIN 2044300 2748850 1964888 TEX 1085714 1689714 1837552 CEM 4053000 20496400 6982626 MET 2484865 3605453 4416908 MIS 1004000 1497333 8859149 Total 1632046 2725311 2926936 Note: CHE=CHEMICAL, ELE=ELECTRICAL, GAR=GARMENT, MEC=MECHANICAL, PAC=PACKING, ELT=ELECTRONIC PRI=PRINTING, PLA=PLASTIC, FOD=FOOD, GLC=GLASS & CERAMICS, MIN=MINERAL, TEX=TEXTILE, CEM=CEMENT MET=METALLURGY MIS=MISCELLENEOUS PM= PLANT & MACHINERY LB=LAND & B'()ILDINGS NVA=NET VALUE ADDED,INDL.EST.=INDUSTRIAL ESTATES, INDL.CAT.=INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY, Okhla.1=0khla inside, Okhla.2=0khla Outside. I I I I Average Net Value Added Per Unit (Estate-wise) All Ettotet Ill Q) L.onr "E ~ w ~ Ro~ka !Aeo 15 ·c ~ "'0 AIWIS~ Q) Roi'ltak N>Mt _!; 0.. E 0 (fl NDIDA Dki'lla 0 2 3 .4. Net Value Added (in Rs.) (~.jlllons) Fig. Vl vJ 3.16 s 6 Average Net Value Added Per Unit (industry-wise) All IMd. MIS MET ~ ~ [~EM C/1 01) ·;: 0 0> "G) 0 u 0 ·;: 1; ::::J "C £ rEx MIN GLC ex. )Ill: FDD PLA PRI ELT PAC IAEC GAR ~ ~ OCA.~ D0<::~'-"2\Jii ELE CHE ~ cx. 0 2 3 ~ !!i 6 Net Value Added (in Rs.) (MIII'OI'I~) Fig. 3.17 7 8 9 3.3.10 Capital Investment The average expenditure on the plant and machinery per unit is 16.32 lakhs. The highest average was observed for Alwar and the lowest for Loni i.e. 19.9 and 11.07 lakhs respectively. If the cost of land and buil'tlings is also added with plant and machinery, then the overall average investment by the individual entrepreneur goes to 27.25 lakhs. The highest investment per unit is once again in Alwar industrial units and minimum in Loni industriaJ units ( 42.58 lakhs and 16.26 lakhs respectively). Industry-wise, inve~tment it is in the Cement industry where average on plant and machinery as well as on land and buildings is the highest i.e. 40.53 lakhs and 204.96 lakhs respectively. The lowest is observed in Printing industry i.e. 7.18 lakhs on plant and machinery and 16.56 lakhs on combined plant and machinery and land and building (Table 3.16 and Figure 3.18 & 3.19). All the cement industrial units of Alwar fall in the small scale category because their investment limit is within 60 lakhs on plant and machinery. This investment figure is supplied by the DIC, Alwar which is given in Appendix 3.1 along with the names of these units. 155 Average Investment Per Unit (Estote-wlse) 4.5 .... .-... ~ 0:: 3.5 c :.:::- c ..... r::: II) .E Ill II) > .s; 11 ·o.. :; Jii 2. 2.5 2 0 u , .5 .... -.... - ............... ..... ,.-·· . ----_,. -... .........................k.,.~ .. •·······················································"'"························r~·-··········· '-.. 'L ,. t~'- .. ,. ~ t-.OIDA Rohi<:lk Alwtlr R6zktl ~e6 L6nl Sampls Industrial E:stctss I••• Flkrlt & Modinery Fig. 3.18 - ..... FI.M & Lond&Bu1din1J AI Estates Average Investment Per Unit · (Industry-wise) ::s - 20 IIi ,. ..............................................................................................................."1'............................. . I\ 0! c: c c <I) 1S <.J \ . J '\ I I \ r , ··································································································r········T························ 10 J ] ·o. 0 I , 1 E t;;<I) ~ > .& I I r •'-··························· .................................................................................................................. 'I I ' I I I r 1 ········································································································;·············l······················ ....... .... It' --~~~-J ~ ~ ........ J ~~... .... '---~~!.~!~-:~:::~ . •--... --~1!.,..-• '~~="' .... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - illfrt ~ ···- ~ ~ I "' m Industrial Categories 1-•Fig. 3.19 Plant & Macl-inery ••• P.M & Land&Buildin~ .. .- .......... .. / .... ~ ~ \ ~~~~ ~ ... ~ 3.4 Conclusions ( 1). All the sample industrial estates are within a distance of 163 kilometres from Delhi and ,except for Rozka Meo, are well connected with roads and railways with each other as well as with other economic and conunercial centres of the country. (2). In the National Capital Region almost all types of industries are located. However, the largest share is of Mechanical and Chemical industries which together account for 35.34 per cent of total sample units. (3). Two-thirds of the sample industrial units are either functioning under proprietorship or under partnership. (4). Most of the industrial units (80 per cent) have installed brand new plants and machinery. There are a few units which have even purchased their machineries from outside the country. (5). About 70 per cent of the industrial units are registered under the Factory Act and the rest under Shops and Establishment Act. More than 90 per cent of the industrial units are less than II years old and 80 per cent units nm just one shift throughout the year. (6). More than 80 per cent of the entrepreneurs had opened the industria! units with entrepreneurs prior experience and more than 90 per cent had either degrees or diplomas or some technical qualification. Thus, it is evident that educated persons were attracted by the industrial estates to venture into small scale industrial production .. (7). Average investment per industrial unit on plant and machinery and lands and buildings is the highest in Alwar (42.58 lakhs). This is due to the Cement industry as in this industry land costs include the cost of the mining land also. 158 • (8). The average net value added was the highest in the industrial w1its fimctioning outside the industrial estates (66.08 lakhs per year). Among the estates NOIDA. had the highest average net value added (30.21 lakhs). In tenns of the industrial categories, the Printing industry had the lowest net value added (6.99 lakhs) and the Miscellaneous group of industries had the highest average net value added (88.59 lakhs). (9). Each industrial unit in the sample industrial estates has provided on an average, employment opportunities to 22 workers. The two extremes were observed in the case of Printing and Cement units. While Printing units were absorbing , on an average, just 13 workers, the Cement units were absorbing 72 workers. 159 CHAPTER-IV AGGLOMERATION AND EXTERNAL ECONOMIES 4.1 Theoretical and Methodological Issues 4.2 Comparative Analysis of Estate Block and Nonestate Block. 4.2.1 Rate of Profit of Industrial Units. 4.2.2 Rate of Profit Based on Fixed Investment on Plant and 1\tlachinery. 4.2.3 Rate of Profit Based on Fixed Investment on Plant & !VIachinery and Land & Building. 4.2.4 Rate of Profit of Industrial Groups. 4.2.5 Size of Firms and Rate of Profit. 4.3 Rate of Profit of Individual Industrial Estates. 4.3.1 Rate of Profit of Industrial Units 4.3.2 Investment on Fixed Capital. 4.3.3 Employment Size and Rate of Pt·ofit. 4.4 Conclusions. 160
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