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SANSKRIT PRIMER
AN INTRODUCTORY LEVEL -1 BOOK
A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL
This Book is available at
www.books-india.com
SAMPLE PAGES
Prof. Ratnakar Narale
PUSTAK BHARATI
BOOKS-INDIA
Author : Dr. Ratnakar Narale, Ph.D (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.)
Prof. Hindi, Ryerson University, Toronto
web : www.books-india.com
Title : Sanskrit Primer,Level -1 Book
Teach or Learn to Read, Write, Understand, Speak and Think Sanskrit; with main emphasis on
empowering the readers to make their own sentences understand and enjoy the precious beauty of
speaking in Sanskrit.
This systematically laid out Five Star book with the best reviews, is fully transliterated for the bebefit
of the new learners of Sanskrit language. This level I book of twenty novel Lessons and five large
Reference Appendices has everything a new learner would ever need to learn the Sanskrit from a basic
to the intermediate level, without any external help. The step-by-step approach and review of every step,
gives the reader a high degree of success and confidence. It is a treasure of new ideas, techniques,
information and reference material. It is rich with examples, exercises and an important chapter of
“Answers to all the Exercises.”
Published by :
Books-India (Pustak Bharati),
Division of PC PLUS Ltd.
Web. : www.books-india.com
Published for :
Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute
ISBN 978-1-897416-55-6
Sanskrit Primer
© All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, reproduced or utilised in any manner or by any means, computerised, e-mail, scanning, photocopying
or by recording in any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author.
INDEX
anukraman<ika@
AnauÛmaiNaka_
INTRODUCTION
paRitaP#apanama`
Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet
sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa
1
Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation)
qccaara:
2
Lesson 3 Writing Sanskrit words
oabda:
4
Lesson 4 Writing the Vowels
svara:
10
Lesson 5 The Sanskrit Characters
sa>s˜tavaNaa|:
12
Vowels
svara:
12
Consonants
vyaØjanaaina
13
svaricaÈaina
15
Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs
Application of Vowel-signs
Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks
Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants
Lesson 8 Writing Compound Characters
16
17
20
sa>yauFoabda:
24
oabdantaa:
26
sainZa:
27
Compounding Vowels
svarsainZa:
28
Compounding Consonants
vyaØjanasainZa:
28
Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi
ivasaga|sainZa:
31
sa>Syaa:
33
Word Endings
Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi
Lesson 10 Introduction to Numerals
Lesson 11 BASICS OF MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
Vocabulary of Noun
Lesson 12 Pronouns
oabdkaeoa:
36
sava|naamaaina
67
Charts of Common Sanskrit Action Words iÛyaapadaina
Lesson 13 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
37
vaaKyarcanaa
Lesson 14 Modes of speaking sentences
69
73
89
Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi
parsmaEpadI AatmanaepadI
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89
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
sakma|kma` Akma|kma` ca
91
The Causative Verbs
iNajantapaRiÛyaa
92
The Desiderative Verbs
sa²ntapaRiÛyaa
93
The Frequentive Verbs
yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae
94
karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca
95
15.1 The Nominative (1st) Case
paRYamaa
95
15.2 (to) The Accusative (2nd) Case
iVtaIyaa
96
15.3 (with, by) Instrumental (3rd) Case
ta\taIyaa
96
15.4 (for) The Dative (4th) Case
catauYaI|
98
15.5 (from) The Ablative (5th) Case
paØcamaI
99
15.6 (of) The Possessive (6th) Case
PaP#I
101
15.7 (in, on, at) The Locative (7th) Case
saptamaI
103
15.8 The Vocative Case
sambaaeZanama`
103
ivaoaePaNaaina
104
Past Passive Participle, ppp\
F
108
Past Active Participle
Fvatau
109
Present Active Participle
oata\-oaanaca`
110
Potential Participle
tavyata`, AnaIyar`
114
Indeclinable Past Participle
Ktvaa, Lyapa`
116
The Infinitive
taumauna`
118
Lesson 15 The Cases
Lesson 16 The Adjectives
Lesson 17 The Adverbs and Conjunctions
124
Adverbs
iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina
124
Conjunctions
yaaEigakoabda:
127
Lesson 18 The Prepositions
AaEpasaiga|koabda:
130
Lesson 19 Conversations
vaataa|Laapaa:
138
Lesson 20 General Knowledge
saamaanyaXaanama`
143
The Days of the Week
vaasara:
143
The Names of the Months
maasaa:
143
The Names of the Directions
idoa:
144
Time
samaya:
144
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APPENDIX :
(i) The Ten Classes of Verbs
gaNaa:
145
1. The First Class
Bvaaid:
147
2. The Second Class
Adaid:
149
3. The Third Class
jauhaetyaaid:
150
4. The Fourth Class
idvaaid:
152
5. The Fifth Class
svaaid:
154
6. The Sixth Class
taudaid:
156
7. The Seventh Class
wZaaid:
158
8. The Eighth Class
tanaaid:
159
9. The Nineth Class
Û‘yaaid:
163
10. The Tenth Class
cauraid:
165
(ii) Charts of Declensions of the Cases
rama (A), vana (A), maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 167; vaair (}), maita (}), nadI (}|) 168;
gauw (q), Zaenau (q), vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 169; maata\ (/), vaaca` (ca`), mawta` (ta`) 170;
Bavata` (ta`), jagata` (ta`), sauÊd` (d`), oaioana` (na`) 171; Aatmana` (na`), kma|na` (na`),
candRmasa` (sa`) 172; payasa` (sa`), garIyasa` (sa`) 173
167
(iii) Declensions of Pronouns
173
Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 173; yad` (yad), ]tad`, }dma`
(etad, idam) 174; sava| (adas, sarva), ikma` (kim) 175.
(iv)
Declensions of Numerical Adjectives
176
(v) Chart of Participles
×dntaaina
178
(v) Chart of Tenses and Moods
iÛyaapadaina
179
Books by Ratnakar Narale
194
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Dedicated to
My Caring Wife
Sunita Ratnakar Narale
and my Loving Grandchildren
Samay Narale
Sahas Narale
Saanjh Narale
Saaya Narale
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INTRODUCTION
Hari Om. I believe, we do not have to reject English just because we want to learn Sanskrit,
rather we should make use of this world class language to advance it to the celestial Sanskrit
language. It is often said that “Sanskrit must be taught through Sanskrit medium only (sa>s×tamaaZyamaena ]va).” The words are very inspirational and patronizing, but practically it is
unsuitable.
The fact is that a teacher can not teach Sanskrit by speaking in Sanskrit only - without
any use of the mediums of signs, cue cards, gestures, objects and some use of a language the
reader understands. For teaching a language thorugh a book, the pictures and words written
in a common language are used in place of signs and gestures.
A significant factor in the approach of this book is the input from our students regarding
their needs and difficulties over number of years. Thus, while putting this book together, first
consideration is given to the fact that learners may not know how to read or speak the
Devana@gar& alphabet, if they came from the countries outside India or from the provinces of
India where Hindi not the first language. For such learners, this book covers every aspect a new
reader may need to learn the Devanagari script fully well. Also, Sanskrit words are
transliterated with proper diacritical marks and English meaning of Sanskrit words is provided.
The book progresses step by step, without jumping ahead on what is not yet taught, and
covers all basic aspects of grammar in a very delicate manner. In addition, after every step, the
material is reviewed cumulatively under an entry called, ‘what we have learned so far.’ This
cumulative learning is one of the beautiful aspects of this book.
A care is taken to make sure that, the material being discussed on any page deals only with
the information covered in previous pages, a very simple principle but most uncommon. For this
substantial purpose, you will notice that the three ‘tenses’ are introduced cumulatively without
mixing with the ‘cases’ prematurely. After this, the seven cases are demonstrated, now together
with the use of the tenses we learned. The key aspect of this book is that it shows you ‘how to
make your own Sanskrit sentences,’ rather than teaching through premade sentences.
I have tried to make this book easy as and useful as possible. Nevertheless, I beg the
readers to forgive me for any errors or omissions. I hope you will find this book interesting
and useful. Πtata` sata`_
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LESSON 3
WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS
PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS
Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and then do the following exercises.
PLEASE NOTE : Uniquely in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not
according to their usual aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method, it is
easy for a new learner to co-relate and remember the Sanskrit characters.
All Sanskrit letters and words have a line on top to indicate the grouping of characters into a word.
Follow this rule for each letter carefully and consistently.
v + a = va
v
a
va
3.1 Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka
v
v
#
va
b
va
b
vana (forest)
#
(Shown with Yellow Colour on the Back Cover)
ba
v
ba
v
baka bak (stork)
va
k
# va # ka
kamala (lotus)
EXERCISE 2 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. ka, ba, ka
4. ba, va, ka
7. k, ba, va
10. vava, vak, vaba
2. ba, va, ba
5. ka, va, ba
8. kk, kba, kva
11. kkk, kbava, kvaba
3. va, ka, ba
6. va, ba, ka
9. baba, bak, bava
12. vabak, bakva
ANSWERS : (1) k, ba, k (2) ba, va, ba (3) va, k, ba (4) ba, va, k (5) k, va, ba
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(6) va, ba, k
3.2 Letters : pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha (fa), Na n<a
(Shown with Light Green Colour on the Back Cover)
.
p pa
P
p # pa
pada (foot)
Pa
p
pa f
N Na
s< # s<a
p # pa # pha, fa
n< # n<a
vis<a (poison)
fala, phala (fruit)
ba@n<a (arrow)
EXERCISE 3 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
1. pa, pha
2. pha, ba
3. va, pa, ka
5. pha, s<a, pa
6. ba, pa, pha
9. ba, Na
10. kNa, baba, kpa
13. kf, paPa, bak, vak 14. pak, baf, vaf
ANSWERS : 1. pa, f
2. f, ba
4. pa, s<a, n<a
7. Pa, pa, f
8. k, Na, f, va
11. fNa, bava, kba
12. NaNa, PaNa, Papa, baf
15. paba, vaNa, baPa, NaPa 16. pava, kva
3. va, pa, k
4. pa, Pa, Na
5. f, Pa, pa
6. Pa, pa, f
VOCABULARY : bak (stork), kNa (particle), paNa (vow)
.
3.3 Letters : ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha
t
(Shown with White Colour on the Back Cover)
ta
n na
g ga
m
t # ta
n # na
g # ga
m # ma
tanu (body)
nara (man)
gaja (elephant)
ma
m&na (fish)
B Ba
bh # bha
bha@rata (India)
EXERCISE 4 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit :
(A) 1. ma, bha
2. bha, ga
(B) 1. ta, na, Ba
2. ma, Ba, na, ta
3. ma, na
4. ka, ta, ga 5. va, s<a
3. ga, ta, k, ba
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6. pa, na
4. tama (darkness), nata (bowed), naga
LESSON 9
INTRODUCTION TO SANDHI
9.1
COMPOUNDING OF VOWELS
svara-sandheh< paric{ayah< svarsanZae: paircaya:_
RATNAKAR’S FLOW CHART FOR VOWEL SANDHI RULES
When two vowels come together, they are mathematically added into a single long vowel.
First vowel + Second vowel
= Result, a long vowel
1 A, Aa + A, Aa
= Aa
+ }, }|
= ]
+ q, Q
= Aae
+ /, ¿
= Ar`
+ ], ]e
= ]e
+ Aae, AaE
= AaE
2 }, }| + A, Aa, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= ya, yaa, yau, yaU, yae, yaE, yaae. yaaE
= }|, }|
+ }, }|
3 q, Q + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= va, vaa, iva, vaI, vae, vaE, vaae, vaaE
4/
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Ar` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
5]
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Aya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
]e
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Aaya` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
6 Aae
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Ava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
AaE
+ A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
= Aava` + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE
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SANSKRIT VOWEL SANDHI CHART
A
q
Na`
/
La\
k‘
A
}
q
Aa }
}|
q
Q
/
Q
^
A
A
Aa }
}|
q
]
]e
A ae A aE /
Aa Aa ]
]
A ae A ae ]e
]e
A aE A aE A r`
Aa
Aa Aa ]
]
A ae A ae ]e
]e
A aE A aE A r`
}
ya
yaa
}|
}|
yau
yaU
yae
yaE
yaae
yaaE
yaur`
A a }|
ya
yaa
}|
}|
yau
yaU
yae
yaE
yaae
yaaE
yaur`
A
}
q
va
vaa
iva
vaI
Q
Q
vae
vaE
vaae
vaaE
vaur`
}
}|
Q
va
vaa
iva
vaI
Q
Q
vae
vaE
vaae
vaaE
vaur`
q
q
]
A ya A yaa A iya A yaI A yau A yaU A yae A yaE A yaae A yaaE A yaur `
Q
]e
A aya A ayaa A aiya A ayaI A ayau A ayaU A ayae A ayaE A ayaae A ayaaE A ayau r`
/
A ae
A va A vaa A iva A vaI A vau A vaU A vae A vaE A vaae A vaaE A vaur`
A aE
A ava A avaa A aiva A avaI A avau A avaU A avae A avaE A avaae A avaaE A avaur `
/
A r A ra A ir A rI A w A W A re A rE A rae A raE ¿
#A
A
Œ
}
#
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^
9.2
COMPOUNDING A CONSONANT
WITH THE FOLLOWING
VOWEL
svara-vyan~janayoh< sandhih< svarvyaØjanayaae: sainZa:_
(For details on the Class Consonants, see lesson 3.2)
(1) Rule of 3rd consonant :
If a consonant from any of the five classes (k, c{, t>, t, p, k‘, ca`, @`, ta, pa`), other than the nasal
consonants, is followed by a vowel, this class consonant is replaced with the third consonant
from that class. (This third consonant then conjugates with the vowel that comes after it). eg\
k‘ + q = ga` + q
= gau
û
samyak‘ + qBayaae:
=
samyagauBayaae: (G&ta@ 5.4)
ta` + A = d` + A
= d
û
tata` + Asmaakma`
=
tadsmaakma` (G&[email protected])
ta` + / = d` + /
= ±
û
]tata` + /tama`
=
]ta±tama` (G&ta@ 10.14)
ta` + Œ = d` + Œ
= daema` û
tasmaata` + Aaema`
=
tasmaadaema` (G&ta@ 1.22)
(2) Conjugation of the word ending in n (na`) When a word ending in n (na`) is preceeded by any short vowel and is followed by any vowel, the
ending n (na`) is doubled and becomes nn (²`) eg\
AinacCna`
+ Aipa
=
AinacC²ipa (G&ta@ 3.36)
paoyana`
+ Aatmaina
=
paoya²atmaina_ (G&ta@ 6.20)
ivaPaIdna`
+ }dma`
=
ivaPaIdi²dma` (G&ta@ 1.27)
ga\Çna`
+ qinmaPana`
=
ga\DzuinmaPana`_ (G&ta@ 5.9)
yauØjana`
+ ]vama`
=
yauØja²evama`_ (G&ta@ 6.15)
9.3
COMPOUNDING A CONSONANT
WITH THE FOLLOWING
CONSONANT
vyan~janayoh< sandhih< vyaØjanayaae: sainZa:_
(For details on the Class Consonants, see Lesson 5.2)
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DECLENSION OF THE
SANSKRIT NUMERALS
]k (one) is always singular, iV (two) is always dual and three, four, five i%a, cataur,` paØca ...etc.
are always plural. The declensions of the numerals in the Nominative (1st) case, in all three
genders, are given below (For all other cases of numerals, see the ‘Declensions of Cases’ in the
Appendix).
SANSKRIT NUMERALS : (1 to 10)
1 one
ek
]k
2 two
dvi
iV
3 three
tri
i%a
4 four
c{atur
cataur
5 five
pan~c{an
paØcana`
6 six
sas<
PaPa`
7 seven
satpan
saptana`
8 eight ast>an
AP@na`
9 nine
navan
navana`
10 ten
das{an
doana`
Nominative case :
1
ƒ eka
m\
n\
]k
ekah<
]k:
ekam
]kma`
eka@
]ka
2
„ dvi
iV
dvau
VaE
dve
Ve
dve
Ve
3
… tri
i%a
trayah<
%aya:
tr&n<i
%aIiNa
tisrah<
itaÄ:
4
† c{atur cataur`
c{atva@ri
catvaair
c{atasrah< cataÄ:
c{atva@rah< catvaar:
f\
Numbers from 5 to 10 have same case declensions in all three genders m\ n\ f\
Nominative case :
5
‡
pan~c{a
m\ n\ f\
pa>ca, paØca
m\ n\ f\
6
ˆ
s<at> or s<ad<
Pa@`, PaD`
m\ n\ f\
7
‰
sapta
sapta
m\ n\ f\
8
Š
as<t>a
AP@
m\ n\ f\
9
‹
nava
nava
m\ n\ f\
10
ƒ0
das{a
doa
m\ n\ f\
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LESSON 11
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
i. In Sanskrit, the action words (verbs, kriya@padam iÛyaapadma`) agree with NUMBER (vac{anam vacanama`)
and PERSON (purus<ah< pauwPa:) of the subject (karta@ ktaa|).
ii. A single object takes verb in SINGULAR number. Two subjects connected by ‘and,’ take a verb in
the DUAL number and a group of more than two subjects takes a verb in PLURAL number.
NOTES : (1) Gender has no effect on the verb, but the verb changes with Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
(2) and = c{a ca, is = asti Aista, are = santi sainta_
Two or more nouns are connected by word c{a ca_ eg\ Ra@ma S&ta@ and Ra@dha@ (i) Ra@mah< S&ta@ Ra@dha@ c{a
rama: saItaa raZaa ca_ or (ii) Ra@mah< c{a S&ta@ c{a Ra@dha@ c{a rama: ca saItaa ca raZaa ca_ rama: Aista saItaa Aista
raZaa Aista_ rama: saItaa raZaa ca sainta_
I am
Ahma` Aisma
aham asmi
We are
vaya> sma:
vayam[ smah<
You are
Bavaana`öBavataI Aista
(m\) bhava@n (f\) bhavat& asti
Heösheöthat is
sa:, saa, tata`` Aista
sah<, sa@, tat asti
They all are
tae, taa:, taaina sainta
te, ta@h<, ta@ni santi
EXERCISE 19 : Study the following examples
1. R&ta@ is, R&ta@ asti. rItaa Aista_ N&ra@ is, N&ra@ asti. naIra Aista_ He is, sah< asti. sa: Aista_ They are, (m\)
te santi or (f\) ta@h< santi tae sainta or taa: sainta_
2. Rekha@ is. Rekha@ asti. reSaa Aista_ The book is there. pustakam asti. paustakma` Aista_
3. I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi. I am Brahma Ah> baRM Aisma (Ah> baRMaisma) aham brahma@smi. Thou art
that tata` tvama` Aisa tat tvam asi. Everything is that. tata` sava|ma` tat sarvam. (sarva sava| = all)
In Sanskrit, (1) One person or thing is SINGULAR NUMBER (2) Two persons or things are DUAL
NUMBER, and (3) More than two persons or things are PLURAL NUMBER
Gender
Singular
Dual
Masculine noun baaLak:
ba@lakah<
(boy)
baaLakaE ba@lakau
Feminine noun
baaLaa
ba@la@
(girl)
baaLae
Neuter noun
paustakma` pustakam (book)
ba@le
paustak’ pustake
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Plural
baaLaka:
ba@laka@h<
(boys)
baaLaa:
ba@la@h<
(girls)
paustakaina pustaka@ni
(books)
VOCABULARY OF COMMON SANSKRIT NOUNS
INDEX
11.1 ANIMALS, Domestic / Farm
gaRamyapaRaiNana:
gra@myapra@n<inah<
11.2 ANIMALS, Wild
vanyapaoava:
vanya-pashavah<
11.3 INSECTS
×maya:
11.4 BIRDS
paixaNa:
paks<in<ah<
11.5 THE BODY PARTS
oarIra>gaaina
s{ar&ra@n[ga@ni
11.6 AILMENTS and BODY CONDITIONS
ivakara:
11.7 CLOTHING, DRESS etc.
pairZaanaaina
paridha@na@ni
11.8 RELATIONS
sambanZaa:
sambandha@h<
11.9 HOUSEHOLD THINGS
ga\Hvastauina
gr<hyavastuni
11.10 TOOLS
qpakrNaaina
upakaran<a@ni
11.11 FLOWERS
pauPpaiNa
pus<pa@n<i
11.12 FRUITS
fLaaina
phalani
11.23 VEGETABLES
oaakaina
s{a@ka@ni
11.14 PLANTS
vanaspataya:
vanaspatayah<
11.15 FOOD STUFF
Saa^paeyaaina
kha@dyapeya@ni
11.16 SPICES
qpaskrNaaina
upaskaran<a@ni
11.17 MINERALS, METALS and JEWELS
SanaIjaaina
khan&ja@ni
11.18 MUSIC
saGÐIta>
sangeetam
11.19 PROFESSIONS
vyavasaayaa:
vyavasa@ya@h<
11.20 BUSINESS
vyaapaar:
vya@pa@rah<
11.21 WARFARE
yau&>
yuddham
11.22 TIME
samaya:
samayah<
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kr<mayah<
vika@ra@h<
gaRamyapaRaiNana: gra@myapra@n<inah<<
11.1 ANIMALS, Domastic / Farm
Camel
qP@¼:, ÛmaeLak:, maya:; ÅIå qP@¼I, m\ us<t<rah<, kramelakah<, mayah<, f\ us<t<r&
Cat
maajaa|r:, ibaDaLa:, (ÅIå) maajaa|rI, m\ ma@rja@rah<, bid<a@lah<, f\ ma@rja@r&
Cow
Ajau|naI, qÄa, gaaE:, Zaenau:, raeihNaI, oa\>igaNaI, saaErmaeyaI
Dog
Donkey
Goat
Hare
Horse
f\ arjun&, usra@, gauh<, dhenuh<, s{r<n[gin<&, sauramey&
kÖKkÖr:, BaPak:, ovana`, oaunak:, saarmaeya:
m\ kukkurah<, bhas{akah<, s{van, s{unakah<, sa@rameyah<
Sar:, gad|Ba:, rasaBa: m\ kharah<, gardabhah<, ra@sabhah<
Aja:, CgaLak:, Caga:, basta:, (ÅIå) Ajaa, CagaI
m\ ajah<, c{hagalakah<, c{a@gah<, bastah<, f\ Aja@, c{ha@g&
oaoa:, oaoak: m\ s{as{ah<, s{as{akah<
Avaa|, Aajaanaeya:, kk–:, ikyaah:, ganZava|:, zaae@k:, taurga:, taurGÐ:, hya:, taurGÐma:,
BaUimarxak:, vaajaI, vaah:, vaIita:, saipta:, saaZauvaahI, isanZauvaar:, saEnZava:, Aova:
m\ arva@, a@ja@neyah<, karkah<, kiya@hah<, gandharvah<, ghot<akah<, turagah<,
turan[gah<, hayah<, turan[gamah<, bhu@miraks<akah<, va@j&, va@hah<, v&tih<, saptih<,
sa@dhuva@h&, sindhuva@rah<, saindhavah<, as{vah<. (f\ See Mare^)
Kitten
maajaa|roaava: m\ ma@rja@ras{a@vah<
Lamb
maeoaoaava: m\ mes{as{a@vah<
Lizard
Sar@:, (ÅIå) gaaeiZaka m\ kharat<ah<; f\ godhika@
Mare
Aovaa, taurgaI, vaDvaa, vaaijanaI, vaamaI f\ as{va@, turag&, vad<ava@, va@jin&, va@m&
Mouse
AaSau:, Qndw:, Sanak:, maUPak: m\ a@khuh<, undaruh<, khanakah<, mu@s{akah<
Ox
AnaDuta`, BadR: m\ anad<ut, bhadrah< (see bullock)
Pig
varah:, oaUkr: m\ vara@hah<, s{u@karah
Rabbit
oaoa:, oaoak: m\ s{as{ah<, s{as{akah<
11.2 ANIMALS, Wild
Alligator
vanyapaoava: vanya-pashavah<
gaRah:, naÛ: m\ gra@h<, nakrah<
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LESSON 14
MODES OF SPEAKING
14.1 PARASMAIPADˆ AND ‡TMANEPADˆ VERBS
Unique of the Sanskr<t language, the a@tmanepadam and parasmaipadam denote
To whom the fruit of an action accrues? or who is the intended victim of the action?
(1) a@tmanepada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to the doer (a@tma Aatma) of action,
and thus the action is a@tmanepad&, eg\ nir&ks<e (G&ta@ 1.22) 1st\ sing\, ‘I observe for myself,’ (nir&ks<e;
inarIxae, qTamapauwPa: ]kvacana> La@` Bvaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿinar`þ}|xa`).
(2) parasmaipada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to someone other (para par) than
the doer of that action. eg\ brav&mi G&ta@ 1.7, 1st\ sing\, ‘I am telling you,’ (brav&mi; baRvaIima, qTamapauwPa:
]kvacana> La@` Adaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþbaRU).
This distinction, however, appears to be not observed strictly in practice. And, therefore, we have verbs
which indicate accrual of the fruit of an action to the doer (i.e. a@tmanepadi{) but is sometimes
optionally used in the parasmaipad& form, as if the action is offered to oneself, as a third person. eg\
(i) Sah< naiva kin~c{it karoti
(G&ta@ 4.20)
‘he does not do anything.’ sa: na ]va iki¡ata` kraeita_ (kraeita 3rd person,
singular La@` tanaaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþ˜).
(ii) Sah< yat prama@n<am[ kurute
(G&ta@ 3.21)
‘the standard he sets.’ sa: yata` paRmaaNa> kÖwtae_ (k•wtae, 3rd person
singular La@` tanaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿþ˜).
Of course, in Sanskrit language, when there are dual verb roots, that stand for both the doer as well as
the object (ubhayapad&, qBayapadI), this distinction of Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& can not always
be observed meticulously.
BE CAREFUL :
In order to avoid the common errors, care must be taken not to mix up the distinction between
Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& characterics of the verbs with :
(1) the passive (karman<i kma|iNa) and active (kartari kta|ir) usage of the voices (prayoga@h< paRyaaegaa:)
(2) with the intransitive (akarmakam Akma|kma`) and transitive (sakarmakam sakma|kma`) attributes of the
verbs (iÛyaapadaina)
(3) Many times ‡tmanepad& is confused and translated as Middle Voice, but ‡tmanepad& is not a voice.
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LESSON 15
THE CASES
ivaBaFya:_
15.1 Use of the Substantives as subject (in active voice)
The nouns, pronouns and adjectives (in active voice) are expressed in the 1st case (Nominative case
paRYamaa ivaBaiF:). eg. Thers is a boy (boy = ba@laka baaLak). ba@lakah< asti. baaLak: Aista_ The most common 25
forms of the 1st case (Nominative case paRYamaa ivaBaiF:) are :
NOMINATIVE CASE (paRYamaa ivaBaiF:)
Word ending
Gender
Word
Singular
Dual
Plural
(1)
A
m\
rama
rama:
ramaaE
ramaa:
(2)
A
n\
vana
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(3)
Aa
f\
maaLaa
maaLaa
maaLae
maaLaa:
(4)
}
m\
kiva
kiva:
kvaI
kvaya:
(5)
}
n\
vaair
vaair
vaairNaI
vaarIiNa
(6)
}
f\
maita
maita:
mataI
mataya:
(7)
}|
f\
nadI
nadI
na^aE
na^:
(8)
q
m\
gauw
gauw:
gauW
gaurva:
(9)
q
n\
maZau
maZau
maZaunaI
maZaUina
(10)
q
f\
Zaenau
Zaenau:
ZaenaU
Zaenava:
(11)
Q
f\
vaZaU
vaZaU
vaZvaaE
vaZva:
(12)
/
m\
ipata\
ipataa
ipataraE
ipatar:
(13)
/
n\
Zaata\
Zaata\
Zaata\NaI
Zaata¾iNa
(14)
/
f\
maata\
maataa
maataraE
maatar:
(15)
ca`
f\
vaaca`
vaak‘
vaacaaE
vaaca:
(16)
ja`
m\
raja`
ra@`
rajaaE
raja:
(17)
ta`
m\
mawta`
mawta`
mawtaaE
mawta:
(18)
ta`
n\
jagata`
jagata`
jagataI
jagainta
(19)
d`
m\
sauÊd`
sauÊd`
sauÊdaE
sauÊd:
(20)
}na`
m\
oaioana`
oaoaI
oaioanaaE
oaioana:
(21)
na`
m\
Aatmana`
Aatmaa
AatmaanaaE
Aatmaana:
(22)
na`
n\
kma|na`
kma|
kma|NaI
kmaa|iNa
(23)
oa`
f\
idoa`
idk‘
idoaaE
idoa:
(24)
sa`
m\
candRmasa`
candRmaa:
candRmasaaE
ca>dRmasa:
(25)
sa`
n\
payasa`
paya:
payasaI
payaa>isa
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15.2 Use of the Relational Expressions
what (the object)? to where? below, above, between, along, after,
towards, in front of, near, around, without.
In the use of the conjunctions : what (he object)? to where? below, above, between, along, after,
towards, in front of, near, around, without ...etc., 2nd case (Accusative case iVtaIyaa ivaBaiF:) is used
for the object and its adjective. (see the Appendix 2 for the charts of cases)
(a) Ra@ma eats rice. Ra@mah< odanam[ kha@dati. rama: Aaednama`` Saadita_ Ra@ma does the action of eating, so Ra@ma
is the subject, thus Ra@mah< rama: is the Nominative (1st) case. To eat is a transitive verb. Ra@ma eats
‘what?’ The answer is ‘rice.’ Rice is the object. Therefore, rice Aaednama` is in the Accusative (2nd) Case.
(b) In intransitive actions, the object indicated by ‘to where’ is in Accusative (2nd) case. To go is an
intransitive verb. Ra@ma goes ‘to’ town, Ra@mah< nagaram[ gac{c{hati (rama: nagar> gacCita).
EXAMPLES :
1. I am going to Now York.
aham[ new-yorkam[ gac{c{ha@mi Ah> nyaU-yaak–> gacCaima_
2. Vines are on both sides of the house.
gr<ham ubhayatah< lata@h< santi. ga\hma` qBayata: Lataa: sainta_
3. Ra@ma is drinking milk.
Ra@mah< dugdham[ pibati rama: dugZa> ipabaita_
4. S&ta@ wrote a letter.
S&ta@ patram alikhat. saItaa pa%ama` AiLaSata`_
5. He sees a zebra.
sah< ra@sabham[ pas{yati. sa: rasaBa> paoyaita_
6. You will give money.
bhava@n dhanam[ da@syati. Bavaana` Zana> dasyaita_
7. G&ta@ will go to Ka@npur.
g&ta@ Ka@npuram[ gamis<yati. gaItaa kanapaur> gaimaPyaita_
8. Ba@la@ saw a turtle.
Ba@la@ kac{hhapam[ gr<st< a> va@n. baaLaa kcCpa> ±P@vaana`_
9. She brings a bucket.
sa@ dron<&m a@nayati. saa dRaeNaI> Aanayaita_
15.3 Use of the Relational Expressions : with, by, through, because
In the use of the Relational Prepositions : with, by, because of, through ...etc., the 3rd case
(Instrumental case ta\taIyaa ivaBaiF:) is used for the object that is used as an instrument.
EXAMPLES :
1. Ra@ma eats rice with a spoon.
Ra@mah< c{amasena odanam[ kha@dati. rama: camasaena Aaedna> Saadita_
Rice is eaten with (-]na) spoon. The spoon is used as an instrument to eat the rice (the object),
therefore, with a spoon camasaena is the Instrumental (3rd) case.
2. Rola@ goes to London by airplane. Rola@ landanam[ va@yu-ya@nena gac{c{hati. rama: La>dna> vaayauyaanaena gacCita_
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LESSON 16
16.1 ADJECTIVES
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES WITH NOUNS
(1) In Sanskrit, an adjective (ivaoaePaNama`) does not have its own gender, number or case. It follows the
gender, number and case of the noun (ivaoaePyama`) to which it is attached (to which it qualifies).
(2) If a pronoun (sava|naama) acts as an adjective, it is called a pronominal adjective (saava|naaimak-ivaoaePaNama`).
Singular
MASCULINE GENDER NOUNS
Ah> oaaeBana: baaLak: aham[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah<
Plural
vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<
tva> oaaeBana: baaLak: tvam[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah<
yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<
sa: oaaeBana: baaLak: sah< s{obhanah< ba@lakah<
tae oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: te s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<
FEMININE GENDER NOUNS
1. Ah> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka aham[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@
vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<
2. tva> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka tvam[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@
yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<
3. saa oaaeBanaa baaiLaka
sa@ s{obhana@ ba@lika@
taa: oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: ta@h< s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<
NEUTER GENDER NOUNS
tata` oaaeBana> ga\hma` tat s{obhanam[ gr<ham
taaina oaaeBanaaina ga\haiNa ta@ni s{obhana@ni gr<ha@n<i
EXAMPLES : USE of ADJECTIVES
(A) Masculine gender : (Singular, dual, plural)
1. One good boy. s{obhanah< ba@lakah<.oaaeBana: baaLak:_ Two good boys. s{obhanau ba@lakau. oaaeBanaaE baaLakaE_
2. A white horse. svetah< as{vah<. ovaeta: Aova:_ Two white horses. s{vetau as{vau. ovaetaaE AovaaE_ The white
horses. s{veta@h< as{va@h<. ovaetaa: Aovaa:_
3. An old man. vr<ddhah< narah<. va\&: nar:_ Two old men. vr<ddhau narau. va\&aE naraE_ Old men. vr<ddha@h<
nara@h<. va\&a: nara:_
4. A big mountain. vis{a@lah< parvatah<. ivaoaaLa: pava|ta:_ Big mountains. vis{a@la@h< parvata@h<. ivaoaaLaa: pava|taa:_
(B) Feminine gender : (Singular, dual, plural)
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16.15 THE EXPRESSIONS
sah, ivanaa_
‘WITH, WITHOUT’
1. Are you coming with me?
bhava@n maya@ saha a@gac{c{hati va@? Bavaana` mayaa sah AagacCita vaa?
2. Who was with you?
bhavatah<öbhavatya@h< saha kah< a@s&t? Bavata:öBavatyaa: sah k: AasaIta`?
3. Ra@ma had battled (with) Ra@van<a.
yau&> ×tavaana` AasaIta`_
Ra@van<ena saha Ra@mah< yuddham[ kr<tava@n a@s&t. ravaNaena sah rama:
4. Laks<man<a had gone to the forest with Ra@ma.
sah LaxmaNa: vana> gatavaana` AasaIta`_
5. Life is difficult without money.
Ra@men<a saha Laks<man<ah< vanam[ gatava@n a@s&t. ramaeNa
dhanena vina@ j&vanam[ kat>hinam. Zanaena ivanaa jaIvana> ki#nama`_
6. Car does not run without gas. s{ila@tailena vina@ ka@ra-ya@nam[ na c{alati. ioaLaataELaena ivanaa karyaana> na caLaita_
bhavatah< vina@ aham eka@k&. Bavata: ivanaa Ahma` ]kakI_
7. I am alone without you.
8. Without pen how will you write? lekhanya@ vina@ katham[ lekhis<yati. LaeSanyaa ivanaa kYa> LaeiSaPyaita Bavaana`?
16.16 THE EXPRESSIONS
}ita, Aipa, ]va_ ‘SO, ALSO, ONLY’
1. “I will not go,” so he said.
aham[ na gamis<ya@mi iti sah< uktava@n. Ah> na gaimaPyaaima }ita sa: qFvaana_
2. I do not know (that) if she is coming or not.
AagaimaPyaita vaa na vaa }ita Ah> na jaanaaima_
sa@ a@gamis<yati va@ na va@ iti aham[ na ja@na@mi. saa
3. Ra@ma also said he will come. Ra@mah< api a@gamis<ya@mi iti uktava@n. rama: Aipa AagaimaPyaaima }ita qFvaana`_
adya kaks<a@ya@m[ pan~c{a c{ha@tra@h< eva santi. A^
4. Today there are only five students in the class.
kxaayaa> paØca Ca%aa: ]va sainta_
6. I also have a new car.
mama api nu@tanam[ ka@raya@nam asti. mama Aipa naUtana> karyaana> Aista_
7. They are also sick.
te api (te]pi) rugn<a@h< santi. tae Aipa (tae~ipa) wgNaa: sainta_
16.17 THE EXPRESSIONS
A^tana, ovastana, Hstana_
TODAY’S TOMORROW’S YESTERDAY’S
1. Where is today’s newspaper? adyatanava@rta@patram[ kutra asti? A^tanavaataa|pa%a> kÖ%a Aista?
2. This is yesterday’s paper. etat hyastanasya patram asti. ]tata` Hstanasya pa%ama` Aista_
3. Is it Sunday tomorrow? s{vastanasya dinah< raviva@sarah< asti va@? ovastanasya idna: rivavaasar: Aista vaa?
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LESSON 17
ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS
kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni yaugics{abda@h< c{a iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina yaaEigakoabda: ca_
17.1 ADVERBS
kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina_
An Adverb does not take any gender, number, person, tense or case. It does not change with the verb or
the adjective it qualifies, thus, it is an INDECLINABLE word (avyayam Avyayama`)
NOTE : Adverbs are not the only indeclinable words, there are many other words that are indeclinables
and are used adverbially, such as :
(1) There are nouns of which one conjugation or the Nominative case declension is used as an
indeclinable word. eg\ Astama` (astam setting, decline), Aista (asti existence), naaista (na@sti non-
existence), nama: (namah< salutation), Bauvar` (bhuvar sky), sa>vata` (sam~vat a year), svar` (svar heaven),
svaista (svasti greeting), sauSama` (sukham happily, easily), du:Sama` (dukham sadly, painfully), etc.
(2) There are adjectives of which the Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ inatyama` (nityam regularly),
bahu (bahu vaer), BaUya: (bhu@yah< again), satyama` (satyam truly), sauSama` (sukham happily), du:Sama`
(dukham sadly), etc.
(3) There are Pronouns of which Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ ikma` (kim what), tata` (tat that),
yaavata` (ya@vat as long), taavata` (ta@vat so long), etc.
(4) There are other substantives of which the Accusative neuter is indeclinable. eg\ svayama` (svayam
oneself), etc.
(5) There are nouns and adjectives of which Instrumental case is indeclinable, AoaePaeNa (as{es<en<a fully),
qccaE: (uc{c{aih< loudly), icareNa (c{iren<a quickly), taena (tena thus), paura (pura@ anciently, formerly), etc.
(6) There are words of which the Dative form is indeclinable. eg\ ApaRdaya (aprada@ya without sharing),
AasYaaya (a@stha@ya for staying), ivaXaaya (vijn~a@ya for knowing), etc.
(7) There are nouns and pronouns of which the Ablative form is indeclinable. eg\ tasmaata` (tasma@t
therefore), baLaata` (bala@t forcibly), samantaata` (samanta@t around), etc.
(8) There are words of which the Locative form is indeclinable. eg\ AgaRe (agre at first), Antare (antare
inside), /tae (r<te without), sYaanae (stha@ne justly), etc.
(9) There are words of which a derivative is indeclinable : eg\
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LESSON 18
trim~s{ah< abhya@sah< i%a>oa: AByaasa:_
THE PREPOSITIONS
aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda:_
The preposition (qpasaga|: upasargah<) is an indeclinable word (avyayam Avyayama`), having an independent
meaning, prefixed to a verb (kriya@padam iÛyaapadma`) or its derivative (sa@dhita-s{abdah< saaiZata-oabd:).
It can be seen that the 22 prepositional prefixes listed by Pa@ni< ni and Varada@c{ar@ ya do intensify, modify,
alter, change or make no change in the sense of the root verb.
(1) ati (Aita) over, beyond.
(i) Ûma: a step, pace # AitaÛma: aransgression. (ii) irF empty # AitairF
remaining; supreme.
(2) adhi (AiZa) power, right.
(i) kar: causer # AiZakar: the right, power. (ii) ixapa: casting away # AiZaxaepa:
censure.
(3) anu (Anau) along, after, behind; each, every.
(i) kmpa: shaking, a tremor # Anaukmpaa compassion. (ii) |˜
to do # Anau˜ita: imitation.
(4) antar (Antar`) with interval, within, inner.
(i) yaama: restraint, control # Antayaa|ma: inner control. (ii)
Zaanama` a seat # AntaZaa|nama` disappearance.
(5) apa (Apa) away, away from.
(i) oakÖnama` a good omen # ApaoakÖnama` a bad omen. (ii) kar: doer, causer
# Apakar: Harm.
(6) api (Aipa) also; over, near, near to; indeed, also.
(i) Ayanama` entrance # Apyayanama` junction, union. (ii)
ihtama` benefit # Aipaihtama` openly, visibly.
(7) abhi (AiBa) towards, near.
(i) mauSama` mouth, face # AiBamauSama` In front of. (ii) maana: pride # AiBamaana:
ego, self-pride.
(8) ava (Ava) away, off, down.
(i) þsYaa to stay # AvasYaa condition, state. (ii) gauNa: quality, character #
AvagauNa: a bad quality
(9) a@ (Aa) up to, towards, from, around; a little.
(i) gamanama` going # Aagamanama` coming. (ii) janma birth #
Aajanma from the birth.
(10) prefixes ut, ud (qta`, qd`) over, superior, higher; facing.
(i) þsYaa to stay # qtYaanama` Getting up, rising.
(ii) Bava: Existence # q®va: Birth.
(11) upa (qpa) secondary; towards, near to, by the side of.
(i) þivaoa` to enter # qpaivaoa to sit. (ii) þsYaa to
stay # qpasYama` the middle part.
(12) dur, dus, (dur`, dusa`) hard to do, difficult.
(i) þLaBa` to get, obtain # duLa|Bama` difficult to attain. (ii) baui&:
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ABae^ma` AajaIvanama` Aih>saa samaacarta` AnauBava: paRitajaanaaima paRitagacCita qpasaGÐmya paRapsyaisa Avaapsyaisa ivarmaita ivasarita
pairhar: Anauvata|tae qpapadma` ivasma\ita:_
ANSWERS : sau, paR, sama`, iva, Aa, qd`, Aa, Apa, sama`, paR, Anau, para, paR, paR, dusa`, iva, qta`, AiBa, qta`, qta`, A, A, iva, A,
paRita, qpa, Aita, Aita, Aa, dur`, dur`, dur`, dusa`, pair, pair, iva, iva, iva, iva, Aa, A, Aa, A, sama`, Anau, paRita, paRita, qpa, paR, Ava,
iva, iva, pair, Anau, qpa, iva_
WHAT WE LEARNED SO FAR
EXERCISE 48 :
Following sentences are in various tenses, moods and cases. Translate the English sentences
into Sanskrit. The |Root Verbs are shown in brackets. For your help, the Answers are given
in italized transliteration and in Devana@gar& (devanaagarI) Sanskrit.
Ra@mh< patra@n<i
(1) Ra@ma writes letters.
likhati (|likh). rama: pa%aaiNa iLaSaita_ Ra@ma wrote
letters. Ra@mh< patra@n<i alikhatölikhitava@n. rama: pa%aaiNa AiLaSata`öiLaiSatavaana`_
pip&lika@h< c{alanti (|c{al). ipapaIiLaka: caLainta (caLantya: sainta)_
(2) The ants are walking.
(3) She will eat apples.
sa@ a@ta@phala@niöseva@ni kha@dis<yati (|kha@). saa AataafLaainaösaevaaina SaaidPyaita_
(4) They worshiped Krishna. te kris>n>am a@rc{anöarc{itavantah<. (|arc{). tae ×PNama` Aaca|na`öAica|tavanta:_
(5) R&ta@ was throwing a ball.
R&ta@ kandukam[ ks<ipati sma (|ks<ip). rItaa kndukä ixapaita sma_
(6) The cart is brought by Vis{a@l.
Vis{a@lena ya@nam a@n&tam[ (a@|n&). ivaoaaLaena yaanama` AanaItama`_
(7) Yes, Ra@n& will cut the beans.
a@m! Ran& simba@h< kartis<yati. Aama`! ranaI isambaa: kita|Pyaita_
(8) The bears run freely in the forest.
bhalla@h<öbhalluka@h< vane svairam[ dha@vanti (|dha@v).
BaLLaa:öBaLLauka: vanae svaEr> Zaavainta_ (svaErma` = freely)
(9) They must not kill the dog.
taih< kukkurah<öbhas<akah<ös{unakah<ös{va@nah< na hantavyah<
(10) He may steal the money.
maudRa:öZana> caaeryaeta`_
kada@c{it sah< mudra@h>ödhanam[ c{orayet (|c{ur). kdaicata` sa:
(|han). taE: kÖKkÖr:öBaPak:öoaunak:öovaana: na hntavya:_
(11) The black bird flew to the nest.
kr>s>n<ah< khagah<öc{at>akah<öpaks<&övihan[gah< n&d<am ad<ayata
(12) The barber works in his shop.
na@pitah<
(|d<&). ×PNa: Saga:öca@k:öpaxaIöivahGÐ: naIDma` ADyata_
tasya
(karma|kr<). naaipata: tasya AapaNaeökta|naaLayae kaya|> kraeita_
a@pan<eökartana@laye
Gopa@lah<
(13) Gopa@l will come here to wash his hands.
tasya
a@gamis<yati (|ks<al). gaaepaaLa: tasya hstaaE xaaLaiyatauma` A%a AagaimaPyaita_
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hastau
ka@ryam[
ks<a@layitum
karoti
atra
LESSON 19
CONVERSATIONS
va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa:_
1. Hello! namastae! namaskar:! svaista! jayarama! saItaarama! saa}|rama! hir Aaema`! namaste! namaska@rah<! jayara@ma!
s&ta@ra@m! sa@&ra@m! hari om!
2. Good monring.
saupaRBaatama`_ suprabha@tam!
3. Good night
oauBarai%a: s{ubha-ra@trih<!
4. How are you?
Bavaana` kYama` Aista? tva> kYamaisa? bhava@n katham asti? tvam[ kathamasi?
5. Is everything ok?
sava|> kÖoaLa> vaa? sarvam[ kus{alam[ va@? Yes. a@m Aama`_
6. Sir! How are you?
Aaya|! Bavaana` kYamaista? a@rya! bha@va@n kathamasti?
7. Madam! How are you?
Aayae|! BavataI kYamaista? a@rye bhavat& kathamasti?
8. Are you well (m\)?
kus{al& va@? (f\) kus{alin& va@ kÖoaLaI vaa? kÖoaiLanaI vaa?
9. Welcome.
sva@gatam svaagatama`_
10. You are welcome svaagata> taeöBavata:öBavatyaa:_ sva@gatam[ (m\f\) te ö (m\) bhavath< ö (f\) bhavatya@h<.
11, Please come in.
˜payaa AByantarma` AagacCtau_ Anta: Aasyataama`_
12. Have a seat.
kr<paya@ abhyantaram a@gac{c{hatu. antah< a@syata@m.
qpaivaoatau_ upavis{atu.
13. Where should I sit?
kÖ%a qpaivaoaaina? kutra upavis{an
@ i?
14. Sit wherever you wish.
ya%a Bavaana` }cCita ta%a qpaivaoatau_ yatra bhava@n ic{c{hati tatra upavis{atu.
15. Who is he (this person)? ]Pa: k:? es{ah< kah<? A%aBavaana` k:? atrabhava@n kah<?
16. Who is she (this lady)?
]Paa ka? es{a@ ka@? A%aBavataI ka? atrabhavat& ka@?
17. What is the news?
k: samaacaar:? ka vaataa|? ikä va\Tama`? kah< sama@c{a@rah<? ka@ va@tra@? kim[ vr<ttam?
18. I hope you are well. (m\f\)
kus{al&ökus{alin& asti.
Aipa naama Bavaana`öBavataI kÖoaLaIökÖoaiLanaI Aista_ api na@ma bhava@nöbhavat&
ga\he sava|> kÖoaLa> vaa_ gr<he sarvam[ kus{alam[ va@?
19. Is everything ok at home?
20. Are you not well? (m\f\) Aipa Bavaana`öBavataI na svasYa:ösvasYaa? api bhava@nöbhavat& na svasthah<ösvastha@?
21. Yes. I am alright.
Aama`_ Ah> kÖoaLaIökÖoaiLanaI_ mama sava|> samyak‘ Aista_ a@m. aham[ kus{al&ökus{alin&.
mama sarvam[ samyak asti.
22. Thank you very much.
bahuoa: Zanyavaada:_ bahus{ah< dhanyava@da@h<.
23. Best wishes for the New Year.
navavaPa|sya oauBaecCa:_ nava-vars<asya s{ubhec{c{ha@h<.
24. See! I brought something special for you.
paoya! mayaa tvadYa|>öBavatae ikmaipa ivaoaePama` AanaItama`_ Ah> tae
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LESSON 20
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
20.1 NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
The names of the seven days of the week are :
(1) Sunday
Raviva@rah<
Raviva@sarah<
rivavaar:
rivavaasar:
(2) Monday
Somava@rah<
Somava@sarah<
saaemavaar:
saaemavaasar:
(3) Tuesday
Man[galva@rah<
Man[galva@sarah<
ma>gaLavaar:
ma>gaLavaasar:
(4) Wednesday
Budhava@rah<
Budhava@sarah<
bauZavaar:
bauZavaasar:
(5) Thursday
Guruva@rah<
Guruva@sarah<
gauwvaar:
gauwvaasar:
(6) Friday
S}ukrava@rah<
S}ukrava@sarah<
oauÛvaar:
oauÛvaasar:
(7) Saturday
S}aniva@rah<
S}aniva@sarah<
oainavaar:
oainavaasar:
There are 30 days in a month. maasae i%a>oata` idnaaina sainta_ There are two bi-weekly periods in each month,
namely Kr<sn
< a< -paks<ah< and S}ukla-paks<ah<. paRitamaasae VaE paxaaE Bavata: naamanaI ˜PNapaxa: oauKLapaxa: ca_ In each
biweekly period there are 15 days. paRitapaxae paØcadoa itaYaya: Bavainta_
Their names : (1) paRitapada (2) iVtaIyaa (3) ta\taIyaa (4) catauYaI| (5) paØcamaI (6) PaP#I (7) saptamaI (8) AP@maI (9) navamaI
(10) doamaI (11) ]kadoaI (12) VadoaI (13) %ayaaedoaI (14) cataud|oaI (15) Amaavasyaa AYavaa paaEiNa|maa_
20.2 NAMES OF THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR
The names of the twelve months are:
(1) March-April
C}aitrah<
caE%a:
(2) April-May
Vais{a@khah<
vaEoaaSa:
(3) May-June
Jyes<t>hah<
jyaeP#:
(4) June-July
‡s<a@d<hah<
AaPaa$:
(5) July-August
S}ra@van<ah<
ÃavaNa:
(6) Aug.-Sept.
Bha@drapadah<
BaadRpad:
(7) Sept.- Oct.
‡s{vinah<
Aaiovana:
(8) Oct.-Nov.
Ka@rtikah<
kaita|k:
(9) Nov.-Dec.
Ma@rgas{&rs<ah<
maaga|oaIPa|
(10) Dec.-Jan.
Paus<ah<
paaEPa:
(11) Jan.-Feb.
Ma@ghah<
maaza:
(12) Feb.-March
Pha@lgunah<
faLgauna:
(1) Spring
Vasantah<
vasanta:
(2) Summer
Gr&s<mah<
gaRIPma:
(3) Rainy-season
Vars<a@
vaPaa|
(4) Autumn
Sharad
oard`
hemanta:
(6) Winter(Jan-Mar) S}is{irah<
THE SIX SEASONS :
(5) Winter (Nov-Jan) Hemantah<
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ioaioar:
1. THE TEN CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS
Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad& AatmanaepadI), service to
others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad& qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of
Ten classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<a@h< gaNaa:), namely :
*1st
Bvaaid *bhva@di
þBaU-Aaid
|bhu@
(to be)
Bavaaima, Bavaisa, Bavaita
2nd
Adaid ada@di
þAd`-Aaid
|ad
(to eat)
Ai¯, Aitsa, AiTa
3rd
Ìaid juhva@di
þhu-Aaid
|hu
(to offer)
jauhaeima, jauhaeiPa, jauhaeita
*4th
idvaaid *diva@di
þidva`-Aaid
|div
(to shine)
dIvyaaima, dIvyaisa, dIvyaita
5th
svaaid sva@di
þsau-Aaid
|su
(to bathe)
saunaaeima, saunaaeiPa, saunaaeita
*6th
taudaid *tuda@di
þtaud-` Aaid
|tud
(to hurt)
taudaima, taudisa, taudita
7th
wZaaid rudha@di
þwZa`-Aaid
|rudh
(to inhibit)
wNaiZma, wNaitsa, wNai&
8th
tanaaid tana@di
þtana`-Aaid
|tan
(to spread)
tanaaeima, tanaaeiPa, tanaaeita
9th
Û‘yaaid kraya@di
þÛI-Aaid
|kr&
(to buy)
ÛINaaima, ÛINaaisa, ÛINaaita
*10th cauraid *c{ura@di
þcaur`-Aaid
|c{ur
(to steal)
caaeryaaima, caaeryaisa, caaeryaita
NOTES : Some people prefer using the numerical system (1st gan<a, 2nd gan<a etc.) for identifying the gan<a/,
while others prefer their nominclature (Bvaaid, Adaid etc.)
(i) The popular 10 classes of conjugations are divided in two GROUPS.
(ii) roots of 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th class marked with * fall under the FIRST GROUP and
(iii) the remaining roots of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th class fall under SECOND GROUP.
(iv) Amost all roots are monosyllables, some of them are even uniletters (eg\ |i, |&, |u, |r<, |r<{), most of
them end in a consonant. Only just over a dozen are ploysyllabelic. eg\ |apa@s, |a@ndol, |bhis<aj,
|c{aka@s, |c{ulump, |daridra@, |gaves{a, |hillol, |kuma@r, |kut>umb, |luma@l, |oland, |palyul, |pampas,
|prenkhol, |sabhaj, |sangra@m, |vid<amb.
THE PROCESS OF CONGUGATION
(i) The process of attaching a tense terminations (Lakar:) to an original basic verb root stems, to form a
single worded verb, is called congugation. The original basic form of the verb is called the Verbalroot or Root-verb (dha@tuh< Zaatau:) eg\ |bhu@ (|BaU) to become.
(ii) A |verb undergoes modification before it takes a conjugational suffix (Lakar:). The form of the
|verb before it takes a suffix, is called Verbal Base (an[gam AGÐma`)
(iii) The initial vowel of the root verb is called the Radical Vowel (maulik-svarah< maaEiLaksvar:). eg\ }| of
|}|; A of |Ad`
(iv) The end vowel of the |verb is Final Vowel (antya-svarah< Antyasvar:) eg\ Q of |BaU
(v) The vowel between two consonants of a |verb is Medial Vowel madhya-svarah< maZyasvar:
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2. CHARTS of CASES
(1) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (rama) Ra@ma (G&ta@ 10.31)
Singular
Dual
Plural
rama:
ramaaE
ramaa:
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?)
ramama`
ramaaE
ramaana`
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by)
ramaeNa
ramaaByaama`
ramaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to)
ramaaya
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than)
ramaata`
ramaaByaama`
ramaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of)
ramasya
ramayaae:
ramaaNaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on)
ramae
ramayaae:
ramaePau
Vocative (address)
rama
ramaaE
ramaa:
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?)
vanama`
vanae
vanaaina
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by)
vanaena
vanaaByaama`
vanaE:
(4th) Dative (for, to)
vanaaya
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than)
vanaata`
vanaaByaama`
vanaeBya:
(6th) Possessive (of)
vanasya
vanayaae:
vanaanaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on)
vanae
vanayaae:
vanaePau
Vocative (address)
vana
vanae
vanaaina
CASE-ivaBaiF
(1st) Nominative
-
(2) NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (vana) forest
(1st) Nominative
-
(3) FEMININE NOUN ENDING IN (a@) Aa (maaLaa) necklace
Singular
Dual
Plural
maaLaa
maaLae
maaLaa:
(2nd) Accusative (to, what?)
maaLaama`
maaLae
maaLaa:
(3rd) Instrumental (with, by)
maaLayaa
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaiBa:
(4th) Dative (for, to)
maaLaayaE
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaBya:
(5th) Ablative (from. than)
maaLaayaa:
maaLaaByaama`
maaLaaBya:
(6th) Possessive (of)
maaLaayaa:
maaLayaae:
maaLaanaama`
(7th) Locative (in, on)
maaLaayaama`
maaLayaae:
maaLaasau
maaLae
maaLae
maaLaa:
CASE-ivaBaiF
(1st) Nominative
-
Vocative (address)
(4) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (i) } (kiva) poet (G&ta@
(1st) Nominative
-
kiva:
kvaI
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10.39)
kvaya:
5. RATNAKAR’S CHART OF PARTICIPLES
ADJECTIVES AND INDECLINABLES
(1) ADJECTIVE PARTICIPLES
Suffix
Participle
Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`
1. Past Passive Participle
ta
(F)
˜ta
(done, has been done)
2. Past Active Participle
tavata`
(Fvatau)
˜tavata`
(has done)
3. Present Active Participle
Ata`
(oata\)
kÖva|ta`
(doing, while doing, doer)
4. Present Active Participle
Aana
(oaanaca`)
kÖvaa|Na
(doing)
5. Present Active Participle
maana
(oaanaca`)
LaBamaana (getting)
6. Present Passive Participle
yamaana
(oaanaca`)
iÛyamaaNa (being done)
(tavyata`)
kta|vya
7. Potential Passive Participle tavya
(ought, fit to be done)
AnaIya
(AnaIyar`) krNaIya (ought, fit to be done)
ya
(yata`)
kaya|
(ought, fit to be done)
(2) INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES
Participle
Suffix
Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`
8. Indeclinable Past Participle tvaa (Ktvaa)
˜tvaa (having done)
(without a prefix, Gerund)
9. Indeclinable Past Participle ya
Anau˜tya (having done accordingly)
(Lyapa` )
(with a prefix)
10. Infinitive of Purpose
ktau|ma` (for doing)
tauma` (taumauna`)
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6. TENSES AND MOODS OF COMMON VERBS
itaGntapaRkrNama`_
2p |as (|Asa`)` to be
]iPaPyaita
Present Tense (La@`)
Aisma
sva:
Aisa
sYa:
Aista
sta:
sma:
sYa
sainta
Past Tense (LaG`)
Aasama`
Aasva
AasaI:
Aastama`
AasaIta`
Aastaama`
Aasma
Aasta
Aasana`
Future Tense (La\@`)
BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava:
BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa:
BaivaPyaita
BaivaPyata:
BaivaPyaama:
BaivaPyaYa
BaivaPyainta
Imperative mood (Laae@`)
Asaaina
Asaava
]iZa
stama`
Astau
staama`
Asaama
sta
santau
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)
syaama`
syaava
syaa:
syaatama`
syaata`
syaataama`
syaama
syaata
syau:
6p|is< (|}Pa`) to desire
Present Tense (La@`)
}cCaima
}cCava:
}cCisa
}cCYa:
}cCita
}cCta:
}cCama:
}cCYa
}cCinta
Past Tense (LaG`)
]ecCma`
]ecCava
]ecC:
]ecCtama`
]ecCta`
]ecCtaama`
]ecCama
]ecCta
]ecCna`
Future Tense (La\@`)
]iPaPyaaima ]iPaPyaava:
]iPaPyaisa
]iPaPyaYa:
]iPaPyaama:
]iPaPyaYa
]iPaPyata:
]iPaPyainta
Imperative mood (Laae@`)
}cCaina
}cCava
}cCama
}cC
}cCtama`
}cCta
}cCtau
}cCtaama`
}cCntau
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)
}cCeyama`
}cCeva
}cCema
}cCe:
}cCetama`
}cCeta
}cCeta`
}cCetaama`
}cCeyau:
10p |kath (|kYa``) to tell
Present Tense (La@`)
kYayaaima
kYayaava:
kYayaisa
kYayaYa:
kYayaita
kYayata:
kYayaama:
kYayaYa
kYayainta
Past Tense (LaG`)
AkYayama` AkYayaava AkYayaama
AkYaya:
AkYayatama` AkYayata
AkYayata` AkYayataama` AkYayana`
Future Tense (La\@`)
kYaiyaPyaaima kYaiyaPyaava:
kYaiyaPyaisa
kYaiyaPyaYa:
kYaiyaPyaita
kYaiyaPyata:
kYaiyaPyaama:
kYaiyaPyaYa
kYaiyaPyainta
Imperative mood (Laae@`)
kYayaaina
kYayaava
kYayaama
kYaya
kYayatama`
kYayata
kYayatau
kYayataama` kYayantau
Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG`)
kYayaeyama`
kYayaeva
kYayaema
kYayae:
kYayaetama`
kYayaeta
kYayaeta`
kYayaetaama` kYayaeyau:
1p |kr&d< (|ÛID`) to play
Present Tense (La@`)
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