1. No category

Sample Charts
and Background
Information
(Updated)
from Rachel carson councilrs
Basic Guide to Pesticid,es
by shirley Briggs and Rachel carson council
, rggz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Explanatton of Ratings on Pesticide Charts from Bcsic Gulde to Pesticides ...................2
Other Explanations and Definitions .............
Sample Herblclde Information
....................4
from Baslc Gulde to Pestlcldes and EPA ..........................5
Chemical Class - Trlazine
,,.,.......:....
Chart on Atrazlne (a Trlazine class chenicalf
......5
from .Baslc (itfide to Pesticides.......6
Rating of Atrizine from EPA on carcinogenicity
Sample Insecticide fnformatlon
fron
....................7
Baslc Qrttd,eto Pestlcld.es and EPA ........................8
Chemlcal Class -'Organophosphate (OPl .........
.;..............
Chart on Chlorpyrifos from Basic Guide to Pestlcldes
.......8
...........9
Sanple tr\rngictde Inforrnation from .Bcsic Guid.e to Pe*lcldes and EPA ........................11
Chemical Class - Benzonitrile ..........
from Basi c Gttld.eto Pegtlcldes .............
Chart on Chlorothalonil
Rating on Chlorothalonil
Addttlonal
from EPA on carclllogenicity
.........12
......,13
Information
Chemlcal Class - Pyrithoid
..................14
Updated Chart on Permethrin........
...........15
Updated Chart on Plperonyl Butoxide
Updated Chart on D1a21non.............
.....17
Rachel Carson Council, Inc. IRCC)
PO Box tOZTg
Silver Spring, MD 20lgt4
(3OUse3-75o7
[email protected]
httpr/ / RachetCiisonCouncil.
com
-?EXPLANATION OF RATTNGS ON PESTICIDE CIIARTS FOP.
''BASTC GUIDE TO PESTTCIDES''
IMMEDIATE TOXICITY MTINGS
Oral and dermal
terms of LC-^.
raEings
are
expressed
in
centrs of
LD-^;
)u'
inhalation
in
)u
RATING
EPA
fiPE OF
RATING EXPOSURE
HUIIAN OR TEST
Al\IltAL DOSE
PROBABLELETHAL DOSE
TOR 150 LB. HUMAN
Very high
I
Oral
Dermal
Inhalation
0-50 rng/kg
0-200 urg/kg
0-2000 i./I=rg/r3
0-1 reaspoon
High
II
Oral
50-500 urg/kg
1 reaspoon I ounce
Dermal
Inhalation
200-2000 mg/kg
2000-20,000 rnc/l
Oral'
500-5000 rng/kg
Mediun
III
'Dermal
Low
IV
Inhalation
2ooo-2o,ooo ng/kg
no rating given
Oral
over 5000 mg/kg
Dermal
Inhalation
over 20,000 ng/kg
no ratlng given
I ounce-l pinc
t pound)
:t
over I pint
I pound
or
DEFINITIONS
LD.^ = lethal dose Ehat kills
50 percenE of test animals in a given time.
)U
LC.., = lethal concenEration, in air or waEer in which test animals live,
Jv
thac kills
50 percent in a given time.
rnc/l = microgramt Fg) per liter.
A microgram is one slillionth
of a gram.
(ppb).
T h i s m e a s u r e m e n ti s c o m p a r a b l e t o p a r t s p e r b i l l i o n
mg/kg= milligrams (of a coxin) per kilograms (of body weighc of aninal).
T h i s r n e a s u r e m e n Ei s c o m p a r a b l e t o p a r t s p e r n i l l i o n
(ppur).
PERSISTENCERATINGS
I{e have reduced the persistence of these pesticides to four stages,
in accordanee with the scale used in the firsr
annual report of the Councll
on EnvironmenEal Qualltyr*a970, page 132:
Non-pers = non-persistent.:
effectiveness lasts from a few hours to
several days, never more than 12 weeks.
Mod-pers = moderaEely persisten[:
from I Eo 18 months.
Pers
= persiscent:
50 co 100.
Perm
= permanent: non-degradable
environmenE,.
recains
coxicity
for years, perhaps as many as
to non-toxic
materials
in
the
I"IARKS:where no quanciEative data has been found but Ehere is
QUOTATION
a statemenE on an atEribuEe, in a usually Erustworthy source, we use iE.
in quotaEion marks to show that it nay not fit into our raEing system
but does give a c1ue.
EFFECTS:slnce nosc of our rellable dara musr be
yot*/Tq3*rAl{
learned froo careful tests on approprtate test anlnars,-""J-"rid"1'.
3-
are also eoncerned about the effects
of thede p.oa""t"'o1
o,r. fellow
maaorals, we combine all
avallable
data to deternlne
the.raclngs
for
boch inurediace and long-term
Eoxicicy.
'
!
L O N G - T E L YT O X I C I T Y i n c l u d e s
long-lasting
or permanent danage from
.iccunulaCion
one exposure, or fro;r conCinuing
exposures,
graCual
in
che body, or effecEs chac rnay appear long after
che crucial
exposure,
some affecEing
only subsAquent. generalions.
OTHER ADVERSE EFFEcrs, TNCLUDTNc ittosE oN NoN-TARGET spEcrES AND THE
GENERAL ENVIROII}IENT :
I I t I E D I A T E . L \ D L O I I G - T E R . YT O X I C I f i
for oEher crearures
fo1low rhe
)lutations
oreceding scales.
in plants are a'"rarninq for all forms of
life,
since some pla:rc cells reacE very much as anirnal cel_ls do.
SOLUtsILITY,eitre;
in';ater
or oil:
our scale mOdlfies che U.S.
Pharmacopeia scale to. a iour-scate
scale, as Drecise as rnosE of our
we give higher-sounding
daca permits.
ratings
Eo lower concenEraEions
because ln deallng with toxic substances these are proporEtons Ehac
have Lmportant effects.
Water solublllty
can deEermlne the spread of
a maEerial through Ehe envlronmenc;
o11 iolubiliry
can decerurlne whecher
ic may accurnulaEe in fatry
animal tissues.
our raEing
solubilicv
aE room
Ee:irperacure (20 co 30'C.,6g
to g6'F.)
insol-uble
less thaa I parc per srillion
(ppn)
slighcly
soluble
I to lO pgm
10 co 100 ppm
soluble
100 co 1000 ppm
1000 tc 10,000 pgm (.I
ue:;r soluble
co lZ)
10,0C0 cc 33,333 ppn
3li,333 ;o lO0,0C0 r:n
1 0 0 ,C 0 0 r o 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . o o m( L 0 7 , t o 1 0 0 2 )
over 1,000,000 (over l00Z) buc
ni sc ible
misciSle
U. S. Pharmacopeia
ra cing
insoluble
very slighrly
soluble
s1ightly
soluble
sparingly soluble,
sclubl e
ireely solu'rle
very soluble
\
infinitely
soluble
voLATILIfi:
che raE.e ac which a subsEance evaporat,es, thus leaving
its original place oi- applicar,ion and possibly being rransporred for
great disEances:
volaciliey
raci:r3
non-.ro1aE,i1e
slighcly
vola;ile
volacile
hi3hJ.;rvolaci,la
vapor pressure at 20 co 30" C.
less than I :< l0-7 nmHg
(;0000001r.nillimecers oi uercury)
10-/ co l0-- anllg
(.0000001"to .0001 miig)
10-q to 10-' rmrHg
(.0001 to . ot uunHg)
greater than .ol uur4g
FLr\oL{3rLrrY: iased cn che flash poine, che tempera:ure ac which
the vapor of a flanra:le
liquid will
ignire in air.
flamnable
conbustible
flash poinr (r.p.) beLow 140" F., vapor
pressure noE orrer 40 pouads per square
inch ac 100' F
flash poi.nE ar or o"er l10c F.
-"+Ormn Expr,axarroNsaxl DnrrxrrroNs
U.S. EPA Toxic ReleaseInventory (TRI) Definition
The United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) collects data annually on more than 600
toxic chemicalsthat threatenhuman health and the environment in its Toxics ReleaseInventory (TRI)
database.The TRI is a recent extensionof the EmergencyPlanning and Commmity Right-To-Know
Act. The list is intended for tracking and regulating the destruction,storageor spillage of hazardous
chemicalsby corporationsor manufacturers.There is a thresholdamount for the toxic chemical above
which reporting is required. Chemicals(even thosewhich appearon the list), when legally applied as
pesticides,are not required to be reportedunder the TRI program.
The Rachel CarsonCouncil has included the TRI list information so that the public will be awareof the
toxicity of some commonly used chemical pesticidesand seek safer alternatives.Information on these
altemativesis available from the Rachel CarsonCouncil, and we encouragethe public to inquire.
From Rachel Carson Council, Inc.' May 1998.
Two Endocrine Disruptor Delinitions
'
"An environmentalendocrinedisruptor is an exogenousagentthat interfereswith the synthesis,
secretion,transport,binding action or elimination of natural hormonesin the body that are responsible
for the maintenanceof homeostasis,reproduction,developmentand behavior."
From Environmental Health Perspectives,V. I 06, Supplement I , p. I I -56, I 998.
"An endocrinedisruptor is a chemical that affects the structureand function of the endocrinesystem."
From Dr. Janette Sherman
Restricted Use Pesticide
As determinedby the U.S. EPA or a stateagency,a pesticidethat is available for purchaseand use only
by certified pesticide applicatorsor personsunder their direct supervisionand only for thoseuses
coveredby the Certified Applicator's certification. This group of pesticidesis not available for use by
the generalpublic becauseof the very higlr toxicities and/or environmentalhazardsassociatedwith these
materials.
Frcm Farm Chemicals Hondbook,1998.
Definitions of EPA CarcinogenicPesticideRatings
From June I I 1998 Memorandum: tU.S. gpAl OIIice of Pesticide Programs List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential
A
B
C
D
E
-
Human carcinogen
Probablehuman carcinogen
- Indicates limited human evidence
Bl
82 - Indicates sufficient evidencein animals and inadequateor no evidencein humans
- Possiblehuman carcinogen
- Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
- Evidence of noncarcinogenicityfor humans
-5Sample Herbicide Information from Basic Guide to Pesticides
Chemical Class- Triazine
TRIAZINE
ametryn
anilazine
atrazine
aziprotryne
chlorinatedisocyanurates
cyanazine
cyprazine
cyromazine
desmetryn
diproPetryn
ethiozin
hexazinone
promaton
Promatryn
propazine
simazine
terbutryn
Mode of action:May disturb the metabolismof
vitamins.
Immediateeffects:Skin and eye irritation; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; muscular weakness;salivation.
Long-term effects: Carcinogens; suspect mutagens; iirmunotoxin; adrenal damage; kidney .and
irinary tract stone formation; teratogens;lung damage; suspect fetotoxins; liver and kidney damage;
disturbancesin sperm production.
Environmental effects: Groundwater contaminants.
REFERENcES
(2); (3)
Hallenbeck,W H,, and K. M. Burns. 1985.Pesticidesand human
health. New York: Springer-Verlag'
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-8Sample Insecticide Information from Basic Guide to Pesticides
Chemical Class - Organophosphate
'
ORGANOPHOSPHATE
acephate
acephate-met
Akton
azinphos-ethyl
azinphos-methyl
bensulide
Bomyl
Bromophos
Bromophos-ethyl
carbophenothion
chlorfenvinphos
chlormephos
chlorphoxim
chlorpyrifos
(.oumaphos
crotoxyphos
t-rufomate
cyanophenphos
cyanophos
cythioate
DEF
demeton
demeton-methyl
dialifor
diamidfos
diazinon
dicapthon
dichlofenthion
dichlorvos
dicrotophos
dimefox
dimethoate
dioxabenzofos
dioxathion
disulfoton
ditalimfos
DMPA
edifenphos
EPN
ethephon
ethion
ethoproP
etrimfos
famphur
fenamiphos
fenitrothion
fensulfothion
fenthion
fonofos
fosetyl-al
cc 6506
glyphosate
isazophos
isofenphos
leptophos
malathion
methidathion
methylparathion
mevinphos
monocrotofos
naled
omethoate
oxydemeton-methYl
parathion
phorate
phosalone
phosmet
phosphamidon
phoxim
pirimiphos-ethyl
pirimiphos-methyl
ronnel
sulfoTEPP
sulprofos
temephos
TEPP
terbufos
tetrachlorvinPhos
triaziphos
trichlorfon
vamidothion
inhibitor,
Mode of action:Acetocholinesterase
damagingnervefunction, exceptfor glyphosate.
tmmediateeffects:Behavioraldisturbances;uncoordination;muscle twitchinS; headache;nausea;
dizziness;
anxiety;irritability;loss.ofmemory;sleep
pattern ghgng.e;r.e9lleqsgrgs.s;
Wqakles.s;trgrmol aF ,
"]aominai iiamps; diarrhea;sweating;salivation;tear-i
j ing; excessive'nasaldischarge;blurred vision; con- i
i striction of pupil; slowed heartbeaU confusion;.1
I incolti nelcei hyperten sion.
Long-term effects: Delayed neurotoxicity t". . .
tinglingand burning sensationsin the limb extremities followed by weaknessin the lower limbs and
ataxic. This progressesto paralyses,which, in several cases,affect the upper limbs also.. . . Recovering is seldom completein adults;with the passage
of time the clinicalpicture changesfrom flaccidto
anspastictype paralysis"WHO (1985,p. 59)l;some
are cumulative;persistentanorexia;weakness;malaise;nervedamagevia destructionof myelinsheath
'
around nerve fibers; carcinogens;mutagens;fetotoxins; hormonal inhibition; eye damage; suspect
mutagens;suspectcarcinogens;sterilityand impotence; embryotoxins;suspectteratogens;immuno; toxins; indication of bone marrow damage and
aplasticanemia;kills white blood cells;sperm and
other reproductiveabnormalities;suspectviral enhancers;ulcers;abnormalbrainwaves;reducedprotein synthesisin fetus;liver damage;kidneydamage;
suppressedantibodyreproduction;decreasedauditory attention,visualmemory problem solving,balance,and dexterity.
Environmental effects.' Responsible for the
deathsof largenumbersof birds on turf and in agriculture; affect breedingsuccessin birds; embryotoxins in birds; can change feeding habits in birds;
para-Nitrophenol, a transformation product of
parathion,is a groundwatercontaminant.
I
;
,
l'
RrrrnrNcrs
(3)
Bennett,R. S. 1989.Role of dietarychoicesin the ability of boL
white to discriminatebetween insecticidetreated and untreated food. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:731-738.
Duffy, F.H., et al. 1980.Long-termeffectsof the organophosphate
sarin on EECs in monkeys and humans. Neurotoxicology
1:56.7-689.
Hallenbeck,W H., and K. M. Burns. 1985.Pestrcidesand human
health. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Hoffman, D. ,. 1981.Effectsof malathion,diazinon, and parathion
on mallard embryo development and cholinesteraseactiyity.
Envi ron m ental Researchx:xxx-xxx.
fshikawa,S.1971. Eyediseaseinduced by organic phosphorous
insecticides.Acta, Soc.Opthamol. lap. 75:M1-855.
Rosenstock,L, et al. 1991.Chronic central nervous systemeffects
of acute organophosphatepesticideintoxication. The Lancet
338:223-227.
Tamura,O., et al. 1975.Organophosphorous pesticidesas tause
of myopia in school children: an epidemiologicalstudy.,fap.
l. Opthalmol. 19:25G-253.
U.S. EPA.1990.National pesticide survey.Office of water. P8911?5765.
White, D, H., et al. 1979.Parathioncausessecondarypoisoningin
faughing gull breeding colony- Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.23:281-2M-
World Health Organization WHO). 1985. Environmental health
criteria no. 63 organophosphorusinsecticides:A Seneral introduction. Ceneva:WHO.
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Chemical Class- Benzonitrile
EENZONITRILE
bromoxynil
chlorothalonif
dichlobenil
ioxynif
Mode of action: May be due to uncoupling of
oxydative phosphorylation and inhibiting of efectron transport,with inhibition of some enzymes.
Immediate effects: lrritation of skin, mucous
membranes;dermatitis.loxynil: excessblood in afl
organs;edemaof lungsand brain. Bromoxynil;dizziness;elevationof some enzymes;headache;hyperthermia; muscle pain; thirst; vomiting; weakness;
weight loss;anorexia.Chlorothalonil:hyperexcitability.
Long-term effects:Carcinogens;teratogen; skin,
eye, kidney damage. Suspected-dichlobenil: anorexia;blood in urine; kidney damage;liver damage;
reproductive changes with postnatal damage.
Chlorothalonil:growth suppression;pre' and postnatal damage;kidney destruction.
REFERENcES
(3)
-1985.
Pestrcidesand human
Haflenbeck, W. H., and K. M. Burns.
hea/th. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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allethrin
barthrin
bifenthrin
bioallethrin
bioresmethrin
cismethrin
cyfluthrin
\[cyhalothrin
cypermethrin
lethrin
d-cis,trans-al
deltamethrin
dimethrin
esbiothrin
fenpropathrin
fenvalerate
flucythrinate
fluvalinate
z-fluvalinate
kadethrin
karate
permethrin
phenothrin
resmethrin
S-bioallethrin
syntheticpyrethrum,
pyrethrins
tefluthrin
tetramethrin
tetramethrin (1R)-isomers
tralomethrin
and
Mode of action:Pyrethroidsinhibit sodium
'block
potassium conduction in nerve cells and
Many timespyrethroids
nerveimpulsetransmission.
are mixed with piperonylbutoxidein formulations'
lmmediate effects: Symptoms similar to DDT
poisoning. T-syndrome:tremors; exaggeratedstariled respbnsei hyperthermia.CS-syndrome:excessive writhing and salivation;decreasedstartle response; inciease in adrenalin and blood sugar.
Other possibleeffects:convulsions;diarrhea;headache; vomiting; labored breathing; excessivenasal
mucous discFarge;irritability; sweating; sudden
swefling ol face,eyelids,lips, mouth, and throat tissues.Hly fever-likesymptoms;elevatedpulse.
Long-term effects: Suspect mutagens; suspect
teratogens;suspectcarcinogens;immunotoxins;decrease?hormone releasefrom brain; some may be
cumulative.
Environmental effects:Highly toxic to fish, bees,
and aquaticanthropods.
REFERENCES
12)
Hallenbeck,W. H., and K. M. Burns. 1985.Pesticidesand human
health. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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