Revised January 2008 Candidate Assessment 10 Teacher Work Sample SECTION 1: RATIONALE – WHAT IS A TEACHER WORK SAMPLE? A. Purpose of the Teacher Work Sample: The Teacher Work Sample provides the teacher education candidates the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to plan, implement, and evaluate a standards-based unit of instruction for a specific class of students and to facilitate learning for all students (West, Rudden, n.d.). Candidates should be aware that when they are teachers, they will be expected to do long-range planning, develop units of instruction, including detailed lesson plans, and to provide data showing that their students were able to reach the unit goals. Teaching involves a continuous process of setting goals, preassessing, revising goals based on assessments, planning, teaching, post-assessing, and reflecting. As you student teach, you will perform each step in the process. B. What is a Teacher Work Sample? The Teacher Work Sample is a culminating experience in the Millikin University School of Education program that will requires you to synthesize what you have learned in your classes and internships and to provide evidence of that learning. The knowledge and skills that you developed prior to student teaching are put into practice as you actually prepare and teach a developmentally appropriate unit of study for students in your student teaching classroom. You will then analyze data from your pre- and post-assessments to provide concrete evidence of student learning. Further, you will collect examples of the work your students did as they learned the skills and concepts you planned and taught, and you will reflect on their progress to self-evaluate the planning and teaching of the unit. C. Steps to Complete the TWS The TWS requires successful completion of the following steps: 1. Identify a developmentally appropriate topic for a unit of instruction (1-2 weeks in length with five to ten lessons), which you will teach in your student teaching classroom. 2. Analyze the context for learning and examine the implications of the context for instruction. 3. Identify 4 to 6 measurable unit learner outcomes, aligning them with standards and explaining your rationale for selecting each learner outcome. 4. Develop a unit pre-assessment and post-assessment that can be used to measure student progress toward ALL learner outcomes. 5. Plan a series of five to ten lessons, inclusive of pre- and post-tests, that will facilitate student learning of the learner outcomes. Collectively the lessons that you teach must relate to the learner outcomes. Each lesson must contain lesson objectives, materials, instructional procedures, accommodations for special needs learners, and formative or summative assessments. Incorporation of authentic assessments is strongly encouraged. 6. Pre-assess unit learner outcomes and modify lesson plans, based on the results of the preassessments. 7. Teach the lessons, keeping a daily log of instructional decision-making that occurred as you taught the lesson. 8. Post-assess the unit learner outcomes. 1 9. Analyze the data from the pre- and post-assessments, examining whole-group data, sub-group data, and data on selected individual students. 10. Reflect on the TWS experience and consider the evidence that supports the success of your teaching. Reflect also on how your TWS demonstrates your ability to fulfill MTS and organizing themes. D. Phase I and II, Teacher Work Sample (CA10) Phase I and II, shown below, shows how the workload for the TWS is spread across two semesters. Phase 1: Designing and Planning the Unit of Instruction [ED406 or ED425] 1. CONTEXT OF LEARNING Write a description of the community, school district, school, learning space, and students that comprise the context for learning and teaching. Examine implications Select a topic for the unit, identify unit learner goals, align 2. UNIT LEARNER GOALS them with the Il Learning Standards and write a justification for each unit learning goals. Develop a plan for pre- and post-assessing each unit learning 3. ASSESSMENT PLAN goal, as well as daily lesson objectives; use a variety of assessments, including authentic assessments. Create daily lesson plans that address the unit learner goals; 4. DESIGN FOR prepare a chart or table that represents the unit learner goals, INSTRUCTION standards, lesson objectives, lesson activities, accommodations, and assessments. Phase 2: Teaching the Unit of Instruction and Reflecting on the Process (Education 488 and ED476, 477, or 478) Pre-assess unit learner goals, modify lessons and unit based on 5. INSTRUCTIONAL pre-assessment; teach the lessons to your students; maintain a DECISION MAKING log of instructional decisions including modifications for individual students or the whole class; post-assess; reteach when needed. Select representative samples of student work as related to 6. SELECTION OF STUDENT analyze, discuss, and use in your presentation. WORK Analyze all assessment data (pre-, post-, and formative) and 7. ANALYSIS OF STUDENT report in y9our paper and peer presentation the extent to which LEARNING students reached learner goals and standards. Analyze individual students and subgroups’ progress. Determine which unit learner outcomes were met . Reflect on the effectiveness of planning and teaching in 8. REFLECTION AND SELFrelation to the standards and learner goals. Make suggestions EVALUATION for improving your teaching. Plan for continued professional growth. Reflect on how the assignment assisted you to demonstrate the 9. REFLECTION ON organizing themes; reflect, in addition, on relevant standards, ORGANIZING THEMES AND providing specific examples of how your unit illustrates the STANDARDS standards. 2 It is important that the planning of your TWS be completed in consultation with your cooperating teacher. Your choice of the topic for your unit, as well as the learning activities, must be made with your cooperating teacher's approval. You will prepare Steps 1 through 5 above as part of ED425 or ED406. Steps 6 through 10, the actual teaching of the unit, analysis of data, and reflection on your student learning will be completed while you are student teaching. The TWS is the culminating project of ED488, Education Seminar. In Appendix A, there is a chart that shows the collaborative process for ED425/406 and for ED488. Each member of the senior level TWS/Student Teaching Team has a role play in CA10, TWS. SECTION 2: CONTEXT OF LEARNING All instructional planning should begin with a solid understanding of the context in which the unit is being taught. You should write the context before selecting learner outcomes and selecting daily lessons. It will be helpful, though, to talk with your teacher about the curriculum for your grade level so that you have some idea of what is being taught during the semester that you will be student teaching. The Context section is essentially a research paper in which you use available sources to describe the community, school district, school, classroom, and students in your class. You will then use your research to consider its implications for you instructional planning,. It is important that you summarize the research in your own words and that you use in-text citations and include a list of references of all sources used. Follow the same guidelines you would use for any other research paper. Your style of writing should be objective, scientific, and business-like. Your context provides a foundation and a justification for your future planning of your unit. A. What is included in the context? “Context” refers to aspects of the setting in which you are teaching that will directly affect your decisionmaking about teaching. The context involves social, economic, intellectual, and physical aspects of the setting. You will first describe the characteristics of the city or town, the school district, the school, the students, and the curriculum. Then you will identify specific implications of these contextual characteristics for your unit and how you will teach it. 1. Describe the characteristics of your community, school district, school, classroom, and students. As you can see from the chart on the following page, your TWS should provide evidence that you have a comprehensive understanding of: a. The city/town/community b. the school district c. the school, d. the classroom, students, and relationships within the classroom e. the student characteristics and the curriculum Of particular interest is the data on the school and district’s progress toward meeting the requirements for No Child Left Behind. Is the school and district making Adequate Yearly Progress? What is their present status? Are they on the watch list or on academic warning? The decisions you and your cooperating teacher will make about your TWS will be directly related to the school and district’s performance on the tests related to NCLB. You should be able to speak and write about the trends in recent years in relation to students’ performance on Standardized tests. 3 2. Describe at least 3 to 5 IMPLICATIONS of the characteristics that are described above? After you have written a comprehensive summary of the community, school district, school, classroom, and students, you will then write a few paragraphs that identify 3 to 5 implications of the context as they relate to the task of planning, teaching, and assessing a unit of instruction. The term, “implications,” refers to the conclusions that you can draw about how/what you might teach to address the students’ needs in the particular context. For example, the teaching of basic skills of reading and mathematics take on a high level of importance if the class happens to be a third grade class in a school that has not made AYP. If, on the other hand, you are student teaching in a school with a history of making AYP, you may find that an implication is that you will need to provide instruction that goes beyond the basics to a higher level of student knowledge. Considering the whole context, you may ask, “What instructional needs will there be for people in this classroom, school, and community?” The implication section asks you to draw your own conclusions about what you and your teacher will need to do. For example, if your class did not make annual yearly progress in math, then you may conclude that there will be a need for extra work on math, and you may want to consider doing your TWS in mathematics. In short, when you identify the implications of the context, you are demonstrating your ability to consider the big picture, as well as the details, and plan instruction that is addresses both perspectives. B. What are the Sources of Information for the Context? Remember that when you are writing a research paper, you will want to use sources that are reliable, and to consider the nature of the information when you draw implications. For example, if you use a website from the Chamber of Commerce, the information you get may be opinions, along with factual data. Please do not use Wikipedia! Also, please be sure to cite the source that you are using for your data, and DO NOT CITE WORD FOR WORD without using quotations and suitable attributions of the source. Reserve direct quotations to make significant points. In most cases, it is better to use your own words. Remember though that even paraphrasing in your own words still requires citations in text and listings in the references. 1. .On-line data about community City and/or community data Census data or cities.com Chamber of commerce data Data about the community that may be found on the Interactive School Report Card Websites for the city 2. School District and School Data online Interactive School District Report Card www.isbe.net Interactive School Report Card www.isbe.net District Improvement Plan and School Improvement Plan District or School publications such as faculty handbook, parent handbooks 3. Classroom, students and teaching style from personal observation and informal discussion. Classroom and student information Observations that you make while you are observing or assisting in the classroom Informal discussion with your cooperating teacher and other school staff 4 4. Student characteristics and curriculum Cooperating teacher interview Student records (with permission) Observations that you make while you are observing or assisting in the classroom. Examination of textbooks and existing curriculum materials By strategically planning your interview with your cooperating teacher, you can gain important understandings about your teacher’s expectations, approaches to discipline, and the characteristics of your students. However, it is important not to use your teacher as the only source of data about the school. As a matter of fact, you should interview your teacher after you have done the research on the school. Your cooperating teacher will be able to help you clarify your understanding in some cases, and can supplement your information about the School Improvement Plan. If there are things you do not understand in the data, be prepared with specific questions. C. Format of Context Your context should be written in a narrative format. Lists and selected charts may help to present information about the students’ performance on standardized tests, etc., but they must be introduced and carefully labeled, explained, and presented with an in-text citation. After you have written the description of the context and discussed the implications, be sure to include a bibliography of your sources of information. Use APA format and include your bibliography or references at the end of your report. Also, cite the sources in the text of the material. Be sure to use the rubric that is provided to self-evaluate the context section of your TWS. Your paper will be evaluated against the standards that the rubric establishes. D. Chart on Content of Context On the following page is a list of suggested content for the context session, listed by category. Select enough details to give a clear picture of your geographic location, school, school district, classroom, and students. 5 Relevant Community Characteristics • Population • Physical Description • Socioeconomic status • Ethnic makeup • Primary industry or source of income • Non-public schools in the community • Attributes and challenges in the community that affects student learning or school district decision-making (bond referenda, financial concerns) Table 1: SUGGESTED CONTENT FOR CONTEXT School District (See www.isbe.net) • Population of students • Ratio of teachers to students • Socioeconomic class • Cultural diversity among teachers and student populations • Special Needs population • Number of schools in the district • Status in relation to Annual Yearly Progress/No Child Left Behind • District AYP information for Math and Reading • Reform Models in Place District-Wide • Trend Data (are scores in reading and math going up or down?) • Mentoring Plan for Teachers • Community Support for Schools The School (See www.isbe.net) • Population of students • Socioeconomic class/Free and reduced lunches • Special Needs population • Status in relation to Annual Yearly Progress and No Child Left behind • Reform Models in Place (describe; research online) • Special Recognition/awards • Trend Data for the school • -strategies in place to improve AYP • -retention rate (how many students drop out? • -attributes of the school effecting student learning • Teacher Background (education level, average years of experience) • Sub-groups---demographics • Building—age, physical characteristics • ISAT Scores • Plan of action • Parent and Family Involvement in classrooms Classroom & Students (your own observations) • Student behavior in and out of the classroom (halls, gym, lunchroom, before and after school, etc.) • Individual students whose behavior problems or learning problems are readily observable • Description of the physical environment, seating arrangements, enrichment materials • Reform Models and/or special programs being used in the classroom • Morning meetings or assemblies • School-Wide Discipline Plans/in-class discipline plans in place • Style of discipline responses observed in adults in the classroom • Styles of interactions between teacher and students • Observed morale level of teachers, staff, students (based on your observations) Student Needs & Characteristics (interview) • Student enrollment makeup (number of boys/girls; ethnicity; socioeconomic status; ability level) • Students for whom obvious accommodations will need to be made (IEP’s, ADD children, bilingual students, behavior problems) • Grade Level AYP Information, reading/math performance • Students/teachers from different cultural backgrounds • Percentage of students receiving free and/or reduced lunches • Other professionals and volunteers in the classroom • Collaborative relationships with other teachers/staff • Cooperating teacher’s descriptions of his/her approach to discipline • Cooperating teacher’s perceptions of specific needs of this particular class • Relevant textbooks & Curriculum THE FINAL SECTION OF CONTEXT IS IMPLICATIONS. WRITE 3 TO 5 IMPLICATIONS OF THE DATA FOR DESIGNING AND TEACHING THE UNIT. HOW DOES THE SETTING IN WHICH YOU WILL TEACH YOUR UNIT AFFECT YOUR INSTRUCTIONAL DECISION-MAKING? 6 SECTION 3: SELECTING A TOPIC, WRITING UNIT LEARNING GOALS AND ALIGNING THEM WITH THE ILLINOIS LEARNING STANDARDS In this section you will choose a topic for your unit, select four to six Unit Learning Goals related to the topic, align the unit learning goals with the Illinois Learning Standards, and write a justification for each goal. Collectively, the unit learning goals should address the major knowledge, skills and/or attitudes that are needed for students at the age level that you are teaching to develop an understanding of the topic that you have chosen. A. Choosing a topic for your unit Once you have a good understanding of the context, you must collaborate with your cooperating teacher to select a topic for your unit. It is important that the two of you are comfortable with the topic that you choose. There are several factors that you and your cooperating teacher must consider. 1. Your topic must be appropriate for the grade level and the abilities of the students in your class. Your topic should fit within the established curriculum for your class. 2. Your topic should be able to be taught with four to six unit learning goals. 3. Your TWS should not be planned to cover more than two weeks and/or five to ten lessons, inclusive of the pre- and post- test. To be clear, you should plan for at least 5 lessons, but not more than 10 lessons. However, if you have just five lessons, it should be 5 lessons plus your pre- and post-testing sessions. 4. Your topic must be one that can logically be taught during the fourth, fifth, or sixth week of student teaching. It should NOT be one that must be taught during the first three weeks of student teaching. 5. Your topic and content area should allow some room for you to actually plan and design instructional activities. Avoid content areas in which the texts that are used are heavily scripted and leave no room for you to design creative learning activities. 6. Your topic should be motivational and interesting for your students, your cooperating teacher, and you. 7. You should have examined the instructional resources, including the textbooks, and be confident that the materials are available for you to develop effective lessons. 8. Your topic does not have to be multidisciplinary, but it should provide opportunities to advance literacy and/or mathematics as part of the unit. 9. You should be able to give a strong rationale for including this topic at the level that you plan to teach it within the context that you have described. B. Writing the rationale for the unit Having selected the topic, you will write a one- or two-paragraph rationale for your unit that answers the following questions: Why is this topic important to teach these students in this context? How is it developmentally appropriate? How is it related to the scope and sequence of the year-long curriculum for the content areas that are represented? How does the unit reflect the Illinois Learning Standards for that grade level? What content areas are involved? In what way does the unit provide opportunities to advance literacy and/or mathematics?] How is this topic motivationally appealing? 7 C. Selecting Unit Learning Goals The selection of your Unit Learner Goals is very important! These Unit Learner Goals provide the focus for your entire unit. Each unit learner goal will be pre-assessed and post-assessed, and your analysis of data will examine the extent to which your students met each unit learner outcome. These unit learner goals also provide the link to the state goals, standards, and benchmarks or performance descriptors. You are strongly encouraged to select the outcomes with your cooperating teacher' s input. Also, you may find your teacher' s manuals and your textbook helpful in selecting the outcomes for your unit. The CA10 rubric includes the following characteristics of commendable unit learning goals. The goals should be: 1. Stated clearly in terms of measurable learner behaviors a. Names the behavior or action that the learner will be able to do. b. Identifies the product that relates to the action 2. Significant, challenging, and varied enough to appeal to different students; 3. Developmentally and contextually appropriate for your students; 4. Representing several kinds of unit learner goals (cognitive, affective, or psychomotor) 5. Representing different levels of unit learner goals (See class handout; Bloom’s taxonomy is one way of identifying levels of goals: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Evaluation, Synthesis (these characterize higher level reasoning); or look at Gardner’s different types of intelligence) 6. Aligned with one or more Illinois Learning Standards. 7. Selected with an awareness of related prior learning experiences 8. Justifiable; you must be able to write a justification that addresses the a. kind and level of the goal, b. its relationship to state, national or local standards, and c. how it fits the scope and sequence of the curriculum and d. how the context of the school and community relates to the goal. D. Aligning Unit Learning Goals with Illinois Learning Standards and writing a justification It is important and necessary to show that each unit learning goal aligns with the Illinois Learning Standards. Effective teachers must show that the goals they seek to teach will advance students’ ability to meet the Illinois Learning Standards. After each unit learner goal, you should list one or more Illinois Learning Standards. Your unit learner goals are likely to be from a variety of content areas (mathematics, science, language arts, etc. You will need to familiarize yourself with the different content areas and their respective goals. You should begin with the most relevant IL Learning Goals, then go to the IL State Standards, and then to the IL State Benchmark and/or the IL State Performance Descriptor. As you know from having completed CA7, you can find the state learning goals by going to http://www.isbe.net/ils/Default.htm. When you teach, each subject that you teach should be addressing the Illinois Learning Standards at the grade level as identified by the state. For each of your learner goals, you will include all of the levels listed above. A template for Unit Learner Goals is included below, as well as an example of an aligned unit learner goal. 8 Template for Unit Learner Goals, Standards Alignment, and Justification A Rationale for Choice of Topic (Refer to Section B above; write a one- to two-paragraph rationale that addresses the questions provided.) B. Learning Goals 1. Unit Learning Goal #1 1. IL Learning Goal 1. IL Learning Standard 1. IL Performance Descriptor or IL Benchmark 1. Justification for ULG #1 3. Unit Learning Goal #2 1. IL Learning Goal 1. IL Learning Standard 1. IL Performance Descriptor or IL Benchmark 1. Justification for ULG #2 9 3. Unit Learning Goal #3 2. IL Learning Goal 1. IL Learning Standard 1. IL Performance Descriptor or IL Benchmark 1. Justification for ULG #3 4. Unit Learning goal #4 3. IL Learning Goal 1. IL Learning Standard 1. IL Performance Descriptor or IL Benchmark 1. Justification for ULG #4 10 Example for Unit Learner Goals, Standards Alignment, and Justification (Hypothetical Unit) Unit Topic: Life on Old MacDonald’s Farm Grade Level: Grade 1 A. Rationale: The unit, “Life on Old MacDonald’s Farm,” will incorporate content from science and social science, while enabling students to develop literacy skills through reading and/or listening to several different stories about farm life. Art and music will be used to increase student interest as well. Since 85% of the students at Oak Valley Elementary School are residents of the inner city, many students know little about farm animals or farm machinery, even though much of the industry within Soybean City is agriculturally related. A culminating experience will be a field trip to a working farm. In their music class, a favorite song has been “Old MacDonald Had a Farm,” students have some knowledge of animals that live on a farm, but their teacher indicates that so far this year, there has been no direct instruction about farm life that would provide factual data. The unit will provide ample opportunity for hands-on learning about animals and farm products, as well as the way farm families work together on chores. The unit learner goals are aligned with the Illinois Learning Standards in science, math, and social science. B. Learning Goals 1. Unit Learning Goal #1. The first-grade learner will name at least six different animals that live on farms, tell what each animal eats, and what their habitat on the farm is like. Illinois Learning Goal 12: Understand the fundamental concepts, principles and interconnection of the life, physical and earth/space sciences. Learning Standard 12B. - Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that describe how living things interact with each other and with their environment. Performance Descriptor 12.B.1. Apply scientific inquiries or technological designs to explore the relationships of living things to their environment, identifying the common characteristics of habitats, matching the needs of organisms in local and global habitats. Justification for Unit Learner Goal 1: Unit learner goal 1 involves assisting children to name animals that live on a farm and provide information about their habitat and their diet. This introductory goal addresses basic farm knowledge that may be familiar to inner city children, but adds some specific knowledge. A knowledge-level cognitive goal, the goal will provide a foundation for exploring other aspects of life on farm. The students will be learning to associate animals with their farm habitat, and they will also be introduced to the fact that animals require being fed and cared for. The goal is aligned 11 with IL Learning Standard 12.B.. First graders are expected to relate living things to their habitat and explain the needs of different animals. 2. Unit Learning Goal #2. The first grade learner will describe different grains grown on the farm and explain why they are important for human beings and animals. Illinois Learning Goal 12: Understand the fundamental concepts, principles and interconnection of the life, physical and earth/space sciences. Learning Standard 12B. - Students who meet the standard know and apply concepts that describe how living things interact with each other and with their environment. IL Performance Standard 12B.11a. Students will apply the process of scientific inquiry to explore how living things are dependent on one another for survival accordingly: Justification for Unit Learner Goal 2: These urban children may associate farm animals with life on the farm, but they may not have an understanding of farms as places that produce food for humans and animals. Assisting students to understand how living things become sources of food as sources of food for one another involves cognitive skills at the comprehension and application level. This goal broadens children’s understanding of farms and helps provide a more complete awareness of the work that farmers do. 3. Unit Learning Goal #3. Through an in-class activity in which different groups of children make food from grains grown on farms, student will be able to explain how grain becomes edible food for people. IL Learning Goal Il Learning Standards IL Performance Descriptor or Early Learning Benchmark Justification: 4. Unit Learning Goal #4. Having read a collection of stories about farm animals, the first grade learner will write their own “stories” about a farm animal of their choice. IL Learning Goal Il Learning Standards IL Performance Descriptor or Early Learning Benchmark Justification: 5. Unit Learning goal #5. After the field trip to the farm, the first grade learners will collaborate to create a mural on newsprint that represents life on the farm as they experienced it. (To test your understanding, try to align goals #3, 4, and 5 with the learning standards and write the appropriate justifications.) 12 SECTION 4: ASSESSMENT PLAN Your assessment plan will address how you plan to assess each of your learner goals. Your daily lesson plans will also include assessments, and they will be included ultimately in your plan. Since the TWS will involve analyzing pre- and post- data, you will want to be certain that your plan for pre- and postassessment yields measurable outcomes for each individual student. For example, a "KWL" chart might be used on occasion to pre-assess whole class knowledge of a topic, but for purposes of your TWS, it would not yield individual student data and should not be used. Instead, your assessments must be of individuals and must yield data that can be used comparatively from pre- to post- assessment. Your rubric indicates that your assessment plan should: • • • • • • include assessments for each unit learner goal that are congruent with the learning goals in content and in cognitive complexity; clearly written at a level appropriate for students and are explicitly linked to the learning goals; include multiple assessment modes and assess student performance throughout the instructional sequence, and include adaptations for special needs students; are valid for assessing the learning goals, are clearly written, and provide clear directions for the students; use authentic assessments when possible; use rubrics to provide pre- and post- comparisons when needed, and includes keys for scoring; include clearly spelled out criteria for how the students'grades will be determined for the unit; consider how much different aspects of the unit will count toward the final unit grade. For example, what are the proportionate values of homework, daily quizzes, projects, class participation, and the post-test. Student's scores on the pre-assessment measure should never count in students' grades! A. Three Sections of Your Assessment Plan Your assessment plan MUST have at least three sections: 1. Your Plan for Assessment You need to describe the way you will assess each learner outcome. Describe the planning that went in to developing whatever assessments that you plan to use. Describe the decision-making that led to your choice of these major assessments. Describe the nature of some of the formative assessments that you will use in daily lessons. Tell how they relate to the learner outcomes. Describe how you will accommodate students with special needs. Also, if you have a culminating project or product that students may do in cooperative groups, or even an individual project that cannot be initially pre-assessed, include a description of the project and a rubric for evaluation and discuss the learner outcomes that the project will illustrate. These projects are often authentic assessments, but for the TWS, they cannot completely replace the more summative assessment. 2. Your actual pre-test and post-test (The two instruments can/should be very similar to one another or they can be the same test). The pre- and post- test must be adapted to the developmental level of your students. The pre- and post- assessment should address EACH of your unit learning goals. Include scoring keys or rubrics for each assessment. If you ask open-ended questions, you need to know what criteria you will use to score them. include a second copy of the pre- and post- assessment that shows which unit learning goal is being addressed by each question or assessment method. 13 Not every goal will be addressed by a test question; sometimes it may be identifying a specific portion of a picture, identifying portions of an object, drawing a picture that includes specific information, etc. Just be sure that the assessments that you use can clearly show pre- and post- performance that can be measured, whether by a pre-established rubric or a simple right/wrong answer. Sometimes your text may have a form of assessment that clearly addresses your learning goals. It may be used verbatim, but you must do two things: First, you must cite the source of the assessment, and second, you must show in some way how the assessment addresses the specific unit learner goals that you are teaching. 3. A chart that illustrates your overall plan for assessment A chart of your assessment plan will be helpful in examining the extent to which you are using formative and summative assessments to assess your students’ learning of each learner outcome. Your chart can list each of your learner goals and indicate the nature of the pre- and postassessment. It can also identify authentic assessments. Ultimately, you will have an assessment for each of your daily lesson objectives, and those may be included in your chart when they relate specifically to one of your unit learner outcomes. Table 2: An Example of a Chart /Map of An Assessment Plan The table below shows how the summative and formative assessments might be distributed for each standard in a hypothetical unit. If you use a chart of this type, you would want to write out the learner outcomes in column #1 so that you could more fully communicate how the various outcomes are assessed. The purpose of a chart is to give you a visual representation of how you accomplished your task. It will need to represent your particular unit and goals. Learner Outcome Pre-Test Post-Test Learner outcome #1 Learner outcome #2 Learner Outcome #3 Questions 1, 5, 7, 8 Summative Questions 1, 5, 7, 8 Summative Questions 2, 3 Summative Questions 2, 3 Summative Questions 4, 6, 9 Summative Questions 4, 6, 9 Summative Authentic Assessment Project Portfolio of Daily Writing Cooperative Group Response to Case Study (Formative; Authentic) Daily Lesson Plan Assessment Lesson Plan 1, 2, 3 Lesson plans #1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Lesson Plan 4 14 B. Different Kinds of Assessments Formative assessments – formative assessments occur throughout the unit; they often check the progress along the way; they are designed to be “developmental,” more than they are designed to be final or summative of total progress in the unit. They are more qualitative and less concerned with quantitative results. Examples of formative assessments include: a brief quiz at the end of a daily lesson to check progress toward the lesson objectives; a quick observation of each student’s paper to identify where additional help is needed; a KWL chart may be formative, but CANNOT be used as a pre- and post- assessment because KWL’s test whole-class, rather than individual progress a brief writing assignment that can reveal individual student understanding of a particular lesson objective a product of a small group activity—a skit, an art project, a problem solution that demonstrates progress toward goal Summative assessments—assessments that are designed to be measurable, quantitative, and indicative of individual progress toward unit learning outcomes; they provide cumulative results that can provide numerical evidence of individual, as well as whole group progress toward unit learning goals. A multiple/choice or true-false quiz A quiz that asks for short answers, definitions, content-specific essay questions, or student analysis or synthesis writing; these kinds of questions can be made quantifiable by the use of rubrics An individual performance task that is evaluated by a rubric for each student. Performance of a task—a presentation, a demonstration, a drawing, performing a mathematical task such as dissecting an angle – you can make such things measurable by establishing a range of criteria that represents a level of performance. Authentic assessments –this term is used to represent having a student actually perform a task rather than doing a paper/pencil response to questions. Authentic assessments may be used as formative or summative assessments either one. Authentic assessments would include such things as: having students play a soccer game rather than defining a soccer term or explaining scoring, having a student teacher teach a lesson, rather than telling what makes a good lesson. Table 3: Another Example of a Map of Assessments Unit Learner Goals Authentic Assessment Formative Assessment #1Describe the habitat of different animals Preparation of “Habitat in Shoebox” for one zoo animal. (Lessons 2 and 3) Paragraph in which student reflects on the experience of designing the Habitat in a Shoebox and discusses his/her understanding of habitat (Lesson 2 Summative Assessment Pre-/ PostAssessment, Questions 1, 2, and 3. 15 #2Relate the characteristics of animals to the kind of habitat that they require. #3 Describe the kinds of care that are necessary for specific animals in a zoo to be safe and secure. Zoo Field Trip – Students examine food supply and assist in preparation of food portions for animals; students assist in cleaning living space; Homework) Coop. Learning activity in which each group designs a habitat for a fictitious animal with hypothetical characteristics Matching worksheet before field trip. Matching food and caretaking tasks with appropriate animals Pre-/Post Assessment, Questions 4 and 5 Pre-/PostAssessment Essay Questions 1– C. Assessments or Evaluation or Grading? What is the difference? It is important to understand the difference between assessment and evaluation and assigning grades. It is equally important that you discuss your assessment plan and your plan for assigning student grades with your cooperating teacher before you teach the unit, but also as the unit progresses. Your C.T. has a clearer grasp of school policies, parental expectations, student attitudes, and other factors. Assigning grades often raises unexpected and sensitive issues. Assessment is a process that teachers use to understand their students'level of performance on learner outcomes BEFORE and AFTER instruction. Assessment is used by teachers to gather information that will help them plan lessons at an appropriate level and adapt their teaching to the needs of the whole class, subgroups within the class, and individual students. Different kinds of assessments serve different purposes, but in general, teachers must know where their students are beginning and what their students need to know in order to reach the unit learning goals. • Evaluation of students'performance is a process that uses SOME of the assessment data, but may also use other data to determine how well the student has performed in a given set of lessons or in a unit. For example, students may be evaluated on class participation, attendance, daily homework preparation, daily quizzes, and authentic assessments such as cooperative group projects, research projects, or major tests. In order to determine a grade, a teacher must consider the relative importance of each of the possible measures of performance, establish criteria for the performance, and determine the level of the students' work against a predetermined standard. Some teachers still grade "on the curve," which compares students'performance against that of other members of the class. With the distinction between assessment, evaluation, and grading in mind, we want to remind you of the following: A pre-test should never be counted in a student' s grade! The pre-test is designed to find what students know before the unit lessons begin. It needs to be presented as "I want to find out how much you know about Topic X." You should encourage your students to do their best, but you should NOT try to help them by giving hints, "spoon feeding" them the answers, or in any way enhancing their scores. Assure the students that there will be some questions that they don' t know and that the pre-test will not hurt their grades. It just helps them know what they need to learn in the unit. 16 • Your post-assessment MUST NOT be the sole determiner of a student's grade! The student should have multiple opportunities to demonstrate progress toward the unit learner goals. Daily work, major projects, class participation, authentic assessments, daily quizzes--all of these can provide input into students'final grades. However, it is important that you determine in advance the relative weights of each demonstration of learning and determine how the different measures combine to represent a total grade. Again, seek input from your cooperating teacher. Millikin faculty are available to help as well, but your CT can provide context-specific insights. Some additional guidelines for your assessment plan are attached. Also attached is an example of a chart that you might use to represent your overall assessment plan. SECTION 5: DESIGN FOR INSTRUCTION By writing the context, identifying learning goals, and planning your assessments, you are now ready to design the actual instruction. The design of instruction includes 1) developing a broad sense of the sequence of lessons and the scope of the material that is encompassed by the learning goals and 2) developing each daily lesson plan, including the key components of instructional design and taking into consideration the context of the classroom and the school and the particular students whom you will be teaching. Your rubric provides criteria for the design for instruction, indicating that: • • • • • all lessons must be explicitly linked to learner goals, and all goals must be covered in at least one lesson lessons must show thorough and accurate understanding of content and the content in each lesson needs to be coherently linked to other lessons lessons need to be clearly structured according to the ED488 templates that are provided lessons should have a variety of different learning activities and should address different learning modalities some lessons should use technology to facilitate learning contextual factors should be considered in designing instruction. A. Content for each lesson plan The criteria in the CA10 rubric in LiveText lists the following content for your lesson plans: At the top of each lesson plan, you should list the unit learner goal/s that is related to the lesson. Each unit learner goal will already have been aligned with Illinois Learning Standards. • • • • • • • • • • Unit Learner Goal Millikin Teaching Standards for Candidate Illinois Learning Goals for K-12 learners IL Learning Standards and Performance Descriptors Objective/s for Lesson Stages Assessment of Lesson Objectives Lesson Planning –list activities a step at a time(Timeline and procedures for teaching) Modifications/Accommodations for students with special needs Reflection 17 B. The Process of Lesson Planning Your planning up until now has probably resulted in your having a good idea of what you would like to include in your daily lessons. Your assessment plan will provide a good sense of what has to be taught in order to prepare students to reach the goals and perform on the post-assessment as you expect them to do. For ED406/425, you will be designing instruction without having pre-assessed your students. Be realistic, though! When you actually do the pre-assessment, you may very possibly need to go back and re-design your instruction based on the students' performance on the pre-test. That is precisely the nature of pre-assessment. It is to assist you in planning your instruction and modifying it to meet your students' needs. For the Design section of your TWS, though, you will design it as though the students show on the pretest that they have not yet reached the learner goals that you selected. One way to show the scope and sequence of your plan for instruction is to complete a chart that maps the lessons in order and shows how they relate to the learner goals, what the daily lesson objectives are and how they will be assessed. A chart such as one on page 8 is suggested to show the scope and sequence of your unit. You will see from the chart that you may have a lesson that relates to more than one unit learning goal, and you are likely to have lessons that have more than one lesson objective. You should plan some form of assessment for each day's lesson. Formative assessments are quite common in the daily lessons, but you also can include authentic assessments that may be part of your "big" projects or culminating assessments as well. Bear in mind that each lesson in some way prepares the students for some part of the post-assessment. Although the example above has blank spaces, your chart will have spaces for each unit learner goal and each lesson and each assessment. Your next step, which may be being done concurrently with the chart, is to develop individual lesson plans for each day, using the template for ED488 lesson plans. Be sure to use the ABCD format for daily lesson objectives. Also remember that a well-written lesson plan should be thorough enough that another teacher should be able to teach the lesson from the plan. Every plan should include modifications/accommodations for specific students in your class. These may be special needs or gifted students whose behavior requires some form of adaptation. You should include in each day' s plan some method of adapting your teaching to more fully address the needs of individual students. It is not a good idea to say "For students with reading problems, I' ll provide a different level of book." Focus on the students in your class now and be prepared to describe a student briefly and suggest modifications for the lesson. 18 Table 2: Sample Chart for Instructional Design Unit Learning Goals ULG 1Students will describe correct habitats for different animals ULG2 Students will construct a habitat that includes climate, vegetation, and shelter. Il Lng Standards Il 12.B.1 IL 12.B.1b Lesson # 1 2 Lesson Objectives Brief Description of Day’s Activities 1. Students will define and give examples of the word habitat. Discussion of the meaning of the word habitat; 2. Students will describe habitats for 3 different commonly known animals Show the film "The World of Animals" 1. Using a shoebox,, construction paper, markers, and other available art materials, students will create a habitat for a designated animal, creating a visual representation of vegetation, climate, and shelter. Group work in which students complete a description of one common animal' s habitat, and present their description to the class. Explanation of information sources; Using a worksheet, students will gather data from information sources to determine the habitat to be represented. Formative Assessment Evaluation of the group presentation. Homework assignment in which students are asked to define "habitat" and give examples of three different animal habitats. Shoebox habitat will be an authentic assessment that will be worked on throughout the unit; it is a culminating project. Summative Assessment Pre-Post Test, Questions 1- 4 Pre-/postassessment, Essay Question #2 and Questions 6 - 10. Students will begin work on their shoebox habitat. ULG3 ULG3 ULG4 IL 12.C.2b IL12C.2b IL13. D.2b 3 4 1. 1. 2. Lesson plan formats may vary from subject to subject and grade level to grade level, but you should select a lesson plan from the selection of plans on Live Text. You should follow the lesson plan stages very carefully. A thoroughly planned lesson plan is easier to modify based on preassessment data than one that has been prepared with little thought. 19 SECTION 6: INSTRUCTIONAL DECISION MAKING A. Pre-Assessing, Teaching the Lessons, and Post-Assessing the Unit During the Instructional Decision Making step, you will be actively engaged in pre-assessing for unit learning goals, teaching the lessons, and assessing the unit. You will find as you deliver the instruction that you are making many decisions based on the responses of the students to your instruction. In the instructional decision making section of your TWS, you will be providing a log of each day' s lessons in which you describe the instructional decisions that you made as you delivered the instruction. It would be very unusual for a teacher to teach exactly according to his/her initial plans. When you conduct your pre-assessment, you may find evidence that your students may already know the material that you had planned to teach, or that the group as a whole needs some preliminary instruction before they can address the unit learner goals that you have identified. You can learn much about teaching from examining the decisions that you make as you teach your unit. You will be examining the performance of the class as a whole on their pre-assessment and on daily assessments, as you move toward the final postassessment. You will be keeping a thorough record of all of the students'performance on each assessment. B. Observing three focus students and three different sets of subgroups In addition, you will select and observe three students specifically as you teach and reflect on their needs and their progress and noting the modifications of strategies that you make as you teach each of the three students. We suggest that you select three different students to illustrate evidence of student learning with diverse students. They an be students with various academic achievement levels, students with IEPs or other special needs, or you can utilize other criteria to show diversity within the classroom. Further, you will also be describing the responses of three different subgroups within your class and the efforts that you made to adapt your instruction to meet the needs of the subgroups. Teachers are responsible for monitoring the progress of all students in their classes, but also for making accommodations for students whose responses suggest a need for additional assistance. The selection of subgroups will be largely dependent upon the context that you described earlier. You will need to select subgroups that are relevant to your school district. The School Report Card typically lists numerous subgroups that may be of interest. For example, a number of school report cards may indicate that the school population as a whole met AYP, but a subgroup within the population did not meet AYP. In that case, you would certainly want to compare that subgroup with the remaining population. Examples of subgroups that are often studied include: boys/girls; ethnic groups within the class; different socioeconomic levels, students who performed high on the pre-assessment as compared with those who were middle or low on the pre-test. Again, seek suggestions from your cooperating teacher in determining which subgroups would help you understand the needs of your class. The number of subgroups is three. That means three sets of subgroups. You would not count boys as one subgroup and girls as the other. You would consider one subgroup comparison to be contrasting boys with girls. 20 Your rubric indicates that commendable performance in instructional decision making will show that you include: • • • • C. a comprehensive identification and description of three subgroups and a rationale for selecting the subgroups; a good descriptions of three students who represent different levels of performance/needs that might require some adaptations of your instruction evidence that you examined your pre-test data and made modifications of your lesson plans, as needed; pre-test data should have driven your instruction; evidence of your collaboration with your cooperating teacher and/or university supervisor as you taught your TWS unit. Keeping a reflective log of instructional experiences and decision-making As you organize this section, it is likely that you will write about the following topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introducing your three "focus" students. Why did you select each student? What particular instructional needs does the student have? What initial concerns prompted your interest in the student? Include instructional issues as well as disciplinary issues. Describing the subgroups whose performance you will be observing. The question that you are addressing here is whether your instruction was effective for ALL groups of students, or whether you reached some students differently than others. Describe the subgroups that you will be observing. Typically, student teachers have elected to examine subgroups such as males/females; students with/without free-reduced lunch; high, medium, low performance on preassessment; groups based on ethnic or language differences. Describing pre-assessment performance. You will examine the pre-assessment performance of all students, of each sub-group, and of each of your focus students. You will also want to decide if/how your plans for each unit learner goal needs to be changed, judging from students' performance on the test. For example, did you have a number of students who had already met certain learner outcomes, and if so, do you need to add some enrichment activities for those students? Or did a significant number of students demonstrate a lack of readiness for the lessons that you were planning to teach, and is some preliminary instruction needed? In short, you need to describe both how the students performed and how you changed your instructional plans based on how the students performed on the test. A daily log of each lesson in the TWS. In your log, you will describe how students responded, changes that you made as you taught or in your plans for the following day. Each day you will describe concerns or issues related to your subgroups or your focus students, but also to the group as a whole. A description of feedback or suggestions from your cooperating teacher and your university supervisor. Your cooperating teacher and university should have been involved as you planned your TWS unit, and you will want to talk about your lessons in the TWS with your cooperating teacher, and your log should show how you included CT and US suggestions in your plan. For example, you might say "At first I was disappointed at the performance of my students on the pre-assessment. Many of them knew less than I thought they would, especially about Learner Goal 2. When I talked with my CT, she helped me understand that two of my lessons addressed Goal 2 very strongly and that since Goal 2 was advanced, I could expect students to demonstrate more learning on the post-assessment and in the culminating authentic assessment." 21 NOTE#1: The log that you keep is very important. As you examine your original plans and how you actually taught the lessons in your TWS, your log will provide a way for you to reflect daily upon the correspondence (or lack thereof) between what you wrote originally and how these ideas were altered in the delivery of instruction. Be particularly mindful of modification of instructional techniques with both groups and specific students. These field-notes will serve as the centerpiece for both your student teaching reflection and your reflection on the Teacher Work Sample. You may either type them directly into this space or cut and paste them. NOTE#2: In addition to keeping your log, while you are in the process of delivering instruction, it is important that you gather examples of students' work that can be used to illustrate your students' progress toward meeting the learner goals that you identified for this unit. Collecting work and maintaining anecdotal records of your students' work is particularly important for your three focus students. (See "Selection and Characteristics of Student Work" for suggestions.) Note #3: In addition to having examples of the work of your three chosen students, you will also be wise to keep examples of formative assessments that illustrate differing qualities of student work related to your learner goals. For example, if you have a culminating project, such as a persuasive essay that relates to three different learner goals, you will find it helpful to collect samples of three different levels of work: Find an example that illustrate exemplary performance, one that meets the three goals at a moderately successful level, and one that represents significant shortcomings. These may be very helpful when you are doing your analysis of data. SECTION 7: ANALYSIS OF STUDENT LEARNING Your Analysis of Student Learning will present data and examples of student work that will provide evidence that your students learned because of your instructional choices. If you have gathered data systematically as you taught and if you selected examples of student work, both formative and summative assessments, your task in preparing this section will be to organize the data and analyze it in ways that enable you to compare pre- and post-assessment data for the whole group, for your focus students, and for your subgroups. Your rubric for CA10 identifies the following qualities that are necessary for a commendable rating. It says that you need to: • • • • • • Analyze pre/post assessment losses/gains and summative and authentic assessments for the whole class Analyze pre/post assessment losses/gains and summative and authentic assessments by disaggregated subgroups/identified students; Effectively utilize graphs and charts to present the data; In response to each graph and data presentation, write a an objective summary of the conclusions that can be drawn about whole class, subgroups, and chosen students learning Include an analysis of each daily journal entry that comments on class/subgroup/students learning Reflect on the conclusions that you can draw based on the data. To fulfill the qualities listed in the rubric, you will find that the data that you gathered and the log that you kept in the Instructional Decision Making section will be most helpful. In this section, you will be presenting the data in a number of charts or spread sheets. 22 A. The key questions that to ask and answer with your data 1. Describe the students' performance on the pre-assessment measures. How did I revise my lesson plans after I examined my pre-test results? If your pre-assessment data showed areas of strength and/or areas of weakness, then your plans must be changed to accommodate those differences. If you found a wide range of students'performance, with some making almost perfect scores on their pre-assessment, then you know that you need to go back to the ' stage" part of your Illinois Learning Goals and select topics for those students that are at a higher stage. Similarly, if you have several students whose scores on the pre-assessment were significantly behind the other students and fell short of some of the goals, then you need to show in your plan how you might give additional assistance early. 2. Examining the pre- and post- assessment data, to what extent did the class as a whole demonstrate gains in their learning? You will most likely compare the mean score for the pretest with the mean score for the post-test. You will also benefit from examining the range of students' scores-(lowest score to highest score on pre- test and then on post-test.) Looking at the scores as a whole, and at the means, you can determine how the students' cumulative performance on the pre- and post- test changed. You will also find it helpful to examine mean gains/losses for the class. 3. Examining the pre- and post-assessment data for subgroups, to what extent did the subgroups demonstrate gains in their learning? Again, you can present the data in relation to preand post- test scores and analyze gains and losses for each group. For example, you might list the pre- and post-test scores by item for each sub-group, and calculate mean scores for gains and losses. You can look for the degree of gain for each group. 4. What does the data indicate about the extent to which whole groups, individuals, and subgroups met each individual learner goal? If you aligned your pre- and post-assessments with the learner goals, then you should be able to analyze student gains/losses on each of your unit learner goals. This is significant since you will be then illustrating the students'progress toward state goals, standards, and performance indicators, as well as toward your unit learner goals. Also, your analysis of individual scores by unit learner goals may provide insight into the success/failure of the instructional accommodations that you made for each of your three focus students. B. Guidelines for analysis of data 1. It is not sufficient to insert a chart with a title into your analysis of data. Each chart needs to be presented with explanations and conclusions about what the chart shows. Comments in this section of your TWS need to be data-supported and objectively presented. Avoid claiming that the students made progress toward Unit Learner Goal 1 unless there are sufficient gains to support your claim. 2. It is very important that your data is complete for all of your students. If you do not have preand post- data for an individual student, then you need to eliminate the data for that student from consideration, and you need to report that the student was eliminated because of a missing posttest. Or, you may need to try to do a make-up post test if the student missed the post-test due to absences. However, you would still need to describe how you handled this irregularity. (i.e., one student missed the test due to absence, but took it as soon as he returned to school, which was on the day of the first actual lesson) 23 3. A file of sample TWS' s will be available to you. Before you write your data analysis section, it is a good idea to read several different examples so that you can get an idea of how data can be graphically presented and summarized. 4. Remember that it is not a bad thing if you have to report that not all students fulfilled all of your unit learner goals. In fact, if there was one learner goal that very few students achieved, you have an important piece of knowledge, and your TWS should show that you reflected on that data and that you are able to explain some possible reasons for their failure to understand it. Such data should be referred to in your Reflection section, and you should be able to offer suggestions as to how you might modify or enhance your instruction in the future. C. Selection and Characteristics of Students’ Work Sample The primary purpose of selecting students'work is for you to have work that can support the conclusions that you draw from your analysis of data. You may use the student work that you select to show in your instructional design section the student work that prompted you to modify your instruction to accommodate the student. A collection of student work may also be used in your analysis of data section to illustrate how student understanding changed from the beginning of semester to the end of the semester. Your CA10 rubric indicates that your selection of student work should provide evidence of: • • • • • the range of abilities evidence of diverse modes within the classroom; a complete range of knowledge and student growth the use of authentic assessments work that presents challenges to students It is important that you gather examples of students'work that can be used to illustrate your students'progress toward meeting the learner goals that you identified for this unit. Collecting work and maintaining anecdotal records of your students'work is particularly important for your three focus students. o o o You should be sure to make copies of the work of each of your three focus students. Keep their pre- and post- tests and all other assessment materials. Keep examples of their daily work, especially any project or effort that illustrates their special needs. As you write your journals, make specific notations on the copied work that shows, perhaps on post-it notes what issues the work illustrated. Also keep examples of their authentic assessments, which may indicate more learning for the student with diverse needs than summative assessments. Keep records specifically on your three focus students'attendance, sickness, or other concerns that might affect the progress of each of your three students. Make intelligent predictions in your journal as to how the learning of the taught material is being received by the chosen students. Do the students have your respect? Are they willing to work for you because you are genuinely showing a caring attitude to each student? Are you utilizing various teaching strategies to encourage the success of each student? 24 In addition to having examples of the work of your three chosen students, you will also be wise to keep examples of formative assessments that illustrate differing qualities of student work related to your learner goals. For example, if you have a culminating project, such as a persuasive essay that relates to three different learner goals, you will find it helpful to collect samples of three different levels of work: Find an example that illustrate exemplary performance, one that meets the three goals at a moderately successful level, and one that represents significant shortcomings. These may be very helpful when you are doing your analysis of data because they will provide evidence of qualitative change as well as quantitative changes in learning. As you collect examples of work to include in your TWS, it' s a good idea to use "sticky notes" to include anecdotal explanations of what you intend to illustrate with the particular piece of student work. Date it, and mark the unit learning goal, or the particular assessment that it represents. All of the advance planning will make preparing the analysis of data easier. SECTION 8: REFLECTION AND SELF-EVALUATION The Reflection and Self-Evaluation Section provides an opportunity for you to reflect on the data that you just presented in the Data Analysis section. What you are writing about in this narrative section is how you personally can explain the relationship between your instructional decision making and student learning. After examining the data and reflecting on your experiences, we suggest that you include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Identification of your strengths and weakness as a teacher (support with evidence) Anecdotal evidence from your teacher, university supervisor relating to your teaching POSSIBLY, anecdotal evidence from your students (kids do say the most amazing things) A professional development plan that focuses upon enhancing your perceived strengths and areas in need of improvement; identify some goals that you have for your teaching after you considered your successes and concerns with this unit. Reflect on how you might address at least one of the areas of weakness Note that the rubric for CA10 lists the following qualities for the Self Evaluation section: Comprehensive discussion of reasons for success and lack of success, How teacher performance impacted student learning, Appropriateness of Learning Goals, • • • Pacing for challenging and reinforcing student learning, How the TWS has impacted your professional behavior and enhanced your development Professional plan for improvement Be sure to use specific examples from your instructional decision making suggestion and your data collection. 25 SECTION 9: REFLECTION ON CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, ORGANIZING THEMES AND MILLIKIN TEACHING STANDARDS Since this is a culminating project, your reflection on how you have fulfilled each of the four organizing themes and Millikin Teaching Standards and indicators as you completed your TWS. Be sure that you select specific aspects of your TWS and relate it to the themes and standards. Provide examples from your experience in writing the TWS and delivering the instructional unit that assisted you to feel confident that you have made progress toward developing the progress that will help you become a professional educator. Help your readers understand more about your journey toward excellence in teaching and learning. Think about the following four organizing themes that are the cornerstone of the Millikin University Teacher Education Program. 1. The professional educator engages in active learning. 2. The professional educator creates communities of learning. 3. The professional educator facilitates learning for others. 4. The professional educator collaborates with others. Your reflection should answer these questions: A. How has completing the TWS assisted me to 1) become more actively engaged in learning? 2) to effectively create communities of learners? 3)to facilitate student learning? and 4) to collaborate with others to promote student development and learning? Use examples from your TWS to illustrate this growth. You should address all four themes. B. How has doing the TWS assisted me to reach Millikin Teaching Standards? The relevant standards are attached in the last part of this document. You should select some standards and indicators and discuss parts of the TWS that have illustrated the standards and indicators. Appendix B lists the related standards. C. What relationships do you see between the organizing themes and the Millikin Teaching Standards? Describe the nature of the interaction between the two. D. Considering these themes and the standards selected, how has this assessment impacted your growth and development as a teacher? SECTION 10: FORMAT AND CONVENTIONS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION, AND SELF-EVALUATION Your TWS should be presented in good form, with a minimum of errors in punctuation, syntax, spelling, and diction. In addition, it should be free from lapses into informal English and slang. It is important for you to realize that you are writing in a paper that is more scientific and less emotion-driven than reflective journals and papers that you have written for earlier coursework. Attached to this document is a collection of "frequently made errors." If you know that you frequently have problems with grammar, please use this attachment and seek assistance from an editor in the writing center to be certain that you are presenting your paper in a professional manner. 26 Bear in mind that this project is one that you will quite possibly want to use in your search for a teaching position. With that in mind, you should feel doubly motivated to proofread with care and with assistance from another writer. Professionalism is communicated by error-free writing. If we receive a TWS that has many errors and is not presented in a professional manner, we will require that it be rewritten and resubmitted before your CA10 can be evaluated. Appendix D gives a list of guidelines for written communication. These errors have been frequently made by earlier writers of TWS. Appendix E includes a checklist for self-evaluation. We encourage you to review your TWS to see if you have included each of the items on the checklist. Next, we encourage you to evaluate each section of your paper against Appendix F and G, which are Rubric for Phase I and the cumulative rubric for the entire project that is used on Live Text. 27 APPENDICES Appendix A: Roles of Members of the TWS and Student Teaching Team Appendix B: Related Millikin Teaching Standards and Indicators Appendix C: Frequently Asked Questions about TWS Appendix D: Guidelines for Written Communication Appendix E: Checklist for Self-Evaluation Appendix F: Rubric for Phase I of the TWS (more specific) Appendix G: Cumulative Rubric for TWS for Live Text 28 Appendix A: ROLES OF MEMBERS OF THE TWS AND STUDENT TEACHING TEAM When? Prestudent teaching Semester Millikin Faculty o Student Teacher (S.T.) o Cooperating Teacher (C.T.) o ' o o # ! o ( $& * ) ( ( o ! ' +, o o o o - o o $ o o o o o o o %& - . / 0 o When? Student Teaching Semester 1 2 ! " o ED488 Faculty (488 F) o + ! 3 o Student Teacher (S.T.) ( 3 , o o 4 o Cooperating Teacher (C.T.) o ! o o ( ( o o o University Supervisor o ' o ( o o o - o - ) * o 5 o + ( o / ( o . / ( o o ( o o o 5 1 ( ( ( o o o 6 ( o 29 Appendix B: Related Millikin Teaching Standards Standards MTS.10A K: Understands that reflection is an integral part of professional growth and improvement of instruction. MTS.10B K: Understands methods of inquiry that provide for a variety of self-assessment and problemsolving strategies for reflecting on practice. MTS.10E P: Uses classroom observation, information about students, pedagogical knowledge, and research as sources for active reflection, evaluation, and revision of practice. MTS.1B K: Understands the processes of inquiry central to the discipline. MTS.1H P: Engages students in generating and testing knowledge according to the process of inquiry and standards of evidence of the discipline. MTS.1K P: Uses a variety of explanations and multiple representations of concepts that capture key ideas to help students develop conceptual understanding. MTS.1L P: Facilitates learning experiences that make connections to other content areas and to life and career experiences. MTS.2B K: Understands that students'physical, social, emotional, ethical, and cognitive development influences learning. MTS.2C K: Understands human development, learning theory, neural science, and the ranges of individual variation within each domain. MTS.2D K: Understands that differences in approaches to learning and performance interact with development. MTS.2E K: Understands how to include student development factors when making instructional decisions. MTS.2F K: Knows the impact of cognitive, emotional, physical, and sensory disabilities on learning and communication processes. MTS.2G P: Analyzes individual and group performance in order to design instruction that meets learners'current needs in the cognitive, social, emotional, ethical, and physical domains at the appropriate level of development. MTS.2H P: Stimulates student reflection on prior knowledge and links new ideas to already familiar ideas and experiences. MTS.2I P: Introduces concepts and principles at different levels of complexity so that they are meaningful to students at varying levels of development and to students with diverse learning needs. MTS.3C K: Understands how students'learning is influenced by individual experiences, talents, and prior learning, as well as language, culture, family, and community values. MTS.3D K: Understands and identifies differences in approaches to learning and performance, including different learning styles, multiple intelligences, and performance modes. 30 MTS.3E K: Understands cultural and community diversity through a well-grounded framework and understands how to learn about and incorporate students'experiences, cultures, and community resources into instruction. MTS.3G P: Facilitates a learning community in which individual differences are respected. MTS.3K P: Uses a wide range of instructional strategies and technologies to meet and enhance diverse student needs. MTS.3L P: Identifies and designs instruction appropriate to students'stages of development, learning styles, strengths and needs. MTS.3M P: Identifies when and how to develop and implement strategies and interventions within the classroom and how to access appropriate services or resources to assist students with exceptional learning needs. MTS.4 STANDARD 4 - PLANNING FOR INSTRUCTION > The teacher-learner understands instructional planning and designs instruction, based on research, that integrates content, pedagogy, and the needs of students. The competent teacher: MTS.4A K: Understands the Illinois Academic Standards, curriculum development, content, learning theory, and student development and knows how to incorporate this knowledge in planning instruction. MTS.4B K: Understands how to develop short- and long-range plans consistent with curriculum goals, learner diversity, and learning theory. MTS.4C K: Understands how to take the contextual considerations of instructional materials, individual student interests, and career needs into account in planning instruction that creates an effective bridge between student experiences and career and educational goals. MTS.4D K: Understands when and how to adjust plans based on student responses and other contingencies. MTS.4E K: Understands how to integrate technology into classroom instruction. MTS.4F K: Understands how to review and evaluate educational technologies to determine instructional value. MTS.4G K: Understands how to use various technological tools to access and manage information. MTS.4H K: Understands the uses of technology to address student needs. MTS.4I P: Establishes expectations for student learning. MTS.4J P: Applies principles of scope and sequence when planning curriculum and instruction. MTS.4K P: Creates short-range & long-term plans to achieve the expectations for student learning. MTS.4L P: Creates & selects learning materials & learning experiences appropriate for the discipline and curriculum goals, relevant to the students, and based on students'prior knowledge & principles of effective instruction. MTS.4M P: Creates multiple learning activities that allow for variation in student learning styles and performance modes. MTS.4N P: Incorporates experiences into instructional practices that relate to the students'current life experiences & to future career & work experiences. 31 MTS.4O P: Creates approaches to learning that are interdisciplinary and that integrate multiple content areas. MTS.4P P: Develops plans based on student responses and provides for different pathways based on student needs. MTS.4Q P: Uses teaching resources and materials which have been evaluated for accuracy and usefulness. MTS.4R P: Accesses and uses a wide range of information and instructional technologies to enhance student learning. MTS.4S P: Uses IEP goals and objectives to plan instruction for students with disabilities. MTS.5B K: Understands how individuals influence groups and how groups function in society. MTS.5D K: Understands factors that influence motivation and engagement and how to help students become self-motivated. MTS.5K P: Uses strategies to create a smoothly functioning learning community in which students assume responsibility for themselves and one another, participate in decision making, work collaboratively and independently, use appropriate technology, and engage in purposeful learning activities. TS.5L P: Analyzes the classroom environment and makes decisions to enhance social relationships, student motivation and engagement in productive work through mutual respect, cooperation, and support for one another. MTS.5R P: Uses effective methods for teaching social skill development in all students. MTS.6A K: Understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning and how these processes can be stimulated. MTS.6D K: Understands the disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to learning and how they relate to life and career experiences. MTS.6E K: Knows techniques for modifying instructional methods, materials, and the environment to facilitate learning for students with disabilities and/or diverse learning characteristics. MTS.6F P: Evaluates how to achieve learning goals, choosing alternative teaching strategies and materials to achieve different instructional purposes and to meet student needs. MTS.6H P: Monitors and adjusts strategies in response to learner feedback. MTS.6L P: Develops curriculum that demonstrates an interconnection between subject areas that will reflect life and career experiences. MTS.6M P: Uses strategies and techniques for facilitating meaningful inclusion of individuals with disabilities. MTS.6O P: Adapts the general curriculum and uses instructional strategies and materials according to characteristics of the learner. MTS.6P P: Implements and evaluates individual learning objectives. MTS.7E P: Models accurate, effective communication when conveying ideas and information and when asking questions and responding to students. 32 MTS.7I P: Uses a variety of communication modes to effectively communicate with a diverse student population. MTS.8B K: Understands the purposes, characteristics and limitations of different kinds of assessments. MTS.8C K: Understands measurement theory and assessment-related issues, such as validity, reliability, bias, and scoring. MTS.8E K: Understands how to select, construct, and use assessment strategies and instruments for diagnosis & evaluation of learning & instruction. MTS.8I P: Uses assessment results to diagnose student learning needs, align and modify instruction, and design teaching strategies. MTS.8J P: Appropriately uses a variety of formal and informal assessments to evaluate the understanding, progress, and performance of the individual student and the class as a whole. MTS.8L P: Maintains useful and accurate records of student work and performance and communicates student progress knowledgeably and responsibly to students, parents and colleagues. MTS.8M P: Uses appropriate technologies to monitor and assess student progress. MTS.8N P: Collaborates with families and other professionals involved in the assessment of individuals with disabilities. MTS.8O P: Uses various types of assessment procedures appropriately, including the adaptation of procedures for individual students in specific contexts. MTS.8P P: Uses technology appropriately in conducting assessments and interpreting results. MTS.8Q P: Uses assessment strategies and devices which are nondiscriminatory and take into consideration the impact of disabilities, methods of communication, cultural background, and primary language on measuring knowledge and performance of students. MTS.9B K: Understands the benefits, barriers and techniques involved in parent/family relationships. MTS.9H P: Initiates collaboration with others and creates situations where collaboration with others will enhance student learning. MTS.9I P: Works with colleagues to develop an effective learning climate within the school. MTS.9J P: Participates in collaborative decision making and problem solving with other professionals to achieve student success. 1/2008 33 Appendix C: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TWS 1. What is the TWS, and what is its purpose? The Teacher Work Sample (TWS) is the culminating project that all graduates of Millikin University’s School of Education (SOE) complete during their student teaching semester. The TWS requires that student teachers collaborate with Millikin faculty, university supervisors, and their cooperating teachers to plan, teach, and assess a unit of instruction that is grade-level appropriate, aligned with Illinois Learning Standards (ILS), and pre- and post-assessed so that student teachers can determine the extent to which their students have met the learning goals. The TWS is planned during the semester immediately preceding student teaching as part of ED406/425 and taught during the student teaching semester. A reflective paper and presentation of the TWS is completed during ED488, Education Senior Seminar. Millikin University’s SOE is committed to preparing teachers who systematically assess student learning and reflect on how they can improve their teaching based on students’ assessment data. One of the purposes of the TWS is to assist students to understand data-driven instructional decisionmaking. 2. What are ED406/425 and ED488, and how do they impact the student teaching experience? ED406 is Multidisciplinary Instructional Design and Assessment for early childhood education and elementary education majors; ED425 is Multidisciplinary Instructional Design and Assessment for secondary education majors. These classes assist candidates in teacher education to plan and prepare to teach the TWS unit in cooperation with their cooperating teachers and Millikin faculty (Phase I, TWS). The courses also require a 20-hour internship with their cooperating teacher in which students plan and teach lessons and receive feedback. Finally, candidates examine student teaching scenarios that explore professional attitudes, skills, and behaviors that are required and expected of student teachers. ED488, Education Senior Seminar is a course that meets one night each week during the student teaching semester to complete Phase II of the TWS. Its purpose is to support student teachers as they teach their TWS unit and analyze the data and reflect on the implications of their findings. Additionally, the course assists student teachers with the transition from student teaching to teaching, providing information on the job search process, preparation of credentials, legal and ethical issues, and teaching certificates. Time is provided for students to discuss concerns about student teaching. Again, there is strong emphasis on professionalism and dispositional aspects of teaching. 3. Who does what? What is the role of the ED406/425 faculty, the cooperating teacher, the university supervisor, and the student teacher? (See Appendix A: It shows the tasks that each individual completes during the two semester process.) 34 4. When should the student teacher start formulating specific plans for the TWS? The student teacher will have completed the context, learner outcomes, assessment, and instructional design by the end of the pre-student teaching semester. In addition, student teachers will have tentatively identified the week(s), during student teaching, in which the unit will be taught. Of course, as the time for teaching the TWS draws closer, student teachers will review the plans with their cooperating teachers, finalize their pre-assessment procedures, and adapt the lesson plans to the needs of the students in their classes. 5. What is my (the supervisor’s) (the cooperating teacher’s) role in supporting the student teacher as he/she develops and teaches the TWS? Both the cooperating teacher and the university supervisor will serve as resources to the student teachers as they develop and teach their TWS. Ultimately, student teachers will make the final decisions, but they are expected to discuss and seek help from their C.T. and their U. S. (See chart of roles). 6. Do cooperating teachers stay in the room when the TWS is being taught? Do university supervisors observe student teachers teaching TWS lessons? Cooperating teachers should plan to observe their student teachers and provide feedback on the lesson and suggestions for the lessons that remain. University supervisors should plan to schedule at least one of their observations during the time that the TWS is being taught. 7. How long is the TWS? What is the recommended length of a unit plan? The unit plan is expected to include one to two weeks of lessons, as well as possible times at the beginning and the end of the unit for a pre- and post- assessment. The length of the TWS in its final written form, which includes more than the daily lesson plans, will vary with the age of the students, the complexity of the lessons, and one’s individual style. Instead of considering the length of the paper, it is suggested that students use the rubrics for each section to self-assess whether the criteria described in the unit are being met. A typical Phase I TWS is likely to be from 12 to 18 pages long, including a one-to-two page lesson plan for each lesson. A typical TWS, Phase I and II together, is often from 20 to 30 pages long. See attached chart. 8. Can the TWS be built around the existing curriculum for the grade being taught, or can it/should it be an additional unit that is planned and taught? The TWS should be built around the existing curriculum for the grade being taught. Occasionally, student teachers have an area of interest or expertise that the cooperating teacher and the student teacher feel would be especially appropriate, even though it is not necessarily part of the prescribed curriculum. The C.T. can provide insight into whether the topic is developmentally appropriate and time constraints will allow the unit to be taught. 9. Is there a curricular area that is more conducive to planning a TWS? Students have successfully completed units in most content areas; however, we strongly encourage students to select subjects or content areas that are not from textbooks that require “scripted lessons.” By “scripted lessons,” we mean lessons in which there is very little room for teacher’s input into the objectives, assessments, or learner activities. 35 In early childhood and elementary education levels, topics from social sciences or sciences often provide opportunities to incorporate language arts and mathematics into the lessons. At the secondary level, it is important to remember to incorporate literacy and/or mathematics skills into lessons from other content areas. 10. How many Unit Learner Goals - ILS/goals/standards/performance descriptors should be addressed in the TWS? We suggest that student teachers select a unit for which 5 to 7 unit learner goals are appropriate. Each unit learner goal will then be aligned to the ILS (Goals/Standards/Performance Descriptors). The number of IL Learning Standards is determined primarily by the complexity of each Unit Learner Goal. 11. Why is a justification for each unit learner goal necessary? In keeping with the Renaissance approach to TWS, student teachers are asked to provide a rationale for teaching the entire unit. Then, as they select their learner goals, they are asked to explain (justify) how each unit learner goal forms a piece of the whole. E.g., how does this goal advance understanding of the topic? Does it require a higher or lower level of reasoning? Is it a cognitive, affective, or psychomotor goal? How does it relate to the state and local learning standards? To what extent does it address the contextual issues that have been identified? Writing the justification should facilitate the reflective thinking that is a necessary part of effective teaching. 12. What is the difference between a Unit Learning Goal and the Illinois Learning Standard Goal? Once a topic has been identified for the unit, student teachers will identify five to seven broad unit learner goals that collectively represent the important knowledge, skills, and attitudes that students should demonstrate at the end of the unit. The unit learner goals should represent different kinds and levels of understanding appropriate to the students in the class. Millikin is following the TWS process identified by the Renaissance Learning Group. We believe that it is important that student teachers have a sufficient understanding of the topic being taught to identify appropriate unit learner goals, with the help of textbook manuals and other resources/ Each Unit Learner Goal must then be aligned with state standards (IL Learning Standards). The state learning standards are broken into standards, goals, benchmarks, and performance indicators. There are different stages of goals based on the age/ability level of the students. The IL Learning Standard Goals are a sub-category of the IL Learning Standards, but are NOT the same as the broader, student-designed learning goals. 13. How important is the use of technology in the TWS? Since the TWS is a culminating assessment for our student teachers, we strongly encourage that they demonstrate their skills to use technology as one way of facilitating their student learning. Technology does NOT have to be a major part of the unit, but should be present in some way in some of the lessons in the unit. The use of technology will assist S.T.’s in fulfilling the ILS. 36 14. Why are pretests administered to the students prior to teaching the TWS? Aren’t you scaring the students with the fact that they are not knowledgeable about the upcoming unit of study? Pre-assessment of prior learning is an integral part of teaching. The TWS is designed to assist student teachers to gather data that assists them to understand the extent to which the unit of instruction actually resulted in measurable student learning. Without a valid pre-assessment, the postassessment will not provide meaningful data. Part of the student teachers’ responsibility is to introduce and explain the pre-assessment as an effort to find out what the students know so that they (the student teachers) can help them learn what they don’t know. Students should be assured that they will be helped to learn what they don’t know. Cooperating teachers and university supervisors should also help student teachers understand that they must administer the pre-assessment and the post-assessment in an objective manner, attempting to measure what the students know on both assessments. Student teachers intuitively want to help their students do their best and often are tempted to provide hints or additional support. 15. How can the Cooperating Teacher assist students in the planning for Lesson Plan Accommodations? There is often a steep learning curve for student teachers who are learning to accommodate students with special needs. They will need the assistance of the C.T. Cooperating teachers can best help student teachers by pointing out students who can benefit from specific kinds of accommodations and then demonstrating for the student teachers how the accommodations can be used. Our students have typically been asked to include accommodations in their lesson plans, but until they see the actual use of accommodations, it is hard to plan. 16. How much of the history of the special needs students, gifted students, and students with behavioral issues should I share with the student teacher? An important part of student teaching is the continuing development of professional responsibility. The sharing of information about students’ background should be limited to information that is needed to develop appropriate instruction. It is imperative that student teachers should be taught about the importance of confidentiality. During student teaching, student teachers should become acquainted with IEPs and how to use them. However, accommodations should not be limited to special education students; they also should be considered for any student who appears to need additional assistance in order to learn. 17. How can the Cooperating Teacher assist with student teacher reflection to better facilitate lesson revisions, during the TWS? An ongoing habit of open communication between the C.T. and the S. T. about daily planning is the key to facilitating reflection during the TWS. When the S.T. teaches lessons in the pre-student teaching internship, the C.T. should find time to discuss the lesson and to encourage the S.T. to selfevaluate, and to provide constructive feedback. When doing the TWS, using the assessments in the daily lessons, as well as the pre-assessment data may encourage the S.T. to reflect more deeply on student learning. Often, S.T.’s tend to assess the lesson based on whether the students seemed to be having fun. Encouraging S.T.’s to examine student work and to examine the data and their implications will assist them to become more reflective. 37 18. What types of assessments should be used for gathering data? We encourage our S.T.’s to use a variety of ways to assess student learning. When your S.T. bring their TWS plans to you, they should have a chart that shows both daily lesson assessments and long range assessments. We encourage them to use a pre- and post- test that measures each learner goal. We also encourage them to include some forms of authentic assessments as well. If they use authentic assessments, they need to provide rubrics or at least listings of criteria so that they have considered in advance how they will measure their students’ performance. 19. What is the best time to teach the TWS---near the front of the student teaching experience or after the students have gotten to know the student teacher? We encourage S.T.’s to select a unit topic that will be appropriate to teach toward the middle of their student teaching. They should teach their TWS after they have taught other lessons and have begun to feel comfortable with the students and the daily routines. One reason for waiting until the middle of the semester to teach the TWS is that they will be enrolled in ED488 Education Senior Seminar, which will teach them specifically about the final sections of the TWS. They need to learn about the last parts of the TWS BEFORE they pre-assess, teach the unit, and post-assess. If the TWS is taught near the end of student teaching, the S.T. might have difficulty preparing the final paper and the presentation to his/her peers in the time that is left. You are correct that the student teacher should write the material for the TWS and other lessons. If your student teacher lacks confidence, don’t hesitate to provide an example or two, or point him/her toward some possible selection of materials. But ultimately, the student teacher needs to write his/her own unit learning outcomes and seek his/her own materials. 20. Sometimes my student teacher seems to want me to write the objectives or secure the lesson materials. I want to help, but I assume that this is important for the student teacher to learn to do. How should I handle this? You are correct that the student teacher should write the material for the TWS and other lessons. If your student teacher lacks confidence, don’t hesitate to provide an example or two, or point him/her toward some possible selection of materials. But ultimately, the student teacher needs to write his/her own unit learning outcomes and seek his/her own materials. 21. If I have a concern or question about the TWS, whom should I contact? During the pre-student teaching semester, the person to contact is the ED406/ED425 faculty. During the student teaching semester, the university supervisor may be most readily available, but the ED488 Education Senior Seminar faculty member will be happy to provide assistance. A simple phone call to the SOE Office (424-6244) will reach our SOE secretary, who can help direct the call to the appropriate faculty member. 38 Appendix D: COMMONLY OCCURRING ERRORS IN WRITTEN COMMUNICATION As professionals, teachers are expected to write using standard English. Before handing in papers, please examine them for the errors. Following are some examples of commonly made errors. When you have finished writing your paper, you should review your paper in search of these errors.. 1. Fragments, comma splices, and run-on sentences are serious errors. Each sentence that you write must contain a complete thought. Common errors: a. Fragments (phrases that do not contain a complete thought): Incorrect: As a teacher, knowing that it is important to provide a safe environment. (Fragment) Correct: As a teacher, I must take steps to provide a safe environment for my students. (Sentence) b. Comma splices (running two ideas together as one sentence) Incorrect: One of my non-negotiable is providing a caring environment, the second one is that I have positive expectations for all students. (comma splice) A comma is not “strong” enough to separate two complete thoughts. Use a semi-colon (…environment; the second…) or a comma and a conjunction (…environment, and the second….) instead of a comma. Correct: One of my non-negotiables is providing a caring environment. The second one is that I have positive expectations for all students. c. Run-on sentence (running two thoughts together with no punctuation) Incorrect: I have not made changes in my philosophy as a result of writing this paper I still believe about the same things as I always have I now have a better idea of the different theories. (three sentences run together as one) (paper. I….have. I now have…) Correct: I have not made changes in my philosophy as a result of writing this paper. I still believe about the same things that I always have. I now have a better idea of the different theories. 39 2. This is one of the most frequently made errors – (Errors in subject-pronoun agreement) Incorrect: If a teacher works one-on-one with an individual student, they will reap many rewards. (error in noun/pronoun agreement) Singular nouns must have singular pronouns (a student he/she; him/her) (If a teacher works oneon-one with a student, he/she will reap rewards.) Plural nouns must have plural pronouns (students (All students should be in their seats!) they/their/them Everyone (singular) his/her; he/she; Everyone should be in his/her seats when the bell rings. Correct: If a teacher works one-on-one with an individual student, he/she will reap many rewards. Correct: If teachers work one-on-one with their students, they will reap many rewards. PLEASE AVOID MIXING SINGULAR AND PLURAL; BE SURE TO CORRECT FOR SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AS WELL. 3. Plurals and Possessives a. Plurals do NOT require an apostrophe. Incorrect: (Many students’ were on the bus when the accident happened.) Incorrect! More than one student is “students,” not “not student’s.” Correct: Many students were on the bus when the accident happened. b. Apostrophes should be used to show possession. Singular possession: Each student’s book is on the cabinet by the wall. Plural possession: All students’ short stories were displayed on the bulletin board. Possessive Pronouns do NOT require apostrophes. (Its, theirs, their, his, her, hers.) The most frequent possessive error is to putting an apostrophe in the possessive pronoun “its.” “It’s” is a contraction for “It is.” “Its” indicates possession: The spider was weaving its web. 4. Two new colloquial expressions are frequently being used: “First off,” --is colloquial. It is best not to use “first off” when you mean “First.” For example, “First off, I want students to know that I am excited about this year.” Instead, say, “First, I want students to know…..” “Huge” - This word means very big! It should be used to refer to size. Yet, many students use it when they mean “Significant,” “Important,” or “Major.” For example, it is colloquial to say “I think one thing that is huge is the need for students to respect the teacher and one another.” In formal writing, there are words that carry more meaning and that are more appropriate than the word “huge.” I think that it is very important for students to respect one another.” 40 5. Spelling Please do not rely on spell check to catch errors such as the spelling of “to, too, and two” and “there and their” and “its or it’s.” You must be aware that spelling errors are not always picked up by the computer. Please check carefully the spelling of the following words: “principal (your future boss),” “discipline,” “psychology,” “separate,” “a lot” and “definite.” These words are often misspelled. “My principal is definitely strict in his expectations for discipline. He has a lot of ideas that he says he learned in psychology and he does not separate his psychological principles from what he calls “common sense.” 6. Standard English for writing formal papers should be written in either the 1st person or the 3rd person. Avoid writing in the 2nd person. Preferred 1st Person – When I am a teacher, I want to communicate frequently with students’ parents. I plan to send home a short note to parents each week. 3rd Person – Many teachers find it helpful to communicate frequently with parents. They try to send home a short note to parents each week. Too informal 2nd Person – When you are a teacher, you will want to communicate frequently with parents. You should send a note home each week. (Acceptable, if one is giving instructions to someone; not acceptable, if one is writing a TWS or other reflective paper) 7. Especially when writing the Context of your TWS, remember that it is not appropriate to start a sentence with an Arabic numeral. Instead, write out any number that occurs as the first word in a sentence. Incorrect: 9 out of 13 students in the class scored above the state average for math. Correct: Nine out of thirteen students in the class scored above the state average for math. Correct: The chart shows that 9 out of 13 students in the class scored above the state average for math. 41 Appendix E: CHECKLIST FOR YOUR TWS INITIAL REVIEW A. Context--be sure to write it objectively and scientifically _____ a. Use in-text citations following APA style. ______b. Include a reference list at the end of this section of the sources that you cited ______c. Include a demographic description of the city, ______d. Include a thorough description of the school district, including AYP status ______e. Include a description of the school, especially describing its AYP status _____ f. . Describe the classroom and arrangement of furniture, etc. ______g. Describe the students in your class, paying special attention to numbers, special needs students, diversity, and climate within your classroom; describe what you know about how the teacher perceives the class of students and their needs; ______h. Include a few paragraphs about 3 to 5 implications that you can draw, based on the characteristics of the school, district, classroom, city. ______.i. Uses in-text citations, following APA format. ______ j. Include a list of references on the last page of the context. B. C. Unit learner goals should include: ______ a. a rationale for including the topic in the curriculum for this class ____ __b. Unit Learner Goals (4 to 6 that you will expect your students to know ______ c. aligned them with standards down to benchmarks or performance descriptors ______ d. Include a justification for each learning goal. The justification must include the (1) level and kind of goal, (2) how the goal relates to the larger topic, how the goal is appropriate, given the context, and (3) how it relates to the standards. Use Bloom' s taxonomy and/or Gardner' s intelligences. Assessment must include: ______a. A description of your decision making process and how you decided to assess your learning goals. Include in this a description of any culminating project or authentic assessment as well as a description of your pretest and posttest procedures. ______b. The actual pre- and post- assessment that you will use, along with an answer key and/or rubrics that illustrate how you' ll score the pre and post–assessment ______c. A chart that includes the unit learner goals, the standards, the lesson objective, the assessments of your learner goals, the assessments for daily lessons. 42 D. Instructional Design Section should include: ______a. Follow a lesson plan template such as the Live Text ED205, 321, or 488 ______b. Daily goals and related standards ______c. Materials needed __ ___ d. Learning activities ______e. Assessments—either formative or summative ______f. Accommodations for special needs students in your classes. ______g. A chart that shows relationships between unit learning goals, daily lesson objectives, assessments, and students. E. Reflection should include: _____ a. Reflect on how doing the CA10 helped you meet the MTS standards ______b. Reflect on how you developed in the organizing themes ______c. Reflect on any changes in the way you perceive teaching that may have occurred while you were doing this project 43 Appendix F: RUBRIC FOR PHASE I OF THE TWS Teaching Process: Contextual Factors The teacher uses information about the learning-teaching context and student individual differences to set learning goals and plan instruction and assessment. Knowledge of Community, District, and School Factors Knowledge of Classroom Factors Knowledge of Characteristics of Students Knowledge of Students’ Prior Learning Implications for Instructional Planning and Assessment Comments: 1 2 3-4 5 Not Proficient Marginal Proficient Commendable Candidate displays no or irrelevant knowledge of the characteristics of the community, district, and school. Candidate displays minimal knowledge of the characteristics of the community, district, and school that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a solid understanding of the characteristics of the community, district, and school that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the community, district, and school that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays no or irrelevant knowledge of the characteristics of the classroom. Candidate displays minimal knowledge of the characteristics of the classroom that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a solid understanding of the characteristics of the classroom that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the classroom that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays no, stereotypical, or irrelevant knowledge of student differences (e.g. development, interests, culture, abilities & disabilities) Candidate displays minimal knowledge of student differences (e.g. development, interests, culture, abilities & disabilities) that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a solid knowledge of student differences (e.g. development, interest, culture, abilities & disabilities) that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays a comprehensive knowledge of student differences (e.g. development, interest, culture, abilities & disabilities) that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays no or irrelevant knowledge about the students’ prior skills and prior learning. Candidate displays minimal knowledge of students’ skills and prior learning that are relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays solid knowledge of students’ skills and prior learning relevant to the learning goals. Candidate displays comprehensive knowledge of students’ skills and prior learning relevant to unit goals. Candidate does not provide implications for instruction and assessment based on student individual differences and community, school, and classroom characteristics OR provides inappropriate implications. Candidate provides minimal implications for instruction and assessment based on student individual differences and community, school, and classroom characteristics. Candidate provides appropriate implications for instruction and assessment based on student individual differences and community, school, and classroom characteristics. Candidate provides appropriate, detailed implications for instruction and assessment based on student individual differences and community, school, and classroom characteristics. Score Score_______________________ 44 Teaching Process: Learning Goals The teacher sets significant, challenging, varied, appropriate learning goals. 1 2 3-4 5 Not Proficient Marginal Proficient Commendable Goals do not reflect any type or level of learning. Goals reflect only one type or level of learning. Goals reflect several types or levels of learning. Goals reflect several types or levels or learning and reflect high expectations for student understanding and application of knowledge. Clarity Goals are not stated clearly and are activities rather than learning outcomes Few of the goals are clearly stated as learning outcomes. Most of the goals are clearly stated as learning outcomes. All of the goals are clearly stated as learning outcomes. Appropriateness for Students and Justification of Goals Goals are not developmentally appropriate, and justification does not reflect the needs of students and/or the learning continuum. Type and level of goals are not addressed. Few goals are developmentally appropriate; justification makes some connection the needs of students and/or the learning continuum. Type and level of goals are not adequately addressed. Most goals are developmentally appropriate; justification makes some connection the needs of students and/or the learning continuum. Some goals are explicitly described in relation to type and level. Goals are developmentally appropriate, and justification clearly connects them to the needs of students and/or the learning continuum. Goals are explicitly described in relation to type and level. (cognitive goals should indicate level and/or kind of intelligence) Goals are not aligned with national, state, or local standards. Few goals are aligned with national, state, or local standards. Most goals are aligned with national, state, or local standards. All of the goals are explicitly aligned with national, state, or local goals. The goals are stated with no mention of the curriculum in the justification. The goals do not appear to be directly related to the curriculum. Curriculum is alluded to, but only in a general way. Some goals are justified in relation to the scope and sequence of the curriculum. Goals are appropriate to the scope and sequence of the school’s curriculum. Justifications mention the curriculum and tells how the goals relate to the curriculum.. Significance, Challenge, and Variety Alignment with National, State or Local Standards Appropriate to Curriculum Comments: Score Score: _____ 45 Teaching Process: Assessment Plan, including Pre-test Alignment with Learning Goals and Instruction Clarity of Criteria and Standards for Performance Multiple Modes and Approaches, with adaptations, when needed Charted Assessment Plan Technical Soundness Pre-/Post-test Pre- and Post-test Comments: 1 Not Proficient 2 Marginal 3-4 Proficient 5 Commendable Content and methods of assessment lack congruence with learning goals or lack cognitive complexity. Some of the learning goals are assessed through the assessment plan, but many are not congruent with learning goals in content and cognitive complexity. Most of the learning goals are assessed through the assessment plan and are congruent with learning goals in content and cognitive complexity. All of the learning goals are assessed through the assessment plan; assessments are congruent with the learning goals in content and cognitive complexity. Assessments contain no clear criteria or standards for measuring student performance relative to the learning goals. Assessment criteria and standards have been developed, but they are not clear or are not explicitly linked to the learning goals. Assessment criteria and standards have been developed, but they are not explicitly linked to the learning goals. Assessment criteria and standards are clear and are explicitly linked to the learning goals; Assessment plan includes only one assessment mode and does not assess students both during and after instruction. No adaptations mentioned. Assessment plan includes multiple modes but all are either pencil/paper based and/or do not require the integration of knowledge, skills and reasoning ability. Adaptations mentioned. Assessment plan includes multiple modes: some are performance assessments; assessments require the integration of knowledge, skills and reasoning ability. Adaptations discussed that meet most criteria. Assessment plan includes multiple assessment modes (including performance assessments, lab reports, research projects, etc.) and assesses student performance throughout instructional sequence. Adaptations are appropriate and discussed. Plan and chart are omitted or not represented in a complete manner. Either the description of the plan or the chart is omitted. Plan and chart are complete, but may be lacking in specificity and clarity. Plan for assessment is both described and represented in a chart that shows formative, summative, and authentic assessments for the complete unit. OR Both the plan and the chart are included, but are not wellprepared. Assessments are not valid; scoring procedures are absent or inaccurate; items or prompts are poorly written; no directions or procedures are provided to students. Assessments appear to have minimal potential for measuring the learning goals; scoring procedures are outlined; few items or prompts are clearly written; directions and procedures are not clear to students. Assessments appear to have a high potential for measuring the learning goals; scoring procedures are explained; most items or prompts are clearly written; directions and procedures are clear to students. Information regarding the validity of the assessments for measuring the learning goals is provided; scoring procedures are clearly explained and reliable; items and prompts are clearly written; directions and procedures are clear to students. Pre-/Post-test non-existent or poorly done.. Pre-/Post-test included. Addresses some of learning goals. Pre-/Post-test is thorough and appears to address most of the unit’s learning goals.. Pre-/Post-test complete and addresses all of the unit’s learning goals from a variety of different types Score Score_____________ 46 Teaching Process: Design for Instruction 1Not Proficient 2Marginal 3-4Proficient 5Commendable Alignment with Learning Goals No lessons are explicitly linked to learning goals. No learning activities, assignments and resources are aligned with learning goals. No learning goals covered in design. Few lessons are explicitly linked to learning goals. Few learning activities, assignments and resources are aligned with learning goals. Few learning goals covered in the design. Most lessons are explicitly linked to learning goals. Most learning activities, assignments and resources are aligned with learning goals. Most learning goals covered in the design. All lessons are explicitly linked to learning goals. All learning activities, assignments and resources are aligned with learning goals. All learning goals are covered in the design. Accurate Representation of Content Content appears to contain numerous inaccuracies. Content seems to be viewed more as isolated skills/facts rather than as part of a larger conceptual structure. Content appears to be somewhat accurate. Shows some awareness of the big ideas or structure of the discipline. Content appears to be mainly accurate. Shows clear awareness of the big ideas or structure of the discipline. Content appears to be accurate. Focus is congruent with big ideas or structure of the discipline. Where appropriate, connection is made to other parts of content or other content areas. The unit and lessons have no recognizable structure. The unit and lessons have little structure. Few lessons, activities, and assignments are coherent parts of this structure and appear to be useful in moving students toward achieving the learning goals. The unit and lessons have structure. Most lessons, activities, and assignments are coherent parts of this structure and appear to be useful in moving students toward achieving the learning goals. The unit and lessons have a clearly defined structure. All lessons, activities, and assignments are coherent parts of this structure and appear to be useful in moving students toward achieving the learning goals. Use of a Variety of Instruction, Activities, Assignments and Resources No focus on variety of instruction, activities, assignments & resources. Heavy reliance on textbook or single resource. Little variety in instruction, activities, assignments and/or resources. Some variety in instruction, activities, assignments and/or resources. Design includes variety across instruction, activities, assignments and resources used. Use of Instruction has not been designed with reference to contextual factors. Activities and assignments do not appear productive and appropriate for students. Little instruction has been designed with reference to contextual factors. Few activities and assignments appear productive and appropriate for students. Instructional plans and assessment are appropriate to context, but there is minimal mention of contextual factors. Describes consideration of contextual factors in planning instruction and assessment. Context clearly is considered important in planning and assessment. Candidate does not use technology in instructional delivery and does not provide opportunities for students to use technology OR technology is inappropriately used. Candidate uses little technology in instructional delivery and/or does not integrate technology into student learning activities. Candidate uses technology appropriately in instructional delivery but does not integrate technology into student learning activities. Candidate integrates appropriate technology for both teaching and learning. Lesson and Unit Structure Contextual Factors to Select Activities, Assignments and Resources Use of Technology Score 47 Written Communication and Responsible Documentation of Sources Grammar, Spelling, Organization, and Correction of Typing Errors Documentation of Materials and Sources 1 2 3-4 5 Not Proficient Marginal Proficient Commendable Generally error free; good organization; occasional typographical errors. Presented in near-perfect form; few grammar, spelling, or typographical In-text citations of external resources, but they fail to follow APA format. References are listed, but do not follow the APA format. In-text citations of external resources follow APA format; references are listed in APA format at the end of the document. Multiple errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; poorly organized. Score Errors; REWRITE REQUIRED! .Failure to cite external resources I text or at the end of the paper. Effort is made to cite references, but there is either a failure to cite in text or failure to list references; Little evidence that APA format was used. TOTAL SCORE FOR PHASE I ________________ OUT OF 120 POINTS Is a rewrite required? _____yes _____no Sections for which rewrite is recommended _____________________________ Date____________________ 48 Appendix G: Cumulative Rubric for CA10: TWS for Live Text Global Rating COMMENDABLE 10 points 10 – 13 points 14 points 14 – 16 points 17 points 17 – 19 points 20 points 20 points Adequate information regarding: o Community o School District o School o Classroom o Implications Good information regarding: o Community o School District o School o Classroom o Implications Comprehensive information regarding: o Community o School District o School o Classroom o Implications Incomplete or missing evidence that goals reflect: o Significance, challenge, and variety o Clarity o Developmentally and contextually appropriate for students o Justification that includes level and kind of objectives, rationale for including chosen goals and scope and sequence of curriculum. o Alignment with state standards Minimal evidence that goals reflect: o Significance, challenge, and variety o Clarity o Developmentally and contextually appropriate for students o Justification that includes level and kind of objectives, rationale for including chosen goals and scope and sequence of curriculum. o Alignment with state standards Good evidence that goals reflect: o Significance, challenge, and variety o Clarity o Developmentally and contextually appropriate for students o Justification that includes level and kind of objectives, rationale for including chosen goals and scope and sequence of curriculum. o Alignment with, state standards Strong evidence that goals reflect: o Significance, challenge, and variety o Clarity o Developmentally and contextually appropriate for students o Justification that includes level and kind of objectives, rationale for including chosen goals and scope and sequence of curriculum. o Alignment with state standards Minimal – Incomplete – No information regarding: o Valid and reliable tests o Pre and Post Tests o Formative o Summative o Authentic o Aligned with Goals/Standards/Performance Descriptors Adequate information regarding: o Valid and reliable tests o Pre and Post Tests o Formative o Summative o Authentic o Aligned with Goals/Standards/Performance Descriptors Good information regarding: o Valid and reliable tests o Pre and Post Tests o Formative o Summative o Authentic o Aligned with Goals/Standards/Performance Descriptors Comprehensive information regarding: o Valid and reliable tests o Pre and Post Tests o Formative o Summative o Authentic o Aligned with Goals/Standards/Performance Descriptors Utilizing information in the Context of Learning and Pre-test there is minimal – incomplete no use of ILS: o Goals o Standards o Performance Descriptors o Objectives o Stages o Assessment o Modifications/Accommodations o Reflection o Lesson Planning Utilizing information in the Context of Learning and Pre-test there is an adequate use of ILS: o Goals o Standards o Performance Descriptors o Objectives o Stages o Assessment o Modifications/Accommodations o Reflection o Lesson Planning Utilizing information in the Context of Learning and Pre-test there is good use of ILS: o Goals o Standards o Performance Descriptors o Objectives o Stages o Assessment o Modifications/Accommodations o Reflection o Lesson Planning Utilizing information in the Context of Learning and Pre-test there is a comprehensive use of ILS: o Goals o Standards o Performance Descriptors o Objectives o Stages o Assessment o Modifications/Accommodations o Reflection o Lesson planning Minimal – Incomplete – No: o Identification and description of 3 subgroups and rationale for selection o Identification and description of 3 students and rationale for selection o Pre-test drives revisions of curriculum o Reference collaboration with cooperating teacher and university supervisor Adequate: o Good: Comprehensive: o Identification and description of 3 subgroups and rationale for selection o Identification and description of 3 students and rationale for selection o Pre-test drives revisions of curriculum o Reference collaboration with cooperating teacher and university supervisor INSTRUCTIONAL DECISION MAKING – Use of Pre-Assessment Data and the Unit Implementation 10%MTS-3C; 1K; 4D; 6A; 6D; 6E; 6F; 6L; 6M; 6O; 6P; 9H CONTEXT OF LEARNING 10% MTS- 2B; 2C; 2D; 2E; 2F; 2G; 2H; 2I; 3G; 3K; 3L; 3M; 3N; 4A; 5B; 9B; 11P Minimal – Incomplete – No information regarding: o Community o School District o School o Classroom o Implications LEARNING GOALS 10% MTS:- 4A; 4B; 4C; 4I; 4J PROFICIENT ASSESSMENT PLAN 10% MTS- 4A; 4I; 4K; 8B; 8C; 8E MARGINAL DESIGN FOR INSTRUCTION 10% MTS- 4A; 4B; 4C; 4D; 4E; 4F; 4G; 4H; 4I; 4J; 4K; 4L; 4M; 4N; 4O; 4P; 4Q; 4R; 4S; 8I; 8J; 8O Attributes / Points NOT PROFICIENT o o o Identification and description of 3 subgroups and rationale for selection Identification and description of 3 students and rationale for selection Pre-test drives revisions of curriculum Reference collaboration with cooperating teacher and university supervisor o o o o Identification and description of 3 subgroups and rationale for selection Identification and description of 3 students and rationale for selection Pre-test drives revisions of curriculum Reference collaboration with cooperating teacher and university supervisor 49 ANALYSIS OF STUDENT LEARNING 10% MTS-2G; 2I; 3C; 3D; 4R; 6F; 6H; 8L; 8M; 8O; 8P; 8Q RELECTION SELF-EVALUATION 10% MTS- 3C; 3D; 3E; 4C; 4D; 4H; 4I; 4L; 5D; 5K; 5L; 6E; 10E Adequate: o Minimal – Incomplete – No discussion of : o Reasons for success o Reasons for lack of success o How teacher performance impacted student learning o Appropriateness of Learning Goals o Pacing for challenging and reinforcing student learning o How the TWS has impacted your professional behavior and enhanced your development o Professional plan for improvement Adequate discussion of : o Reasons for success o Reasons for lack of success o How teacher performance impacted student learning o Appropriateness of Learning Goals o Pacing for challenging and reinforcing student learning o How the TWS has impacted your professional behavior and enhanced your development o Professional plan for improvement Good discussion of : o Reasons for success o Reasons for lack of success o How teacher performance impacted student learning o Appropriateness of Learning Goals o Pacing for challenging and reinforcing student learning o How the TWS has impacted your professional behavior and enhanced your development o Professional plan for improvement Minimal – incomplete – no: o Reflection in terms of the four organizing themes, MTS/Indicators, and give examples that are aligned with selected themes and standards. Adequate: o Good: Displays minimal to no: o Range of student ability o Modes within the classroom o Range of knowledge o Student growth o Student challenge o Assessment Displays little: o Range of student ability o Modes within the classroom o Range of knowledge o Student growth o Student challenge o Assessment o o o Analysis of Pre/Post, Formative, Summative, Authentic assessments w/ rubric disaggregated by class/subgroups/identified students Data shows evidence of learning using prose Utilization of graphs and charts Daily Journal analysis on each lesson facilitation for class/subgroups/students. Reflection in terms of the four organizing themes, MTS/Indicators, and give examples that are aligned with selected themes and standards. Good: o o o o o Analysis of Pre/Post, Formative, Summative, Authentic assessments w/ rubric disaggregated by class/subgroups/identified students Data shows evidence of learning using prose Utilization of graphs and charts Daily Journal analysis on each lesson facilitation for class/subgroups/students. Reflection in terms of the four organizing themes, MTS/Indicators, and give examples that are aligned with selected themes and standards. Displays some: o Range of student ability o Modes within the classroom o Range of knowledge o Student growth o Student challenge o Assessment Comprehensive: o Analysis of Pre/Post, Formative, Summative, Authentic assessments w/ rubric disaggregated by class/subgroups/identified students o Data shows evidence of learning using prose o Utilization of graphs and charts o Daily Journal analysis on each lesson facilitation for class/subgroups/students. o Comprehensive discussion of:: o Reasons for success o Reasons for lack of success o How teacher performance impacted student learning o Appropriateness of Learning Goals o Pacing for challenging and reinforcing student learning o How the TWS has impacted your professional behavior and enhanced your development o Professional plan for improvement Comprehensive: o Reflection in terms of the four organizing themes, MTS/Indicators, and give examples that are aligned with selected themes and standards. Displays a comprehensive: o Full range of student abilities o Diverse modes within the classroom o Complete range of knowledge o Student growth o Student challenge o Authentic Assessment 1 MTS- 8E; REFLECTION OF THE FOUR THEMES – Standards & Examples 10% MTS – 1B; 1H; 1L; 5L; 5P; 5R; 9H; 9J; 9I; 10A; 10B; SELECTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDENTS WORK SAMPLES 10% 8L; Minimal – Incomplete – No: o Analysis of Pre/Post, Formative, Summative, Authentic assessments w/ rubric disaggregated by class/subgroups/identified students o Data shows evidence of learning using prose o Utilization of graphs and charts o Daily Journal analysis on each lesson facilitation for class/subgroups/students. Pervasive syntax, grammar, and spelling errors. o Multiple syntax, grammar, and spelling errors. o Minimal syntax, grammar, and spelling errors. o No syntax, grammar, and spelling errors. CONVENTIONS GRAMMAR SPELLING 10% MTS- 7E; 7I o 50
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