Sample Natural Ventilation Application Mechanical Installation at Jewellery Business Kuyumcukent
Number: 8 - 2013 Sample Natural Ventilation Application Mechanical Installation at Jewellery Business Kuyumcukent President’s Overview Owner on Behalf of TTMD: Gürkan Arı Responsible for Publication: Murat Çakan Responsible Editorial Manager: B. Hakkı Buyruk EDITORIAL BOARD Ender İren Atilla Kantarman Eren Kalafat Onur Koca Cafer Ünlü Güven Öğüş Nazif Özakıncı Züleyha Özcan Erdal Taştekin Birol Yavuz Zeki Aksu Tuba Bingöl Altıok Yalım Atalay Suat Arzık Abdullah Bilgin Şaban Durmaz Göksel Duyum Artuğ Fenercioğlu Devrim Gürsel Hasan Heperkan ADVISORY COMMITTEE Akdeniz Hiçsönmez Ömer Kantaroğlu Engin Kenber Abdurrahman Kılıç Birol Kılkış Olcay Kıncay Ömer Köseli Rüknettin Küçükçalı Celal Okutan Baycan Sunaç Numan Şahin Macit Toksoy Haşmet Türkoğlu Gönül Utkutuğ Abdülvahap Yiğit Tuncay Yılmaz Zerrin Yılmaz Kahraman Albayrak Ahmet Arısoy İbrahim Atılgan Erdinç Boz Aytekin Çakır Celalettin Çelik İrfan Çelimli Kevork Çilingiroğlu Fatma Çölaşan Nilüfer Eğrican Hüseyin Erdem Serper Giray Gülden Gökçen Ersin Gürdal Serdar Gürel Murat Gürenli Hüseyin Günerhan Arif Hepbaşlı Hasan Heperkan CONTACT TTMD Head Office Bestekar Sk. Çimen Apt. No:15/2 Kavaklıdere/Ankara Tel: 0 312 419 45 71-72 Faks: 0 312 419 58 51 Web: www.ttmd.org.tr E-posta: [email protected] Dear colleagues, The concrete impacts of climatic problems triggered by increased environmental pollution due to intensive use of technology and energy in line with modern living style are felt remarkably by modern people. We have to draw necessary lessons from the emerging problems and their impacts without wasting any further time, and exert efforts to stop this trend and take serious measures using our own mind and consciousness. Otherwise, the growing imbalance in nature will inevitably cause even greater problems for mankind. During the last century, mankind headed towards easy solutions in the building sector due to the readily available cheap energy, exaggerated the artistic dimensions of the business, and abandoned the ecological, energyefficient and environment friendly building style. Today, mankind understands that energy resources are not infinite, and the increased global warming and impacts due to intensive consumption have directed mankind to new quests. People of the next century will most probably not use fossil fuels, even if they are available, and will have to meet their needs largely from renewable energy resources. In order not to get caught unprepared, we have to acquire this awareness now and create and introduce the infrastructure for new and renewable technologies. I hope the symposium brings about successful results for our colleagues, industry and country. 1 Gürkan ARI Chairman of Executive Board TTMD Production ASMEDYA Birlik Mah. 410. Sok. 5/2 Çankaya / ANKARA www.asmedya.com.tr Baskı/Printing: Dumat Ofset - 2013 Distributed throughout Turkey. According to the Turkish Press Laws, the journal is considered to be local periodical. TTMD 2013 Turkish Society of HVAC & Sanitary Engineers Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers (TTMD, Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği) was founded by Mr. Celal OKUTAN and his friends in 1992 under the title of , Association of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers (“Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği”) to develop HVAC and sanitary engineering, and to earn the sector the respect it deserves. In 1997, the word “Turkish” was added before the title and a significant step towards becoming a national association was taken. The Association Economic Enterprise was founded in 2003. TTMD regularly holds an “International HVAC+R Technology Symposium” once every two years, and an annual workshop to discuss a selected topic in detail, participates in domestic and overseas fairs and symposia in the sector, and publicizes and supports such activities. TTMD also publishes books for professional development, and a bimonthly journal addressing the sector with the title “TTMD Dergisi” (previously TTMD Bülteni for 35 issues). In addition, an English issue is published annually to promote our sector overseas. On the other hand, training programs and seminars are held by our Regional Offices to improve the service quality of our colleagues. Our society tries to facilitate forming of bonds among our colleagues by bringing them together in various platforms, in addition to making a significant contribution to the sector by improving the quality of on-the-job training, which is among its purposes of foundation. Our Activities TTMD performs various activities related to installation in line with its charter, and thus contributes to the public good. Some of the activities of the society performed with this aim are as follows. Realizing knowledge and technology transfer, Contributing to the efficient use of energy in our country, Improving knowledge accumulation and knowledge sharing in the sector and thus contributing to the building of better buildings and plants, Promoting our Country overseas in its own sector, Representing our colleagues in international platforms and following the developments closely, Contributing to the training and research of our colleagues offering professional services, newly graduated engineers, and students willing to develop their skills in this profession in application field, and contribute to knowledge and technology transfer, Providing the necessary communication and discussion enviromnent, Contributing to the research undertaken in universities and research centers concerning our profession and improving the university-industry cooperation, Publication of journals, books, and manuals containing correct and contemporary information on the installation sector, and the establishment of “Rules of Conduct”, TTMD has become a member of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating and Refrigeration Engineers) in 1997, of REHVA (Federation of European Heating and Air Conditioning Association) in 2000, and of CLIMAMED (Joint Organization of HVAC&R Associations of France, Italy, Portugal, Spain) in 2009. Contributing to the development of the country as we do our profession, TTMD develops and supports R&D projects within the framework of university-industry cooperation, takes active part in the preparation of standards and regulations, cooperates with public bodies in the preparation of regulations thus contributing to their conformity with the norms, develops and operates national and international projects (EU, FCO, etc.), and continues its publishing and educational activities in the sector. Generating energy-efficient and environment-friendly solutions and cooperating on this issue, TTMD Management Board History of Presidency Gürkan Arı President M. Bülent Özgür Baycan Sunaç Hırant Kalataş Vice President Vice President Vice President Bünyamin Ünlü Murat Gürenli Abdurrahman Kılıç Ömer Köseli Güniz Gacaner Kemal Gani Bayraktar Tuba Bingöl Altıok Sarven Çilingiroğlu Ramazan Yazgan General Secretary Treasurer Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Representation Creating healthy, safe, hygienic, comfortable, in a word, livable environments in different buildings in which people spend about 80-90 % of their times, Working in coordination with other professional and expertise groups. Founding Honorary President Celal Okutan 1st Term - Celal Okutan 2nd Term - Numan Şahin 3rd Term - M. Serdar Gürel 4th Term - Ömer Kantaroğlu 5th Term - Engin Kenber 6th Term - B. Erdinç Boz 7th Term - Hüseyin Erdem 8th Term - Abdullah Bilgin 9th Term - Cafer Ünlü International Memberships 2 Metin Karabacak Züleyha Özcan Ayşen Hamacıoğlu İbrahim Akdemir Tefik Demirçalı Özcan Türkbay Göksel Duyum İbrahim Üstün Tatlıdil Necdet Altuntop İlhan Tekin Öztürk Öner Boysal Orhan Cazgır Mustafa Eyriboyun TTMD 2013 Adana Ankara Antalya Bursa Denizli Eskişehir İstanbul İzmir Kayseri Kocaeli Konya Samsun Zonguldak American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Federation of European HVAC Associations Climamed Contents 3 President’s Overview 6 NEWS 6 English Program Symposium 2012 14 TTMD 20 Years of Age 15 TTMD Projects: Green Careers 16 Full Support to the Private Sector in Transition to Low-Carbon Economics: Climate Platform 16 The Concept of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) and the Project of SCP Turkey 16 HIP Work Continues under HIP Project 4 TTMD 2013 Contents 17 Aqua Conserver First Step Taken in Aqua Conserver Project 17 TTMD in Climamed Congress 2011 18 TTMD In ICHVAC-3 21 ARTICLE 21 Sample Natural Ventilation Application Sarven Çilingiroğlu 5 33 Mechanical Installation At Jewellery Businesses Kuyumcukent Kani Korkmaz TTMD 2013 News English Program Symposium 2012 6 TTMD 2013 News April 30, 2012 - Monday HALL A HALL B 08:30 - 09:45 REGISTRATION 09:45 - 10:45 OPENING CEREMONY 10:45 - 11:00 Coffee Break 11:00 - 11:45 “Looking at İstanbul or Seeing İstanbul!” Opening Conference: Sunay Akın Chairman: Numan Şahin 11:45 - 12:30 “Future Energy Concepts For Buildings and Districts - From Energy To Exergy” Invited Speaker: Gerhard Hausladen 12:30 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:40 Session - 1A - 1: Technical Session: Energy Efficient Buildings Chairman: Engin Kenber Session -1B - 1: Technical Session: Energy Efficient Buildings Chairman: Erdinç Boz 14:00 - 14:20 Importance of Dynamic Energy Modelling In Energy Efficient and Green Structure Design A. Zerrin Yılmaz, Ece Kalaycıoğlu, Alpay Akgüç, Meltem Bayraktar Energy Efficient Double Shell Curtain Wall Systems Gözde Çakır 14:20 - 14:40 Evaluation of Environmental Performances and Energy Efficiency Projections In The Construction Industry In Turkey Taner Soner, M. Ziya Sögüt HVAC Applications In Elliptical Architectural Structures Coşku Cengiz, Şenol Kılıç 14:40 - 15:00 Green Buildings: Barriers, Opportunities, Supporting Policies and Creating Demand In The Transformation Process of The Construction Industry Çağla Pınar Utkutuğ, Gönül Utkutuğ Plumbing Systems In Light Steel Frame Constructions Semih Göksel Yıldırım 15:00 - 15:20 Potential Customer Approach to Green Housings: A Survey in Ankara Çayyolu Çağla Pınar Utkutuğ, Sanem Alkibay, Zeliha Eser Building Material Use In Energy Efficient Structures Çiğdem Tekin 15:20 - 15:40 Master Project Integral Design For Net Zero Energy Buildings Wim Zeiler Energy Labelling and Certification In HVAC Products Yüksel Köksal 15:40 - 16:00 Coffee Break PANEL: Sustainable Energy Management in Urban Transformations Moderator: Handan Türkoğlu, ITU City and Regional Planning 16:00 - 18:30 18:30 - 20:00 Gerhard Hausladen, The Technische Universität München, Building and Climatization Services Gençay Tatlıdamak, Architect - Advisor, Sustainable Buildings Designer, IB Hausladen Emre Kahraman, City Planner, Municipality of Gaziantep, Department of Housing and Urban Development Seda Müftüoğlu, Architect, Municipality of Gaziantep, Department of Housing and Urban Development Uygur Kınay, Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, General Directorate of Professional Services, Department of Energy Efficiency Aynur Şule Sümer, Municipality of Kadıköy, Head, Department of Environmental Protection and Control OPENING COCKTAIL - Wow Hotel & Convention Center In Hall A, there will be simultaneous translation from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. TTMD 2013 7 News May 1, 2012 - Tuesday HALL A HALL B Session-2A-1: Technical Session: Energy Efficient Buildings Chairman: Nilüfer Eğrican Session-2B-1: Technical Session: Energy Efficient Buildings Chairman: Serdar Gürel From Passive House Through nZEB To Energy Plus Buildings, Some Dutch Examples Wim Zeiler Energy Use During The Lifespan of A Wooden Frame Building Hüseyin Günerhan, Burak Hozatlı 09:20 - 09:40 Active Roof Cooling By Floating Water Wim Zeiler, Derek Vissers HVAC Application In Industrial Buildings İbrahim Karakaş, Zozan Türkgenç 09:20 - 09:40 Your Green Compass: “Environmental Indicators” M. Selçuk Ercan Energy Management and Analysis of Energy Saving Potentials On Site M. Ziya Söğüt, İnanç Cahit Güremen, Hakan Kabalar 09:40 - 10:00 Sustainability = MEPS + Assuring Compliance Through Third Party Certification James Walters Integrated Project Management In Mechanical Pipework Applications Hasan Acül 10:00 - 10:20 Is The UK’s Zero Carbon Standard For Housing a Solution For CO2 Reduction In Turkey? Passivhaus Standard as a Means to Achieving Zero Carbon In Istanbul Tuğba Salman Gürcan, Sofie Pelsmakers 09:00 - 10:40 09:00 - 09:20 10:20 - 10:40 10:55 - 12:40 10:55 - 11:40 Session-2A-2: Technical Session: HVAC Systems and Equipment Chairman: Cafer Ünlü “Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning And Ventilation Systems” Invited Speaker: Olli Seppanen 11:40 - 12:00 Physical Modeling of Concrete-Core-Radiant Cooling System For Upper-Egypt Climates Ahmed A. Medhat A. Fahim 12:00 - 12:20 Mircomachined Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor Modules Used For Comfortable, Energy-Efficient Demand-Controlled Ventilation and Building Monitoring Simone Herberger, Heiko Ulmer 12:20 - 12:40 Synchronicity Factor In Air Conditioning of Multi - Storey Carparks Abdurrahman Kılıç 12:40 - 14:00 8 Coffee Break Lunch In Hall A, there will be simultaneous translation from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. TTMD 2013 News 14:00 - 16:00 Session-2A-3: Technical Session: HVAC Systems and Equipment Chairman: Ahmed A. Medhat A. Fahim Session-2B-2: Technical Session: HVAC Systems and Equipment Chairman: Ömer Kantaroğlu 14:00 - 14:20 Certification and Inspection of Building Materials Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, General Directorate of Professional Services, Department of Building Materials Effect of Non-Domestic Pipework Systems With Different Efficiencies On Water Consumption Levels Ömer Kantaroğlu, Fikret Kantaroğlu 14:20 - 14:40 Calculation of Temperature Difference (CLTD) Values In The Cooling Load Being Used For Heat Gain Through Building Walls Recep Yumrutaş, Hasan Oktay, Omar Zainal Environmental Evaluation of Central and Package Waste Water Treatment Plants In Suburban Areas Levent Alatlı, Ergin Erol,Salih Aliipek, Ercan Özdemir, Burcu Elif Vardar, Levent Çelikko 14:40 - 15:00 Chilled Ceiling Application In An Office Building of A Global Company Osman Arı Concerns In Water Supply Lines In Multi-Storey Buildings Arcan Hacıraifoğlu 15:00 - 15:20 Adaptive Control Algorithm of Heating System For Lars Low Energy System Radoslaw Gorzenski, Andrzej Gorka, Edward Szczechowiak Remote Commissioning With “Addressable” Combined Dynamic Balance Valves and Single Station Balancing (TIB) Method Arcan Hacıraifoğlu 15:20 - 15:40 Energy Evaluation and Comparison Between Different HVAC Systems Ahmet Arısoy Evaluation of Theoretical and Measured Data From The Pumps Being Used In Buildings’ Heating and Cooling Systems Okan Kon, Bedri Yüksel 15:40 - 16:00 New Algorithms For Energy Efficiency In HVAC Systems Michele Albieri, Alessandro Beghi, Luca Cecchinato, Mirco Rampazzo Improvement In Energy and Water Consumption Levels of Buildings During Operation: A Case Study Z. Cihan Akbulut, Ertuğrul Örs, Celalettin Bozdoğan 16:00 - 16:20 Coffee Break 16:20 - 18:00 Session-2A-4:Technical Session: HVAC Systems and Equipment Chairman: Tuncay Yılmaz Session-2B-3: Technical Session: Renewable Energy and Applications Chairman: Halime Paksoy 16:20 - 16:40 Energy Conservation In Buildings Firas Aldroubi Floor Level Heat Regenerator Design For Structural Applications With Photovoltaic Systems Ahmet Yıldız, Önder Özgener, Leyla Özgener 16:40 - 17:00 Performance Analysis of Steam Compression and Adaptive Water Cooling Systems Bülent Orhan, Ali Güngör Wind Power Applications In The Buildings Özgün Korukçu 17:00 - 17:20 Energy Savings Through PIBCV Technology For Air Handling Systems - Case Study Tamas Szekely Our Country’s Position In Energy Production From Wave Energy Emin Akyüz, M.Ziya Yakut, Reşat Selbaş, Arzu Şencan Şahin, İhsan Dostuçok 17:20 - 17:40 Steam Compression and Adaptive Two-Stage Cooling Cycle Canan Cimşit, İlhan Tekin Öztürk Evaluation of Fresnel Reflector and Collector Application In Isparta İhsan Dostuçok, Reşat Selbaş, Arzu Şencan Şahin, Ahmet Özdemir, Fatih Yılmaz 17:40 - 18:00 Effect of Control Systems In A Water Cooling System On Energy Efficiency Bekir Cansevdi, Uğur Caner, Ali Güngör Energy Analysis of Air Heating Sunlight Collectors With Internal Perforated Barriers Hakan F. Öztop, Fatih Bayrak In Hall A, there will be simultaneous translation from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. TTMD 2013 9 News May 2, 2012 - Wednesday HALL A HALL B 09:00 - 10:40 Session-3A-1: Technical Session: Indoor Air Quality and Comfort Condition Chairman: Ali Güngör Session-3B-1: Technical Session: HVAC Systems and Equipment Chairman: Abdullah Bilgin 09:00 - 09:20 The User In The Loop For Optimal Individual Comfort and Reduced Energy Consumption Wim Zeiler, Derek Vissers, Rik Maaijen, Gert Boxem What is New In DIN 1946-4 2008 Standarts? Can İşbilen, Ummuhan Gencer, Lale Ulutepe 09:20 - 09:40 Numerical Analysis of Comfort Conditions In An Office With Under Floor Heating Özgün Korukçu, Muhsin Kılıç, Jianhua Fan Hot Oil Systems Veli Doğan 09:40 - 10:00 10:00 - 10:20 Analysis of Comfort Conditions In A Decisive Evaporative Air Conditioning System Wrong Facts In Relation To Seismic Protection and Vibration Insulation In Pipelines Eren Kalafat İrfan Uçkan, Tuncay Yılmaz, Orhan Büyükalaca, Ertaç Hürdoğan Effects of Decorational Plants On Indoor Air Quality Hakan Şevik, İdil Kanter Effects of New EuP Regulations On Turkish Sanitary Industry Çağlar Şakaklı, Derya Çuha Thermodynamic Analysis of A Power Cycle Using Above-Critical Carbondioxide Under Water Heater Effect Atilla Bıyıkoğlu, Reşit Yalçınkaya 10:20 - 10:40 10:40 - 10:55 10:55 - 12:40 10:55 - 11:40 Coffee Break Session-3A-2: Technical Session: Renewable Energy and Applications Chairman: Hüseyin Erdem “Holistic Approach To Energy Efficient Green Buildings” Invited Speaker: Essam E. Khalil 11:40 - 12:00 Developing A Renewable Energy Selection Toolkit For Istanbul ‘’The Istanbul Renewable Toolkit’’ Tuğba Salman Gürcan, Sofie Pelmakers 12:00 - 12:20 Sustainable Energy Use In The Building By Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Halime Paksoy, Bekir Turgut 12:20 - 12:40 12:40 - 14:00 INTEGRATED DESIGN IN BUILDING WORKSHOP DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES’ OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATED DESIGN Administrator: A. Zerrin Yılmaz, Süleyman Akım, Göksel Duyum Speakers: A. Zerrin Yılmaz (BinSimDer-IBPSA), Ayşe Hasol (TSMD), Abdullah Bilgin (TTMD), Berrin Yavuz (ETMD), Ömer Yalçın (Carrier System Design Lunch In Hall A, there will be simultaneous translation from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. 10 TTMD 2013 News 14:00 - 16:00 Session-3A-3: Technical Session: Modelling and Softwares Chairman: Bülent Yeşilata 14:00 - 14:20 Numerical Modeling of Air Flow Regimes Inside Building Light Shafts Ahmed A. Medhat A. Fahim 14:20 - 14:40 Numerical Investigations of Flow Patterns and Thermal Comfort In Air-Conditioned Lecture Room Taher M. Abou-Deif, Mahmoud A. Fouad, Essam E. Khalil 14:40 - 15:00 Developing a Web Based Software For The Calculation of Cooling Load For The Buildings In Turkey Azmi Aktacir, M. Akif Nacar, Bülent Yeşilata, M. Emin Tenekeci, Burak Yenigün, Emrah Yaka 15:00 - 15:20 Adiabatic Humidification and Cooling As An Alternative Axel Zedina 15:20 - 15:40 Determining Conduction Time Series (CTS Coefficients By An Analytical Approach For The Calculation of The Looling Load For The Buildings Burak Yenigün, Azmi Aktacir, Bülent Yeşilata, Emrah Yaka 15:20 - 15:40 Adiabatic Humidification and Cooling As An Alternative Axel Zedina INTEGRATED DESIGN IN BUILDING WORKSHOP 14:00 - 14:50 INTEGRATED DESIGN AND PROBLEMS OF DESIGNERS 15:10 – 16:00 SUGGESTIONS AND GOALS 15:40 - 16:00 Coffee Break 16:00 - 18:30 Forum: Future of HVAC Systems? “Aqueous Systems, Full - Air Systems and DX Systems” Director: Ahmet Arısoy (Only registrated participants can attend to the Forum) 20:00 CLOSING DINNER- Kör Agop Restaurant, Kumkapı Please ask Registration Desk For Tickets. In Hall A, there will be simultaneous translation from Turkish to English and English to Turkish. 11 TTMD 2013 SPONSORSHIP A SPONSORSHIP B We are expressing our sincere gratitude for your valuable contribution. News TTMD 20 Years Of Age Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers was founded by Mr. Celal OKUTAN and his friends in 1992 under the title of Associations of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers to develop HVAC and Sanitary engineering, and to earn the sector the respect it deserves. In 1997, the word “Turkish” was added to the title and a significant step towards becoming a national association was taken. The Association Economic Enterprise was founded in 2003. TTMD regulary holds an “International HVAC+R Technology Symposium” once every two years, and an annual workshop do discuss a selected topic in detail, praticipates in national and international fairs and symposia in the sector, and publicizies and supports such activities. TTMD also publishes boks for proffesional development, and a bimonthly journal addressing the sector with the title “TTMD Journal” (previously TTMD Bülteni for 35 issues). In addition, an English issue is published annually to promote our sector in an international level. On the other hand, training programs and seminars are held by our Regional Offices to improve the service quality of our colleagues. Our society tries to faciliate forming of bonds among our colleagues by bringing them together in various platforms, in addition to making a significant contribution to the sector by improving the quality of on-the-job training, which is among its purposes of foundation. 14 TTMD develops and supports R&D projects within the framework of university-industry cooperation, takes active part in the preparation of standarts and regulations, cooperates with public bodies in the preperation of regulations thus contributing to their conformity with the norms, develops and operates national and international projects (funded by EU, FCO,etc.), and continues its publishing and educational activities in the sector. TTMD 2013 TTMD has become a member of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) in 1997, of REHVA (Federation of European Heating and Air Conditioning Associations) in 2000, and of CLIMAMED (Joint Organization of HVAC&R Associations of France, Italy,Portugal, Spain) in 2009. The objectives of TTMD include; first and foremost, contributing to the training and research of our proffesional colleagues, fresh graduates, and students willing to develop their skills in this profession in application field; contributing the knowledge and technology transfer; providing the necessary communication and discussion opportunities; contributing to the research undertaken in universities and research centers concerning our sector; and improving the university-industry cooperation. Publication of “Manuals” containing correct and contemporary information on the installation sector, and the establishment of “Rules of Conduct” are also among our main objectives. Keeping these up-to-date is the responsibility of our dynamic and concerned Committees and Commissions always in operation. Contributing to the development of our country as we do our proffesion, and in this context creating healthy, safe, hygienic, comfortable, in a word, livable environments in different buildings in which people spend about 80-90% of thier times; generating energy-efficient and environment-friendly solutions using the opportunities offered by the nature; working in coordination with other professional and expertise groups. News TTMD Projects: Green Jobs TTMD’s Project “Training Youth for Green Jobs” Completed The “Project for Training and Ensuring the Employability of Youth on Energy Efficiency in Buildings” (Training Youth for Green Jobs) executed by Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers between 01 December 2010 and 30 November 2011 under the European Union’s “Youth Employment Promotion” Grant Program has been successfully completed. Under the project executed concurrently in Erzurum, Kayseri and Samsun, very intensive project activities including “Project Evaluation Meetings”, “Press Conferences”, “Receipt and Evaluation of Trainee Applications”, “Implementation of Theoretical and Applied Training Programs”, “Energy Efficiency Information Days” have been carried out as from 10 December 2010. The project activities continued with “Energy Efficiency Awareness Week”, “Matching” and “Certificate Award Ceremony” in the second, third and fourth weeks, and finally the project was concluded with evaluation and closing meetings held in Ankara with the participation of Project Partners and Participants. Applications from the graduates of undergraduate programs, vocational higher schools and vocational secondary schools who have not been employed yet or who have been employed but are not working currently have been accepted for the training programs organized under the project on a priority basis. A total of 156 trainees, 52 from each province, participated in the training programs, which covered such subjects as heat insulation, heating and cooling systems, HVAC systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment, solar power, etc. The training programs provided most current theoretical and applied technical information fort he efficient use of energy. The programs particularly covered the relevant legislation, labor safety, entrepreneurship and business plan preparation for the trainees who want to start their own businesses. Besides the training programs, seminars and information meetings were organized as part of the activities intended to raise the level of public awareness and knowledge about energy efficiency in the provinces covered by the project. Furthermore, visually designed stands were established in city centers, and brochures and promotional materials were distributed to local people. The trainees and other specialists took part in the stands and answered the questions of people and thus contributed to raising the level of public awareness. The project was implemented in full coherence with the project partners including Erzurum Kazım Karabekir Technical and Industrial Vocational Secondary School, Kayseri Mimar Sinan Technical and Industrial Vocational Secondary School and Samsun Atakum Technical and Industrial Vocational Secondary School as well as the officials and specialists from the project participants who took active part in the theoretical and applied training sessions, including İzocam Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş., Testo Elektronik ve Test Ölçüm Cihazları Dış Tic. Ltd. Şti. and Vaillant Isı Sanayi Ticaret Ltd. Şti. 152 out of 156 trainees (97.4%) who received 132 hours of theoretical and 192 hours of applied training in their respective fields of specialization succeeded in the exams held at the end of training and received their certificates in a ceremony. The successful trainees were introduced to the employers active in this sector through a matching activity, in order to contribute to their employment. 36 trainees certificated following the completion of theoretical and applied training programs were placed to jobs. A web page was created to introduce all activities carried out under the project and the trainees who participated in the training programs. (http://www.proje.ttmd.org.tr). TTMD 2013 15 News Full Support to the Private Sector in Transition to Low-Carbon Economics: Climate Platform With the Climate Platform to be founded as part of the “Development of Climate Change Initiative in the Turkish Business World” project with the cooperation of the Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers (TTMD) and the Regional Environmental Center (REC), creation of a sustainable platform to improve the lobbying and participation abilities of the Turkish Business World in national and international levels is aimed, as well as translation to Turkish of an international training program to develop the capacity of Turkish firms in the field of calculating greenhouse gas emissions. Detailed information about the Climate Platform can be found at www.iklimplatformu.org The Concept of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) and the Project of SCP Turkey The project team which includes, among others, the Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineering (TTMD) and the Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV), which is one of the 4 national contact points designated as part of the “Partnering to Enhance Civil Society Organizations’ Contribution to Research in Sustainable Consumption & Production” project, which is supported by the 7th Framework Program and run under the short title of CSOContribution2SCP (Action Town), aims run a pilot project to publicize the concept of SCP in Turkey, increase consciousness, and improve the relations between the partners. Detailed information can be found at www.scp-centre.org HIP Work Continues under HIP Project 16 One year has passed in the HIP Project, which is being executed by 11 Institutes and SMEs from 6 countries (UK, Ireland, Spain, Norway, Turkey), including Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers. Under the project originally named “Project for development of low-cost, lightweight highly insulating polymers for refrigerated transport, heating and cooling installations”, project progress is being supervised TTMD 2013 through quarterly meetings. Under the project which will develop a new class of high internal/natural-phase emulsion-based polymer insulation material, although some materials have been used in many applications, materials that have never been used in circumstances requiring high performance will also be used. In such materials, it is possible to easily control porosity, pore sizes, distribution and mechanical features. For these reasons, calorific characteristics of the material can be secured low-cost production processes. Within the framework of the project to last 3 years, SMEs are coming together under the sub-heading of Partnership Research Projects for SMEs under the 7th Framework Program, and executing the project with a budget of Euro 2.6 million. The next meeting under the project will be held in London and will be hosted by TICA (Thermal Insulation Contractors Association). Detailed information about Project HIP is available at www.fp7-hip.eu. News Aqua Conserver First Step Taken in Aqua Conserver Project water treatment and heat recovery system that can be commissioned following minor modifications, as may requested by the citizens in the EU member and candidate states, building on the concepts of energy and water economy. Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers is taking part in one more international project, following the project “Training Youth for Green Jobs” which was completed in 2011. The project inception meeting titled “A novel and combined domestic grey water treatment and heat recovery system suitable for cost effective installation in 90% of European households: AQUACONSERVER” was held in Istanbul on 05 January 2012 and was hosted by TTMD. The project is supported under the 7th Framework Program of the EU and includes TTMD as a member of project consortium.” The Project being executed by the UK Health and Environment Research Institute (HERI) aims at introducing, by mid-2014, a low-cost domestic grey Twelve institutes, SMEs and NGOs including TTMD (the UK Health and Environmental Research Institute-HERI, The Environmental And Sustainable Construction Association-EASCA, IGP srl, Logrotex SA, Convex Electrical Ltd, Haswell Moulding Technologies Ltd, Aqualisa Products Ltd, Tecniberia, Asociacion Espanola De Empresas De Ingenieria, Consultoria Y Servicios Tecnologicos-TECNIBERIA, Novamina Centar Inovativnih Tehnologija Doo-NOVAMINA, Instituto De Biologia Experimental E Tecnologica-IBET, Polska Korporacja Techniki Sanitarnej, Grzewczej, Gazoweji I Klimatyzacji-PKTSGGK), from 8 countries (Croatia, UK, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Turkey) have come together for this project with a budget of Euro 1.9 million, which was accepted under the “Partnership/ Cooperation Projects for SMEs” component of the 7th Framework Program that will last 3 years. Detailed information about AquaConserver Project is available at http://www.aquaconserver.eu/. TTMD in Climamed Congress 2011 The congress took place in Casa de América, one of the most prominent examples of Madrid’s architectural heritage, under the auspices of Spanish Technical Association of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (ATECYR) with the participation of many engineers and academicians from Spain, Italy, France and Turkey. Turkish HVAC and Sanitary Engineers Society President Gürkan Arı participated the opening speech on the first day together with French HVAC and Sanitary Engineers Society (AICVF) President Bertrand Montmoreau, Italian HVAC and Sanitary Engineers Society (AICARR) President Renato Lazzarin, Spanish Technical Association of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (ATECYR) President Juan Jose Quixano, Spanish Energy Conservation and Energy Diversity Institute (IDAE) TTMD 2013 17 News President Alfonso Beltran and Climamed 2011 President Julio Cano Lacunza. Gürkan Arı informed about Turkish mechanical and HVAC sector and building energy performance strategies in Turkey. 39 technical papers were presented on the topics such as energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, indoor air quality, energy performance assessment, etc. 10 of these papers were presented by Turkish experts. 18 Turkey participated the Congress actively with nearly 40 participants and as a country with a high level of participation had the second highest number of paper submissions after host country Spain. The next CLIMAMED Congress will be held in Turkey in 2013 to be hosted by TTMD. TTMD in ICHVAC-3 With the collaboration of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Turkish Society of HVAC and Sanitary Engineers (TTMD), the Third International Conference on Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (ICHVAC-3)” was being held in Tehran, the capital of Iran, on 24-26 May 2011. TTMD President Gürkan Arı and Board Member Dr. Kemal Gani Bayraktar participated the conference on behalf of our organization. Gürkan TTMD 2013 Arı introduced TTMD and its activities and shared information about HVAC Sector in Turkey at his opening speech. Moreover, he summarized that how energy efficiency and new regulations affect the development of the sector by presenting data with examples. TTMD Committee made contacts with Iran within the scope of the conference, got together with Director of School of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University News of Technology, Prof. Dr. Mohammad H. Saidi and got informed about 6 departments in the school while visiting research laboratories. Different departments such as Biomechanics, Ocean Engineering, Manufacturing and Production, Energy Transformation, Applied Mechanics, Mechatronic were examined and potential collaborations were studied within the scope of the visit. The school has 40 different laboratories. Out of 1200 students, there are 112 Phd students and 400 MSc students in the school. The school has built strong connections with the industry and 14 out of 43 personnel work in department of Energy Transformation. Later in a meeting with Energy Engineering School Director Prof. Dr. Moustafa Sohrabpour and his team, information about master’s and doctorate programs for System Engineer, Environmental Engineers, Energy Engineers and Nuclear Engineers was presented. The institutions got to know each other and potential collaborations were discussed. Same day in the afternoon Sharif Energy Institute under the direction of Prof. Dr. Yadollah Saboohi was visited. The institute works especially on commercializing new technologies and offers master’s and doctorate programs. The institute who works in cooperation with public institutions and with the industry focusing on R&D, was introduced in a working meeting and potential collaborations were discussed. At the opening of the conference and the exhibition where TTMD took part with a stand as well, Turkish HVAC+R market was introduced with catalogs and pamphlets that were handed out. Same day in the afternoon a workshop called Energy Efficiency Practices in Turkey was conducted and 3 presentations were given to the conference participants by TTMD committee. “Cogeneration and its Applications” by Mr. Özay Kas, “Shopping Mall Application Model for Heat Pump” and “Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Passive Approaches” by Dr. Kemal Gani Bayraktar were presented at the workshop. Our stand in the exhibition hall was visited by our commercial attaché Mr. Alper Çakıroğlu as well. 84 papers out of 148 had been presented verbally and in written form at the conference which took 3 days with participants more than 450. 14 workshops were held as well as many technical sessions at the conference. Main conference topics were as follows: 1. New design criteria in HVAC&R 2. National codes and standards in HVAC&R 3. Industrial HVAC&R systems 4. New emerging technologies in HVAC&R systems 5. Indoor air quality and comfort conditions 6. Environmentally friendly air-conditioning, cooling and refrigeration techniques 7. Energy optimization TTMD committee got together with miscellaneous NGO representatives in the evening of the first day of the conference and evaluated sustainable potential for collaboration in many aspects while indicating the first possible steps. TTMD 2013 19 Article Sample Natural Ventilation Application Sarven Çilingiroğlu Section 1. Development Of Design Strategy: 1. Meeting The System Requirements: Two key factors affecting environmental performance are taken into consideration in the design of Natural Ventilation System. - Ventilation to maintain indoor air quality at the sufficient level - Ventilation in addition to other systems reduces the overheating tendency of buildings particularly during summer months. Natural ventilation strategy must be taken into consideration while designing other systems as well. While designing buildings, natural ventilation must be taken into account. Factors to consider are; - Sufficient acoustic environment: Natural ventilation openings increase sound transmission into indoor spaces from the exterior. Depending on the position of the building, this may be a determining factor. Furthermore, naturally ventilated buildings involve excessive exposed concrete to enhance the thermal capacity of the space. Such large areas must be carefully designed to secure appropriate acoustic environment. - Smoke Control: Because smoke may follow natural ventilation tracts, fire safety system must be able to operate in an integrated manner with natural ventilation system. - Health and Safety: Most natural ventilation openings will be positioned much higher from the floor plane. Thus, rules of working at height will be taken into consideration in detail. 1.1. Ventilation: The primary objective of ventilation is to maintain indoor air quality at a certain level by eliminating the pollutants in the air or mitigating their impacts. The guidance for ensuring necessary indoor air quality is provided in Approved Document F. Ventilation above the rates provided here is also possible. However, these high values will change the perception of freshness and lead to increased energy costs. Approved Document F includes three strategies for sufficient indoor air quality: (a) Extract Ventilation: Indoor air is extracted for the removal of pollutants, and is replaced by outdoor air . (b) Whole Building Ventilation (supply and extract): It ensures the dilution of other pollutants and mitigation of their impacts. (c) Purge Ventilation: It removes high-concentration pollutants. This high concentration may, for example, be after painting, modification works or due to release of fuel as a result of accident. Purge ventilation is slightly stronger than background ventilation. It both reduces the quantity of high-level pollutants and extracts heat from the setting. It also facilitates thermal comfort during summer months. The rate for whole building ventilation is given as 10 l/sec per person (in CIBSE Guide A and Approved Document F). This rate has been determined in consideration of the correlation between ventilation quantity and health. Because naturally ventilated buildings cannot ensure a fixed ventilation value, it must be demonstrated that equivalent air quality is secured. To this effect, it must be demonstrated that indoor air quality secured by natural ventilation is the same as indoor air quality secured by 10 l/sec/person fixed ventilation. This calculation and measurement must take into account the times when the building is fully occupied. A similar calculation may also be done for variable ventilation, which is similar to natural ventilation. In both cases, threshold values for outdoor CO2 concentration and building occupancy rates must be taken equal. The natural method is selected unless the CO2 rate obtained with natural ventilation is higher than that obtained with mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, the maximum concentration obtained with natural ventilation must not exceed the maximum equivalent value. Indoor air quality (IAQ) calculation tool is provided in the appendix to demonstrate how to make these calculations (See Figure 1.1). TTMD 2013 21 Article varies by the prevailing seasonal conditions and the thermal comfort condition expectations of people in the building. By estimation, natural ventilation systems may meet heat loads up to 30-40 W/m2. If climate change reaches significant levels, this estimated value should be reduced. Adaptation of people to climate changes may keep this value unchanged. Usually, three main factors are taken into consideration in design and operation, to achieve acceptable summer conditions: a- Excessive solar heat gain in indoor areas is prevented through proper solar ray control. b- Internal heat gains must be reduced to reasonable levels. (from human, equipment, lighting) c- During the hottest times in summer months, indoor air temperature may exceed 250C. But, in a well-designed building, temperature may be reduced to tolerable levels through improved air movement and chiller mean radiant temperatures. 1. 1. 1. Ventilation Control If natural ventilation is to be applied in a system, the system must allow for a level-controlled ventilation in a certain range. This range may vary from 0.5 ACH (Air Change per Hour) to 5 ACH. Furthermore, it must be possible to fully close ventilation when the building is empty. If people are the primary cause of air pollution, in particular, ventilation may not be done when the building is empty. 22 The system must be designed to prevent discomfort due to draft particularly during winter months, in addition to securing sufficient amount of ventilation. In order to prevent this in offices in particular, air inlet vents must be located 1.7 m above the floor. 1. 2. Control of Overheating During Summer Months: Overheating during summer months is the most important factor affecting the feasibility of natural ventilation. The cooling potential of natural ventilation TTMD 2013 1. 2. 1. Solar Ray Control: Upcoming CIBSE TM37: It will include detailed information and guidance on improved solar control design and solar control performance. Some measures may be taken to reduce overheating to a certain level. These include; - Window size and direction: This factor relates to the general organization of the building. Shading of windows by surrounding buildings or other parts of the building may reduce solar heat gain. - Painting, shading films and coating (for windows) As a result of advancements in glass technology, solar heat gain has been reduced through special coating applications that do not impair sight but transmit only the rays with certain wavelength. - Jalousie: Interior, interplane or exterior installation is possible. - Projections, Side Wings, Shutters: Such solar controls depend on direction, and may require different types of control on each facade. Furthermore, they affect building aesthetics substantially. The performance of these different systems (individually or collectively) may be quantified through effective Article total solar energy transmission or effective g- values. This value is calculated by dividing the total solar heat gain passing from window or shading elements during hottest times, by solar gain passing from an opening under the same conditions. In addition to potential impacts of global warming, other impacts may also lead to high indoor temperatures. These impacts should also be taken into account while designing natural ventilation. The most important impact is the heat island effect created through the unification of two cities as a result of the expansion of cities. This particularly raises nighttime temperatures. Consequently, it will be more difficult to pre-cool buildings through nighttime ventilation. Detailed information on heat island effect is available in CIBSE Guide A. 1. 2. 2. Control of internal loads: There are three important loads. a- Load from humans b- Load from lighting c- Loads from equipment. 1. 2. 3. Comfort Expectations While evaluating overheating, the most important step is the determination of acceptable thermal comfort conditions. Thermal comfort varies by the combination of psychology and culture. Acceptable comfort conditions vary by the activity carried out in the indoor area, clothes of individuals, temperatures, air speed and humidity. and thus reducing mean radiant temperature. Reduction of mean radiant temperature satisfies comfort conditions even if air temperature rises in the area. By increasing thermal capacity, the amount of heat the building can store based on every one degree mean radiant temperature increase, and thus the capacity of the area to satisfy thermal comfort conditions is enhanced. Figure 1.3 illustrates the advantage of thermal mass. This figure shows the impact of thermal mass and nighttime ventilation on internal temperature. Temperature differences of up to 5K are observed between a building with light thermal mass and no nighttime ventilation and a building with nighttime ventilation and heavy thermal mass. Naturally ventilated buildings reveal more variable air temperature that buildings with normal ventilation. But this does not necessarily imply less comfort. Perception of comfort may be changed through increasing air movement by help of wider openings during summer months. However, excessive draft should be avoided during this application. As illustrated in Figure 1.2, an air flow of 0.25 m/sec, ensures a decline of 1K in dry bulb temperature. These air speeds may be applied only during summer months, but represent a striking example to demonstrate the impacts of natural ventilation. 23 Nighttime ventilation may be applied to increase cooling benefit. This application is based on the principle of ensuring pre-cooling of building using the relatively low external temperature during nighttime. TTMD 2013 Article 1. 3. Acoustic Performance The presence of apparent external sound sources is the factor that causes greatest difficulty in the application of natural ventilation. There are two main solutions to this issue: - Vent holes are located on the side far from the source of sound. If the source of sound is traffic, the positioning of these openings on the side without traffic would at the same time ensure clean natural air. - Acoustic curtains may be added to ventilation openings. For schools in particular, it is very important that a good acoustic performance is secured together with natural ventilation. BB93 includes recommendations for ensuring acoustic performance together with natural ventilation. Figure 1.4 demonstrates that ventilation openings with acoustic protection could be integrated with window ledge and circumferential heating. consideration of cooling load that may increase due to climate change or tenant preferences. The projection to be made in this case should include the openings to be left in the floor and ceiling to enable installation of additional systems. The cost of additional flexibility should be compared with the operating and installation costs to be incurred by undue air-conditioning, and the decision should be taken accordingly. b) Zoned mixed-mode This mode considers that different areas of the building serve different purposes of use. Air-conditioning is applied where it is actually needed. Heating and ventilation is applied in areas with low heat gain. This type of an approach is applied to building sections where fixed heat loss and gain is expected throughout the building’s lifetime. Such practices may lead to tension among users. The users of two areas with different conditions may think that other group of users have better conditions and may resort to actions to claim their rights. c) Changeover mixed-mode This mode considers that the cooling load of each area may differ seasonally. An example of this is the mechanical ventilation used under very extreme weather conditions (too hot or too cold). Under mild weather conditions, natural ventilation is used. This eliminates the draft effect during winter months. Furthermore, it helps the pre-cooling of building with nighttime ventilation. 24 1. 4. Natural Ventilation and Mixed-Mode The above discussion addresses the conditions required for application of natural ventilation in a building. However, it is not compulsory to ventilate all areas of a building with the same system. Different strategies may be applied at different times for different sections. This is called “mixed-mode” approach. This is explained in CIBSE AM13 in detail. Various approaches to mixed-mode are outlined below. a) Contingency mixed-mode This system is used if flexibility is needed in the area. Such systems should be designed with due TTMD 2013 d) Concurrent mixed-mode It ensures concurrent operation of Mechanical and Natural Ventilation. While the mechanical system meets the fresh air need, opened windows or openings help cooling for summer. Furthermore, mechanical ventilation may be turned on for nighttime cooling, and the security problem in natural ventilation may be resolved. Under very hot weather conditions, energy may be wasted as excessive natural ventilation would provide unnecessary fresh air. Figure 1.5 presents a superficial flow diagram for users to be used during selection stage. 1.5. Starting with Design: If natural ventilation is found to be feasible based on the above discussions, a decision needs to be taken as to whether this would be a single type or a mixed-mode system. The next strategy is to proceed with design concept. There are three key steps in the design stage. Article a) Modeling of air flow from inlets to outlets: This model varies by the shape and organization of the building. In addition, the purpose of use of the building and ventilation, and the position of the land it is located on are also effective. For example, is there is a road with busy traffic on one side of the building, it would be unreasonable to locate the air inlets on that side. Air inlets should be located on the other side in terms of pollution and air quality. b) Basic drivers required to be analyzed for obtaining the desired air flow model: While many strategies take wind pressures into consideration, some utilize temperature differences. In some cases, fans may be used to assist these natural forces; a good design should warrant that dominant forces ensure the required flow. c) Sizing of openings to obtain the desired air flow rate and flow pattern: This is performed in three stages. 1. Flow rates are calculated by taking into consideration thermal comfort conditions and air quality. 2. Openings are sized and positioned to ensure these flow rates under design conditions. 3. A control system must be designed so that the system runs automatically at various rates of occupancy and weather conditions. Start No Is max. heat gain higher than 30-40 W/m2? Yes IS it possible to decrease it below 30-40 W/m2? No No Temporary occupaucy? mixed-mode acceptable? No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Can capacity effects balance temperature and inlet air quality oscllation? Yes Peak season? Yes Narrow building? No Is it possible to decrease a trium width below 15 m? No Zoned mixed-mode? No Yes Yes Yes Yes Is this space facing exterior? No No Noise and contamination level acceptable? Mixed-mode ventilation Yes Can people adjust varying weather conditation? Necessary to scrutinize temperature? ±1K No No Necessary to scrutinize relative humidity? ±10% Yes 25 No No Yes Yes Is it necessary to use humidification winter months? Yes Natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilation and humidification Comfort cooling Full ventilation Figure 1.5: Choice of ventilaiton strategy TTMD 2013 Article Section 2. Example Building - Tarsus Mall: 1) The mall we designed will be constructed in Tarsus. Total area of Mall: 63.180 m2 Area of parking lot: 23 380 m2 Sales areas: 27 750 m2 Total area of natural ventilation: 13.426 m2 Number of rooftop units used in atrium area (single-fan) :4 units Fresh Air Openings for Atrium: 2 m2 x 20 units = 40 m2 (Total) The air enters the building from the south part of the ground floor, passes through the 2 m. passage area formed on the facade of the building, reaches the atrium area, and then reaches Floor-1. Dirty air is expelled through the openings on the roof of Floor-1. There are food court areas on the west side of Floor-1, and the air entering the building from the facades reach these areas as well, due to negative pressure in these areas. It is projected that there will bee 2,750 people in the Mall and small stores under worst conditions. “2750 people x 36 m3/h/person (10 l/s) 100.000 m3/h” fresh air is needed. 20 000 m3/h is needed by fast food areas. Thus, total 26 fresh air need amounts to 120,000 m3/h under worst conditions. This need will be supplied through vent holes from net inlet areas of 40 m2. Accordingly, entry rates are as follows: 120 000 m3/h = 33,33 m3/sec 3600 V = 33,33 /40 m2 = 0,83 m/s. TTMD 2013 Article 27 TTMD 2013 Article Section 3. Building Simulation: 3. 1. Simulation Infrastructure: The simulation model of Tarsus Mall has been prepared by taking as a basis plans and construction details. Figure 3.1: Ground Floor Zones 28 Figure 3.2: Floor-1 Zones TTMD 2013 The model for the performance evaluation of natural ventilation system has been prepared using the program named <VE> Virtual Environment Version 6.0. Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 show and name the zones evaluated. Article 3. 2 CO2 Levels Revealed by Simulation: For the identification of fresh air quantities, the ambient CO2 concentration is taken as a reference. According to ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, acceptable outdoor CO2 concentration is between 300 ppm and 500 ppm. Indoor CO2 concentration cannot be more than 700 ppm higher than outdoor air concentration. Figure 3. 4 – Hours for different CO2 levels in the Mall areas. Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 show the hours passed above a certain temperature value separately for stores and mall areas. For example, for the section “0-shop North east” 3,023 hours a year pass above 26 ºC, and 4 hours pass above 26.5 ºC. This analysis takes as a basis the period between 10:00 hrs and 22:00 hrs every day. The outdoor concentration taken for simulation is maximum 500 ppm max. Indoor CO2 concentration is 500 + 700 ppm = 1200 ppm. CO2 levels are given in the figures below. Due to constraints in the modeling program, the outdoor CO2 concentration actually taken as 500 ppm was accepted as 350 ppm. PPM (Parts Per Million) represents the amount of particles per million. Due to this constraint of the program, CO2 levels were written 150 ppm less during modeling, and thus close-to-actual modeling of the system was ensured. Figure 3. 5: Hours passed above given temperatures While evaluating CO2 levels, it should be considered that actual levels would be 150 ppm higher. Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 show the annual hours passed higher than each CO2 level for the stores and mall area. During this analysis, it was assumed that the system operated from 10:00 hours till 22:00 hours during all days of a year. As mentioned above, actual CO2 values will be 150 ppm higher. For example, for the section “0-shop-north east” in Figure 3.3, the CO2 concentration will be above 1250 ppm for 257 hours annually. Figure 3. 3: Hours for different CO2 levels in stores. Figure 3. 4 –Hours for different CO2 levels in the Mall areas. Figure 3. 6: Hours passed above the given temperatures between 23 ºC and 30 ºC 3. 4 Conclusion: For the evaluation of the natural ventilation system designed for the adjacent stores ventilated with the natural air supplied from the mall section with the help of the mall and air exhausts, a model was created for Tarsus Mall for a given period of time taking into consideration the pre-calculated heat loads at certain critical points. The stores with ventilation balance ensured only mechanically were evaluated indirectly taking into consideration their impacts on the natural ventilation system. As discussed above, the system was revised to make sure that the cooling coil loads for the stores and corridors are the same as the values given by the mechanical designer on 07 December 2009. The thermostat set point for nighttime ventilation during transitional seasons was reduced from 26 ºC to 20 ºC. When corridor temperature exceeds 20 ºC during nighttime, dampers and luminaires will be opened automatically. The clearance of dampers was raised to 40 m² from 30 m². The clearance value for luminaires was not changed. TTMD 2013 29 Article As a result of revisions, the temperatures in stores does not exceed 26 ºC in general. Thus, the system is adequate to keep the temperature below this level. months as well, as there is a decrease in air flow from natural ventilation due to the decrease in temperature difference. In the mall area, temperature will exceed 26 ºC for 9001500 hours. This value is the same as the value before revision. However, hours passed above 28 ºC was reduced below 60-250 after revision and a significant difference was obtained. High temperature ranges were obtained usually when outdoor air temperature is very high. In the mall area, CO2 levels are usually lower than 1200 ppm, however this value is above 1200 ppm for a period of 50 to 160 hours (shown as 1050 ppm + 150 ppm in the table). Because loads from humans reach maximum level at the weekends, the CO2 concentration also reaches maximum level. In general, the CO2 levels in stores are below 1200 ppm. However, the CO2 level is above 1200 ppm for 400 to 1100 hours during the time the stores are open. (calculated as 1050 ppm +150 ppm in the table). The CO2 level declined by more than 10% after revisions. CO2 level never exceeds 1600 ppm (calculated as 1450 ppm + 150 ppm). These concentrations reach the highest value at the weekends, since the loads originating from humans increase depending on the rate of occupancy. Concentrations rise during summer Section 4. Comparison Of Natural Ventilation Systems And Classical System: 1. Initial Investment Costs: 30 TTMD 2013 In addition, given the fact that natural ventilation is a very complicated process, it should be noted that simulations involve uncertainties depending on the behaviors of the people in the mall, even if they are proven to be very close to actual. The wind speeds taken as a reference in the simulations are the mean wind speeds specified for that region. Different wind speeds due to local conditions around the mall may lead to different results. Overall, simulations provide a sufficient reference for the evaluation of system performance. Article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ater Unit Price: 2.6 €/m3 1 kWh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rticle Section 5: Conclusion • Saving in an area where approximately 13,426 m2 is naturally ventilated: INITIAL INVESTMENT: 160 000.-€ OPERATION: 60 000.-€ (6 months cooling, 2 months heating) Note: Transitional periods not taken into account. There will be a saving to be secured by fans during these periods. For the implementation of such as system that ensures saving from initial investment and operation costs, the feasibility of the system should be tested through simulation programs and it must be implemented of feasible results are obtained. REFERENCES: (1) Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings: AM 10: 2005 CIBSE (2) Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality: ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 (3) SUSTAINABILITY ON BUILDINGS: APPROACHES TO LIFETIME COST, Dr. İbrahim ÇAKMANUS, Mechanical Engineer, MSc, Assoc. Prof. Türkan GÖKSAL ÖZBALTA, Architect, MSc (4) SIMULATION OF NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (TARSUS SHOPPING CENTRE DECEMBER 2009, GRONTMIJ 32 TTMD 2013 Sarven Çilingiroğlu Mechanical Enginer, MSc (İ.T.Ü.) He was born in 1963 in İstanbul. He graduated from Getronagan High School in 1980 and İ.T.Ü. Mechanical Engineering Faculty in 1984. He started with graduate program the same year at İ.T.Ü., and graduated from thee Energy Department in 1987. He worked part-time at HONEYWELL company for one year during his graduate education. He completed an internship program of two months at the YORK INTERNATIONAL company in the UK to prepare his thesis on heat pumps in 1986. He completed his military service between 1987 and 1989. He is currently the general manager of a firm that produces mechanical installations designs and provides supervision and consulting services. He is married, with two children. Article Mechanical Installation At Jewellery Businesses Kuyumcukent Kani Korkmaz Abstract Jewelry is the processing of precious metals and stones such as gold, silver and diamonds. During the processing, providing comfort conditions, recovery and discharge of 2-5% precious metals loss as a result of various production methods are significant works to be considered. In the example of Kuyumcukent, unique design criteria of mechanical systems for different sized workshops are composed from local measures and the outcome of operational results of the facility including deviations is presented. Critical points of the applied systems in the new phase are indicated. However some data are excluded due to security restrictions. Location: Istanbul, Yenibosna, Across the Atatürk Airport Land Area: Kuyumcukent Total Area : 165.000 m² Total construction area : 800.000 m² 1ST STAGE : 250.000 m² 2ND STAGE : 230.000 m² 3RD STAGE : 320.000 m² General Approach In Istanbul, especially in the region which is known as the historical peninsula and where Topkapı Palace, Hagia Sophia, Grand Bazaar and Sultan Ahmed Mosque are located, more than thousand small and medium sized enterprises have produced precious 33 metals by hand-workmanship for centuries. In recent years, high increase in production and use of new chemicals have caused environmental and production problems. Since businesses are not that organized, it has been not sufficient to control and take technical measures. The plan was to transform this business TTMD 2013 Article field with 30.000 employees into a new organized field where job security, healthy work environment, efficient production, environmental awareness and energy-effectiveness are available. Under this planning, gas emissions of existing buildings, chemicals used by these buildings, their production volumes, liquid wastes, metal losses, environmental impacts and water, gas, electricity, heating and cooling consumption rates were measured under the management of Istanbul Technical University’s (İTÜ) Department of Environmental Engineering. Then these measurements were evaluated. It has been agreed to make the new building in compliance with traditional production method. Additionally, it has been aimed to make mechanical solutions enable the improvement of business. Results of Measurement • Damage of acidic-basic wastewaters to general sewerage system, being out of condition in patches and interference with ground waters and sea waters. • Environmental limit values of gas emissions are higher than 200% in some cases. • Damage to the historical buildings. By considering these values, liquid wastes were collected from each enterprise with 5 different lines. Then they were connected to the following areas: 1. Acidic waters – to the balancing pond of treatment unit Results of Liquid Wastes Measurement Production Units Type of Wastewater Amount (l/kg Processed Gold) Amount (m/day) ! " *$*+ *$*. " *$+ *$+3 # ! " +, ,-$+ ! ! " & *$+ " " ' # " " " ' & +$,/ .$*+/ /$., /$- 1$+// ,$/-/ -$., & +$-/ " ! " & " & ! " & " +* +$-/ " ' & ,$/1/ " 2 *$2,. " ' , *$,*0 " 10$** 1$2,2 " ,,$/* " ' 34 ! " ,$-, ,$/1/ 0$1/ +$-*- " 0. +,$-/, " .$/ *$203 " 2 -$030 % " 2$1/ ,$03/ *$, *$+-+ ! "& ! " * Basic wastewaters originating from flue gas washing systems. TTMD 2013 Article 2. Basic and cyanide water – to separate balancing pond 3. Gypseous and detergent waters – to the lifting pond 4. Hand-washing and shower waters – to the mains after recovery 5. Domestic wastewaters – directly to the mains With this method, precious metals (gold, silver, etc.) in melt state in chemical waters and in powder state in cleaning waters have been recovered at 80%. By means of continuous controls, liquid wastes under the limit values of mains system were released to the infrastructure. Results of Gas Wastes Measurement TABLE 1. Features of Wax Melting Furnace Stack TABLE 2. Emission Measurements of Wax Melting Furnace & & #" ! % " !! !!% $$ ! !! " !#! "#! "! " ! %! $ % " "% TABLE 3. Measurement Results of Adjustment House Using Electropotentiometrical Titration Method Features of Fume Cupboard Stack & !% #$ Emission Measurements " # '"%' " !& %&' TABLE 4 . Emission Measurement Results of Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) Processing Features of Fume Hood Stack Exhaust System Gas emissions at the workshops determine the ventilation system. As an example to this statement, features of wax melting furnace stack, emission values of fume hood stack and measurement results of fume cupboard stack are given in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. Since it has been not possible to determine the final production conditions of workshops, a diversity factor was used again and a vertical channel line was established for each exhaust. Vertical lines carry over exhaust emission from fume hoods of acidic and basic lines in the workshop separately, furnace lines carry over exhaust emissions from furnaces and fume hoods and ambience lines carry over the exhaust of general atmosphere. Acidic, basic and furnace exhausts are closed when they are not in use and therefore, the workshops that are out of use or with no production at that moment produce no emission. Exhaust fans on the roof provide significant energy saving as they have frequency inverter. Also, when required, it prevents deviations in diversity factor. In order to ensure chemical resistance in acidic and basic lines, CTP lines will be used and furnace lines will be made of black sheet for temperature resistance. The fans installed on the roof of each vertical shaft will be made of PVC. As a rule, treatment, filtration and washing operations of gas emissions at the production unit of each workshop will be made at the absorption unit at the end of each fume hood, they will be processed by using NaOH in acids and water in basics and will be connected to main lines. However, it is assumed that faults and failures may occur because of technical reasons and users and therefore, exhaust airs extracted from these lines are released from the top end of penthouse. Also, necessary reservation areas are created for central secondary treatments in case the values which will be checked through continuous measurements exceed environmental limit values. In acidic and basic lines, condensations occur due to temperature differences and emission concentrations. These condensations are connected to the lines where liquid wastes are collected, by placing drainage inlets under the channels. "% "( &% Emission Measurements # !!% *! $ * )'(* # ! " Heating - Cooling - Ventilation - Hvac Average Conditions in Existing Buildings Building Envelope: Window U-value 4.5 W/ m²K Wall U-value 1.5 W/ m²K TTMD 2013 35 Article Roof U-value 2.2 W/ m²K Indoor temperature - heating season 16°-26°C Indoor temperature - cooling season 28°-32°C (Split or none) Indoor Air quality: Axial fan and natural directly from window. Data of New Building Window U-value 1.9 W/ m²K Wall U-value 0.35 W/ m²K Roof U-value 0.25 W/ m²K Indoor temperature - heating season 20°C Indoor temperature - cooling season 26°C As a result of measurements and associated load calculations, it is required to draw 2.290.000 m3/h of air through 125 exhaust aspirators with full load. Drawing such amount of exhaust (8 d/h) indicates the amount of fresh air required to inflow for air balance. Inflowing such amounts by conditioning will cause significant energy consumptions, bigger devices will be required and thus problems related to the shaft height will occur accordingly. As it is known that such exhaust rates do not always require, forcing air will be maintained in 3 stages at peak moments. 36 Figure 1. Principle Scheme of Fresh Air Facility TTMD 2013 Air Handling Units 1) Supply of fresh air by means of cellular ventilation and handling units with direct expansion, water-cooled condenser, water heater battery and rotary heat recovery, which also used the air from atmosphere besides acidic and basic furnaces, WC, bath and kitchen. These units will meet their heating requirement from the boiler during the winter and meet their cooling requirement from the DX battery during the summer, cooling units will be placed on top of them and cooling condenser water of scroll compressors will be met from closed circuit cooling towers. Cooling units will be 407C – 410A. Forcing air will be able to operate with 100% outdoor air during transit seasons and in this case, the air will directly release out the exhaust. When required, it will be able to operate at night and proper outdoor conditions and summer load inaction of the building will be taken out. Total clean air rate of these units is 466.880 m3/h. Normally, this value is equal to 1.8 – 2.3 d/h air change and 8-10 lt/s values. Fresh air is not exhausted to the general volumes and therefore, workshops are left under negative pressure. This occurs for two reasons: *) Workshops prevent the release of precious metal powders. *) Preventing the release of production gas in an uncontrolled way. Article 2) From ceiling or upright WSHP units, These units will have outdoor air bleeding feature at 2025%, and there will be louver board and filter on outer wall of each workshop to get fresh air. Heat pumps will have filter, automatic balance kit, condensate drainage connection, micro-processor based terminal box room or channel type heat sensitive acoustic isolated fan section and separated from compressor with acoustic isolated panel, and with single cooling system on units with lower than R410A or R407C gas and 15 kW cooling and with double cooling system on units with higher than foregoing values, and they will be able to operate at water intake temperatures between -4 – 49 °C and air intake temperatures between +4,4°C – +35°C, the fans of double circuit units will be speed adjustable through fan engine and they will have EN 779-64 filter, automatically perform room temperature and security control. Water intake-outlet temperatures: 30/37°C during cooling - 20/22°C during heating; air intake temperature: 26°C during cooling, 21°C during heating, and maximum 15°C of outlet temperature. 3) Outdoor direct air intake from forcing fans of doublewalled fume hoods used in production Fume hoods will be double-walled. Forcing fan will also operate when engine-driven dumper with plastic CTP body on the suction channel and it will release air to the inlet of fume hood from its outer wall. Users will be able to check on the front section of furnace the heat recovery and average winter temperate with electrical coil. By this way, average minimum fresh air will be supplied from the fresh air plant in case of unavailability of acidic, basic and furnace emissions in the workshops. Such amount will be sufficient to meet 8 lt/s of fresh air need of 25 people. The air will be provided to each user by means of CAV units at the entrance of workshops and return air will be supplied from return channel of ambient air. When exhaust line of furnace is opened, WSHP fresh air suction dumber will be opened automatically. When acidic-basic line is opened, outer air fan will operate and feed fume hoods and furnaces with direct outdoor air. The air WSHP units receive will 37 Figure 2. Principle Scheme of Standard Workshop TTMD 2013 Article be mixed with conditioned air from fresh air plant in all cases. Fresh air plant will supply air at 25°C during summer and 20°C during winter. WSHP units will condition the room by recirculation of fresh air and ambient air. It is required to use micron filters both at suction of re-circulated air and transforming ambient air into fresh air. During the operations in jewelry business, precious metals mix with powders, and they gather round under culverts, channels, clothes and sheets in significant amounts. Users pay high attention to this issue and when they observe a powder leakage to the mains, they close all culverts and cause the failure of entire air balance. In addition to the filters, air speeds must be evaluated carefully. The appropriate speed at suction inlets is 0.5-1 m/s average. In case it is required to recover extracted air and release sufficient amount of air from existing boilers, WSHP units in the workshop together with closed towers will meet heating-cooling requirement of entire system without needing any cooling group, by aiming the use of 38 TTMD 2013 system when the temperature in the condenser of fresh air is appropriate and supplying heating battery load. The availability of production load during winter and transit seasons enables free cooling from closed towers. In conclusion, besides improving comfort conditions specified under the transformation of production, a new structure where 54% of former business finance is provided for producers has been introduced without changing traditional production methods.
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