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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(1) The mitochondrial membrane is densely packed with protein. Categorize each
of the three independent, active transport proteins in the diagram below.
(2) Identify the general type of transport which is described in the following
examples.
(a) Chloride ions pass through protein channels into cells under conditions
where the extracellular chloride concentration exceeds the intracellular
concentration.
(b) Lactose is transported into cells through integral membrane proteins
under conditions in which the intracellular concentration of lactose
exceeds the extracellular concentration.
(3) Identify the type of active transport which is describe in the following
examples:
(a) The Ca2+-ATPase pumps Ca2+ out of the cytosol as ATP is hydrolysed.
(b) The (H+-K+)-ATPase of the gastric pumps protons out of the cell. Each
proton is accompanied by the transport of a K+ into the cell.
(c) Subsequently to the action of the describe (H+-K+)-ATPase, the K+ is
again transported out of the cell in parallel to the export of Cl- by a
different transporter.
(4) Draw the structures of the following carbohydrates:
(a) As many D-aldopentoses as possible in the linear form
(b) A ketohexose in the linear and cyclic, α-anomeric form
(c) A disaccharide of two riboses connected by a (β1-α1) glycosidic bond.
(d) A disaccharide building block of the polysaccharide amylose.
(5) The transformed, standard free energy change for the formation of glucose-6phosphate from glucose and phosphate is +13.8 kJ/mol. Assuming T=37º C,
are there any conditions under which this reaction will occur? If so,
quantitatively describe the conditions.
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Biochemistry 2000
(6)
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
What is the chemical
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)?
basis
of
the
high
energy
compound,
(7) Fill in the blanks in the following statements regarding glycolysis.
(a) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a six carbon sugar is split into two three carbon
sugars by the enzyme ____________________.
(b) Enzymes that generate reduced electron carriers (ie. NADH) are called
____________________.
(c) Each molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate generates ________ ATP
and ________ NADH.
(d) The energetically least favourable reaction in glycolysis is catalyzed by
________________.
(8) Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-6phosphate (an aldose) and fructose-6-phosphate (a ketose). Draw the
structure(s) of the reaction intermediate(s).
(9) Which glycolytic reactions are energetically most favorable and why?
(10) In the overall reaction describing glycolysis, 2 H2O are released. Which
enzyme(s) are responsible for the dehydration reaction(s)?
(11) You have provided ATP containing a radioactively labelled terminal
phosphate to a system undergoing glycolysis. Which of the glycolytic
intermediates will be radioactively labelled?
(12) A certain metabolic reaction takes the form A -> B. Its standard transformed
free energy change is 7.5 kJ mol-1. (R = 8.3145 J K-1 mol-1)
(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 25°C.
(b) Calculate ∆G at 37°C when the concentration of A is 0.5 mM and the
concentration of B is 0.1 mM. Is the reaction spontaneous under these
conditions?
(c) How might the reaction proceed in the cell?
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(13) Choose the best definition for a near-equilibrium reaction:
(a) always operates with a favorable free energy change
(b) has a free energy change near zero
(c) is usually a control point in a metabolic pathway
(d) operates very slowly in vivo.
(14) Creatine kinase catalyzes the following reaction:
ATP + creatine phosphocreatine + ADP, ∆G°’ = + 12.6 kJ mol-1
Predict wether creatine kinase will operate in the direction of ATP
synthesis or phosphocreatine synthesis at 25°C when [ATP] = 4 mM,
[ADP] = 0.15 mM, [phosphocreatine] = 2.5 mM, and [creatine] = 1 mM.
(15) Which reaction in glycolysis is catalyzed by the following enzyme? Provide
names of all reactants and products (no structures required).
(a) Aldolase
(b) Hexokinase
(c) Pyruvate Kinase
(16) Glycolytic Enzymes II:
(a) List the glycolytic enzymes which consume ATP.
(b) List the glycolytic enzymes which produce ATP.
(17) What is the net reaction of glycolysis for 2 glucoses?
(18) Phosphohexose isomerase converts Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6phosphate. Write down the structures of both substrate and product.
(19) Energetics of glycolysis:
Explain in general words which reactions in glycolysis are favourable,
which operate at equilibrium and which are unfavourable.
(20) ∆G°’ for the aldolase reaction is 22.8 kJ mol-1. In the cell at 37°C, there is the
following ratio [DHAP]/[GAP] = 5.5.
Calculate the equilibrium ratio of [FBP]/[GAP] when [GAP] = 10-4 M.
(abbreviations: DHAP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate, GAP = glyceraldehyde3-phosphate, FBP = fructose-1,6-bisphosphate)
(21) Put the following events in the correct order of their occurrence:
Citric acid cycle, digestion, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis
(22) Give brief definitions or unique descriptions of the following terms:
(a) Pyranose
(b) Mutarotation
(c) anabolism
(d) ∆G°'
(e) substrate level phosphorylation
(f) energy coupling
(g) Kinase
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(23) Answer each of the following questions about carbohydrates:
(a) Classify or give the general name of the following
carbohydrate based upon its functional group, number
of C-atoms and stereochemistry.
CH2OH
O
HO
H
H
OH
CH2OH
(b) Draw the linear structure of L-glucose (the enantiomer of D-glucose).
(c) Draw the cyclic, β-anomeric structure of L-glucose.
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
Answers:
(1) (Left) Electrogenic uniporter, (Middle) Electrogenic antiporter,
(Right) Electroneutral symporter
(2) Transport
(a) Mediated, passive transport
(b) Mediated, active transport
Active Transport
(1) electrogenic uniport
(2) electroneutral antiport
(3) electroneutral symport
(3) Carbohydrates
a. D-Aldopentoses
b. Linear and cyclic ketohexose (α-anomeric form), e.g. fructose
c. two riboses connected by a (β1-α1) glycosidic bond
HO
O
α-D ribose
HO
HO
OH O
O
β-D ribose
HO
OH
d. Amylose
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(4) Yes as ∆G’ not ∆Gº’ determines whether a reaction proceeds.
∆G' = ∆G'º + RT ln ([products]/[reactants])
0 > 13.8 kJ/mol + 2.57 kJ/mol ln ([products]/[reactants])
-5.35 > ln ([products]/[reactants])
[products]/[reactants] < 4.7 x 10-3
Provided the reactants are present at greater than 213 fold excess the
reaction will proceed.
(5) The chemical basis of the high energy of PEP is the same as for ATP
- the relief of charge repulsion
- resonance stabilization of released Pi (and pyruvate)
- solvation energy difference
(7) Fill in the blanks:
(a) Aldolase
(b) Dehydrogenases
(c) 2 ATP and 1 NADH
(d) Aldolase (~23 kJ/mol)
(8)
(9) The reactions catalyzed by kinases all have large negative standard
transformed free energies due to the hydrolysis of high energy bonds. These
are reactions
Reaction
1
3
7
10
Enzyme
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
phosphoglycerokinase
pyruvate kinase
Substrate (sugar)
glucose
F6P
G3P
PEP
Product (sugar)
G6P
F1,6BP
1,3BPG
pyruvate
(10) Enolase
(11) The phosphate added to glucose in step 1 of glycolysis is removed in step
10. As a result all intermediates in glycolysis, except glucose and pyruvate,
will contain radioactive phosphate.
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(12) Standard free energy and equilibrium constants:
a. Since ∆G°’ = -RT ln K, K = e (-∆G°’ / RT) , T = 298 K (25 °C)
K = e -7500 J mol-1 / (8.3145 J K-1 mol-1) (298K) = 0.048
b. ∆G = ∆G°’ + RT ln [B]/[A]
= 7500 J mol-1 + (8.3145 J K-1 mol-1) (310 K) ln (0.0001/0.0005)
= 7500 J mol-1 – 4150 J mol-1 = 3.35 kJ mol-1
The reaction is not spontaneous since ∆G >0.
c. The reaction can proceed in the cell if the product B is the substrate for
a second reaction such that the second reaction continually draws off
B, causing the first reaction to continually produce more B from A.
(13) (b) has a free energy change near zero
(14) ∆G = ∆G°’ + RT ln ([phosphocreatine] [ADP] / [creatine] [ATP])
= 12.5 kJ mol-1 + (8.3145 J K-1 mol-1) (298K) ln (2.5mM * 0.15 mM / 1 mM
* 4 mM)
= 12.6 KJ mol-1 – 5.9 kJ mol-1 = 6.7 kJ mol-1
Since ∆G >0, the reaction will proceed in the opposite direction as written
in the quesiton, that is, in the direction of ATP synthesis.
(15) Glycolytic enzymes:
(a) Aldolase catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
(b) Hexokinase catalyzes phosphorylation of Glucose at C6. Thus, it uses
glucose and ATP to produce Glucose-6-phosphate and ADP.
(c) Pyruvate kinase uses phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ADP to
generate pyruvate and ATP
(16)Glycolytic enzymes II:
(a) Hexokinase and Fructokinase consume ATP.
(b) Phosphoglyceratekinase and Pyruvate Kinase generate ATP.
(17) 2 glucose + 4 NAD+ + 8 ADP + 8 Pi
-> 4 pyruvate + 4 NADH + 4 H+ + 8 ATP + 4 H2O
(18) Phosphohexose isomerase:
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Biochemistry 2000
Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
(19) All reactions catalyzed by kinases, i.e. all phosphotransferyl reactions are
highly favorable since the phosphate is transferred from a high energy donor
to an acceptor. All isomerizations work at equilibrium, i.e. ∆G’o is close to zero
as both substrate and product have comparable free energy. The three
“special” reactions catalyzed by aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase and enolase are unfavorable. These are driven by removal of
the product by the favorable phosphoryltransfer reactions.
(20) When [GAP] = 10-4 M, [DHAP] = 5.5 x 10-4 M. ∆G°’ = -RT ln K, thus
K = e (-∆G°’/RT) = [GAP] [DHAP] / [FBP]
= e (– 22,800 J mol-1) / 8.3145 J K-1 mol-1) (310K) = 1.4 x 10-4
Thus: (10-4) (5.5 x 10-4) / [FBP] = 1.4 x 10-4
Thus: [FBP] = 3.8 x 10-4 M
And [FBP]/[GAP] = (3.8 x 10-4 M) / (10-4 M) = 3.8
(21) (1) digestion, (2) glycolysis, (3) citric acid cycle,
(4) oxidative phosphorylation
(22) Definitions:
(a) A pyranose is a cyclic monosaccharide with a 6-membered ring.
(b) Mutarotation is the interconversion of the α- and β-anomeric forms of a
cyclic monosaccharide.
(c) The synthesis of complex molecules from simple building blocks and
energy.
(d) Standard transformed free energy change
(e) Phosphoryl transfer reactions that generate ATP in glycolysis.
(f) Sequential reactions sharing common intermediates have additive
standard free energy changes
(g) Kinases are enzymes that transfer a phosphoryl group from a high
energy donor to an acceptor (i.e. consume or produce ATP).
(23)
(a) D-ketopentose
(b)
H
(c)
O
C
HO
HO
HO
H
H
OH
HO
H
HO
H
HO
CH2OH
8
O OH
HO