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=SYLEZI)\EQMREXMSR&SSOPIX*SVQ&-RXLIFS\EFSZISR]SYV%RW[IV7LIIXIRWYVI
]SYJMPPIHMRXLIFYFFPIEWJSPPS[W
)\EQ&SSOPIX*SVQ %
'ELMIVHvI\EQIR
&
'
(
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+
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4EKI
)\EQMREXMSR6YPIW
8LIXMQIEPPSXXIHJSVXLMWI\EQMREXMSRMWX[SLSYVW
=SYQE]LS[IZIVXEOIYTXSQMRYXIWSJEHHMXMSREPXMQIXSJMRMWL
%RW[IVWIRXIVIHMRXLI)\EQMREXMSR&SSOPIX[MPPRSXFIQEVOIH
'LIEXMRKSRERI\EQMREXMSR[MPPVIWYPXMREQEVOSJ^IVS8LI1MRMWXV]SJ)HYGEXMSR
GSRWMHIVWGLIEXMRKXSLEZISGGYVVIHMJWXYHIRXWFVIEOER]SJXLIJSPPS[MRKVYPIW
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXFIMRTSWWIWWMSRSJSVLEZIYWIHER]WIGYVII\EQMREXMSR
QEXIVMEPWTVMSVXSXLII\EQMREXMSRWIWWMSR
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXGSQQYRMGEXI[MXLSXLIVWXYHIRXWHYVMRKXLII\EQMREXMSR
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXKMZISVVIGIMZIEWWMWXERGISJER]OMRHMRERW[IVMRKER
I\EQMREXMSRUYIWXMSRHYVMRKERI\EQMREXMSRMRGPYHMRKEPPS[MRKXLIMVTETIVW
XSFIZMI[IHF]SXLIVWSVGST]MRKERW[IVWJVSQERSXLIVWXYHIRXtWTETIV
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXTSWWIWWER]FSSOTETIVSVMXIQXLEXQMKLXEWWMWXMR[VMXMRK
ERI\EQMREXMSRMRGPYHMRKEHMGXMSREV]SVTMIGISJIPIGXVSRMGIUYMTQIRXXLEXMW
RSXWTIGMJMGEPP]EYXLSVM^IHJSVXLII\EQMREXMSRF]QMRMWXV]TSPMG]
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXGST]TPEKMEVM^ISVTVIWIRXEWXLIMVS[R[SVOHSRIF]ER]
SXLIVTIVWSR
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXMQQIHMEXIP]JSPPS[XLIMRZMKMPEXSVtWSVHIVXSWXST[VMXMRKEXXLIIRH
SJXLII\EQMREXMSRXMQIERHQYWXRSXEPXIVER)\EQMREXMSR&SSOPIX6IWTSRWI
&SSOPIXSV%RW[IV7LIIXEJXIVXLIMRZMKMPEXSVLEWEWOIHWXYHIRXWXSLERHMR
I\EQMREXMSRTETIVW
d 7XYHIRXWQYWXRSXVIQSZIER]TMIGISJXLII\EQMREXMSRQEXIVMEPWJVSQXLI
I\EQMREXMSRVSSQMRGPYHMRK[SVOTEKIW
8LIYWISJMRETTVSTVMEXIPERKYEKISVGSRXIRXQE]VIWYPXMREQEVOSJ^IVS
FIMRKE[EVHIH
9TSRGSQTPIXMSRSJXLII\EQMREXMSRVIXYVREPPI\EQMREXMSRQEXIVMEPWXSXLI
WYTIVZMWMRKMRZMKMPEXSV
92-8'32:)67-32
'SQQSR-QTIVMEP
0IRKXL
-QTIVMEPERH1IXVMG
1IXVMG
QMPI = ]EVHW
QMPI
OQ
OQ = Q
QMPI = JIIX
]EVH
Q
Q = GQ
]EVH = JIIX
JSSX
MRGL
Q
GQ
GQ = QQ
]EVH = MRGLIW
JSSX = MRGLIW
1EWW
;IMKLX
XSR = TSYRHW
'SQQSR
%FFVIZME
XMSRW
QMPI = QM
TSYRH = SYRGIW
TSYRH
OK
X = OK
SYRGI
K
OK = K
OMPSQIXVI = OQ
]EVH = ]H
QIXVI = Q
XSR = XSR
JIIX = SV JX GIRXMQIXVI = GQ
QMPPMQIXVI = QQ
MRGL = SV MR
XSRRIQIXVMGXSR = X
TSYRH = PF
KVEQ = K
SYRGI = S^
*36190%)
4YX]SYVGEPGYPEXSVMR(IKVII1SHI
e 6MKLXXVMERKPIW
WMR % =
GSW % =
STTSWMXI
L]TSXIRYWI
EHNEGIRX
L]TSXIRYWI
e 8LIIUYEXMSRSJEPMRI
] = Q\ + F
%\ + &] + ' = ] ] = Q \ \
e 8LIWPSTISJEPMRI
] ]
VMWI
Q=
=
=
VYR
\ \
&
G
E
XER % =
STTSWMXI
EHNEGIRX
1EXL8MPIW0IKIRH
'
F
%
4]XLEKSVIER8LISVIQ
E + F = G HMWXERGI = WTIIH
]
\
\
z\
\
z\
XMQI
z
*SYRHEXMSRWSJ1EXLIQEXMGWERH4VI'EPGYPYW
(EXE4EKI
+)31)86-'*36190%)
/I]0IKIRH
P = PIRKXL
4 = TIVMQIXIV
[ = [MHXL
' = GMVGYQJIVIRGI
F = FEWI
% = EVIE
L = LIMKLX
7% = WYVJEGIEVIE
W = WPERX LIMKLX
: = ZSPYQI
V = VEHMYW
H = HMEQIXIV
+ISQIXVMG*MKYVI
6IGXERKPI
4IVMQIXIV
%VIE
4 = P + [
SV
% = P[
4 = P+[
8VMERKPI
4 = E+F+G
'MVGPI
%=
FL
'= H
SV
% = V
' = V
238) 9WIXLIZEPYISJ programmed in your calculator
rather than the approximation of 3.14.
(EXE4EKI
*SYRHEXMSRWSJ1EXLIQEXMGWERH4VI'EPGYPYW
+ISQIXVMG*MKYVI
']PMRHIV
7YVJEGI%VIE
:SPYQI
%XST = V V
%FEWI = V e
L
: = EVIESJFEWI
%WMHI = VL
L
7% = V + VL
7TLIVI
7% = V V
: =
V
%FEWI = V : =
EVIESJFEWI
L
: =
EVIESJFEWI
L
: = EVIESJFEWI
L
7% = XLIWYQSJXLIEVIEW
SJEPPXLIJEGIW
: = EVIE SJ FEWI
L
7% = XLIWYQSJXLIEVIEW
SJEPPXLIJEGIW
: =
SV
e
7% = H 'SRI
%WMHI = VW
W
L
7% = V + VW
V 7UYEVI&EWIH4]VEQMH
L
FW
JSV IEGL XVMERKPI
%FEWI = F W
7% = FW + F F
F
%XVMERKPI =
6IGXERKYPEV4VMWQ
7% = [L + [L + P[ + P[ + PL + PL
SV
L
[
P
7% = [L + P[ + PL
+IRIVEP6MKLX4VMWQ
+IRIVEP4]VEQMH
EVIE SJ FEWI
L
238) 9WIXLIZEPYISJ programmed in your calculator rather than the
approximation of 3.14.
*SYRHEXMSRWSJ1EXLIQEXMGWERH4VI'EPGYPYW
(EXE4EKI
639+,;36/74%')
2SQEVOW[MPPFIKMZIRJSV[SVOHSRISRXLMWTEKI
(EXE4EKI
*SYRHEXMSRWSJ1EXLIQEXMGWERH4VI'EPGYPYW