1. No category

AL
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
OPTOMETRY
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
AL
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
To my children, Benjamin, Simon and Daniel
Rosenfield, from whom I learn something new
every day.
Mark Rosenfield
To my daughter, Isla, with all my hopes, dreams and love.
Nicola Logan
For Elsevier:
Commissioning Editor: Robert Edwards/Russell Gabbedy
Development Editor: Nicola Lally
Project Manager: Christine Johnston
Designer: Stewart Larking
Illustration Manager: Merlyn Harvey
Illustrator: Cactus
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
AL
OPTOMETRY:
Science, Techniques
AND
Clinical Management
Second Edition
Edited by
Mark Rosenfield,
MCOPTOM, PHD, FAAO
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
Nicola Logan,
MCOPTOM, PHD
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
Contributing Editor
Keith Edwards, FCOPTOM, DIPCLP, FAAO
Bausch & Lomb, New York, USA
Edinburgh London
New York
Oxford
Philadelphia
St Louis
Sydney Toronto
2009
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
# Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 1988
# 2009, Dr Mark Rosenfield, Dr Nicola Logan and Dr Keith Edwards. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s
Rights Department: phone: (þ1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (þ44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (þ44) 1865
853333; e mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on line via the
Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
First edition 1988
Second edition 2009
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
AL
ISBN 978 0 7506 8778 2
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or
appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures
featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose
or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of
the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate
safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assumes any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of
the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
The
Publisher's
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in China
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
Contents
vii
ix
xi
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
PART 1 Optometric Science
Chapter 1 Forming an optical image: the optical elements of the eye
W Neil Charman
1
17
Chapter 3 Visual development
Carol Westall
37
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
AL
Chapter 2 Anatomy of vision
Gary E Baker
Chapter 4 The psychology of vision
James M Gilchrist
51
Chapter 5 Visual performance
W Neil Charman
69
Chapter 6 Basic pharmacology relevant to the action of drugs on the eye
Michael J Doughty
77
Chapter 7 Diagnostic drugs
Carly S Y Lam
89
Chapter 8 Therapeutic drugs
Graham Hopkins
101
Chapter 9 The optometric management of ocular adverse reactions to systemic
medication
Bernard Gilmartin
111
Chapter 10 Ocular disease
Christopher Bentley and Ranjit Sandhu
127
Chapter 11 The development of refractive error
Nicola Logan
159
PART 2 Techniques
Chapter 12 Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity
Marc Lay, Elizabeth Wickware and Mark Rosenfield
173
Chapter 13 Objective refraction
David A Atchison
187
Chapter 14 Subjective refraction
Mark Rosenfield
209
Chapter 15 Clinical assessment of accommodation
Mark Rosenfield
229
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
v
Contents
241
Chapter 17 Examination of the anterior segment of the eye
Keith Edwards, Jerome Sherman, Joan K Portello and Mark Rosenfield
257
Chapter 18 Examination of the posterior segment of the eye
Sherry J Bass
277
Chapter 19 Ocular biometry, colour vision testing and electrophysiology
Leon N Davies
301
Chapter 20 Visual field examination
John G Flanagan
319
Chapter 21 Contact lenses
Lyndon Jones and Kathryn Dumbleton
335
Chapter 22 Prescribing spectacles
Glyn Walsh
357
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
Chapter 23 Alternative vision correction
Shehzad A Naroo
AL
Chapter 16 Binocular vision assessment
Bruce J W Evans
Chapter 24 Intraocular pressure and pachymetry
Shabbir Mohamed and Sunil Shah
377
391
PART 3 Management
SECTION A General Management
Chapter 25 Objectives of the eye and vision examination
Kent M Daum
407
Chapter 26 Communication skills in optometry – case history and case disposition
Catherine Pace Watson
419
Chapter 27 Legal aspects of optometry in the United Kingdom
Susan Blakeney
431
SECTION B Management of Special Populations
Chapter 28 Paediatric assessment
Susan J Leat
439
Chapter 29 Eye protection
Christine Purslow and Rachel North
461
Chapter 30 Low vision
Jan Lovie Kitchin
475
Chapter 31 Ageing populations
Bruce P Rosenthal
499
Chapter 32 Optometric assessment and management of patients with
developmental disability
Kathryn J Saunders
513
Index
vi
531
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
Foreword
AL
the eye and vision using electronic and computer tech
nology (e.g. short wave perimetry, optical coherence tomog
raphy), better understanding of the optics of the eye
(e.g. wavefront refraction) and knowledge of the complex
neurology of the visual system have all contributed to
contemporary optometric examination and management
techniques.
Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management
expertly reflects the present wide breadth of the scope and
practice of optometry including eye and vision care for
adults, children and the elderly, low vision, eye protection,
contact lenses, as well as communication skills with
patients. Each chapter represents an enlightened synthesis
of the various aspects of modern optometry, although not
in the detailed fashion of a textbook devoted to a given
aspect (e.g. binocular vision, ophthalmic drugs). The chapters
are written with up to date, evidenced based information
of the various examination procedures and management.
There are some variations of style as one might expect in
a multi authored book, but it is to the credit of the editors
that the overall presentation and flow of the text has
attained uniformity without significant redundancy.
Within the book, one will find the scientific foundation
and basic clinical knowledge needed to understand and
apply to the practice of optometry. The scope and quality
of this book admirably reflects the maturity of optometry,
a profession which has become utterly professional, inde
pendent and socially responsible.
The editors, Drs Mark Rosenfield and Nicola Logan are
both well known optometric scientists. They have gathered
a group of eminent co authors from various countries, each
an expert in their own field. It is an enormous and arduous
task to edit a book written by so many authors, as one
becomes involved in a string of administrative tasks to
gather the manuscripts. The whole process always proceeds
at the speed of the slowest, who sometimes holds up the
book for long periods of time. But they have succeeded
brilliantly.
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
Optometry can trace its origins back to 1611 when Johannes
Kepler wrote his Dioptrice concerning the mathematics of
lenses, prisms and mirrors, as well as describing how the
image is formed in the eye. In 1623, Daza de Valdes pub
lished the first treatise on the use and fitting of spectacles.
Over the next centuries, optical instruments including tele
scopes and special lenses (e.g. achromatic lenses) appeared.
By the end of the 19th century, opticians were performing
ocular refractions based on prior scientific discoveries in
optics and particularly the explanations of the refractive
errors by Donders in 1864 in his classic textbook: ‘Anomalies
of Refraction and Accommodation of the Eye’. By this time,
Thomas Young had discovered astigmatism (in 1801) and
described a famous experiment which demonstrated the role
of the crystalline lens in accommodation. Other landmark
contributions included the law of refraction (Snell, 1621),
the sphero cylindrical lens (Airy, 1825), optotypes (Snellen,
1862), and optical instruments to examine the eye, such as
the ophthalmoscope (Helmholtz. 1851), ophthalmometer
(Ramsden, 1795) and the first subjective instrument to mea
sure accommodation (Porterfield, 1759) which was
improved subsequently by Badal (1876). The dioptre, which
became the standard optical unit, was first introduced by
Monoyer in 1875.
The distinguished heritage of optometry comes from
these classical optical and physical concepts, and many uni
versity departments or schools of optometry, such as those
in Berkeley, Cardiff, London, Manchester and Sydney origi
nated as a division of their respective physics departments.
The emphasis of the optometry course was in the physical
sciences and that is partly the reason why in the UK the
appellation ‘ophthalmic optics’ was used until relatively
recently. Today, the emphasis of the curriculum has shifted
toward the biological sciences as optometry has become
involved in health care delivery as a primary care profession.
Many optometrists now participate in the treatment and
management of ocular disease including diabetes and glau
coma. These developments have been facilitated by legisla
tion in several countries including Australia, USA and the
UK allowing optometrists to use diagnostic and therapeutic
drugs for the management of abnormal ocular conditions.
Other recent developments including the introduction of
contact lens materials which are more compatible with the
eye (e.g. silicone hydrogels), procedures to examine both
Michel Millodot, OD, FCOptom, PhD, DOSc (Hon), FAAO
Honorary Professor, School of Optometry and Vision
Sciences, Cardiff University, UK;
Professor Emeritus, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
vii
Preface
The book is divided into three sections, namely science,
techniques and clinical management. The first section
reviews the anatomy, physiology and psychology of vision,
examines visual performance and development and dis
cusses ocular disease and the pharmacological interventions
available to treat abnormal ocular conditions. In the second
section, techniques for assessing the status and function of
the eye are described together with the correction of refrac
tive error using spectacles and contact lenses or by alterna
tive means such as temporary or permanent anatomical
changes. The final section discusses patient management,
communication and legal aspects of optometry, and reviews
the needs of special populations such as children, the
elderly, low vision and special needs groups.
To reflect the international spectrum of optometry, we
have included contributions from 40 authors based on four
different continents. Currently, the breadth and type of prac
tice varies markedly from one country to another, and we
have tried to select internationally renowned authors who
can provide a flavour of the way they practise in their partic
ular location, even if some of the procedures or techniques
may be more relevant to one particular region of the world
than another. With the development of readily accessible
and instantaneous global communication, geographic
boundaries may become increasing irrelevant, and it is likely
that optometry, like many other professions and political
entities, will become more equitable in scope of practice. It
is to be hoped that this volume can make a contribution
to the ‘globalisation’ of our profession so that high quality
primary eye care can be provided to everyone around the
world.
Finally, we thank the contributors to this volume. It has
been a pleasure to work with such an outstanding group
of people, and we apologize for all the nagging e mails that
production of a work such as this necessitates. Their willing
ness to pass on their expertise to both present and future
practitioners is a tribute to their generosity and wisdom,
and bodes well for the future of this expanding profession.
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
AL
This book is the successor to Optometry, edited by Keith
Edwards and Richard Llewellyn, which was published in
1988. In the preface to that work, the editors wrote that
‘no single volume fulfilled the perceived need or covered
the theoretical background to the visual and perceptive pro
cesses together with the techniques for the practical investi
gation and subsequent management of the normal and
abnormal’. While the goal of this new work remains to meet
that need, some 20 years later the scope and practice of
optometry has changed dramatically. New techniques and
procedures have been incorporated into everyday patient
care, some of which were not even invented at the time
the last edition was written. Now the practitioner can access
sophisticated techniques for imaging the eye using proce
dures such as optical coherence tomography, test visual per
formance with function specific perimeters, administer
modern therapeutic pharmaceutical agents for a wide range
of ophthalmic conditions and prescribe contact lenses man
ufactured using materials that seek to maintain the natural
physiology of the cornea. In addition to these dramatic tech
nological advancements, the patient base is also changing.
As life expectancy rises, the number of patients over 70 years
of age has increased significantly, with a concurrent expan
sion in the need for eye care services in this age group. At
the same time, the younger members of the population are
also in need of both routine and advanced care. Optometry
has a responsibility to provide high quality primary eye care
to all members of society.
With the rapidly expanding scope of practice of optome
try, one might ask how a single volume can cover all aspects
of this growing profession. The simple answer is it cannot,
particularly since many of the topics covered by a single
chapter in this volume have entire textbooks devoted to
them, such as contact lenses, visual fields or binocular
vision. Nevertheless, the goal of this book is to provide the
reader with an introduction to each area. Hopefully, this
will whet the appetite and motivate them to move on to
more advanced sources of information, such as specialist
texts and journal articles. However, it is hoped that this
integrated approach will appeal to both students new to
the field of optometry and established practitioners seeking
to update their knowledge.
Mark Rosenfield
Nicola Logan
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
ix
Contributors
David A Atchison MSc (Optom), PhD, DSc, FAAO, FOSA,
CertEd (Higher Ed)
Graham Hopkins BPharm, PhD, MRPharmS
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland
University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Lyndon Jones FCOptom, PhD, DipCLP, DipOrth, FAAO
(DipCL)
Gary E Baker PhD
Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Sherry J Bass OD, MS, FAAO
School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hong Kong
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
Carly S Y Lam MCOptom, PhD, FAAO
AL
Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University,
London, UK
Community Pharmacist, Cheltenham, UK
Christopher Bentley MCOptom, FRCOphth
Central Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
Susan Blakeney FCOptom, PhD, LLM, LLB
The College of Optometrists, London, UK
W Neil Charman FCOptom (Hon), PhD, DSc, FOptSocAm
Department of Optometry and Neuroscience, University of
Manchester, Manchester, UK
Kent M Daum OD, PhD
Marc Lay BS
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
Susan J Leat FCOptom, PhD, FAAO
School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Nicola Logan MCOptom, PhD
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University,
Birmingham, UK
Jan Lovie-Kitchin MSc (Optom), PhD, FAAO
Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, USA
School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Leon N Davies MCOptom, PhD, FAAO, FHEA
Shabbir Mohamed MBChB (Hons), MRCOphth, FRCSEd
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University,
Birmingham, UK
University Hospital Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust,
Birmingham, UK
Michael J Doughty PhD
Shehzad A Naroo MCOptom, PhD, FIACLE, FAAO, FBCLA
Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University,
Glasgow, UK
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University,
Birmingham, UK
Kathryn Dumbleton MCOptom, MSc, FAAO (DipCL), FBCLA
Rachel North FCOptom, PhD
Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, UK
Keith Edwards FCOptom, DipCLP, FAAO
Catherine Pace Watson OD
Bausch & Lomb, New York, USA
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
Bruce J W Evans FCOptom, PhD, DipCLP, DipOrth, FAAO,
FBCLA
Joan K Portello OD, MPH, MS, FAAO
Institute of Optometry, London, UK; Optometry and Visual Science,
City University, London, UK
Christine Purslow MCOptom, PhD, FBCLA, FIACLE
John G Flanagan MCOptom, PhD, FAAO
School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada;
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, UK
Mark Rosenfield MCOptom, PhD, FAAO
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
James M Gilchrist FCOptom, PhD
Bruce P Rosenthal OD, FAAO
Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science,
University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
Low Vision Programs, Lighthouse International; SUNY College of
Optometry, New York, USA; Low Vision Service, Mt Sinai Hospital,
New York, USA
Bernard Gilmartin FCOptom, PhD, FAAO
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University,
Birmingham, UK
Ranjit Sandhu MRCOphth
Central Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management
xi
Contributors
Kathryn J Saunders MCOptom, PhD
Glyn Walsh FCOptom, PhD
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University,
Glasgow, UK
Sunil Shah MBBS, FRCOphth, FRCS (Ed), FBCLA
Midland Eye Institute, Solihull, UK; School of Life and Health
Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; School of Biomedical
Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
Carol Westall PhD
Jerome Sherman OD, FAAO
Elizabeth Wickware BS
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
PR
SA O
M PE
PL R
E TY
C O
O F
N E
TE L
N SE
T V
- N IE
O R
T
FI
N
AL
Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto and The
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
xii
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/Health-Professions/Optometry/book/9780750687782/Optometry-Science-Techniques-and-Clinical-Management