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Vertebrate pest control manual
w w w.dpi.nsw.gov.au
Title: Vertebrate Pest Control Manual
Revision completed by Cathy Crawford, Philip Gardner, Byron
Stein, Birgitte Verbeek and Nathan Cutter, Invasive Species Unit,
NSW Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), Locked Bag 21,
161 Kite Street ORANGE 2800
Tim Seears, State Management Council for Livestock Health and Pest
Authorities (LHPA) and Senior Rangers from the Livestock Health and
Pest Authorities
Mark Scott, Agricultural Chemicals Officer, Business, Biosecurity and
Legislation Unit, NSW DPI
Roger de Keyzer, Environment Protection Authority (EPA); Melinda
Norton et al, Project Officer, National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS),
part of the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEM)
Bhoopathy Sankaran, Chemicals Team, WorkCover NSW
Production by Barry Jensen, Designer, Publication Services, NSW DPI
© State of New South Wales through Department of Trade and
Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services 2014
Published by the NSW Department of Primary Industries, a part of
Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and
Services.
You may copy, distribute, and otherwise freely deal with this publication
for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Department of Trade
and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services as the owner.
However, you must obtain permission if you wish to charge others for
access to the publication (other than at cost); include the publication in
advertising or a product for sale; modify the publication; or re-publish
the publication on a website. You may freely link to the publication on
the NSW DPI website.
First edition published as Rabbit Inspectors Vertebrate Pest Control Manual,
D. Kennedy, 1977
Second edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual, J.D.L. Waithman, 1982
Third edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual, M. Stevens and
M. McDonald eds. 1990
Fourth edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual, M. Fosdick, 1996
Fifth edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual, D. Croft, 2007
Sixth edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual , NSW Department of Primary
Industries, 2012
Seventh edition Vertebrate Pest Control Manual, NSW Department of
Primary Industries 2014
ISBN (Web) 978 1 74256 295 7
DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and
understanding at the time of writing (February 2014). However, because
of advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that
information on which they rely is up to date and to check the currency
of the information with the appropriate officer of NSW Department of
Primary Industries or the user’s independent advisor.
The product trade names in this publication are supplied on the
understanding that no preference between equivalent products is
intended and that the inclusion of a product name does not imply
endorsement by NSW Department of Primary Industries over any
equivalent product from another manufacturer.
Always read the label
Users of agricultural or veterinary chemical products must always read
the label and any permit or pesticide control order (PCO) issued by EPA,
before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on
the label and the conditions of any permit. Users are not absolved from
compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions of the
permit by reason of any statement made or not made in this publication.
Labels, Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), permits and PCOs may have
changed since this manual was written. Where there is conflict between
the manual and these documents, follow the current label, SDS,
permit or PCO.
12635
Foreword
This manual was written primarily for government officers involved in the control of
vertebrate pests in New South Wales (NSW). It is essential reading for staff of Local Land
Services (LLS), National Parks and Wildlife Service part of the Office of Environment and
Heritage (NPWS) and all agencies involved in vertebrate pest control. It is intended to
promote uniform standards for vertebrate pest control throughout the State including
guidance on procedures and requirements for storage, use and supply of vertebrate
pesticides.
This manual acknowledges that many of the procedures and practices are primarily
designed for LLS and Authorised Control Officer (ACO) staff. Other government agencies,
particularly NPWS staff may have operational procedures which differ from those proposed
in this manual. Such practices are acceptable as long as ACOs are compliant with all the
NSW legislative requirements.
This manual provides the Introduction, Legislative, Administration and Poisons and
Fumigants policy requirements for pest animal management as prescribed in the Pesticide
Control Orders gazetted under the Pesticides Act 1999. Further information on pest animal
biology and behaviour are available in a Biology, Ecology and Management of Vertebrate
Pests in NSW appendix to this manual.
Acronyms, definitions and abbreviations
1080
Sodium fluoroacetate
ACO
Authorised Control Officer
APVMA
Australian Pesticide and Veterinarian Medicines Authority
AQF
Australian Qualifications Framework
CMA
Catchment Management Authority
CPO
Commercial Pindone Officer
EPA
Environment Protection Authority
FAAST
Feral Animal Aerial Shooting Team
FARMS
Financial and Rural Management System
LLS
Local Land Services
NPWS
National Parks and Wildlife Service, part of Office of Environment and Heritage
NSW DPI NSW Department of Primary Industries
OEH Office of Environment and Heritage
PCO
Pesticide Control Order
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
PUNP
Pesticide Use Notification Plan
RCP
Restricted Chemical Product
RHDV Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus
SDS
Safety Data Sheet
TSR
Travelling Stock Reserve
3
Authorised Control Officer is a person who is a member of staff of an LLS, a Wild Dog
Destruction Board, NSW Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), OEH, or other NSW
public authority and has completed all training requirements as specified in the relevant
Pesticide Control Order.
Authorised officer means a person authorised as an authorised officer under Section 167
of Local Lands Services Act 2013. Section 185 of the Act states: ‘an authorising authority may
appoint a police officer or any other person (including a class of persons) as an authorised
officer for the purposes of this Act.’
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
4
CO N T E N T S
FOREWORD3
ACRONYMS, DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
3
INTRODUCTION7
Framework of vertebrate pest management
in Australia
7
Australian Pest Animal Strategy
7
NSW Invasive Species Plan (2008–2015)
8
NSW Pest Animal Council
8
Responsibilities for
vertebrate pest management in NSW
9
Local Land Services Strategic Plans
11
Principles of strategic pest animal management
11
Feral animal aerial shooting team
15
LEGISLATION17
Local Land Services Act 2013
17
Pesticides Act 1999
21
Pesticides Regulation 2009
25
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994
27
Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act 1979
29
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002
(amended 2014)
32
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
36
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
38
Native Vegetation Act 2003
38
Deer Act 2006
39
Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997
40
ADMINISTRATION43
Control of vertebrate pest species in NSW
43
Local land Services
44
What to do if there is a conflict or misuse of a pesticide
51
Issuing baits
51
National Parks and Wildlife Service
53
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
55
Access to restricted chemical products
55
General pesticide storage facility requirements
55
Vertebrate pesticide usage and supply record
57
Accident and incident reporting
58
Toxicity58
1080 (Sodium Fluoroacetate)
61
1080 and pindone storage facility excluding bait preparation
64
1080 storage and bait preparation facility
65
1080 bait types for wild dogs and foxes
69
Compulsory dyeing of 1080 liquid concentrate and poisoned baits
69
Preparation of 1080 baits
71
Supplying 1080 baits
77
Applying 1080 baits
78
First Aid: Specific recommendations for 1080
79
Pindone80
Pindone storage and bait preparation facilities
83
Preparation of pindone baits
83
Supplying and applying pindone baits
85
Bromadiolone86
5
Bromadiolone storage and bait preparation facilities
87
Preparation of bromadiolone mouse baits
87
Supplying and applying bromadiolone baits
89
Coumatetralyl rodent bait – Racumin 8®
90
Coumatetralyl storage and bait preparation facilities
91
Preparation of Coumatetralyl rodent baits
91
Supplying and applying Coumatetralyl rodent baits
93
First Aid – Specific recommendations for Racumin 8® concentrate or Coumatetralyl
rodent bait
93
Brodifacoum93
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD)
93
Fumigants97
Strychnine105
Preparation of strychnine impregnated cloths
106
First Aid – Specific recommendation for strychnine
109
Appendix A. Vertebrate pesticides used in NSW
111
Appendix B
112
Appendix C
115
Appendix D – First Aid for working dogs and other domestic animals
118
Appendix E. Suppliers
120
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
6
Introduction
This section covers the framework within which vertebrate pest management is conducted
both nationally and within NSW. It addresses the development of local and regional pest
management planning using fundamental pest planning principles.
F R A M E W O R K O F V E R T E B R AT E P E S T M A N AG E M E N T
I N AU S T R A L I A
Whilst the vast majority of pest animal managers operate at a local or regional level, it is
useful to understand the way that strategic pest animal management is conducted. An
understanding of broader pest animal strategies at both the national and state level may
provide a better understanding of, and opportunities to:
a. target key areas to facilitate the control of existing species and surveillance for new
ones
b. implement control at more appropriate times or integrating local control with larger
scale control activities such as catchment, state or territory based programs
c. adopting long-term planning within a national or state framework
d. more effectively communicate among stakeholders
e. seek funding and support for local or regional control programs which demonstrate
integration with state and national strategies.
AU S T R A L I A N P E S T A N I M A L S T R AT E G Y
The Australian Pest Animal Strategy, agreed to by all Australian governments, sets out how
governments work with each other, and with business, industry and the community to
manage the issues and problems associated with vertebrate pest animals in Australia.
In overview, the Australian Pest Animal Strategy establishes key objectives and actions that
aim to prevent the introduction and spread of new pest animals in Australia and assist in
managing the impacts of those that are already established.
The Vertebrate Pests Committee is responsible
for monitoring the implementation and review
of the Australian Pest Animal Strategy. The
Vertebrate Pests Committee reports to and
operates in accordance with Terms of Reference
defined by the National Biosecurity Committee.
Each State and the Australian Government
has membership on the Vertebrate Pests
Committee, and the Invasive Animals Cooperative
Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation and others have
Official Observer status.
INTRODUC TION
7
The Vertebrate Pests Committee convenes a number of Technical Working Groups (which
may include Vertebrate Pests Committee members) to advise it on technical matters. These
include the National Indicators Working Group (monitoring and mapping of pest animals)
and the Vertebrate Pest Animal Welfare Working Group.
For a copy of the Australian Pest Animal Strategy go to: www.apas.net.au
N S W I N VA S I V E S P E C I E S P L A N ( 2008 – 2015 )
The principal strategies for managing invasive species (including: weeds, vertebrate and
invertebrate pests) in NSW are outlined in the New South Wales Invasive Species Plan.
The Plan aims to prevent new incursions, contain existing populations and adaptively
manage widespread species. The goal is to foster a cooperative culture where all relevant
parties contribute to the aim of minimising the impacts of invasive species in NSW. The
Plan outlines a coordinated response by stakeholders to minimise the impacts of invasive
species in NSW using a risk-based approach. The Plan guides current and future investment
in invasive species management and includes existing and planned activities as well as
new projects that will commence as agencies
redirect resources in response to the priorities in
the Plan.
The NSW Invasive Species Plan identifies four
goals to realise its vision:
Goal 1: Exclude – prevent the establishment of
new invasive species.
Goal 2: Eradicate or contain – eliminate, or
prevent the spread of new invasive species.
Goal 3: Effectively manage – reduce the impacts
of widespread invasive species.
Goal 4: Capacity building – ensure NSW had
the ability and commitment to manage invasive
species.
A copy of the NSW Invasive Species Plan can be downloaded from:
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/nsw-invasive-species-plan
N S W P E S T A N I M A L CO U N C I L
The Pest Animal Council consists of representatives from across NSW representing a broad
range of stakeholder groups involved with pest animal management.
The Council’s goal is:
The use of environmentally, economically and socially acceptable pest control through the
adoption of well coordinated best practice programs.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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INTRODUC TION
To realise this goal the following objectives have been identified:
Objective 1: To identify all pest animal species and their impacts, and prioritise resource
allocation.
Objective 2: To encourage the development and application of best practice, cost effective
and humane control methods.
Objective 3: To identify deficiencies in and disseminate knowledge about integrated pest
animal control to both land managers and the public.
Objective 4: To provide advice on pest animal control to Ministers and non-government
organisations.
Objective 5: To improve the cost efficiency of pest animal control or eradication by
improving liaison and co-ordination and reducing duplication across government and
non-government agencies.
Objective 6: Report and advise on Government decisions on pest animal control to
constituent bodies.
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR
V E R T E B R AT E P E S T M A N AG E M E N T I N N S W
N S W Depar t m ent of Pr imar y I n d u stries
The NSW DPI has an enabling role for vertebrate and invertebrate pest animal
management in NSW. Its primary responsibilities are in administering invasive species and
biosecurity legislation, policy, training and education.
Lo cal Land S er vices ( LLS)
Local Land Services came into force on the 1st of January 2014 and are formed under the
Local Lands Services Act 2013 (LLS Act). Local Land Services brings together agricultural
production advice, biosecurity, natural resource management and emergency
management into a single organisation.
In relation to pest management LLS participate in on-ground detection and control
of declared pests and plague locusts in NSW. This work includes giving advice on pest
animal management techniques, assisting land managers to develop vertebrate pest
management plans and cooperative management programs.
LLS may have Catchment Action Plans still in operation from former Catchment
Management Authorities which include funding and support for vertebrate pest species
management. See also below under Local Land Services Strategic Plans information on
planning processes under way.
Env i ronm ent Protec t ion Au th o rit y
The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) regulates the use of all pesticides in NSW,
after the point of supply under the Pesticides Act 1999 and its regulations. This involves
developing and enforcing pesticide use laws for NSW, such as producing Pesticide
Control Orders (PCOs) which stipulate how vertebrate pesticides which are restricted
chemical products (RCPs) can be used to reduce exposure and minimise impacts on
the environment, non-target plants, non-target animals, people and trade. The EPA also
provides information and advice on management of pesticides.
INTRODUC TION
9
O ffice of Environm ent an d Heritag e
National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS)
NPWS is responsible for managing National Parks and Nature Reserves for the
protection and conservation of biodiversity in NSW. This involves the development and
implementation of Regional Pest Management Strategies which prioritise programs and
specific actions for invasive species including vertebrate pests on lands managed under
the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.
NPWS also works with other government agencies and the community to protect
biodiversity and agriculture on neighbouring private lands. It also provides advice and
undertakes species recovery, threat abatement and community education programs and
research to ensure that threatened species are protected. Threat abatement may involve
the development of plans such as the Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox
(Fox TAP).
L and m anager s, commu n ities an d sp ec ial interest gro u ps
All private land managers have an obligation under the LLS Act to manage declared pests
on land they own, occupy or manage. Acknowledgement should be given to the important
role of community volunteers and special interest groups in the management of vertebrate
pests. These individuals and groups provide hundreds of hours each week assisting in
the management of private and public lands through direct vertebrate pest control and
monitoring activities.
Crown Lands
Crown Lands, a Division of NSW Trade and Investment, is a significant land manager
in NSW administering Crown land. Crown Lands develops and implements invasive
species management strategies on land under its direct control. It also supports activities
undertaken by community groups and other stakeholders that manage land on their
behalf.
G am e L icens ing U nit
The Game Licencing Unit within NSW DPI is established under the Game and Feral Animal
Control Act 2002 (amended 2014) (Game and Feral Animal Control Act). This Unit may
be utilised to harness the efforts of licensed, accredited hunters to assist in controlling
vertebrate pest species.
Local gover nm ent and o th er pu b lic lan d man ag ers
All public land managers including Local Councils and County Councils have an obligation
under the LLS Act to manage declared pests on land they own, occupy or manage.
I ndus t r y
Industry has three main roles in invasive species management: (a) managing pests on
land and in aquatic environments used for production; (b) managing the trading potential
or known invasive species used for, or held by zoos and collectors and (c) not providing
vectors or pathways for invasive species establishment through movement of goods,
produce and equipment or related activities.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
10
INTRODUC TION
LO C A L L A N D S E R V I C E S S T R AT E G I C P L A N S
The LLS Act under Part 4 specifies the requirements for both State-wide and Local Strategic
Plans. Each LLS is required to develop a Local Strategic Plan under Part 4 of the LLS Act.
These strategic plans must address the state priorities for Local Land Services. One of these
priorities is biosecurity, including animal pest and disease and plant pest and disease prevention, management, control and eradication.
The purpose of the strategic plans is to set the vision, priorities and overarching strategy for
local land services at the state and local level, with a focus on appropriate economic, social
and environmental outcomes. The State Plan will have effect for a period of ten years whilst
the Local Plans will have effect for five years.
P R I N C I P L E S O F S T R AT E G I C P E S T A N I M A L M A N AG E M E N T
I m p ac t s of ver tebrate pests
The focus of a vertebrate pest management plan needs to be on impacts of pest animals
rather than on pest animal numbers. Such impacts may include
• Agricultural – damage to crops, predation of livestock, pasture competition, land
degradation, soil erosion, stream turbidity and the spread of weeds.
• Environmental – competition for food and shelter, habitat destruction and predation.
• Social – being a nuisance, damaging infrastructure or culturally important sites,
causing traffic accidents and social and psychological effects on primary producers
and their families.
• Disease – vertebrate pest animals may act as reservoirs and spread mechanisms for
diseases that affect native wildlife, livestock or people.
N i l - tenure approach
When developing regional or local vertebrate pest management plans consider a ‘nil
tenure’ approach. This method involves the removal of all land tenure issues from the
planning stage. This focuses on the problem, rather than on land ownership. Once the
problem has been identified and the proposed control actions defined, the tenure
boundaries can be reinstated and the resources and costs allocated proportionally or
according to some agreed formula. One of the most successful examples of the use of
a ‘nil tenure’ approach to pest animal management is the Brindabella and Wee Jasper
Cooperative Wild Dog and Fox Program.
G ro up cont rol program s
Areas of pest animal abundance tend to be defined by topography, territoriality and
food availability. Property fences do not restrict pests, and control strategies should not
therefore be limited to artificial boundaries. Most pests are highly mobile and can readily
replace those that are killed on individual properties. Unless actions are well planned
and coordinated across a broader area of neighbouring properties, individual control
programs are unlikely to have a lasting effect. Control programs are therefore likely to be
far more effective when multiple landholdings are involved. Where possible work with
already established groups such as Landcare, bushfire brigades, social groups including
neighbouring public land managers.
INTRODUC TION
11
The benefits of group control include better coordination and communication between
all stakeholders. For example, during a pest control program everyone in the group knows
who is baiting, where baits are laid, how much poisoned bait has been distributed, and
when baits are to be picked up or destroyed.
Where a pest may be difficult to control, the use of a group’s resources to help one land
manager for the benefit of all justifies a coordinated approach. Peer pressure may be
applied judiciously to facilitate control within an area if required.
The success or failure of pest animal control groups is largely dependent on the
enthusiasm and dedication of the group coordinator. The coordinator should have
credibility, be well respected and able to draw on personal and or other people’s
experiences. The coordinator should liaise closely with their local LLS Biosecurity Officer.
I ntegrated Pes t M an ag ement
Integrated pest management uses a combination of practices and control methods to
manage pests. The use of an appropriate combination of control methods is likely to be
more effective than a reliance on one or two methods alone. When conducting a rabbit
control program for example it may be useful to employ poisoned baits in combination
with harbour removal, warren destruction and the use of a biological control agent such as
rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV).
Control methods that may be considered when developing a local management plan could
include:
• killing or removal by baiting, shooting, trapping or mustering
• exclusion fencing or netting
• biological or fertility control
• habitat manipulation by removal of surface refuges and warren destruction
• changes in timing of animal husbandry management such as lambing or planting
different crops.
Developing local or regio n al man ag ement p lan s
Vertebrate pest management plans should provide a clear understanding of the pest
problem in a region or local area, identify the impacts of pest animals, set clear and
achievable goals and outline an implementation strategy for controlling pests. A number
of useful publications and tools can be used to develop plans such as Braysher, M. 1993,
Managing Vertebrate Pests: Principles and Strategies, Australian Government Printing
Services, Canberra and Braysher, M and Saunders, G. 2003, PESTPLAN: A guide to setting
priorities and developing a management plan for pest animals, Canberra. These documents
are available at www.feral.org.au
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
12
INTRODUC TION
Whilst pest management plans will vary from region to region depending on local issues,
available resources, prevalence and distribution of pest species and impacts on production
and conservation values, a number of common planning and development principles
should be applied. The following ten steps should be considered to develop a successful
vertebrate pest management plan.
Table 1: Ten Step process for developing a regional or local vertebrate pest management plan
(Adapted from PESTPLAN: A guide to setting priorities and developing a management plan for pest animals.)
STEP
DESCRIPTION
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
Step 1. Define the
problem
•Concentrate the planning process on managing and reducing the impacts of
pest species, rather than simply a focus on pest abundance and distribution
alone.
•Identify and if possible, quantify the production and /or conservation values
under threat from pests.
• Does the cost of pest control outweigh the benefits from control?
Step 2. Identify
and engage key
stakeholders
• Identify stakeholders who may be impacted by the management plan.
•Discuss the pest animal problem with affected
land managers and their neighbours to identify
•Involving stakeholders early gives them ownership of the planning process and
the scope of the problem, who has the problem,
is likely to improve the level of cooperation and involvement. Stakeholders may
where is the problem and how severe is it?
be engaged as early as Step 1 of the process.
Step 3. Identify and
prioritise key land
management areas
•Managing pest animals over a large area, for example across an entire LLS area
of operations, may be more easily achieved by dividing regions into smaller,
more manageable areas of land (land management areas). Land management
areas may be determined by land use, soil or vegetation types or target pest
species. Land management areas may also be determined by social or political
boundaries including catchment boundaries, Landcare groups, local council
boundaries or specific LLS boundaries.
•Land management areas should ideally have clearly marked boundaries to
work to and mapped to facilitate the planning process.
•Land management areas should be ranked or prioritised based on their
production or land management values, conservation values and threat from
pest animals.
Step 4. Determine
management goals
and measurable
objectives
•Define the pest problem(s) in terms of the degree or extent of harmful impact •Monitor and evaluate the problem to establish
on production and conservation values due to the pests.
benchmarks and goals.
•Set clear, measurable and time-limited objectives aimed at reducing the level •Objectives should identify when the problem has
of pest animal damage to an acceptable level. For example an objective for
been resolved and what information will be used
feral pig damage to lamb production may be to increase lamb marking rates by
to evaluate the outcome of the program.
20% after one year of feral pig control or to increase wattle regeneration by 5%
after one year of feral goat control.
• Set clear milestones and performance indicators.
• Is the problem real or perceived?
•Define the problem in terms that measure the
impacts of the pest animals.
•Prioritise areas and management options based
on animal impacts.
•Maps are an invaluable tool when developing
strategic management plans.
Step 5. Identify
•The most appropriate management options will depend on a range of variables •Options for control should consider economic,
and evaluate
including level of impacts, pest species, available resources, community
environmental, social, political and legal
management options
attitudes and involvement and political pressure.
outcomes.
and conduct a risk
• Options for addressing pest animal damage include:
•Determine the costs of control. Do these outweigh
analysis
the benefits? If so, what other approaches may be
– Local eradication however this is rarely feasible or achievable
considered?
– Strategic management:
One-off control
Sustained management
Targeted management
No Control.
•Pest animal managers should consider incorporating a comprehensive
risk analysis for each of the options. A risk analysis will help to identify the
costs and benefits of the various options, as well as the potential consequences
and undesirable outcomes of implementing each of the control options.
INTRODUC TION
13
Table 1 (continued): Ten Step process for developing a regional or local vertebrate pest management plan
(Adapted from PESTPLAN: A guide to setting priorities and developing a management plan for pest animals.)
STEP
DESCRIPTION
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
Step 6. Develop
a detailed
management plan
• A detailed management plan should clearly state the objectives of the plan.
•The plan should define the actions that will be undertaken: who will do
what, when, how and where. It describes how the selected pest management
options and techniques will be integrated and implemented to achieve the
management objectives.
•The plan should also clearly identify milestones and key performance indicators
which will be used to monitor and evaluate the plan.
•Use the SMART acronym to evaluate your plan, is
the plan:
– Specific
– Measurable
– Achievable
– Realistic
– Timed?
Step 7. Implement
the management
plan
•Develop and maintain effective communication with stakeholders during the
implementation of the management plan(s).
•Provide regular reports and updates on progress against milestones and
key performance indicators and encourage feedback and comments from
stakeholders throughout the implementation phase.
• Delegate tasks to stakeholders.
• Use trained and accredited contractors.
Step 8. Monitor and
evaluate outcomes
• Measure the performance of your plan against the original objectives.
• Performance assessment consists of two components:
– Operational monitoring: what was done, when and at what cost.
– Performance monitoring: were the objectives of the plan achieved and if
not why not? Were pest animal impacts reduced? If not, is this because other
unforeseeable issues were having an impact on production or conservation
values?
•Share the results of your monitoring and evaluation with your stakeholders and
seek their input.
• Monitor before, during and after the program.
•Monitor both pest animal numbers and impacts
such as the number of lambs marked after the
control program was implemented, increased
plant regeneration.
•Has the management strategy solved the problem
through achieving the stated objectives?
•Should the program be continued, be better
resourced, altered or stopped?
Step 9. Implement
adaptive
management: modify
management plan
and objectives as
necessary based
on monitoring and
evaluation
Adaptive management allows the knowledge and experience gained in
implementing and monitoring the plan to be incorporated into future actions
or to modify and amend the current plan depending on the outcomes being
achieved. Plans should therefore be reviewed as often as practicable to determine
if objectives are being met and if changes to the plan is required.
•Pest animal management plans should be ‘living
documents’ which are updated and amended in
response to changes, outcomes and contingencies
identified during the implementation of the plan.
Step 10. Report and
share outcomes
After completion of the implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases of the •Reporting the outcomes of your pest animal
plan it is critical that the results and outcomes of the plan be communicated to
management plan will maintain the support and
stakeholders and the broader community. This will ensure sustained cooperation
cooperation of stakeholders.
and support for future programs and initiatives.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
14
INTRODUC TION
A number of options for managing pest animals may be considered when developing pest
animal management plans.
1. Local Eradication
Eradication is the permanent removal of the entire pest population. Eradication is
rarely achievable even on a local scale, unless the following criteria can be met:
1. Pests can be killed at a faster rate than they can replace themselves.
2. Immigration must be zero.
3. All individuals of the population must be at risk from the control techniques used.
4. The species must be able to be monitored at very low densities.
5. The social-political environment supports eradication.
6. The costs of eradication can be justified.
2. Strategic Management
a) One-off control
Long term or permanent reduction of the impacts of some pests may be possible
with one action or set of actions. Actions may include exclusion fencing or netting or
creating an unsuitable habitat for the pest with a biological control agent.
b)Sustained management
Sustained control is when the pest animal density is reduced and then maintained
at or near a threshold density at which there is no increase in benefit from additional
control. This is usually achieved through an initial knockdown removing a high
proportion of the population followed by periodic maintenance control to slow or
prevent recovery.
c) Targeted management
Action is directed at the individual or group of individual animals causing most of the
damage, or applied when damage is most critical such as targeting a small group of
experienced feral pigs identified as the primary predators of young lambs rather than
focusing on the overall density of feral pigs in the local area.
3. No control
In certain instances no control may be an option at a particular point in time.
F E R A L A N I M A L A E R I A L S H O OT I N G T E A M
Feral Animal Aerial Shooting Team (FAAST) training is a system for accrediting LLS and
NPWS employees to carry out aerial shooting of animals from helicopters. The FAAST policy
requires all aerial culling programs to be conducted according to FAAST protocols by FAASTaccredited shooters. A FAAST management committee guides the training program, this
committee consists of representatives from NSW DPI, NPWS, RSPCA and Local Land Services.
FAAST training courses are held every 3 or 4 years or when the demand for more trained
shooters necessitates a course. Students are required to complete a rigorous training
program in the safe use of firearms, marksmanship, the humane destruction of animals,
and helicopter safety. They are also required to complete a biannual reaccreditation to
ensure marksmanship, firearm familiarisation and aircraft safety remains at a high standard.
If a pest management program includes aerial shooting contact your local LLS or NPWS
office to access the services of a FAAST accredited shooter.
It should be noted that aerial shooting is also undertaken by private contractors in NSW,
this is not the same as FAAST.
INTRODUC TION
15
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
16
INTRODUC TION
Legislation
Legislation in NSW for vertebrate pest management and pesticide use will vary from legislation
in other States and Territories. All agencies and officers from interstate jurisdictions, conducting
pest animal management need to be aware of the relevant legislative requirements in their
own State or Territory.
Vertebrate pest control officers and ACOs from government departments work within
a number of NSW and Commonwealth Acts, Regulations, Orders and other legislative
instruments. It is most important that all officers, regardless of who they work for, know
and understand their various legislative functions, obligations and powers. This ensures
that vertebrate pests are controlled effectively, efficiently and humanely, that the rights of
all land managers are protected, and that work health and safety hazards are identified, risk
rated and managed.
The purpose of this section is to provide a summary of the key legislation governing
pest animal management in NSW, as well as other related legislation. It is not intended
to replace or interpret the legislation and all officers are urged to read the full text of the
relevant Acts, Regulations and Orders.
The main legislation that needs to be considered for pest animal management and
pesticide use in NSW includes but is not limited to:
•
Local Land Services Act 2013
•
Pesticides Act 1999 and Regulation 2009
•
Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and Regulation 2011
•
Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994 (Commonwealth)
•
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979
•
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (amended 2014)
•
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 and Amendment 2001
•
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
•
Native Vegetation Act 2003
•
Deer Act 2006
•
Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997
Complete copies of the legislation listed above are available at:
www.legislation.nsw.gov.au, www.lawfoundation.net.au or www.austlii.edu.au
LO C A L L A N D S E R V I C E S AC T 2013
The Local Land Services Act 2013 ( LLS Act) is the principal legislative instrument governing
the management of vertebrate pests and plague locusts in NSW and is administered by
Local Land Services.
Under Part 10 of this Act, the Minister may make, through publication in the
NSW Government Gazette, Pest Control Orders and declare any animals, birds or insects to
be ‘pests’ and define ‘controlled land’ on which such pests are to be controlled. Currently
rabbits, wild dogs, feral pigs and three species of locust (Australian plague locust,
Migratory locust and the Spur-throated locust) are declared pests under the LLS ACT.
LEGISLATION
17
The Minister may impose various ‘destruction’ and ‘notification’ obligations on occupiers
of controlled land, including public land managers and local government authorities
that require occupiers to ‘continually suppress and destroy declared pests’. The Minister
may also empower authorities to serve individual and general eradication orders on any
occupier or owner of controlled land in its district to eradicate pests by methods specified
in the order.
The LLS Act also contains provisions which may be used to confer significant powers
on ‘authorised officers’ to carry out work on controlled land, and to confer powers on
authorities in relation to the implementation and administration of Pest Control Orders.
LLS may order the occupier or owner of any land to control declared pest species by using
any legal method: applying a registered or permitted pesticide; fumigation; digging in or
out; ploughing in or out; explosives; trapping; dogging; removal or destruction of harbour;
ripping; and shooting, including aerial shooting.
An authorised officer may examine, seize, detain or remove any pest from or about a
premise. An authorised officer may remove or destroy or cause to be removed or destroyed
any pest found in or about those premises that is being kept in captivity without lawful
authority, such as feral pigs raised in urban backyards.
In addition to declared pests, LLS may be involved in the control of foxes and mice to
minimise their impacts on agriculture and the environment.
The Minister must consult the NSW Pest Animal Council and the Game and Pest
Management Advisory Board before declaring an animal that is already declared a game
animal under the Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (amended 2014) to be a pest
animal under the LLS Act.
The relevant sections of the LLS Act are summarised below. This summary is not intended
to replace or interpret the LLS Act; it is intended only to give a broad overview of the duties
and responsibilities of LLS as well as public and private land managers.
Table 2: Summary of relevant sections of the LLS Act with regards to pest control
Local Land Services Act 2013
Part 10 – Pests
This part of the Act provides for the control of public and private land in NSW of animals, birds, insects and other members of the animal kingdom
that are pests.
DIVISION 2 – PEST CONTROL ORDER
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 130
Minister may make pest control orders
The Minister may, through Pest Control Orders published in the NSW Government Gazette, declare animals, birds or
insects to be ‘pests’ and define ‘controlled land’ on which such pests are to be controlled. Presently, wild rabbits, wild
dogs, feral pigs and three species of locust are declared pests under the Act.
Pest Control Orders are made for the purpose of controlling of pest animals on designated public or private land that
are adversely impacting on agricultural enterprises or natural and urban environments.
Pest Control Orders may direct that particular control methods are used.
Local Land Services may issue a control order to the occupier or owner of any land to control declared pest animals,
on that land, by use of any lawful method.
In effect, under the above provisions there are three different types of obligations or orders. They are:
(a)A general destruction obligation. This is an on-going obligation on occupiers of land to ‘eradicate’ declared
noxious vertebrate pests on land throughout the State. It is issued by the Minister.
(b)An individual eradication order that may be issued by a LLS. Such an order is issued to the occupier of an
individual holding if he/she has failed to comply with the on-going obligation referred to above.
(c)A general eradication order that may be issued by a LLS in relation to all or part of its district. This type of
order may be issued by a LLS if land managers generally within the district (or part of the district) have failed to
comply with the general destruction obligation.
LEGISLATION
Sections 142 and 143
Obligations of owners and occupiers of
private and
public land
Occupiers of private and public land to which a control order applies must implement any control measures specified
in that order.
Occupiers of private and public land must notify authorities of the presence of pests which are subject to notification
obligations as soon as practicable after becoming aware of their presence such as plague locusts.
Alternative methods (to those specified in pest control orders) of pest eradication may be approved by Local Land
Services.
DIVISION 3 – ERADICATION ORDERS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Sections 144 and 145
When are eradication orders issued and
what is the period
of compliance
Local Land Services may give an eradication order in relation to a pest on controlled land only if Local Land Services
considers that it is necessary to give it to ensure the effective eradication of the pest on the land.
An individual eradication order is to be served on the occupier or owner of the land concerned.
A general eradication order is to be published in a newspaper circulating generally in the region or part of the region
concerned.
Eradication orders must specify a reasonable period within which the terms of the order are to be complied with
unless, circumstances prevail in which serious risk of harm is being caused by pests.
DIVISION 4 – POWERS OF AUTHORISED OFFICERS AND OTHERS CONCERNING ERADICATION OF PESTS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 151
Eradication of pests
An authorised officer may take such measures and carry out such work on any controlled land as the authorised
officer considers necessary to eradicate pests on the land if:
(a) a pest control order authorises the taking of such action, or
(b)the owner or occupier of the land has failed to comply with a pest control order or an eradication order
applying to the land, or
(c) the owner or occupier of the land consents to the measures or work being taken or carried out.
Section 152
Destruction of pests may be required
Authorised officers may require persons in possession of a pest to destroy the pest or to move the pest to a place
where it is not a pest.
If a person fails to comply with the above notice an authorised officer may take the required action.
Authorised officers who on reasonable grounds believe a vehicle may contain a pest may require the driver to stop
the vehicle, may search the vehicle, may require the driver to move a vehicle to a place at which a pest can be
destroyed and may seize and destroy a pest found in or on a vehicle.
Section 153
Compliance notice pests
Authorities may impose inspection charges and charges to cover the reasonable expenses of any action taken as a
consequence of owners or occupiers failing to control pests on their land.
DIVISION 5 – MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 156
Approval to keep a pest in captivity or
use alternative method of eradication
(1)If Local Land Services is empowered by a pest control order to give approval to keep a pest in captivity, any
person may apply in writing to Local Land Services for approval for the person to keep the pest in captivity on
specified land.
(2)If Local Land Services is empowered by a pest control order to give approval for use of an alternative method of
eradication of a pest, any person may apply in writing to Local Land Services for approval to use an alternative
method of eradication described in the application to that specified in the order.
(3)Local Land Services may give the approval sought in writing subject to the conditions (if any) stated in the
approval.
(4)An application under this section is taken (for the purposes only of any appeal) to have been refused if it has
not been determined within the period of 40 days after the making of the application.
Section 158
Offences relating to pests in captivity
(1)A person must not keep a pest in captivity on any land except in accordance with an approval to keep the pest
in captivity on the land given under section 156.
(2)Any person who (without lawful excuse) liberates, or attempts to liberate, a pest from captivity is guilty of an
offence.
LEGISLATION
19
Section 160
(1)A person must not, without lawful excuse, carry, drive or pass a pest through, under or over a fence or gate on
any land (whether controlled land or otherwise) that is designed to prevent such a pest from entering land.
Offences involving fences and pests and
conveyance of pests
(2) A person must not, without lawful excuse:
(a)leave open a gate in a fence on any land (whether controlled land or otherwise) that is designed to
prevent pests from entering land, or
(b) destroy or damage any such fence or gate, or
(c)interfere with any such fence or gate or the surface or subsurface under it in a manner likely to impair its
effectiveness as a barrier to such pests.
(3)A person must not, without lawful excuse, convey a live pest from one place to another (whether by vehicle or
otherwise).
Section 161
Damage, destruction, removal of
eradication devices
A person must not, without lawful excuse:
(a)destroy, damage or remove any thing that is being used or intended to be used for the purposes of eradicating
pests in accordance with this Part, or
(b) interfere with any such thing in a manner that is likely to impair its effectiveness.
Part 11 – Powers of authorised officers
This part of the LLS Act details what powers an authorised officer has regarding entry to property and undertaking control works
DIVISION 1 – PRELIMINARY
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Sections 164
Power of entry and Purposes
(1) An authorised officer may enter any premises to enable the authorised officer to exercise any function conferred
or imposed on the authorised officer, or any function of Local Land Services that the officer is authorised to
exercise, by or under this Act.
(2) The authorised officer may enter premises with such persons and with such vehicles, horses and dogs as the
authorised officer considers are necessary to enable or assist the authorised officer to exercise the function
concerned.
165 Purposes for which powers under Part
may be exercised
Powers may be exercised under this Part for the following purposes:
(a) for determining whether there has been compliance with or a contravention of this Act or the regulations or any
order, licence, notice, permit or requirement issued or made under this Act,
(b) for obtaining information or records for purposes connected with the administration of this Act,
(c) for the purpose of enabling Local Land Services, the authorised officer or any other person to exercise any
function conferred or imposed on the person under this or any other Act.
DIVISION 2 – AUTHORISED OFFICERS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 171
Entry into residential premises only
with permission or warrant
An authorised officer may only enter residential premises with the permission of the occupier or with a search
warrant issued under Section 178.
Section 172
Powers of authorised officers to do
things on premises
Authorised officers may do anything that in the opinion of the authorised officer is necessary to be done for the
purposes of this Act.
Subsection (2) includes (but is not limited to) a range of the things authorised officers may do.
Section 173
Notice of entry
(1)and (2) Notice of entry must be given at least one day prior to entry and may be oral or written.
(3) This section does not require notice to be given:
(a) if entry to the premises is made with the consent of the occupier of the premises, or
(b) if entry has been authorised by a search warrant issued under section 196, or
(c)if entry is required urgently and the authorising authority has authorised in writing (either generally or in the
particular case) entry without notice, or
(c1)if the authorised officer concerned is a police officer and the giving of notice would defeat the purpose for
which it is intended to exercise the power of entry, or
(d) if entry is required to eradicate any pest kept in captivity without lawful authority.
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LEGISLATION
Part 14 – Miscellaneous
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 209
Service of documents
(1) A document may be served on Local Land Services by leaving it at, or by sending it by post to:
(a) the office of Local Land Services, or
(b) if it has more than one office—any one of its offices.
(2)A document that is authorised or required by this Act or the regulations to be served on any other person may
be served by:
(a) in the case of a natural person:
(i) delivering it to the person personally, or
(ii)sending it by post to the address specified by the person for the giving or service of documents or, if
no such address is specified, the residential or business address of the person last known to the person
giving or serving the document, or
(iii) sending it by facsimile transmission to the facsimile number of the person, or
(b) in the case of a body corporate:
(i)leaving it with a person apparently of or above the age of 16 years at, or by sending it by post to, the
head office, a registered office or a principal office of the body corporate or to an address specified by
the body corporate for the giving or service of documents, or
(ii) sending it by facsimile transmission to the facsimile number of the body corporate.
(3)Nothing in this section affects the operation of any provision of a law or of the rules of a court authorising a
document to be served on a person in any other manner.
PART 13 – MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
100 Nuisance animals
An authority at the request of the owner or occupier of a holding in its district, may carry out any activity it considers
necessary to control any animal (other than a pest within the meaning of Part 10 of the Act) causing a nuisance on
the holding.
P E S T I C I D E S AC T 1999
The Pesticides Act 1999 (Pesticides Act) is the primary legislative instrument controlling the use of
pesticides in NSW and is administered by the EPA.
The underlying principle of the Act is that pesticides must only be used for the purpose described on the
product label or permit and all the instructions on the label or permit must be followed. Consequently, all
label or permit directions must be read by or explained to the user prior to each use of the pesticide.
The relevant sections of the Pesticides Act and Regulation 2009 are summarised below.
This summary is not intended to replace or interpret the Pesticides Act and Regulation 2009. It is intended
only to give a broad overview of the duties and responsibilities of ACOs as well as public and private land
managers.
LEGISLATION
21
Table 3: Summary of relevant sections of the Pesticides Act with regards to pest control.
Pesticides Act 1999
This Act aims to protect and reduce the risk associated with the use of pesticides to human health, the environment, property, industry and trade
and to promote collaborative and integrated policies and establish a legislative framework to regulate the use of pesticides
PART 1 – PRELIMINARY
Section 4 – Definitions
Harm an animal or plant includes poison, injure, contaminate, infect, distress, maim, impair or kill the animal or plant.
Injury to a person includes any kind of physical or psychological injury whether temporary or permanent, including conditions such as nausea, allergic reaction,
dizziness, headache, stress, and running nose or eyes.
Section 5 – Meaning of ‘pesticide’
(1)A pesticide means:
• an agricultural chemical product within the meaning of the Agvet Code, or
•a veterinary chemical product (within the meaning of the Agvet Code) that is represented as being suitable for, or is manufactured, supplied or used for, the
external control of ectoparasites of animals.
Note: The Agvet Code defines an ‘agricultural chemical product’ to be a substance or a mixture of substances that is represented, imported, manufactured,
supplied or used as a means of directly or indirectly:
(a) destroying, stupefying, repelling, inhibiting the feeding of, or preventing infestation by or attacks of, any pest in relation to a plant, a place or a thing, or
(b) destroying a plant, or
(c) modifying the physiology of a plant or pest so as to alter its natural development, productivity, quality or reproductive capacity, or
(d) modifying an effect of another agricultural chemical product, or
(e) attracting a pest for the purpose of destroying it.
The term also includes insect repellants for use on human beings.
(2) A pesticide continues to be regarded as a pesticide even when it is mixed with some other substance (whether or not the other substance is a pesticide).
However, a pesticide does not include a prescribed mixture or a mixture of a prescribed class or description.
Note: Subsection (2) generally deals with the situation where a pesticide is diluted, or is mixed, before being used. The effect of the provision is that the mixing of a
pesticide does not mean that it is no longer a pesticide.
PENALTIES SUMMARISED
The Pesticides Act 1999 contains penalties of up to $250,000 in the case of a corporation, or $120,000 in the case of an individual for various offences under each
Section.
Some Sections provide defenses against prosecution such as:
‘On-farm’ exception where a person does not commit an offence if the person establishes:
(a) that the injury or damage occurred, or is likely to occur, only on the agricultural farm land in respect of which the pesticide was used, and
(b) that the person is the occupier of that land or is employed or engaged by the occupier of that land.
‘On-farm’/residential premises exception where a person does not commit an offence if the person establishes:
(a) that the harm occurred only on the agricultural farm land, or the residential premises, in respect of which the pesticide was used, and
(b) that the person is the occupier of that land or those premises, or is employed or engaged by the occupier of that land or those premises.
Some Sections have a ‘Due diligence’ defence where it is a defence in any proceedings against a person for an offence under this section if the person establishes:
(a) that the commission of the offence was due to causes over which the person had no control, and
(b) that the person took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of the offence.
While other Sections state it is a defence in any proceedings against a person for an offence if the person establishes that
(a) the person complied with the relevant instructions on an approved label that was, at the time of the alleged offence, affixed or attached to, or appeared on, the
container for the pesticide that was used,
(b) (i)the person used the pesticide at a concentration or rate lower than that specified in the instructions on an approved label provided such lower concentration
or rate was not prohibited by the instructions or by any pesticide control order
(ii) otherwise complied with the relevant instructions on the approved label.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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LEGISLATION
PART 2 – CONTROL OF PESTICIDES
DIVISION 1 – WILFUL OR NEGLIGENT MISUSE OF PESTICIDES
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 7
(1) A person is guilty of an offence if the person wilfully or negligently uses a pesticide in a manner that:
Injury to persons or damage to property (a) injures or is likely to injure any other person, or
resulting from pesticide use
(b) damages or is likely to damage any property of another person.
An ‘On-farm’ exception applies to subsection (1).
Section 8
Harm to animals or plants resulting
from pesticide use
(1) A person is guilty of an offence if the person wilfully or negligently uses a pesticide in a manner that:
(a) harms any non-target animal or non-target plant, or
(b) if there is no approved label or permit for the pesticide – harms any animal or plant.
An ‘On-farm’/residential premises exception applies to subsection (1)
Section 9
Material harm to endangered ,
vulnerable or protected species
(1)A person is guilty of an offence if the person wilfully or negligently uses a pesticide in a manner that materially
harms:
(a)an animal that is a threatened species within the meaning of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995,
or
(b) any protected fauna within the meaning of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.
(2) When considering material harm the following matters are taken into consideration:
(a) the number of animals harmed,
(b) the type of animals harmed,
(c) the local population of the type of animal harmed.
DIVISION 2 – MISUSE OF PESTICIDES
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 10
(1) A person must not use a pesticide in a manner that:
Injury to persons or damage to property (a) injures or is likely to injure any other person, or
resulting from pesticide use
(b) damages or is likely to damage any property of another person
Section 11
Harm to animals or plants resulting
from pesticide use
(1) A person must not use a pesticide in a manner that:
(a) harms any non-target animal or non-target plant, or
(b) if there is no approved label or permit for the pesticide – harms any animal or plant.
DIVISION 3 – GENERAL OFFENCES RELATING TO THE CONTROL OF PESTICIDES
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 12
Possession of unregistered pesticide
Section 13
Use of unregistered pesticide
A person must not possess or use an unregistered pesticide unless the person:
(a) is authorised to do so by a permit, and
(b) complies with the permit.
Section 14
Requirement to read approved label
and permit
(1) A person must on each occasion before using a registered pesticide
(a) read an approved label for the pesticide or
(b) ensure that an approved label for the pesticide is explained to the person
(2)If a permit is in force in respect of a pesticide, a person to whom the permit applies must on each occasion,
before using the pesticide:
(a) read the permit, or
(b) ensure that the permit is explained to the person.
(3)If a pesticide is mixed with any other substance, the approved label or permit for that pesticide still must be
read.
LEGISLATION
23
Section 15
Using pesticide contrary to approved
label
(1)A person must not use a registered pesticide in contravention of any instruction on an approved label for the
pesticide unless the person:
(a) is authorised to do so by a permit, and
(b) complies with the permit
(2)If a registered pesticide is mixed with any other substance, the requirement under subsection (1) in relation to
the pesticide is not affected.
Note. The mixing of a registered pesticide with another substance still means that the relevant instructions on the
approved label for the pesticide must be followed.
An exception is to use a concentration or rate lower than that specified in the instructions on an approved label
provided any such lower concentration or rate was not prohibited by the instructions or by any pesticide control
order.
Section 16
(1)A person must not, without reasonable excuse, keep a registered pesticide in a container that does not have an
approved label attached to the container.
Keeping pesticides in container without
approved label
Section 17
Use or possession of restricted
pesticides
(1) A person must not possess or use a restricted pesticide unless authorised to do so by:
(a) a certificate of competency, or
(b) a pesticide control order.
PART 4 – PESTICIDE CONTROL ORDERS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 38
Making of pesticide control order
Section 39
Operation of pesticide control order
The Office of Environment & Heritage may, with the approval of the Minister, make a pesticide control order (PCO).
The PCO may put in place additional restrictions on the possession or use of pesticides on a state wide basis. For
vertebrate pest poisons this includes the restricted pesticides of 1080 and pindone.
PART 6 – LICENCES AND CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY
DIVISION 1 LICENSING OF AERIAL PESTICIDE OPERATORS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Sections 45 to 55
These sections detail the requirements for licensing, record keeping and suspension or revocation of licence for aerial
pesticide operators.
PART 10 – PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS
DIVISION 6 – OTHER PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 111
Causing or permitting offence
A person who causes or permits, by act or omission, another person to commit an offence under a provision of this
Act or the regulations is guilty of an offence under that provision and is also liable.
PART 11 – MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 119
Regulations
This section states the regulation can detail such directions as the requirements for record keeping, notification of
use, accreditation and compulsory training of pesticide users.
Note: ‘Wilful or negligent misuse’ of pesticides is distinguished from ‘misuse of pesticides’ in the Pesticides
Act. There are higher penalties for people who wilfully or negligently misuse pesticides causing injury,
damage or harm.
All pesticide users should take reasonable care to protect their own health and the health of others when using
a pesticide. They should also make every reasonable attempt to prevent damage occurring from the use of a
pesticide, such as off-target drift onto sensitive areas or harm to endangered and protected species.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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LEGISLATION
Pe s t icide Cont rol O rder s
When the Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) declares
pesticides products to be RCPs, they can only be supplied to and used by authorised
persons under the Pesticides Act
The Pesticides Act requires a person who uses a RCP to be authorised to do so by way of
PCOs. PCOs specify controls over pesticide use, the preparation of bait and the use of each
vertebrate pesticide.
Each PCO is published in the NSW Government Gazette and commences on the date
specified in the order. An advertisement is also placed in certain newspapers so that the
public are made aware that EPA has made these orders.
Currently, sodium fluoroacetate (1080), pindone, and RHDV are all classified as RCPs and
must be used in accordance with the directions of a PCO.
ACOs should ensure that they always have current PCOs for the RCPs they issue to land
managers. ACOs are also required to provide land managers with a copy of the PCO for
each RCP they issue to land managers. PCOs can be downloaded from the EPA website at
www.epa.nsw.gov.au/pesticides/pco.htm
P E S T I C I D E S R E G U L AT I O N 200 9
The Pesticide Regulation 2009 (the Regulation) specifies the need to keep records, for
commercial users to be trained and for public authorities and others to notify when they
are intending to apply pesticides to public land to which the public has access.
Note: The Regulation does not apply to those who use pesticides for domestic or garden
purposes.
R e co rds
Records must be made within 24 hours of application, be made in legible English, and kept
for 3 years.
If a contractor, LLS or other authority applies pesticides to a person’s property, then they
must provide a copy of the record of pesticide application to that person.
While no set form has to be used, records must include the following:
•
the full product name of the pesticide bait used, such as 1080 Poisoned Bait in
chicken wingettes
•
description of the situation in which you used the pesticide, such as rabbit control
in pasture
•
the rate of application and the quantity of pesticide bait applied e.g.10 kg ‘Mouseoff
Zinc Phosphide Bait’ over 10 hectares
•
a description of the equipment used such as bait layer, using cut furrow-trailing
method
•
the property address and a delineation of the area where the pesticide baits were
laid, such as, 2 km trail of bait laid in paddock D, a sketch of the area may be useful
•
the date and time of the application including start and finish times and the date
baits were retrieved
•
the name, address and contact details of the person who applied the pesticide
LEGISLATION
25
•
the name, address and contact details of the owner or the person who has the
management or control of the land
•
weather conditions specified as relevant on the label.
A factsheet on Pesticide Record Keeping Vertebrate Pest Baiting is available at
www.epa.nsw.gov.au/resources/pesticides/baiting.pdf
The vertebrate pesticide usage and supply record (such as the Financial and Rural
Management System (FARMS)) is an inventory of vertebrate pesticide use by the LLS or
other authorised agencies. While it shows details of type of baits, who was issued with
baits and the property where baits were destined, it is not a record of pesticide use. That
must be made by the end user, the land manager, employee or contractor placing the
baits, including LLS, NPWS or other government agency staff who lay baits on public or
private land.
Aer ial applicat ion of baits
Different record keeping rules apply to situations where baits are distributed from an
aircraft. Baits can only be applied from an aircraft if the pilot has a pesticide or agricultural
rating and the aircraft has an air operator’s certificate endorsed for pesticide application
or is employed or engaged by the holder of an aircraft (pesticide applicator) licence.
Bait droppers need to have at least Australian Qualifications Framework Level 3 (AQF3)
Chemical use accreditation. A pesticide application record applicable to the bait line must
be completed by the aerial contractor and supplied to the land manager. Contact EPA if
further information on record keeping rules for aerial pesticide applications is required.
Us er t raining
All pesticide users must complete the prescribed training qualifications in pesticide use
and renew this training every five years by completing a refresher course. This includes
anyone who uses any type of pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides,
bactericides, baits, lures and rodenticides (rat poison) in their work. Only domestic use,
such as home gardens, is excluded, provided the pesticide is a specific domestic or home
garden product.
If a person is working as a pest management technician, or who conducts fumigation or
as an aerial applicator under the Pesticides Act these training requirements do not apply.
There are separate training requirements necessary for this type of work.
The minimum prescribed competency level of accreditation for chemical use is Australian
Qualifications Framework level 2 (AQF2). Owner-applicators and pest control personnel are
required to be accredited at AQF3 level. ACO’s who issue 1080 and pindone have the added
responsibility of supplying and instructing land managers on the safe and effective use of
these pesticides and thus must have chemical use accreditation at AQF4 level.
Land managers who only use pre-prepared or manufactured baits of 1080 and pindone
pre-prepared products to control vertebrate pests, and who use no other pesticides, may
complete the EPA gazetted short course run by LLS or a Registered Training Organisation to
satisfy the minimum training requirements for pesticide use.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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LEGISLATION
N o t i f icat ion
The Regulation requires the development of a Pesticide Use Notification Plan (PUNP) for
public spaces where pesticides are applied and to which the public has access. Public
spaces requiring a PUNP may include gardens, picnic areas, playgrounds, parks, sporting
fields, road verges, electricity or rail easements legally accessible by the public, national
parks, state forest, and crown land. Water bodies on public lands must be included in a
PUNP if aquatic weeds are to be sprayed or if pest fish are to be controlled by application of
pesticides to water.
The plan has to define the means by which the community will be notified, such as on-site
signs, letters to affected community members, and news items in the local paper or on the
local radio.
The PUNP should set out what information will be provided to the community. This should
include, the product name of pesticide applied, the purpose for which the pesticide was
applied such as fox control, the place, the date, applicator contact details (phone number
and/or internet address) and re-entry period.
AG R I C U LT U R A L A N D V E T E R I N A RY C H E M I C A L S CO D E
AC T 1994
The registration of agricultural and veterinary chemicals and their products is conducted
through a national registration scheme. All aspects of Agvet chemicals up until the point
of retail sale is controlled by the federal Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994
(AgVet Code 1994). The AgVet Code 1994 is administered by the APVMA. State and territory
legislation deals with all aspects of Agvet chemicals following the point of sale such as
the control of chemical usage. For example, the APVMA regulates 1080 up to and including
the point of retail sale. Once supplied to the end user, it comes under the regulation of
individual States or Territories. NSW administers 1080 through a PCO issued under the
Pesticides Act.
Under the AgVet Code 1994, all pesticides possessed, sold, supplied or intended for use
must be registered. It is an offence to possess or use an unregistered pesticide unless
approval has been granted through an APVMA permit.
Labels are registered under the AgVet Code 1994. It is illegal to detach, alter, deface,
obliterate or destroy the label on a pesticide container or to affix other labels.
The APVMA may declare certain chemical products to be RCPs if special training, and other
requirements, are needed to be able to handle or use the chemical.
Products that are declared to be RCPs can only be used by an authorised person. The
relevant Australian State or Territory authority, such as EPA in NSW, determines who may be
considered as an authorised person.
Legislation relating to RCPs may be found in Part 4, Division 4 of the AgVet Code 1994.
Currently RCPs that are vertebrate pest poisons include 1080, pindone and RHDV.
LEGISLATION
27
Work Health and Safety Act 2011
As a result of a national review of work health and safety laws across the country, a model
Work Health and Safety Act was developed and endorsed by the Workplace Relations
Ministers’ Council in December 2009. Harmonisation in NSW has been achieved through
the enactment of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act). Essentially this means
there is a national approach to State laws, and not a Commonwealth Act to replace State
laws. Compliance with the WHS Act is enforced by WorkCover NSW.
The main object of the WHS Act is to provide for a balanced and nationally consistent
framework to secure the health and safety of workers and workplaces by:
(a) protecting workers and other persons against harm to their health, safety and
welfare through the elimination or minimisation of risks arising from work or from
specified types of substances or plant, and
(b) providing for fair and effective workplace representation, consultation,
co-operation and issue resolution in relation to work health and safety, and
(c) encouraging unions and employer organisations to take a constructive role in
promoting improvements in work health and safety practices, and assisting persons
conducting businesses or undertakings and workers to achieve a healthier and safer
working environment, and
(d) promoting the provision of advice, information, education and training in relation
to work health and safety, and
(e) securing compliance with this Act through effective and appropriate compliance
and enforcement measures, and
(f ) ensuring appropriate scrutiny and review of actions taken by persons exercising
powers and performing functions under this Act, and
(g) providing a framework for continuous improvement and progressively higher
standards of work health and safety, and
(h) maintaining and strengthening the national harmonisation of laws relating to work
health and safety and to facilitate a consistent national approach to work health
and safety in this jurisdiction.
Relevant chapters in the Work Health and Safety Regulation will need to be reviewed
including and not limited to topics such as Chapter 3 General risk and workplace
management, Chapter 4 Hazardous work and Chapter 7 Hazardous chemicals. Relevant
codes of practice should also be reviewed to provide guidance to eliminate or control
risks in vertebrate pest management. Workers must also be aware of the following
items: Schedule 7 Safety data sheets, Schedule 9 Classification, packaging and labelling
requirements, Schedule 11 Placard and manifest quantities, Schedule 12 Manifest
requirements, Schedule 13 Placard requirements, Schedule 14 Requirements for health
monitoring and Clause 60 Exemptions and Clause 65 Pesticide operators and fumigators
under Schedule 18B Savings and transitional provisions of WHS Regulation 2011.
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LEGISLATION
Agri cult ural fum igant us e
The occupational use of fumigants in NSW has required a fumigation certificate of
competency under OHS legislation. LLS are exempt from requiring a fumigation certificate
of competency for the manual application of aluminium phosphide and application of
chloropricrin by pressure fumigator.
Regulation of fumigants is not included in the new Workplace Health and Safety Act and
Regulation 2011, which came into force on January 1, 2012. However, Transitional and
Savings Arrangements made under Schedule 18 B will continue to be in force until other
alternate arrangements have been made. Which means that the original exemption for LLS
applies until Part 9.1 of the OHS Regulation is repealed.
P R E V E N T I O N O F C RU E LT Y TO A N I M A L AC T 1979
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act) and its
associated regulation legislate acceptable standards for animal welfare. The objectives of
the Act, as described in Section 3, are:
(a) to prevent cruelty to animals; and
(b) to promote the welfare of animals by requiring a person in charge of an animal:
(i) to provide care for the animal, and
(ii) to treat the animal in a humane manner, and
(iii) to ensure the welfare of the animal.
The relevant sections of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act are summarised below.
This summary is not intended to replace or interpret the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Act. It is intended only to give a broad overview of the areas of the Act that relate to
vertebrate pests.
Table 4: Summary of relevant sections of the Prevention to Cruelty of Animals Act with regards to pest control.
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979
PART 1 – PRELIMINARY
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 5
Cruelty to animals
(1) A person shall not commit an act of cruelty upon an animal.
(2) A person in charge of an animal shall not authorise the commission of an act of cruelty upon the animal.
(3) A person in charge of an animal shall not fail at any time:
(a)to exercise reasonable care, control or supervision of an animal to prevent the commission of an act of
cruelty upon the animal,
(b)where pain is being inflicted upon the animal, to take such reasonable steps as are necessary to alleviate the
pain, or
(c)where it is necessary for the animal to be provided with veterinary treatment, whether or not over a period
of time, to provide it with that treatment.
Section 7
Carriage and conveyance of animals
(1) A person shall not:
(a) carry or convey an animal, or
(b)where the person is a person in charge of an animal – authorise the carriage or conveyance of the animal, in
a manner which unreasonably, unnecessarily or unjustifiably inflicts pain upon the animal.
(2A) Without limiting subsection (1), a person must not carry or convey a dog (other than a dog being used to
work livestock), on the open back of a moving vehicle on a public street unless the dog is restrained or enclosed in
such a way as to prevent the dog falling from the vehicle.
LEGISLATION
29
Section 8
A person in charge of an animal shall not fail to provide the animal with food, drink or shelter, or any of them, which,
Animals to be provided with food, drink in each case, is proper and sufficient and which it is reasonably practicable in the circumstances for the person to
provide.
or shelter
Note: In most cases an animal should be provided with food, shelter and clean water during a period of 24 hours.
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Section 10
Tethering of animals
(1) A person shall not:
(a) tether an animal, or
(b)where the person is a person in charge of an animal – authorise the tethering of the animal, for an
unreasonable length of time or by means of an unreasonably heavy, or unreasonably short, tether.
Section 15
Poisons not to be administered to
animals
(1) In this section, poison includes:
(a)a substance included in the list, as in force for the time being, proclaimed under section 8 of the Poisons
and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (or a substance that includes such a substance), or
(b)a substance containing glass or any other thing likely to kill or injure an animal.
(2) A person shall not:
(a) administer a poison, or a substance containing a poison, to a domestic animal,
(b)with the intention of destroying or injuring a domestic animal, throw, cast, drop, leave or lay a poison, or a
substance containing a poison, in any place, or
(c) have in his or her possession a poison with the intention of using it to kill or injure a domestic animal.
Section 19
Trap-shooting prohibited
A person shall not advertise, promote or take part in a match, competition or other activity in which an animal is
released from confinement for the purpose of that person, or any other person, shooting at it.
Section 20
Certain animal-catching activities
prohibited
A person shall not advertise, promote or take part in a match, competition or other activity in which an animal is
released from confinement for the purpose of that person, or any other person, chasing, catching or confining it.
Section 21
Coursing and other similar activities
prohibited
(1) A person who:
(a)causes, procures, permits or encourages an activity in which an animal is released from confinement for
the purpose of its being chased, caught or confined by a dog, or
(b) advertises the intention to conduct such an activity, or
(c) promotes, organises or attends such an activity, or
(d)uses an animal as a lure or kill for the purpose of blooding greyhounds or in connection with the trialing,
training or racing of any coursing dog, or
(e)keeps or is in charge of an animal for use as a lure or kill for the purpose of blooding greyhounds or in
connection with the trialing, training or racing of any coursing dog,
(f) is guilty of an offence.
Section 22
Severely injured animals not to be sold
(1)Subject to subsection (2), a person shall not purchase, acquire, keep or sell, or offer or expose for sale, an
animal which is so severely injured, so diseased or in such a condition that it is cruel to keep it alive.
LEGISLATION
Section 23
Certain traps not to be set
(1) A person shall not, in a prescribed part of New South Wales, set a trap of a prescribed type.
(2) A person must not:
(a) in any part of New South Wales, set a steel-jawed trap, or
(b) possess a steel-jawed trap with the intention of using it to trap an animal.
(3) In this section
A steel-jawed trap means a trap that has jaws that are made of steel, iron or other metal and that are designed
to spring together and trap an animal when a leg or other part of the animal’s body comes into contact with, or is
placed between, the jaws, but does not include a soft-jawed trap (that is, a trap with steel jaws that are offset and
padded).
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (General) Regulation 2006
PART 2 – PROVISIONS RELATING TO CONFINEMENT, CARRIAGE AND USE OF ANIMALS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 14
Prescribed parts of NSW and prescribed
traps
(1) For the purposes of Section 23 (1) of the Act, the prescribed parts of New South Wales are as follows:
(a) the Eastern and Central Division within the meaning of the Crown Lands Act 1989,
(b) the Western Division within the meaning of the Crown Lands Act 1989,
(c) Lord Howe Island.
(2) For the purposes of section 23 (1) of the Act, the prescribed types of trap are the following:
(a) traps that are sold under any of the following trade or proprietary names or descriptions:
(i) ‘Lane’s ‘Ace Rabbit Trap’,
(ii) ‘Lane’s Dog Trap’,
(iii) ‘Lane’s Round Jaw Wild Dog Trap’,
(iv) ‘Lane’s Dingo Trap’,
(v) ‘Oneida No 14 Steel Trap’,
(b)any other trap that is similar in design, construction or manner of operation to any of the traps referred to
in paragraph (a) (except for a soft-jawed trap, that is, a trap with steel jaws that are offset and padded).
For the purposes of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, ‘animal’ includes vertebrate pests.
The overriding concern for vertebrate pest managers under this Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals Act is that risk assessments and due diligence should include provision to avoid
unnecessary suffering of vertebrate pest animals during control activities.
Exe m pt ions
There are a number of practices that are exempt from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Act. Exempt activities include hunting, shooting, snaring, trapping, catching or capturing
the animal, where the activity is undertaken ‘in a manner that inflicted no unnecessary pain
on the animal’.
Us e of cer t ain t ypes of t raps
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act prohibits the use or setting of steel-jawed
traps in any part of NSW. Steel-jawed traps are defined as any trap that has jaws that are
made of steel, iron or other metal and that are designed to spring together and trap an
animal when a leg or other part of the animal’s body comes into contact with, or is placed
between, the jaws.
However, soft-jawed traps, that is, traps with steel jaws that are offset and padded are
permitted to be used, see Part 2, Section 23 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.
LEGISLATION
31
Us e of dogs for pes t an imal co ntro l
Dogs and other animals may be used when hunting, but only if their use is not in
contravention to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act; and their use is with the
permission of the occupier of the land concerned.
All dogs being used to hunt must be microchipped and wear a collar which has a metal tag
or label attached with the name, address and telephone number of the owner of the dog.
They must not chase any other species of animal not being hunted.
When using dogs to hunt pigs on public land a person hunting alone may use up to three
dogs and a group of hunters may use up to five dogs. Dogs must not be allowed to maul or
kill pigs and hunters must take all necessary steps to ensure that their dogs do not inflict
unnecessary pain on the pig.
When using dogs to hunt deer a person hunting alone may use one dog to hunt deer or a
group may use up to two dogs to hunt deer. The dogs must only be used to locate, point
or flush the deer, the dog must not chase the deer or any other species. If not on a lead the
dog must be wearing a radio tracking collar.
Dogs must not be abandoned on public land.
G A M E A N D F E R A L A N I M A L CO N T R O L AC T 2002
( A M E N D E D 20 1 4 )
Game and feral animal hunting in NSW is subject to regulations to ensure the safety of all
users of public land. The conditions which apply to legal hunting in NSW are set out in the
Game and Feral Animal Act 2002 (amended 2014) (Game and Feral Animal Control Act) and
associated Regulation.
The NSW Department of Primary Industries, Game Licensing Unit is responsible for
enforcement of and compliance with these conditions. Breaches of the regulations may
result in serious penalties.
Additional requirements apply depending on whether you are hunting on public land or
hunting on private land. The objectives of the Game and Feral Animal Control Act are:
(a) to provide for the effective management of introduced species of game animals,
and
(b) to promote responsible and orderly hunting of those game animals on public and private land and of certain pest animals on public land.
The relevant sections of the Game and Feral Animal Control Act are summarised below.
This summary is not intended to replace or interpret the Game and Feral Animal Control
Act. It is intended only to give a broad overview of the areas of the Act that relate to
vertebrate pests and their management.
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LEGISLATION
Table 5: Summary of relevant sections of the Game and Feral Animal Control Act with regards to pest control.
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (amended 2014)
PART 1 – PRELIMINARY
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 5
Game animals for the purposes of this
Act
(1) For the purposes of this Act, a game animal is any animal specified in Schedule 3 that is living in the wild.
(2) The Minister may, by order published on the NSW legislation website, amend Schedule 3:
(a)by adding the name or description of any animal (other than an animal of a species that was native to
Australia before European settlement), or
(b) by omitting or amending any such name or description.
(3)Despite any other provision of this section, a game animal does not include any animal that is or is part of
a threatened species, population or ecological community within the meaning of the Threatened Species
Conservation Act 1995.
Schedule 3 Game animals,
Non-indigenous game animals (licence required to hunt on public or private land)
Birds
Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)
California Quail (Lophortyx callipepla californicus)
Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)
Partridge (Alectors alectoris chukar)
Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
Pheasant (Phasiniacus phasianus colchicus)
Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis)
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Other animals
Deer (Family cervidae)
Non-indigenous animals (licence required to hunt on public land only)
Note. A game hunting licence is not required for hunting the animals listed in this Part on private land, and
accordingly is only required if the animals are living in the wild on public land
Cat
Dog (other than dingo)
Goat
Fox
Hare
Rabbit
Pig
Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Common or Indian Myna (Acridotheres tristis)
Feral Pigeon (Columba livia)
Section 9
Functions of Game and Pest
Management Advisory Board
(1)
The Advisory Board has the following functions:
(a) to represent the interests of licensed game hunters in matters arising under this Act,
(b)to provide advice on request to the Minister or the Regulatory Authority on game and feral animal control,
(c)to provide advice on request to the Minister on priorities for expenditure on research from the Game and
Pest Management Trust Fund,
(d)to provide advice to the Minister or the Regulatory Authority on educational courses relating to game
hunting.
(2)The Advisory Board is subject to the control and direction of the Minister (except in relation to the contents of
any advice of the Advisory Board).
(3) The Advisory Board is to provide the Minister with an annual report of its activities during the year.
LEGISLATION
33
PART 3 – LICENSING AND CONTROL OF HUNTING FOR GAME ANIMALS
DIVISION 1 – PRELIMINARY
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 14
Classes of game hunting licences
The following classes of game hunting licences may be granted under this Act:
(a) general game hunting licences,
(b) restricted game hunting licences.
Section 15
Authority conferred by different classes
of game hunting licences
(1) General licence
A general game hunting licence authorises, subject to this Act, the holder of the licence to hunt game animals
on any private land.
(2) Restricted licence
A restricted game hunting licence authorises, subject to this Act, the holder of the licence to hunt game
animals on public land as well as any private land.
Note. In the case of hunting on public land, section 18 provides that a game hunting licence does not
authorise hunting unless the land is duly declared under section 20 to be available for hunting. Such a
declaration may require hunters to register and obtain written permission to hunt on that land.
(2A)Possession of carcass or skin or other part of game animal
A game hunting licence authorises the holder of the licence to possess the carcass, or the skin or any other
part, of any game animal that the licence holder has killed under the authority conferred by the licence.
(3) Entry into land
A game hunting licence does not authorise the holder of the licence to enter any land that the holder is not
otherwise authorised to enter.
(4) Other statutory prohibitions
Except as provided by section 6A (1), a game hunting licence does not authorise the holder of the licence to
contravene any prohibition or restriction imposed by or under any Act or statutory instrument.
DIVISION 2 – LICENSING OF HUNTERS OF GAME ANIMALS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 16
Licence required to hunt game animals
(1)A person who hunts a game animal on any private land or public land is guilty of an offence unless the person
is the holder of a game hunting licence.
Section 17
Exemptions from licensing
(1) A game hunting licence is not required under this Division in respect of the following:
(a) a person who is hunting an animal listed in Part 2 of Schedule 3 on private land,
(b)a person who is hunting on any land owned or occupied by the person or by a member of the person’s
household,
(b1)a person who is hunting on any land owned or occupied by the person’s employer or by a corporation of
which the person is an officer,
(c) an Aboriginal person:
(i)who is hunting a game animal pursuant to a native title right or interest that is the subject of an
approved determination of native title or of a registered native title claim, or
(ii)who is a member, or in the company of a member, of a Local Aboriginal Land Council and who is
undertaking traditional cultural hunting within the area of the Council,
(d)a person who is hunting animals listed in Part 2 of Schedule 3 in accordance with a duty imposed on the
person (or on any corporation of which the person is an officer or employee) under Local Land Services
Act 2013 or the Wild Dog Destruction Act 1921 to suppress and destroy the animals (other than a person
assisting any such person in the performance of that duty),
(d1)a person who is hunting deer in accordance with a duty imposed on the person or the person’s
employer (or on any corporation of which the person is an officer) because of a deer control order
or compliance direction under the Deer Act 2006,
(e)(Repealed)
(f)a person employed by any public or local authority (including a member of staff of Local Land Services)
who is acting in the execution of his or her duties as such an employee,
(g)a veterinary practitioner (within the meaning of the Veterinary Practice Act 2003) or other person who is
acting for the purposes of killing or treating an animal in distress due to injury or illness,
(h) a person of a class, or hunting in the circumstances, prescribed by the regulations.
(2)A person who is not required to hold a game hunting licence because of this section is not prevented from
applying for and being granted a licence in accordance with this Act.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
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LEGISLATION
DIVISION 3 – CONTROL OF HUNTING FOR GAME ANIMALS ON PUBLIC LANDS (RESTRICTED GAME HUNTING LICENCES)
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 18
Hunting of game animals on public land
A person who hunts a game animal on any public land and who is required by Division 2 to hold a game hunting
licence to do so is guilty of an offence unless:
(a)a declaration is in force under this Division that permits the person to hunt that game animal on that land at
that time, and
(b) the person is the holder of a restricted game hunting licence.
Section 19
(1) A person is not entitled to be granted a restricted game hunting licence unless:
Special qualifications for restricted game (a)the person is a member of a hunting club, or organisation, approved by the Regulatory Authority, and
hunting licence
(b)the person satisfies the Regulatory Authority that he or she has undertaken adequate training for the
activities authorised by the licence.
(2) In this section, adequate training includes training of a kind prescribed by the regulations.
Section 20
Declaration of public lands available for
hunting game
(1)For the purposes of this section, the responsible Minister for public lands is the Minister who has the care or
control of the land or who is responsible for the authority that has the care or control of the land.
(2)The responsible Minister for public land may make a declaration in accordance with this section that game
animals on that land may be hunted by persons duly licensed under this Act.
(3)The responsible Minister must, before making a declaration, give public notice of the proposed declaration in
accordance with the regulations.
(4) The responsible Minister is, before making a declaration, to have regard to:
(a) the impact of the declaration on public safety, and
(b) the rights of others using the land, and
(c) any plan of management or other policy document relating to the use or management of the land, and
(d) any recommendation of the authority that has care or control of the land, and
(e) any recommendation of the Regulatory Authority.
(5)A declaration may be limited to particular parts of the land, to particular game animals, to particular times or
to other particular circumstances.
(6) A declaration may require a person who hunts game animals in the land concerned:
(a) to register with a specified person or body before hunting on the land, and
(b)to comply with any exclusion or other notice issued or erected by the authority that has the care or
control of the land, and
(c) to comply with such other requirements as are specified in the declaration.
A person is not permitted by the declaration to hunt game animals unless any such requirements are complied
with.
(7)The responsible Minister is to give a copy of any declaration to the Regulatory Authority and is to cause the
declaration to be made public in such manner as the Minister thinks fit.
(8)A declaration remains in force for the period specified in the declaration unless it is sooner revoked by the
responsible Minister.
(9)The responsible Minister may delegate to any authority or other person any function of the Minister under this
section.
(10)A declaration does not confer authority for anything that is inconsistent with the requirements of any other
Act or law.
(11) The Minister may vary or revoke a declaration under this section.
PART 5 – MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 55
Offence of releasing animals for the
purpose of hunting
A person must not release a game animal into the wild for the purpose of hunting the animal or its descendants.
See www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/hunting for more information on the Game and Feral Animal
Act and Game licencing in NSW.
LEGISLATION
35
N AT I O N A L PA R K S A N D W I L D L I F E AC T 1974
All native birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, except the dingo are protected in NSW under the
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1979 (NPW Act) and the National Parks and Wildlife Regulations 2002. Once
a particular plant or animal is listed as a threatened, vulnerable or endangered species they are afforded
additional protection under the Threatened Species Act 1995. The agency responsible for the protection of
native animals and plants in NSW is NPWS.
Some native birds are not protected in certain parts of NSW because they are either agricultural or
pastoral pests:
•
Sulphur-crested cockatoos and galahs have been declared ‘locally unprotected’ west of the Great
Dividing Range in the Central and Western divisions of the state, because of the damage they do to
grain crops
•
Crows and ravens (Corvids) are protected in the counties of Camden (Illawarra region), Cumberland
(Sydney basin) and Northumberland (Hunter region)
•
The purple swamphen is not protected in 10 irrigation districts and areas in the Riverina region,
where the species causes considerable damage to irrigated crops such as rice.
The dingo is regarded as a wild dog under the LLS Act. Wild dogs are declared ‘pest animals’ under that
legislation.
Table 6: Summary of relevant sections of the National Parks and Wildlife Act with regards to pest control.
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
109 Unlawful liberation of animals
(1)A person shall not liberate, anywhere in New South Wales, any animal (other than a homing pigeon or a captured animal
which is native to New South Wales) unless under and in accordance with a licence under section 127.
111 Method of shooting fauna
A person shall not, for the purpose of harming any protected fauna, use any firearm of a kind other than the kind habitually
raised at arm’s length and fired from the shoulder without other support
120 General licence
(1)The Director-General may issue a licence (in this Act referred to as a general licence), authorising a person to do any or all of
the following:
(a) to harm or obtain any protected fauna for any specified purpose,
121 Occupier’s licence
(1)The Director-General may issue a licence (in this Act referred to as an occupier’s licence), authorising an owner or occupier of
specified lands:
(a) to harm, or
(b)to permit a person, holding a general licence issued to the person under section 120 or a commercial fauna harvester’s
licence issued to the person under section 123, to harm, a specified number of fauna of a specified class found on those
lands and the licence may authorise the disposal, whether by sale or otherwise, of fauna harmed under the authority
of the licence.
156B Powers of authorised officers
(1)The Director-General may appoint any person (including a class of persons) to be an authorised officer for the purposes
of national parks legislation. Such an appointment is to be made under Chapter 7 of the Protection of the Environment
Operations Act 1997 (the POEO Act) as applied under this section.
(2)An authorised officer has and may exercise the functions of an authorised officer under Chapter 7 (except Part 7.6) of the
POEO Act for the following purposes:
(a)for determining whether there has been compliance with or a contravention of national parks legislation,
(b)for obtaining information or records for purposes connected with the administration of national parks legislation,
(c) generally for administering national parks legislation.
171 Authority to harm or pick
(1) The Director-General may authorise any person:
(a) to harm:
(i)animals within a national park, historic site, nature reserve, karst conservation reserve, state conservation area,
regional park, Aboriginal area, wildlife refuge or conservation area, or
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National Parks and Wildlife Regulation 2009
20 Weapons
(1) A person must not in a park:
(a) carry or discharge or have in the person’s possession any firearm, or imitation firearm, within the meaning of the Firearms Act
1996 or prohibited weapon within the meaning of the Weapons Prohibition Act 1998, or
(b) carry or discharge or have in the person’s possession any airgun, speargun or other lethal weapon, or
(c) carry or use or have in the person’s possession any explosive, flare or firework, or
(d) carry or use or have in the person’s possession any ammunition, or
(e) throw or propel by any means any object likely to cause damage or injury to any person, animal or thing, or
(f) without reasonable excuse, carry, use, possess or have custody of a knife.
25 Interference with park management
A person must not:
(a) destroy, damage or remove any thing that is being used or intended to be used by the park authority for the suppression or
destruction of any animals in a park, or
(b) interfere with any thing that is being used or intended to be used by the park authority for the suppression or destruction of
any animals in a park in a manner that is likely to impair its effectiveness, or
N o n-nat ive ( unprotec ted) an imals
Non-native animals, called ‘unprotected fauna’ under the NPW Act, might have legal
protection under other legislation, such as:
•
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979
•
Companion Animals Act 1998
•
Non-Indigenous Animals Act 1987
•
Exhibited Animals Protection Act 1986
•
Deer Act 2006
•
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002.
H ow are nat ive anim als pro tec ted ?
The NPW Act contains a range of offences protecting native animals, and also a broad range of
defences or lawful justifications:
•
It is an offence to harm protected fauna. This includes harm by using a substance
such as poison, an animal such as hunting dog, a gun, net or trap.
•
It is an offence to buy, sell or possess protected fauna although sometimes licences
are available to do this.
•
A person who is rescuing an injured animal will not commit an offence so long as
they notify the Director-General in writing within 7 days that they have the animal.
They are not allowed to keep the animal as a pet.
•
A person shall not liberate, anywhere in NSW, any animal, other than a homing
pigeon or a captured animal that is native to NSW, unless under and in accordance
with a licence under Section 127 of the Act.
D e fe nces t hat per m it harm to n ative an imals
A person will not have committed an offence if:
•
they had a licence
•
the work causing the harm was authorised under the Environmental Planning and
Assessment Act 1979 such as done in accordance with a development consent under
Part 4, a Part 5 approval or a Part 3A approval
•
they had a Conservation agreement or joint management agreement
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•
they were returning the animal after escape
•
they were carrying out an activity permitted under the Native Vegetation Act 2003,
such as clearing non-protected regrowth, continuing an existing farming activity or
engaging in sustainable grazing, or
•
they were carrying out a routine agricultural activity.
‘Routine agricultural management activities’ include things such as:
•
constructing dams, fences, stockyards and farm roads
•
removing noxious weeds
•
controlling declared pest animals
•
collecting firewood, but not for commercial purposes
•
lopping native vegetation for stock fodder, and
•
traditional Aboriginal cultural activities, but not commercial activities.
T H R E AT E N E D S P E C I E S CO N S E R VAT I O N AC T 1995
The Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) deals with threatened and
endangered species in NSW. Schedule 1 lists the endangered species, populations
and ecological communities. Schedule 2 lists the vulnerable species. Schedule 3 lists
key threatening processes, which are identified as having significant impacts on the
conservation of flora and fauna such as predation by the red fox and habitat degradation
by feral goats.
The term ‘threatened species’ includes both ‘endangered’ and ‘vulnerable’ species. It should
be noted that under the Pesticides Act Part 2, Division 1, Section 9, only threatened animals
and not plant species are implicated for the wilful or negligent use of pesticides.
Part 5A of the TSC Act describes a Threatened Species Priorities Action Statement. A
Priorities Action Statement sets out recovery and threat abatement strategies, promotes
the recovery of a threatened species and seeks to manage each key threatening process.
N AT I V E V E G E TAT I O N AC T 2 003
The Native Vegetation Act 2003 is administered by the NPWS and is used to manage native
vegetation for future generations
The Act regulates the clearing of native vegetation on all land in NSW except for land listed
in Schedule 1 of the Act. Excluded land falls into the following categories:
•
national parks and other conservation areas
•
state forests and reserves
•
urban areas.
Native vegetation is classified as any species of vegetation that existed in NSW before
pastoral settlement, including trees, saplings, shrubs, scrub, understorey, groundcover or
wetland plants. Clearing is defined as cutting down, felling, thinning, logging, removing,
killing, destroying, poisoning, ringbarking, uprooting or burning native vegetation.
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Exe m pt ions in relat ion to p est an imal co ntro l
Pest animal control is considered to be a routine agricultural management activity (RAMA)
under the Native Vegetation Act 2003, Part 2, Section 11, subsection (1c). Native vegetation
can be cleared to the minimum extent necessary without approval, when required to control pest animals under an eradication order or pest control order under Part 11 of the Local
Land Services Act. For more information on the Native Vegetation Act 2003 refer to
www.environment.nsw.gov.au/vegetation/nvact.htm
D E E R AC T 2006
The Deer Act 2006 clarifies the ownership and management of captive deer and provides
for the regulation of deer that are not captive and prohibits the release of captive deer.
The relevant sections of the Deer Act 2006 and Regulation 2008 are summarised below.
This summary is not intended to replace or interpret the Deer Act 2006 and Regulation
2008.
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Table7: Summary of relevant sections of the Deer Act 2006 and Regulations 2008
Deer Act 2006
PART 1 – PRELIMINARY
SECTION
WHAT IT DOES
Section 4
Ownership of deer
(1) A deer that is held in captivity may be bought, sold or otherwise dealt with or disposed of.
(2)If a deer ceases to be held in captivity, all property in the deer is immediately
extinguished.
(3)If a person captures a deer that is not held in captivity, the person becomes the owner
of the deer.
(4)Despite subsections (2) and (3), if a person other than an authorised officer captures a
deer within 2 kilometres of the enclosure or other place (not being a vehicle) in which
the deer was last held in captivity, property in the deer is not extinguished.
(5)Despite subsections (2), (3) and (4), any of the following persons (but no other person)
may kill a deer that is within 2 kilometres of the enclosure or other place (not being a
vehicle) in which the deer was last held in captivity:
(a) an authorised officer, or
(b) an occupier of land, or
(c) a person authorised by a person referred to in paragraph (a) or (b).
Section 6
Offence of releasing deer
(1) A person must not cause or permit the release of a deer from captivity.
(2)It is a defence to prosecution for an offence under subsection (1) if the defendant can
demonstrate that he or she took all reasonable steps to prevent the release of the deer
and, after the release, took all reasonable steps to capture or kill the deer.
PART 2 – DEER CONTROL ORDERS
Section 8
Orders requiring deer to be controlled
The Deer Act allows for the gazettal of a deer control order. A deer control order may require
that the occupier of the land specified in the order do either or both of the following:
(a)ensure that deer on the land (other than deer held in captivity) are controlled
in a manner and in the circumstances specified in the order and within the time
specified in the order,
(b)notify the Minister, in the manner specified in the order, as soon as practicable
after becoming aware of the presence of deer on the land (other than deer held in
captivity).
Deer Regulation 2008
Clause 4 – Authorised Officers
For the purposes of section 17 (1) of the Act, persons appointed as authorised
officers under Section 165 of the Local Land Services Act 2013 are prescribed.
P R OT E C T I O N O F T H E E N V I R O N M E N T O P E R AT I O N S AC T
1997
The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (PEO Act) principally deals with
the regulation of activities that have the potential to pollute or otherwise harm the NSW
environment. The Act is administered by EPA.
Most NPWS rangers are authorised officers under the PEO Act. As in the case of authorised
officers under the LLS Act they have certain powers that support the purpose of the
PEO Act. Under Chapter 7, of the EPO Act authorised officers have powers to searching
premises, demand name and addresses and record evidence.
In relation to pesticide use and the destruction of pest animals this Act may impose some
liability in terms of the pollution of waters. Authorised officers should be aware of Section
120 of the Act which states:
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Section 120 Prohibition of pollution of waters
(1) A person who pollutes any waters is guilty of an offence.
(2) In this section: pollute waters includes cause or permit any waters to be polluted.
Note: the pollution of waters includes, but is not limited to:
•
placing any matter (whether solid, liquid or gaseous) in a position where:
(i) it falls, descends, is washed, is blown or percolates, or
(ii)it is likely to fall, descend, be washed, be blown or percolate, into any waters,
onto the dry bed of any waters, or into any drain, channel or gutter used or
designed to receive or pass rainwater, floodwater or any water that is not
polluted, or
•
placing any such matter on the dry bed of any waters, or in any drain, channel or
gutter used or designed to receive or pass rainwater, floodwater or any water that is
not polluted, if the matter would, had it been placed in any waters, have polluted or
have been likely to pollute those waters.
The implications for authorised officers are that:
•
any poisoned baits must be placed such they will not enter into waterways
•
any pest animals destroyed in or near waterways must be moved so that the carcass
poses no risk of entering a waterway
EPA guidelines for the disposal of animal carcasses state:
If the carcasses must be disposed of on-site, the following points should be considered.
It is preferable to have:
•
a burial area at least 100 m away from houses and watercourses
•
the pit base at least 1 m above the level of the watertable
•
heavy soil of low permeability and good stability
•
good access to the site for earthmoving machinery and stock transport unless the
stock are to be walked in for slaughter.
Avoid:
• sites sloping towards watercourses
•
areas that are likely to drain to watercourses or groundwater.
Note: that the disposal location and quantity of carcasses may trigger the requirement for
a waste facility licence under Schedule 1 of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act
1997 except in the case of an emergency mass animal disposal program which would then
trigger emergency provisions.
For further information about the disposal of animal carcasses visit www.epa.nsw.gov.au/
mao/deadstockdisposal.htm
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Administration
CO N T R O L O F V E R T E B R AT E P E S T S P E C I E S I N N S W
Under the LLS Act, Pest Control Orders have been issued for rabbits, feral pigs and wild
dogs. All land managers have an obligation to manage these declared pests on the
land they own, occupy or manage. It is the responsibility of the LLS to enforce a general
destruction obligation requiring the occupier of controlled land to eradicate these
declared pests.
Occupiers of land in NSW are not obliged to control other introduced pest animals such as
foxes, hares, feral cats, feral goats, feral horses, feral donkeys, and non-native rats and mice.
However, these species may have significant negative impacts on the environment and
agricultural production in many areas. As such extensive control measures are undertaken
to address these impacts.
Native birds such as sulfur-crested cockatoos and galahs are protected state-wide but
a general exemption exists in the Central and Western Divisions. Crows and ravens (five
species) are declared locally unprotected in all counties of the State except those of North
Cumberland, Cumberland and Camden, where they are protected.
The householder has the responsibility for rat and mouse control in urban areas, and
control is often carried out by private pest control firms. When mice reach plague
proportions in rural areas, individual land managers may attempt control. LLS and NSW DPI
may provide advice on control.
Domestic dog issues are handled by local government under the Companion Animals Act 1998.
Dingoes are the only native mammal not protected under the NPW Act. If land managers
wish to control other native animals such as kangaroos, they must apply for a permit from
the NPWS.
NPWS manages pests on its estate (such as national parks and nature reserves) and also
develops and implements strategies for invasive species that threaten biodiversity. NPWS
management is focused on areas where native animals and plants are the most threatened,
other park values are affected, or where pests are likely to affect neighbouring lands.
Two legislative instruments drive the focus of activities. Under the NPW Act activities
are undertaken to protect the environment and manage pest animals on NPWS estate.
Under the TSC Act threats to biodiversity particularly threatened species are managed
by listing key threatening processed impacting threatened species and then preparing
and implementing Threat Abatement Plans and Species Recovery Plans & Priority Action
Statements.
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LO C A L L A N D S E R V I C E S
Ver tebrate pes t wor k
Each LLS may have a Vertebrate Pest Work Plan for rabbits, feral pigs and wild dogs in its
district as a part of their documented planning, monitoring and control work regarding
pest animals from the previous Livestock Health and Pest Authorities operating in their
region.
The purpose of these Vertebrate Pest Work Plans was to help the LHPAs set strategic
direction and develop clearly defined control strategies and associated policies for each
major pest species. They also:
• allow LHPAs to articulate their plans and policies to ratepayers, the general public,
and governments for accountability reasons
• allow LHPAs to measure progress in vertebrate pest control by the use of key
performance indicators and a management information system.
The recent formation of 11 LLS regions under the LLS Act specifies the requirements for
both State-wide and Local Strategic Plans which include animal pest management, control
and eradication.
Proper t y ins pec t ions: Po ints to co n sid er
Inspecting properties is one of the major functions of an authorised officer - an officer
is authorised by the LLS after having satisfactorily completed the relevant training to
determine whether the LLS Act is being complied with. Inspection procedures must,
therefore, be clearly understood.
Property inspections are usually the best means of obtaining information and may be done
on a property-by-property basis, or over large areas by aerial inspection.
A systematic approach to property inspections is recommended for the following reasons:
• cuts down unnecessary travel time
• specific areas can be targeted and land managers are less likely to feel targeted or
singled out
• highlights problem areas and facilitates the planning of group programs.
A notice of inspection must be given prior to each property inspection, as per Section 191
of the LLS Act and an inspection report should be issued for each inspection. This
inspection report will define the level of infestation for each pest and also recommend
control methods to reduce the infestation to acceptable levels.
A sequential flow of the property inspection process is given in the following text and
in Figure 1. The definitions used for infestation levels are given in the section Abundance
indicators for vertebrate pest control, see page 47.
Step 1
Inspect the property for the presence of pests and to determine what control measures are
being carried out.
a. Acceptable level of infestation (satisfactory management) – Re-inspection occurs
in the LLS’s timetable. This is the goal to which LLS should be working for every
property.
b. Light to moderate infestation – the occupier or owner is advised of their
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ADMINISTRATION
responsibilities under the LLS Act, and advised on how to control the pest animal(s)
present. Sufficient time is allowed for implementing effective control prior to
reinspection.
c. High level of infestation – the occupier or owner is advised of their responsibilities
under the RLP Act, and advised on how to control the pest animal(s) present.
Sufficient time is allowed for implementing effective control prior to re-inspection.
The occupier or owner is also required to submit a management plan that is
acceptable to the authorised officer if the timeframe that is reasonable for effective
control is greater than 2 months. This plan must be submitted within two weeks of
initial inspection. If the occupier or owner fails to submit an acceptable plan the
authorised officer will set timeframes for completion.
Step 2
Re-inspect the property within the timeframes specified from the first inspection report or
agreed to by the occupier or owner.
a. Program complete – The specified control has been effectively carried out.
No further action is required. Re-inspection occurs in the LLS’s timetable.
b. Control program partially completed – Issue an individual eradication order
which details the control methods to be used for the pest animal(s) and the date to
complete program by.
c. Control program not implemented – Issue an infringement notice and an individual
eradication order. The order details the control methods to be used for the pest
animal(s) and the date to complete program by.
Step 3
Re-inspect the property within the timeframes specified in the individual eradication order.
a. Program complete – The specified control has been effectively carried out. No
further action required. Re-inspection occurs within 12 months to ensure ongoing
compliance.
b. Control program partially completed – Issue infringement notice and re-issue
an individual eradication order which details the control methods to be used for
the pest animal(s) and the date to complete program by OR re-issue an individual
eradication order which details the control methods to be used for the pest animal(s)
and the date to complete program by and commence prosecution.
c. Control program not implemented – Issue an entry notice for the LLS to complete
the program and charge the occupier or owner for the program OR re-issue
individual eradication order which details the control methods to be used for the
pest animal(s) and the date to complete program by and commence prosecution.
LLS should also impose a charge to cover the reasonable expenses of any action taken by an
authorised officer as a consequence of the occupier or owner failing to take any action the
occupier or owner is required to take under Sections 150 and 151 of LLS Act.
LLS will have an internal structure for approval of issuing infringement notices, eradication
orders and entry notices.
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Step 1:
property inspection
Acceptable level of
infestation
Light or medium infestation
Heavy infestation
Inspection report, no further
action
Inspection report + warning
if no action taken
Inspection report + request pest control
plan + warning if no action taken
Step 2:
re-inspection of property
Program complete,
satisfactory condition
Program partially completed
Nil work done
Inspection report, no further
action
Inspection report + eradication
order issued by authority
Inspection report + infringement notice
+ eradication order issued by authority
Step 3:
re-inspection of property
Program complete,
satisfactory condition
Inspection report, reinspect within 12
months to ensure ongoing compliance
Incomplete program OR nil
work done
Inspection report + issue entry notice – LHPA
complete program, costs to landholder
OR
Inspection report + infringement notice +
eradication order issued by authority
OR
Inspection report + reissue eradication order
+ commence prosecution
Figure 1. Flowchart for the property inspection process, including regulatory action, for vertebrate pests.
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R e co rding
Once a property inspection has been carried out, the information must be recorded in the
FARMS pest module against the holding.
The use of tabulated material and maps can help the LLS see the progress, or lack of it, in a
program of control for a particular property or a particular part of the district.
Ab u n dance indicator s for ver tebrate pest co ntro l
A property inspection report should be used by authorised officers of LLS as a means
of recording vertebrate pest abundance and their potential to cause agricultural or
environmental damage. Refer to Property inspections: points to consider on page 44.
The use of a simple coding system developed by former Rural Lands Protection Board
(RLPB) Ranger Erik Dekkers, is to indicate pest density and potential and is encouraged for
property inspection reports.
The advantages of this system are that:
• it requires a minimum of effort in the field
• information will be consistent
• it is easy to read and comprehend
• monthly and annual reports can include these tables with the totals of each category.
This can be related to the previous year and the LLS’s objectives
• if this system is adopted, information can be collated state wide and the ‘big picture’
can be more accurately assessed.
Codes for rabbit density and potential for infestation.
CODE
DENSITY
DEFINITION
0
nil
No rabbits.
1
low
Few or no sightings and/or little active sign.
2
medium
3
high
Some rabbits seen at any time and/or much active sign.
Rabbits seen at any time and much sign of activity (active warrens, dung hills,
scratchings etc.
Potential: potential is indicated by the factors that contribute to the quick build-up of
rabbits, i.e. warrens, logs, blackberries, boxthorn, etc. and pressure from nearby heavily
infested areas.
CODE
DEFINITION
A
No factors present.
B
Little harbour, single holes, easily destroyed.
C
Significant harbour, warrens, burrows, logs, bushes, etc. which with concentrated effort could be eliminated.
D
Intractable harbour, i.e. areas where it is impossible to eliminate all harbour,
for example, Rocky hills, steep gullies, etc.
The aim is to reach ‘OA’ grading codes for feral pig and wild dog density.
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Feral pigs
CODE
DENSITY
DEFINITION
0
nil
No pig evidence or sign.
1
low
Very few sightings, very little fresh sign.
2
medium
Some sightings and obvious fresh signs.
3
high
Regular sightings and abundant fresh signs.
Wild dogs
CODE
DENSITY
DEFINITION
0
nil
No sightings.
1
low
Few tracks and sign, very few sightings, very little predation.
2
medium
3
high
Abundant tracks and sign, howling heard at night, regular sightings and/or some predation.
Abundant tracks and sign, howling heard at night, regular sightings and/or significant predation.
A formal record of inspection may need to be presented during court cases, so it should
include all relevant detail. For rabbits, note the number of animals seen, number of fresh
signs, number and state of activity of warrens present, and the areas of property infested.
Numbers seen is an important indicator of density when related to the time of day. For
example, if rabbits are seen around midday it would indicate a high density, whereas if
they are not seen until late afternoon it would indicate a low to medium density. If pigs
are present, note the numbers seen and number of fresh signs, and decide whether pigs
are living on the property or only moving in daily to feed. Report the effectiveness of any
control work that has been done.
Field notebook
Every authorised officer should carry a pocket or stenographer’s notebook in the field.
The field notebook provides a ready reference that will be invaluable for writing reports
for the Team Leader, recalling details of discussions between land manager and authorised
officer, and comparing degrees of infestation before and after control. More importantly,
the notebook can be referred to as a memory aid during legal proceedings and should
therefore be kept for at least three years after the final entry.
The field notebook should be completed during the inspection or soon after and are
referred to as contemporaneous notes. The completed entries should also refer to the
inspection report.
M ont hy repor t s
Each authorised officer employed by an LLS may be required to submit a monthly report
to the Team Leader. This report should be a concise summary of the officer’s work for that
month.
Pros ecut ions
Prosecutions are covered in the Certificate IV in Government Statutory Compliance training
and will not be covered here.
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I nd e m nit y ver s us cons ent fo rms
Indemnity and Consent Forms should be kept for a minimum of three years so that they
can be correlated with the vertebrate pesticide usage and supply record in case of legal
action.
I nd e m nit y For m – is s uing p estic id e b aits to a p rivate lan d
m anager
Before supplying 1080, pindone, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl and RHDV bait or strychnine
cloths, the ACO must get the person being supplied baits to sign an Indemnity Form
that releases the LLS ACO and the LLS from any liability for accidental poisoning on the
land manager’s property. This also applies in situations where the ACO is employed by a
government department, Wild Dog Destruction Board or any other public authority and is
supplying these baits to private land managers.
The ACO should explain to the person being supplied baits what is contained in the
Indemnity Form and ensure that the person signing understands that it is a legal
document. The Indemnity Form is either filled out by the person signing the form or they
can request help filling out the form from the ACO or someone else. Once signed, a copy of
the Indemnity Form must be provided to that person and a copy kept on file by the LLS or
other public authority.
An ACO must only issue 1080 bait material to a person who is the owner, occupier,
manager or authorised agent of the owner or occupier of the land on which the 1080 baits
are to be used.
If the authorised agent is not known to the ACO, then a ‘letter of introduction’ from the
occupier is required.
Local government and other government agencies should have an Indemnity Form
signed by the person in charge of, or responsible for, the baiting. That person will sign an
Indemnity Form ‘for and on behalf of’ their agency if the agency is laying the bait.
A person who owns or occupies more than one property must complete a separate
Indemnity Form for each property or program before any 1080 bait may be used on the
specified property.
The minimum information that should appear on an Indemnity Form is:
• name and contact information of the authority or agency issuing the baits
• specify which pesticide the form relates to
• name and address and chemical accreditation card number details of the person
authorised to lay the baits and name of authorised agent if applicable
• name of property where baits are to be laid
• an acknowledgement that the person has received the following information:
1.A copy of the PCO and relevant Schedule relating to wild dogs, foxes, feral pigs
and rabbits for 1080. Customise as required for other pesticides.
2.The person has been advised that all baits must be laid in accordance with the
label and PCO or permit as required.
3.The person has been reminded that other requirements under the Pesticides Act
such as record keeping must also be complied with.
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• the names of persons that have or will be notified that the laying of baits will be
occurring as required by notification conditions in the PCO or label or permit
• acknowledgement of amount and type of bait material received, for which pest
species for use on stated property
• acknowledgement of amount of signage received to identify baiting location and the
area being baited in hectares
• a statement indemnifying the authority or agency
• section for the authorised person or agent and officer of the authority or agency to
sign and date.
Consent Form – laying 1080 baits at the request of a land
manager
Where the LLS or another agency lays 1080 baits at the request of the land manager or
occupier, then a Consent Form must be completed. The LLS or agency officer undertaking
the program is responsible for ensuring all legal requirements are met including
notification, signage and pesticide use records. In the case of on-going programs Consent
Forms should be renewed at least annually.
The minimum information that should appear on a Consent Form for 1080 appropriate to
the indicated species is:
• name of the authority or agency undertaking the 1080 baiting and/or the installation
and maintenance of ejector devices
• name and address of the person authorising the laying of 1080 baits and/or the
installation and maintenance of ejector devices
• address of property and description of the area where the 1080 baits and/or the
installation and maintenance of ejector devices will occur
• how long the consent will be valid for
• who will inform the occupier of every property which has a boundary within one
kilometer of a baiting location of baiting dates and who will erect and if necessary
maintain the required 1080 poisoning notices
• the location of baits and/or ejector devices upon their property have been clearly
identified and mutually agreed to
• the person giving the consent acknowledges
– the requirement not to disturb the bait locations and/or ejectors in any way
–their responsibility to restrict domestic dogs from the vicinity of the 1080 bait
locations and/or ejector devices
–their responsibility to keep the baiting location for rabbits and feral pigs free
of livestock until the poisoned bait material has been picked up or thoroughly
covered with earth
–their responsibility to inform those persons entering their property, with their
permission, of the presence and danger to domestic pets or livestock killed or
injured by 1080 buried bait and/or ejector devices
–that they are not entitled to any compensation for any domestic pets or livestock
killed or injured by 1080 buried baits and/or ejector devises
• the authorised officer undertaking the 1080 baiting and/or the installation and
maintenance of ejector devices will undertake the 1080 poisoning program strictly in
accordance with the conditions of the relevant PCO and label
• section for the owner/occupier to sign and date and get witness to sign.
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ADMINISTRATION
Co nt rac t wor k
If the LLS or other agency carries out contract work for a public land manager or other
organisation such as a council, then the land manager or other organisation does not sign
a Consent or Indemnity Form. The contract will determine the arrangements. However, if
baits are being transfer from one party to another party an indemnity of consent form is
always required.
R e co rd keeping
Where an ACO is laying baits for a land manager or on contract, a record of the bait laid has
to be made and kept as required by the Pesticides Regulation 2009. A copy is kept by the
ACO’s agency and another given to the land manager or contract agency.
St at utor y power s
Where the LLS lays baits as part of its statutory power to enter and conduct a control
program under Step 3 of the property inspection process (see under Property inspections:
points to consider) no Indemnity or Consent Form is required.
W H AT TO D O I F T H E R E I S A CO N F L I C T O R M I S U S E O F A
PESTICIDE
In all instances the ACO should discuss the matter with their 1080 Supervisor. Where a
misuse has occurred the incident needs to be reported to the EPA.
ISSUING BAITS
Baits may be issued only after an approval by the ACO has been given and the occupier has
received the relevant PCO and signed an Indemnity Form.
Figure 2 is an example of a checklist for issuing 1080 or pindone baits over the counter. This
is an acknowledgement that the person has received the information.
ADMINISTRATION
51
Issuing Officer to complete
Name
Phone no.
Property:
Assess #
Date required
AQF in FARMS
Yes
Rabbit
Feral pig
Target species
Fox
Wild Dog
No
Bait type requested
Name
Date
Order taken by (name, date and initial)
ACO referred to (name, date and initial)
Authorised Control Officer to complete
Name and date of end user contacted by ACO
Information provided to end user by ACO (initial)
Initial
• Notification requirements, who and when
• Signage placement requirements
• How to transport baits
• How to store baits and time frames for storage
• How to lay baits
• Disposal of containers and unused bait material
• Requirement to site chemicals user card (if not in FARMS)
Risk assessment completed (circle)
Not applicable
Yes
Baits to be supplied
Type:
Number:
Authorised person to pick up baits (Name if different from above)
Customer Support Officer to complete at supply
Baits supplied by CSO (Name)
Checklist when baits are picked up (initial)
Initial
• Indemnity form signed
• Original of indemnity form supplied
• Copy of PCO and relevant schedule supplied
• Number of signs issued
Number
• Bait container – no evidence of damage/leaks (circle)
(if evidence of damage/leaks is observed do not supply)
No
Figure 2. Checklist for issuing 1080 or pindone baits over the counter by a LLS customer service officer.
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ADMINISTRATION
Initial
N AT I O N A L PA R K S A N D W I L D L I F E S E R V I C E
St rategies
NPWS have regional pest management strategies developed in consultation with the
community. The strategies aim to minimise the adverse impacts of pests on biodiversity,
protected areas and the community. They achieve this by identifying the highest priority
programs and focusing on these, ensuring that actions are achievable, and delivering
measurable outcomes.
The strategies recognise that pest species are a problem across the landscape. Programs
are developed and often carried out in collaboration with neighbours, other government
agencies, LLS, local councils, regional pest committees, universities and community groups.
Pro gram s
Pest management programs are defined by;
• Reserve: where the program is taking place
• Site name: clearly identifies where in the reserve(s)
• Target pest animals or weeds: may be multiple species
• Asset at risk: ecological, heritage, agricultural, economic
• Aim of control: eradication, containment or asset protection
• Action: control techniques and monitoring
• Priority: critical, high, medium, low
Prioritisation ensures resources are given to programs and actions where it is most needed
for protection of NPWS assets (e.g. biodiversity) and our neighbours’ assets (e.g. livestock).
Four critical priorities are:
• Threatened Species Conservation
• New and Emerging pest species
• Economic Impacts on neighbours
• Health and Disease
I m p l e m ent ing, keeping t rac k an d rep o r tin g
Annual programs to implement the regional strategies go into Region Operations Plan.
Resources utilised including finances are entered into the NPWS Asset Management
System Pest and Weed Information System Component. Program and action are also
tracked spatially through linking to the Pest and Weed Information System GeoDatabase
More Information is available at www.environment.nsw.gov.au/pestsweeds/index.htm
ADMINISTRATION
53
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ADMINISTRATION
Poisons & fumigants
This section provides information on the preparation and use of pesticides to control
vertebrate pests. It also covers the authorisations to obtain, store and supply the RCP 1080,
pindone concentrate and RHDV.
These pesticides have significant economic, social, public health and environmental
benefits, however, many vertebrate pesticides are toxic to non-target species and there are
environmental risks associated with their use. Consequently they are strictly regulated in NSW.
It is essential that suppliers and users of vertebrate pesticides comply with legislation for
pesticide use. Vertebrate pesticides need to be used in a safe, efficient and economical manner
to maximise their benefits and to ensure their continued availability. Pesticides are just one
element of pest management and should be used in combination with other techniques as part
of an integrated pest animal management program.
Ve r te brate pes t icides us e d in NSW
A number of RCPs are available for use in NSW under AgVet Code 1994 Permits (APVMA).
A summary of the main vertebrate pesticides currently registered and permitted for use in
NSW are listed in Appendix A.
It should be noted that ACO or CPO status is only required when handling or storing the
RCPs pindone, 1080 or RHDV.
ACC E S S TO R E S T R I C T E D C H E M I C A L P R O D U C T S
The PCOs under Section 38 of the Pesticides Act allow the possession of RCPs such as 1080
liquid concentrate, pindone liquid and powder concentrate and RHDV for the preparation
and sale of baits by ACOs subject to the conditions specified in the relevant PCO or APVMA
permits.
An ACO is a person who is a member of staff of a LLS, a Wild Dog Destruction Board, NSW
DPI, OEH or other NSW public authority and has undergone specific training and received
accreditation in the storage, preparation and use of these RCPs. The requirements to gain
and maintain accreditation as an ACO are outlined in the PCOs.
Acce s s ing pindone liquid an d powd er co n centrates o n ly
A Commercial Pindone Officer (CPO) is a person who is a private contractor or other nongovernment person who is permitted to access pindone liquid and powder concentrates
ONLY after the person has sought registration from the EPA after undergoing specific
training and receiving accreditation in the storage, preparation and use of pindone
concentrates. The requirements to gain and maintain accreditation as a CPO are outlined in
the PCO for Commercial Pindone Officers.
G E N E R A L P E S T I C I D E S TO R AG E FAC I L I T Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
Where the provision for bait preparation is not required, general pesticide storage for
vertebrate pesticides as detailed in WorkCover’s Code of practice for the safe use and
storage of chemicals (including pesticides and herbicides) in agriculture and AS 2507
The storage and handling of agricultural and veterinary chemicals are the standard for
compliance.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
55
These facilities will only be used to store manufactured baits, baits that have been
prepared elsewhere or ejector capsules. These stores may also hold fumigants and other
pesticides, such as herbicides and locust insecticides.
The general pesticide storage facility requires the following features:
• at least three metres from any office not connected with storage and handling of
pesticides
• non-combustible materials for store itself
• at least five metres from any ignition source
• cross-flow ventilation by vents in opposite walls above bund height
• concrete or impervious floors with drainage into a sump
• concrete or impervious door sills
• a bund made from concrete or impervious material, able to contain a spillage of at
least 110% of the largest container or 25% of the total volume of liquid being stored,
whichever is largest*
• impervious shelving or spill control trays on shelving
• lockable door
• lighting sufficient to allow labels to be read i.e. at least 200 lux, but not so that labels
are exposed to direct sunlight, which causes deterioration
• spills kit
• fire extinguisher(s)
• access to water for washing, particularly an eye wash
• emergency contact details – Poisons Information Centre, 000 for ambulance, police
and fire brigade, local hospital and doctor, SES, WorkCover.
The best practice for operation of the pesticide storage facility encompasses:
• segregation of classes of chemicals from one another e.g. insecticides from
herbicides; veterinary chemicals from both; and flammable from non-flammable
products by at least three metres
• storage of liquid containers beneath containers with dry formulations e.g. powders
and granules
• keeping containers sealed and labels intact
• not decanting
• use of older stock first – this is facilitated by the dating on the storage register
• opening flammable liquid containers, Dangerous Goods Class 3, outside
• securing leaking or damaged containers within a larger drum or by decanting into a
secure container and transferring the label or label information to the new container
• keeping the storage clear of residues and combustible wastes
• clearing the ground around the store of combustible vegetation or refuse for at least
three metres
•Not storing or handling the chemicals in such a way that block entrance or exit in an
emergency.
* There may be instances where bunding is not required such as when all pesticides can be stored in a
lockable cabinet with appropriate spill trays. Talk to WorkCover to confirm if you think this is the case.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
V E R T E B R AT E P E S T I C I D E U S AG E A N D S U P P LY R E CO R D
Separate, clear and accurate monthly records must be kept by all ACOs using vertebrate
pesticide concentrates and manufactured products. Records must be made within 24
hours and kept for at least three years from the last date recorded in it.
The usage and supply record may be a hard copy or electronic. Only ACOs who use the
vertebrate pesticides may make or approve entries into the usage record, subject to ACOs
who work together having some prior agreement.
Au d i t ing ver tebrate pes t ic id es
• For 1080 liquid concentrate monthly audits must be undertaken by the ACO and
submitted to the 1080 supervisor.
• For all other 1080 manufactured products a monthly audit is undertaken by the ACO
if 1080 manufactured products have been used in the previous month.
• The 1080 supervisor will undertake twice yearly audits of all 1080 liquid concentrate
and manufactured products.
• For pindone liquid and powder concentrates and manufactured products a minimum
of a quarterly audit is undertaken by the ACO. It is recommended that the 1080
supervisor be shown the results of this audit and undertakes an annual audit as a
minimum.
• For all other vertebrate pesticides a minimum of a yearly audit is undertaken by the
ACO responsible for those pesticides. It is recommended that the 1080 supervisor be
shown the results of this audit.
M i n i mum infor m at ion for mo nth ly u sag e an d su pp ly
re co rds
The vertebrate pesticides usage and supply records:
• Type of vertebrate pesticide usage record e.g. 1080 liquid concentrate and month
and year of record
• ACO and agency or organisation’s name
• Amount of specified vertebrate pesticide on hand
• Daily receipt (from), transfer (to) and use for that month
• Total amount of concentrate used,
• Bait type such as Doggone®, Foxoff®, specifying pest where fresh bait is used such as
red meat fox bait, tongue (dog) bait, carrot
• Number or quantity (kg) of bait used
• Name of person the bait was supplied to
• Location of bait usage
• Total amount of vertebrate pesticide used
• Balance left in stock.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
57
ACC I D E N T A N D I N C I D E N T R E P O R T I N G
Following a risk assessment of each pesticide storage facility should have an Emergency
Plan that details steps to take in event of fire or other incident at the facility. The
Emergency Plan plan may include:
1. Who to contact
2. Activation procedures
3. Evacuation procedure
4. Control and containment of spills and leaks
5. Fire-fighting procedures
6. Protection of persons engaged in emergency assistance
7. Assistance by emergency authorities such as police and fire brigade
8. Emergency contacts
9. A list of individuals and organisations to be provided with a copy of the emergency
plan.
All incidents that require activation of the Emergency Plan procedures should be recorded
and reported to WorkCover or other relevant authority.
TOX I C I T Y
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Most substances are
toxic under some circumstances. When the amount of toxin exceeds the body’s ability to
excrete or inactivate it there is a risk to health.
Users of poisons must have an understanding of toxicity:
• for their safety
• to control the target pest economically
• to minimise the risk to non target animals.
The toxicity of a poison varies with:
• The species.
• The weight age and health of the animal.
• The method of administration. Poisons are, generally, more toxic when ingested than
when applied to the skin.
M eas ur ing toxicit y
Toxicity is measured by use of the lethal dose for 50% of a group of test animals under
experimental conditions and is known as the LD50.
Let hal Dos e, 5 0 % ( L D 50 )
The Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) is the amount of the active ingredient of a formulation of
poison, expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) live weight that will kill 50% of a
group of animals of one species under experimental conditions. The LD50 of a poison is
used to compare different poisons and the effect of one poison on different animal species.
The lower the LD50 the more susceptible the species is to the poison.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
The LD50 benchmark is used as there are always individual animals of the one species that
are more tolerant to a poison and this tolerance of one animal in a test group may skew
the results of the average toxic dose for the rest of the group. This means that LD50 is not
the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive
doses higher than the LD50. Appendix 2 shows the LD50 for a range of species to sodium
fluoroacetate (1080). Note the comparatively low LD50 for dogs, foxes and cats.
Ab s olute Let hal Dos e ( LD 100 )
The Lethal Dose 100% (LD100) is the amount of active ingredient of a formulation of poison,
in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) live weight that will kill 100% of a large group of
animals of one species. The LD100 is more difficult to determine because there are always
individual animals that are more tolerant to a poison. So an LD100 figure will depend on the
number of highly tolerant animals in a test group and the sample size needs to be very
large.
Ap p licat ion of Let hal Dose rates
The LD50 rate is the main method to determine the toxicity of a poison however it is not the
amount of poison applied to pest animal baits.
The aim of a baiting program is to kill all the target animals that consume bait. For
example, the LD50 of 1080 for wild dogs is 0.1 mg/kg. Therefore, 1 mg of 1080 will kill 50%
of wild dogs weighing 10 kg and 3 mg of 1080 will kill 50% of wild dogs weighing 30 kg.
To ensure that the largest, most tolerant wild dogs die from eating baits poisoned with
1080 and to account for seepage and microbial breakdown in the environment, 6 mg of
1080 or 0.2 mL 1080 liquid concentrate is injected into wild dog baits.
Acu te and chronic pois on in g
Acute poisoning occurs when a poison is administered with a single lethal dose, such as a
rabbit suffers acute poisoning by eating 1080 poisoned carrot bait.
Most vertebrate pest poisons are acute poisons.
The acute or immediate toxicity of a pesticide is reflected in the Poisons Schedule or
poison warnings, which appear on the label. See Table 8.
Chronic poisoning occurs when poisons are administered in smaller doses that have a
cumulative long term effect that causes death such as pindone.
Table 8: Poisons schedule.
UNSCHEDULED
VERY LOW TOXICITY
NO HEADING REQUIRED
4
Varying toxicity
Prescription animal remedy
5
Slightly toxic
Caution
6
Moderately toxic
Poison
7
Highly toxic
Dangerous poison
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
59
Pr im ar y and s econda r y p o iso n in g
Primary poisoning occurs when the target animal consumes a toxic substance. For
example, a rabbit suffers primary poisoning by eating 1080 poisoned carrot bait.
Secondary poisoning refers to one animal being poisoned after consuming the flesh of
another animal which has digested the poison such as when a carnivore consumes the
carcass of a poisoned animal.
The pesticide 1080 may persist in the muscle tissue and stomach contents of poisoned
animals long after death. Because most canids are highly susceptible to 1080 poison, it is
highly likely that sufficient poison remains in the carcass of a poisoned rabbit to cause the
death of a working dog.
Secondary poisoning may be a significant risk factor to working dogs and domestic
pets immediately after a baiting program and may remain a threat longer in cold or dry
conditions that retard the breakdown of pesticide residues.
The Pesticide Control (1080 Liquid Concentrate Bait Product) Order 2010 (1080 PCO) for
1080 liquid concentrate and bait products requires users cover or collect all uneaten bait
material and poisoned carcasses and to dispose of them by deep burial to reduce the risk
of secondary poisoning of non-target animals.
Birds of prey and other avian scavengers are less likely to be at risk of 1080 poisoning
because of their lower susceptibility to the pesticide and their reduced ability to consume
enough of the carcasses, however there may be a risk of fatalities with use of pindone.
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1 0 8 0 ( S O D I U M F LU O R O AC E TAT E )
I nt ro duc t ion
1080 is a S7 (Highly Toxic, Dangerous Poison) used to control wild dogs, foxes, rabbits and
feral pigs. It was discovered by Belgium researchers in 1896 and was first used around 1944
as a rodenticide in the United States. It was introduced into Australian for rabbit control
programs in the early 1950s.
In Australia 1080 is the synthetic form of sodium fluoroacetate – the latter occurs naturally
in 41 plant species of the family Fabaceae including 39 species of Gastrolobium and two
species of Acacia. These species grow in Western Australia, across northern Australia in the
Northern Territory and in central Queensland.
Phys ical and chem ical pro per ties
In its pure form, 1080 is a synthesised organofluorine compound that is stable in the
absence of water. It is an odourless white powder that is highly soluble in water. It
produces a clear solution when mixed. Commercial 1080 liquid concentrate contains 1 part
1080 powder to 30 parts of water. A dark blue dye is added to distinguish the resulting
solution from water. 1080 liquid concentrate is not soluble in organic solvents such as fats
or oils. It becomes unstable above about 110°C and decomposes at about 200°C. Once in
solution, 1080 is readily degraded in the environment by microbial action.
M o d e of ac t ion
1080 can be absorbed through the stomach, intestines, lungs, mucous membranes, eyes
and open cuts. It is not readily absorbed through healthy skin. 1080 acts by disrupting the
‘Krebs cycle’, the complex metabolic pathway in the mitochondria that breaks down food
providing glucose and energy for cells to function. Once the energy reserves are depleted,
death occurs fairly quickly from heart or respiratory failure. Cardiac failure is the most
common cause of death in herbivores poisoned by 1080. Carnivores experience central
nervous system disturbances and convulsions as their energy supplies are exhausted,
eventually leading to respiratory failure. In omnivores, death tends to results from
disturbances of both the heart and central nervous system.
The heart, brain and lungs are organs significantly affected by 1080 due to their high
energy usage. The diaphragm is also affected.
Death usually occurs within 4 to 24 hours after ingestion. Animals that eat sub-lethal doses
of 1080 may show mild signs of poisoning and fully recover as fluoroacetate is readily
metabolised, for example by defluorination, and most traces are generally excreted within
a week.
There is no known antidote for a lethal dose of 1080. However, some animals seen
ingesting 1080 baits may be saved by urgent and immediate veterinary treatment.
See Appendix D – First aid for working dogs and other domestic animals.
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61
Advant ages of 1 0 8 0 as a po iso n
• Cost – 1080 poison is relatively cheap. This is important for cost-effective vertebrate
pest control and in removing any temptation for unscrupulous people to seek less
acceptable ‘home-made’ alternatives.
• Convenience – 1080 bait products are easily prepared and the clean-up process is
quick, safe and efficient.
• Availability – Currently 1080 is the predominate pesticide used as there are limited
alternative pesticides available for vertebrate pest control in NSW.
S ens it ivit y and s us cep tib ilit y to 1080
Species vary widely in their sensitivity to 1080. The susceptibility of different animals
during 1080 poisoning programs depends on the amount of 1080 consumed and the body
size of the animal. Carnivores, especially dogs and foxes, are the most sensitive to 1080
poisoning, followed by herbivores, with birds and reptiles less sensitive. Introduced species
are generally more sensitive than native wildlife.
More information on susceptibility of a range of animals is available in Appendix B.
Environm ent al fate
Studies, both in Australia and New Zealand demonstrated that 1080 is rapidly degraded by
microbial action. Degradation occurs by enzymes defluorinating fluoroacetate. The rate of
detoxification in baits depends on:
• bait type
• placement of baits, such as buried or exposed on the surface
• soil temperature and moisture
• microbial action.
In laboratory experiments, the amount of 1080 remaining in soils was reduced to 50% after
10 days at 23°C, 30 days at 10°C and 80 days at 5°C. Leaching experiments in soil showed
that traces of 1080 might be leached through soil, particularly if heavy rainfall occurred
shortly after 1080 was applied.
Most soils can be expected to contain micro-organisms such as Pseudmonas, Fusarium
and Pennicillium capable of degrading 1080. This means that residues of 1080 that leaches
from baits or carcasses should have little persistence in soils. Buried fresh meat baits may
lose at least 85% of 1080 content after 7 days in cool conditions. It is also noted that 1080
ingested by animals is rapidly metabolised and excreted with only low levels retained in
the carcass.
Breakdown of 1080 residues occurs rapidly in water. At 21°C, micro-organisms in water
degrade 1080 in two to six days. At lower temperatures, microbial action is slower and
degradation may take two weeks, or longer, at temperatures below 7°C.
The solubility of 1080 means that is also rapidly diluted in water. This dilution effect,
especially in flowing water, quickly reduces the level of 1080 to insignificant concentrations
compared to the time taken by micro-organisms in the water.
M-44 ejector capsule are likely to remain viable for a number of years due to capsules
being sealed and therefore limited opportunity for degradation of 1080 due to lack of
contact with soil or water
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Is 1 0 8 0 hum ane?
Death from 1080 results either from cardiac failure or convulsions, respiratory paralysis
and central nervous system dysfunction (canids), or a combination of both. Many species
show symptoms consistent with central nervous system dysfunction ranging from tremors
and muscular spasms, through to running, ‘paddling’, convulsions and vocalising. Although
1080 poisoning causes central nervous system dysfunction animals eventually loose
consciousness in an equivalent way to human epileptics undergoing seizures.
It is recognised that some community uncertainty regarding 1080 remains, in part because
its effect on the central nervous system gives animals the appearance of being distressed.
It is also recognised that current technology cannot yet provide objective measures to
adequately address these community concerns. Currently strict legislative controls allow
the use of 1080 to reduce the impacts of rabbits, wild dogs, feral pigs and foxes on the
community. In particular the agricultural and environmental sectors relies on its use until
alternative toxins are developed.
M i n i mis ing t he r is k to no n - targ et an imals
Differences in susceptibility to 1080 between species means that application rates can be
varied to kill some species and minimise the risk to others. For example, a single bait to kill
a fox may not kill a wedge tailed eagle.
Differences in dietary preferences between species can be exploited by selecting bait
substrates that are more attractive to target species and less attractive to non-target
species.
Bait placement strategies can utilise feeding behaviours between species such as burying
baits for wild dogs and foxes to make baits less available to non-target species. There is,
however, no single procedure that guarantees 1080 baits will always be totally target
specific.
Techniques to reduce the risk to non-target animals include:
• monitor bait sites prior to baiting programs for non-target species activity
• using the most appropriate bait size
• using the most appropriate type of bait material
• burying, tying down and dyeing baits
• injecting liquid concentrate into the centre of freshly prepared meat baits
• making baits attractive to pest species only
• using fencing or bait stations that exclude non-target animals from bait sites
• using M-44 ejectors as they require an animal to possess sufficient strength to exert
an upward pull force to be activated and cannot be cached or moved
• timing bait placement when pest species are most vulnerable and non-target animals
are least vulnerable
• using pulse baiting to reduce the opportunity for multiple bait take and caching by
an individual animal, particularly predators such as foxes.
Note: The non-target animals most at risk from 1080 poisoning are domestic dogs.
See Appendix D for information First aid for working dogs and other domestic animals.
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63
M eas ur ing 1 0 8 0 liquid co n centrate, baits an d LD 50 s
Amounts of 1080 are expressed as a volume of solution, millilitres or litres, see Table 9.
In NSW, 1080 liquid concentrate is 1 g of sodium fluoroacetate per 30 mL of solution.
LD50s are always expressed in mg of active 1080/kg bodyweight, whereas the actual
application of 1080 liquid concentrate to bait is measured in mL, see Table 9.
Table 9: Amounts of active 1080 in liquid concentrate and in each bait type.
1080 LIQUID CONCENTRATE ml
BAIT
1080 ACTIVE POWDER mg OR g
0.03
–
1 mg
0.1
1 fox bait
3 mg
0.2
1 wild dog bait
6 mg
6
1 kg carrots for rabbits
200 mg
12
1 kg oats for rabbits
360 mg
30.0
–
1g
Aut hor is at ion to obtain , sto re an d u se 1080 liq u id
concent rate and s up p ly 1080 bait material
Only an ACO may use 1080 liquid concentrate to prepare fresh 1080 bait material or supply
manufactured 1080 bait products ejector capsules as described in the Access to restricted
chemical products section, page 55.
1 0 8 0 A N D P I N D O N E S TO R AG E FAC I L I T Y E XC LU D I N G B A I T
P R E PA R AT I O N
Where only manufactured 1080 baits, ejector capsules and no more than 11 L of 1080
liquid concentrate and 1.5 L of pindone concentrate are stored and no other pesticides are
present, the minimum storage requirements are:
• the storage cabinet must be within a locked area that excludes general office or
domestic premises such as a store room or garage
• signage must be on entrances to the locked area containing the storage cabinets
• the storage cabinet must be affixed to the building
• the storage cabinet must be metal, locked and signposted for manufactured baits,
ejector capsules and pindone powder
• the storage cabinet must be metal, locked and signposted for 1080 and pindone
liquid concentrate with a catch tray capable of capturing ALL liquid concentrate held
• the storage cabinet may be a locked and signposted refrigerator with a catch tray
capable of capturing ALL pindone liquid concentrate held and used for no other
purpose than the storage pindone concentrate
• personal protective equipment (PPE) for the handling of 1080 and pindone may be
retained on the premise in a separate cabinet.
In cases where there is no preparation area, 1080 and pindone concentrate containers
cannot be opened on the premise. All bait preparation must be undertaken in the field.
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1 0 8 0 S TO R AG E A N D B A I T P R E PA R AT I O N FAC I L I T Y
Each organisation that stores 1080 liquid concentrate for bait preparation on the premise
must have a facility that is secured and lockable. Such a facility should be constructed of
material that will withstand and prevent reasonable attempts at illegal entry.
1080 liquid concentrate must be stored under the following conditions:
• In a locked safe or metal storage locker fixed to the floor or wall with adequate space
to store all 1080 liquid concentrate held
• The locked safe or metal storage locker must have a tray capable of capturing 25%
of the total volume of 1080 liquid concentrate, including at least 110% of the largest
container held.
The room in which 1080 liquid concentrate is stored for bait preparation on the premises
must meet the following conditions:
• A room with a bunded or appropriately sloped concrete or impervious floor, drained
for effective washing down into a dilution pit or septic system. The dilution pit or
septic system, of at least 50 L capacity, must be accessible for sampling. All liquid
waste must be able to be held for at least 1 hour if it enters a sewerage system unless
approvals have been received from the relevant authority for liquid waste to flow
directly into the sewerage system.
• The drain must be sealable and closed off at all times other than when the equipment
or the room is being hosed down.
• The sealed floor must be able to contain the total volume of 1080 liquid concentrate
stored if the entire contents were spilled.
• The drainage of waste, rinsate and wash down from each facility, whether into a
septic or sewerage system, is regulated by local government. Contact the relevant
council for the requirements for waste disposal systems.
The storage of 1080 liquid concentrate can be in a separate room to the bait preparation
room, be incorporated in the bait preparation room or combined with the storage of other
pesticide products.
Other features that may be included within the 1080 storage and bait preparation facility
include:
• a room size of around 3 m x 4 m
• a separate locker or area for the storage of equipment used for measuring and
handling 1080
• adequate space for bait cutting and mixing machines, packaging of baits and
temporary storage of poisoned baits awaiting distribution
• a tap with a hose for washing down the facility and equipment after bait has been
prepared
• a sink or hand basin
• storage lockers for plastic bags, etc
• absorbent material such as hydrated lime to soak up any major spillage.
All equipment used for mixing 1080 bait and preparing ejector capsules must be clearly
labelled ‘1080 Poison’ in large red lettering.
Access to the facility is permitted by any person as long as they are under the supervision
or authorisation of an ACO to use bait cutting machines and to load bait.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
65
Access to the 1080 locked safe or metal storage locker is ONLY permitted by an:
•ACO
• 1080 Supervisor
• An authorised NSW DPI Officer or
• EPA or WorkCover inspector.
1080 preparation and storage room
4
6
7
3
5
10
3m
8
9
2
1
4m
1. Lockable 1080 storage locker
7. Tap with hose
2. Locker for gloves and respirator
8. Bait mixer (optional)
3. Hand basin
9. Lockable door
4. Sealable floor drain into dilution pit
10. Bunded concrete floors
or absorption pit
5. Locker for plastic bags, etc.
6. Carrot cutter (optional)
Figure 3. A 1080 pesticide facility that will satisfy WorkCover 1080 storage and bait preparation
requirements.
Signage for 1 0 8 0 s torag e an d bait p rep aratio n f ac ilit y
Every 1080 storage facility should have a risk assessment and appropriate signage erected.
The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) will provide a guide for the correct signage; where there is
uncertainty refer to the local WorkCover office.
In the case of a 1080 storage and bait preparation facility, the minimum signage might be
the warning diamonds ‘Toxic 6’ and ‘No Unauthorised Entry’, Figure 3.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Example of signage to put 1080 storage facility.
Signage must be kept legible and unobstructed so they are visible from all normal
approaches to the premises and to storage locations within. The signage must be
readily visible to emergency services when they are approaching the location where the
dangerous goods are stored or handled.
In addition to signage, an SDS for every chemical and poison should be located in a readily
accessible weatherproof container positioned outside the shed where they can be easily
retrieved by emergency service personnel in case of an incident.
1 0 8 0 s afet y equipm ent
The minimum personal protection equipment to handle 1080 liquid concentrate is:
• elbow length nitrile, PVC or neoprene gloves
• cotton overalls buttoned to the neck and wrists
• washable hat.
Recommended safety equipment is:
•apron
• impervious footwear
• a face shield when injecting baits
• half face respirator, with suitable dust and particulate filters, if required when mixing
dusty baits such as grain or pellets
• a face shield.
Other equipment may include
• towel, soap, dish or bucket
• plenty of clean water
• a sealed and locked metal or strong plastic box, that is secured to or in the ACO’s
vehicle for carrying 1080 liquid concentrate into the field.
L a b orator y grade utens ils fo r 1080 prep aratio n
Accurate measuring utensils are required whenever preparing baits or measuring 1080
liquid concentrate. Laboratory grade equipment must be used as most domestic measures
are inaccurate; some vary by up to 50 mL.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
67
The recommended utensils that should be in a 1080 facility are shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Recommended measuring utensils.
TALL GRADUATED CYLINDERS
CAPACITY mL
DIVISIONS mL
1 x 2000
20
1 x 250
2
1 x 100
1
1 x 10
0.1
For suppliers see Appendix E.
Audit ing 1 0 8 0 liquid co n centrate
To undertake audits of 1080 liquid concentrate ACOs should measure by weight. Use a set
of digital scales that will measure 6,000 grams, up to a 5 litre bottle, with 1 g graduations.
To audit 1080 liquid concentrate, weigh the container of 1080 liquid concentrate when
received and prior to use. Record this starting weight, it may be useful to put this weight
on the container. As 1080 is used, weigh the container at the conclusion of each use. This
will give you the quantity of 1080 used for baits. When the container is empty triple rinse.
One millilitre of 1080 liquid concentrate = 1 gram
Worked example
1. Audit of 1080 container contents prior to emptying contents
Total weight of container + 1080 concentrate prior to use
= 1080 g
Weight of container + 1080 concentrate after use
= 400 g
Amount of1080 used
= 680 g or mL
I njec t ion gun
For the preparation of boneless red meat baits, an accurate 1mL injection gun must be
used. A plastic shield that fits behind the needle will protect the operator from 1080 liquid
concentrate that may squirt back.
Was hing and cleanin g p ro ced u res
As 1080 liquid concentrate is very soluble in water, all equipment, trays and benches must
be cleaned by washing with plenty of cold water. All equipment should be thoroughly
rinsed and allowed to drain. When washing down in the field, waste water, bait and other
waste should be buried in a pit or collected in a container marked 1080 and returned to
the 1080 facility for disposal. ACOs should wear gloves, washable hat, overalls and rubber
boots while washing equipment that has been contaminated with 1080.
To safely remove the ACO’s PPE, wash the gloves, remove the hat and overalls first and then
remove the gloves, then thoroughly wash hands and face with soap and water.
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1 0 8 0 B A I T T Y P E S F O R W I L D D O G S A N D F OX E S
She l f s t able bait s
Currently ACTA and ALDI supply the listed manufactured shelf stable baits.
ACTA – Foxoff®, Foxoff® econo, Doggone®
ALDI – DeFox®, De-K9®
Fre s h m eat bait s
Fresh meat baits, prior to drying, for wild dogs and foxes are defined in the current 1080
PCO and are prepared locally be ACOs.
Types of boneless red meat that may be used as bait material may include but are not
restricted to cattle and horse meat and kangaroo meat subject to NPWS approval or
commercial availability.
The minimum requirements for the use of offal (tongue, kidney, liver and heart) for wild
dog and fox control are specified below:
Wild dogs
The minimum mass for offal is 250 g except for whole sheep’s tongue and whole sheep’s
kidney. Lamb’s tongue and lamb’s kidney are NOT APPROVED.
Foxes
The minimum mass for offal is 100 g except for whole lamb’s tongue and whole lamb’s
kidney.
CO M P U L S O R Y DY E I N G O F 1080 L I Q U I D CO N C E N T R AT E
AND POISONED BAITS
The dyeing of 1080 liquid concentrate and all baits for rabbits and feral pigs is compulsory.
A blue water soluble, food colouring dye is pre-mixed with the 1080 liquid concentrate
when supplied.
The reasons for dyeing baits are:
• The distinctive blue colouring readily identifies the bait as being poisoned with 1080.
• There is overwhelming scientific evidence that demonstrates bait uptake by rabbits
and feral pigs is not affected by the normal quantities of dye used on baits and it
reduces the uptake by birds.
• The dye readily indicates where 1080 liquid concentrate moves throughout the
bait preparation and distribution process. This should assist ACOs to improve work
practices and reduce contamination of clean work areas by 1080 liquid concentrate.
• The dye indicates the efficiency of the 1080 bait mixing process.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
69
Figure 5. 1080 rabbit bait blue with unpoisoned carrot (David Croft)
B ait colourat ion
1080 liquid concentrate comes pre-dyed from the distributor. In NSW the colour is usually
blue. When 1080 liquid concentrate is added to the bait product ensure that the poisoned
product is sufficiently dyed. If the poisoned bait is not sufficiently coloured then a small
quantity of dye may be applied to the poisoned bait in the mixer. Mixing rates will vary
according to the bait type. The ACO will need to experiment with each bait type, making
sure that the bait is not excessively dyed, because this may lead to bait rejection by some
target animals.
When baiting is to be carried out in areas known to be populated by satin bower birds a
green dyed bait must be used. It is not known whether blue-dyed baits are eaten by satin
bower birds, however, public perception would probably be that these birds would be
attracted to blue-dyed baits.
If there is uncertainty as to whether the satin bower bird is present in a district, these birds
range mainly along the coast and hinterland, the ACO should discuss the distribution of
this species of bird with their local NPWS office.
ACOs can either purchase green dyed product from the manufacturer to bait in satin
bower bird areas or add a yellow dye to the bait until it is a definite green, so that it can be
readily distinguished from undyed bait. Suppliers of dyes suitable for use with 1080 liquid
concentrate are provided in Appendix E.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
P R E PA R AT I O N O F 1 0 8 0 B A I T S
S e cur it y and s afet y
Only an ACO can prepare 1080 baits as specified in the current PCO.
When preparing 1080 poison bait the ACO must ensure that no unauthorised person(s)
are in close proximity to ensure their safety and the security of the 1080 liquid concentrate
being used.
However, when an ACO is handling 1080 liquid concentrate or is mixing bait, they should
notify office staff that they are in the 1080 facility and give an appropriate finishing time.
If say 30 minutes after that finishing time has lapsed, then the office staff should check.
1 0 8 0 bait m ixer ( M oree M ixer)
An enclosed bait mixer is the minimum standard for mixing 1080 liquid concentrate with
baits for rabbits and feral pigs. The bait mixer provides for even mixing of 1080 liquid
concentrate with baits and protects the operator from 1080 liquid concentrate and
grain dust.
Figure 6. Enclosed bait mixer (David Croft)
Using the bait mixer
Ensure that all guards are in place and safety switches are working.
The machine is loaded from the top through a square opening with a hinged lid.
Maximum loads are 25 kg of carrots, 22 kg of grain or 16 kg of pellets. Meat baits are not to
be used in the mixer. This lid must have a cut out switch so the mixer does not operate with
the lid open.
Poison application: A hand pump mounted on the mixer may be used to deliver the
poison via spray nozzles that give an even, flat shaped spray.
Alternatively the liquid concentrate may be poured over the top of the bait material and
then thoroughly mixed to ensure all bait material is coated by the concentrate.
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71
Removal of poisoned baits: Poisoned bait is removed through an opening in the bottom
of the bait mixer. The bait drops through this opening into appropriately labelled plastic
bags, which are secured on hooks on each corner of the runners.
M ixing in bags
When mixing carrot or grain in small quantities such as 10 kg, it can be mixed manually in
the appropriate 1080 bag. Measure the required amount of grain or carrot and mix with the
required amount of 1080 (depending on species being targeted). This can be undertaken
in the 1080 preparation room or in the field just prior to use.
Figure 7. An ACO preparing 1080 pig grain by mixing in a 1080 bag
Preparat ion of pois o n ed baits fo r rab b its
Legislative requirements for the preparation of 1080 rabbit baits are detailed in the current
1080 PCO under Schedule 4. Table 11 gives mixing rates per Schedule 4 for different
quantities of rabbit poisoning.
Only the listed bait materials may be used when preparing 1080 poisoned baits for rabbits:
• carrots (preferred)
•oats
• manufactured pellets.
Carrots are generally the most effective bait for rabbits, being used extensively throughout
two-thirds of NSW, combining high acceptability with reasonable economy.
Cut carrots manually or in a carrot cutter before 1080 liquid concentrate is applied. The
carrots should be cut with a swift, clean action to produce pieces about 2 cm on a side and
about 5 g in weight. Avoid small chaffy pieces that dry quickly or large chunks that rabbits
find hard to eat.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
Although carrots are preferred, oat grain has certain advantages in dry seasons because
it is readily available, suitable for storage, easier to handle and does not deteriorate or
require processing. Pellets have similar advantages to oats.
Table 11: 1080 liquid concentrate mixing rates for rabbit baits.
BAIT
kg
CARROTS*
OATS†
PELLETS#
1080 liquid conc. mL 1080 liquid conc. mL 1080 liquid conc. mL
+
Water mL
1
6
12
15
+
15
5
30
60
75
+
75
10
60
120
150
+
150
15
90
180
225
+
225
20
120
240
300
+
300
25
150
300
375
+
375
30
180
360
450
+
450
35
210
420
525
+
525
40
240
480
600
+
600
45
270
540
675
+
675
50
300
600
750
+
750
* Adding 6 mL of liquid concentrate to every kilogram of bait.
† Adding 12 mL of liquid concentrate to every kilogram of bait.
# Adding 15 mL of liquid concentrate plus 15 mL of water to every kilogram of bait.
Pre p a rat ion of pois oned baits fo r feral p ig s
Legislative requirements for the preparation of 1080 feral pig baits are detailed in the
current 1080 PCO under Schedule 3. Table 12 gives mixing rates per Schedule 3 for
different quantities of feral pig poisoning.
Only grain and manufactured pellets may be used when preparing 1080 poisoned baits for
feral pigs.
In some areas fruit and vegetables may increase bait acceptability and can be mixed with
grain or pellets as attractants to a bait station during free feeding. Fruit and vegetables
must not be poisoned.
Grain is generally recommended and when soaked for 12 to 24 hours in water the swollen
grain is more likely to be taken by feral pigs than dry grain.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
73
Table 12: 1080 liquid concentrate mixing rates for feral pig poisoning.
BAIT
GRAIN†
PELLETS#
kg
1080 liquid conc. mL
1080 liquid conc. mL
+
Water mL
1
15
16
+
16
5
75
80
+
80
10
150
160
+
160
15
225
240
+
240
20
300
320
+
320
25
375
400
+
400
30
450
480
+
480
35
525
560
+
560
40
600
640
+
640
45
675
720
+
720
50
750
800
+
800
Adding 15 mL of liquid concentrate to every kilogram of grain bait.
#
Adding 16 mL of liquid concentrate plus 16 mL of water to every kilogram of pellet bait.
†
Never dilute 1080 liquid concentrate unless preparing pellet baits for rabbits
or feral pigs.
Preparat ion and poiso n in g o f 1080 red meat b aits
Boneless red meat bait for foxes and wild dogs must be cut into pieces weighing
approximately 100 g for foxes and 250 g for wild dogs. This bait material is then drained
overnight on wire mesh prior to the injection of 1080 liquid concentrate. Draining removes
excess fluid that might otherwise leach out the 1080 liquid concentrate and cause it to
collect in the bottom of the appropriately labelled plastic bag.
Each boneless red meat bait is injected in the centre with 0.1 mL for foxes or 0.2 mL for
wild dogs of 1080 liquid concentrate by using a standard 1.0 mL injection gun accurately
calibrated. The injector gun must be directly attached to a 120 mL or 200 mL bottle or via a
clear plastic tube to a 1 L 1080 liquid concentrate bottle.
Figure 8. Injection gun for meat baits. (David Croft)
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Pre p arat ion of pois oned baits fo r foxes
Legislative requirements for the preparation of perishable 1080 fox baits are detailed in the
current 1080 PCO under Schedule 2.
A minimum weight of 100 g of bait material must be used unless stated otherwise. Only
the bait materials listed below may be used when preparing 1080 poisoned baits for foxes:
• fowl heads
• chicken or turkey wingettes
• boneless red meat
• offal (tongue, kidney, heart and liver)
• bird eggs
• manufactured sausage.
Each bait type is injected with 0.1 mL of 1080 liquid concentrate per bait.
The recommended poison injection sites for the various bait types are:
• fowl heads – inject through the eye into the brain cavity
• tongue – inject into the fleshy underneath meat
• chicken or turkey wingettes – inject between the two major bones
• bird eggs – inject into the pointy end of bird eggs using a vaccinator gun. Seal the
hole by paraffin, candle wax or similar and place in an egg carton with ‘1080 poison’
in large red letter. Each bird egg must be labelled ‘1080 poison’ in red lettering.
Pre p arat ion of pois oned baits fo r wild d o g s
Legislative requirements for the preparation of 1080 wild dog baits are detailed in the
current 1080 PCO under Schedule 1.
A minimum weight of 250 grams of bait material must be used unless stated otherwise.
Only the bait materials listed below may be used when preparing 1080 poisoned baits for
wild dogs:
• boneless red meat
• offal (tongue, kidney and liver)
• manufactured sausage.
Each bait type is injected with 0.2 mL of 1080 liquid concentrate per bait.
Where possible all fresh poisoned baits should be used on the day of preparation. Baits
must be used within 7 days. Fresh baits must be kept in the labelled plastic bag supplied
by the ACO and must not be frozen. Poisoned baits must be stored in a lockable storage
area away from children, animal food, foodstuffs, seed and fertiliser.
Pre p arat ion of 1 0 8 0 ejec to r c ap su les
Only persons who have completed the NPWS 1080 ejector training course can use the
capsules. Instructions for ACO’s to prepare the capsules are included in the NPWS ejector
manual and in the current Pesticide Control (1080 Ejector Capsules) Order.
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75
Field preparat ion an d mixin g o f 1080 baits
1080 baits may be prepared in the field providing the following conditions are met:
• Only ACOs are permitted to handle 1080 liquid concentrate.
• All safety equipment such as washable hat, overalls, gloves, respirator and plenty of
water are taken to the site.
• The 1080 liquid concentrate is transported in a sealed and locked metal or strong
plastic box securely fixed to the vehicle.
• All bait preparation, mixing and washing should be done over a shallow pit about 10
to 25 cm deep, to ensure any spills, chaff or blood are contained on site.
• At the completion of bait preparation all equipment must be washed down before
leaving the site. All rinsate must be drained into the hole and filled in when the job
is finished. The filled in hole must be checked for any leakage and any subsequent
rinsate reburied.
• The pit must be clear of permanent and ephemeral waterways to avoid pollution.
• It is advisable to place a 1080 sign at the pit site.
• Alternatively, all rinsate may be collected into a hard plastic container labelled ‘1080
poison’ in large red lettering and transported to the 1080 facility for disposal.
Back packs such as disused drench containers are not approved poisons containers and
must not be used for use or storage of 1080 liquid concentrate.
Cont ainer s and labellin g fo r 1080 p o iso n ed baits
Under the Pesticides Act, 1080 bait material must be supplied to the user in an approved
container impervious to the poison and of sufficient strength to prevent leakage arising
from the ordinary risks of handling and transport.
The ACO may only supply 1080 baits in either a plastic bag labelled in accordance with the
various Schedules of the current 1080 PCO or in a container supplied by the manufacturer
of registered bait products.
Suitable plastic bags are a minimum of 100 microns (100 μm) thick and are printed with the
required labelling, as specified in the Schedules of the current 1080 PCO.
Each Schedule (condition 3.3) in the current 1080 PCO for the supply of baits by an ACO
to an authorised user allows for manufactured 1080 bait product to be placed in an
appropriately labelled plastic bag where the required quantities are less than the minimum
sized manufacturer’s container.
Suppliers of approved plastic bags for 1080 baits are provided in Appendix E.
1080 ejector capsules must be supplied in containers that comply with. section 18(1) of
the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Regulations. Attached to the container
must be a printed label as per the Schedule of the current Pesticide Control (1080 Ejector
Capsules) Order 2011.
D is pos al of 1 0 8 0 contain ers an d u n u sed b aits
Containers, including plastic bags, which have been used to contain 1080 baits must be
disposed of by burial or burning. All collected and unused 1080 baits must be disposed of
as soon as possible by deep burial.
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S U P P LY I N G 10 8 0 B A I T S
S u p p ly to aut hor is ed perso n s
An ACO must only supply 1080 baits to a person who is a:
• landholder of the land on which the 1080 baits will be used, or their authorised agent
and, who holds the required level of training as defined in the current 1080 PCO.
Note: an exemption applies to the above training requirements for persons who
occasionally apply 1080 in agricultural or forestry operations. However these persons
may only use 1080 under the direct supervision of a person who holds chemical use
accreditation at AQF3 level or higher.
A person taking possession of 1080 baits must first complete and sign an Indemnity Form
for each property on which baits are to be used.
When an ACO is supplying 1080 prepared or manufactured baits to another ACO only
the ACO who is taking possession of the 1080 prepared or manufactured baits needs to
have completed a risk assessment for the program being undertaken.
Ve r te brate pes t r is k as s essment g u id elin e
An ACO may conduct a risk assessment to determine if it is appropriate to supply 1080
baits to any person. Risk assessments should consider threats on non-target species
particularly domestic dogs, human health and the environment.
ACOs must conduct a risk assessment of planned group baiting programs where baiting
occurs less than the prescribed minimum distances provided in the current 1080 PCO, such
as where a wild dog group baiting program agrees to place 1080 wild dog baits less than
500 m but no closer than 150 m from habitation.
The following should be considered as a guideline only and is not an exhaustive list of
risks that need to be considered when undertaking a baiting program. Authorised Control
Officers should consider any specific or local issues that may constitute a risk.
A risk assessment may assist to demonstrate that risks were appropriately assessed and
recorded and that due diligence was exercised in relation to vertebrate pest control
program.
When undertaking a risk assessment, consider:
1. Can the requirements of the Pesticide Control Order or label be met? If not, then the
program may not proceed.
2. Are there risks to human safety? Assess the risk and whether the program can
proceed by minimising the risk to an acceptable level by, for instance, isolating with
signage or fencing the area.
3. Are there risks to the environment (e.g. threatened, endangered or non-target
species that are vulnerable or susceptible to 1080)? Assess the risk and whether the
program can proceed by determining the measures acceptable to minimise the risk
of baiting on the environment.
4. Are there risks to domestic livestock? Assess the risk and whether the program can
proceed by considering methods of husbandry necessary to minimise the risk; such
as removing grazing livestock from a paddock during a rabbit baiting program.
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77
5. Are there risks to domestic pets? Assess the risk and whether the program can
proceed by minimising the risk to an acceptable level. For instance, will domestic pets
need to be restrained or caged during the baiting program?
6. Are there risks to working or guard dogs? Assess the risk and whether the program
can proceed by minimising the risk to an acceptable level. For instance, will working
or guard dogs need to be muzzled during the baiting program?
7. Are there other risks not mentioned or risks that may have adverse outcomes such as
negative media coverage of the program? If so, manage risks appropriately.
Risk assessment templates are provided in Appendix C. This template may be used as a
guide to record each risk and the management controls used to mitigate or minimise the
risk to acceptable levels. The template may be amended to meet locally specific issues or
hazards. Where a Conservation Risk Assessment has been undertaken and endorsed by
an ACO such as for aerial baiting, there is no need for an additional risk assessment to be
undertaken for that activity.
A P P LY I N G 10 8 0 B A I T S
D is t ance res t r ic t ions
Minimum distances for laying 1080 baits have been set to minimise the risk to non-target
animals particularly humans, domestic dogs and cats. If control is necessary in the areas
excluded from baiting, other control methods must be used. Instructions relating to
distance restrictions are contained in the current 1080 PCO.
Public not ificat ion
Persons who use 1080 baits on their own land or on public land are required to notify
others before laying 1080 baits. The requirements for public notification are contained in
the current 1080 PCO and it outlines who must be notified, how they are to be notified
and when they are to be notified, before 1080 bait is laid. In addition to this, all public land
Managers must have and follow a Pesticide Use Notification Plan.
1 0 8 0 pois oning not ices
Persons using 1080 must erect notices before laying baits on any land. The notices must
remain displayed for at least 4 weeks after the last day of baiting. Refer to the current 1080
PCO for details on where notices must be placed.
Notices must specify the following:
1. that 1080 (wild dog, fox, feral pig or rabbit) baits are laid on this property, and
2. the dates on which 1080 (wild dog, fox, feral pig or rabbit) baits are first laid or the
dates between which baits will be laid, and
3. contact details of a person that can be contacted to get details on the baiting
program, and
4. a warning that non-target animals may be affected or that domestic dogs may be at
risk.
Authorities must keep adequate supplies of these notices for each animal species. Notices
for ejector capsules should specify capsules as opposed to baits.
The following are the recommended specifications for the notices.
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Size and materials
253 gsm white System board (cardboard) or
a similar synthetic Corflute® of approximately
40 cm × 30 cm.
Lettering
Lettering is to be in red or a colour that
contrasts with the background:
• about 7 cm high for the words ‘1080’ and
‘RABBIT’, ‘WILD DOG’, ‘FOX’ or ‘FERAL PIG’
‘POISON’,
• about 5 cm high for the words ‘LAID ON
THIS PROPERTY’; and
• about 1 cm high for the words ‘DATE
POISON LAID /
/
‘. The date can
Figure 9. A 1080 poisoning notice that shows
be written in permanent marking pen.
• Non-target animals may be affected.
the recommended style and layout.
(Photo Gerard O’Connor)
F I R S T A I D : S P E C I F I C R E CO M M E N D AT I O N S F O R 1080
In all cases seek advice from the Poisons Information Centre or a doctor, and get the
affected person to a doctor or emergency centre as soon as possible.
Poisons Information Centre 131 126
The following information is taken from the relevant SDS.
1080 is a deadly poison. Prompt treatment is vital whenever contact is made with this
product.
Seek immediate medical assistance and transport to hospital. Give large quantities of water
if medical assistance is delayed. DO NOT induce vomiting.
Hold eye(s) open and wash with running water for at least 15 minutes and see a doctor.
Do not attempt to remove contact lenses unless trained to do so.
If skin contact occurs, remove contaminated clothing immediately and wash skin
thoroughly with soap and water. Transport to hospital or doctor if skin irritation develops.
This risk is minimal as the product is supplied as an aqueous concentrate.
For medical practitioners
The standard references for doctors (not first aiders) are:
• Reigart & Roberts, Recognition & Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th ed. 1999
• Poisons Information Centre 131 126.
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PINDONE
I nt roduc t ion
Pindone is a first generation anticoagulant used to control rabbits in areas where
distance restrictions and the impact on non target animals and domestic pets make 1080
unsuitable. These include urban and closer settled semi-rural areas, golf courses, sporting
fields and horticultural areas.
Pindone has a long history of use in Australia; the pindone acid formulation was introduced
into Western Australia in 1984. Both pindone acid and pindone sodium formulations are
registered in Australia for use as a vertebrate poison to control rabbits.
An advantage of pindone compared to 1080 is that there is an antidote for use where
domestic animals may be exposed.
Anticoagulants have a low level of hazard to humans and domestic animals when used
according to the label. Pindone should be considered where:
• rabbits are to be controlled in urban or closely settled areas and areas where 1080 is
restricted from use
• the land manager objects to the use of 1080 and is willing to use pindone
• stock must be returned to the treated paddock soon after a control program.
There are several registered products containing pindone; ready-to-use bait products and
pindone powder and liquid concentrates. While ready-to-use baits are available through
rural merchants and some LLS, the liquid and powder concentrate products are restricted
for use by ACOs. Factory prepared baits include RABBAIT® oat bait and Aldi Bunnybait oat
bait for rabbits®.
Pindone concentrate is registered as Pindone-25 Rabbit Bait Rodenticide®, Pindone
25 Liquid Concentrate® or RABBAIT Liquid Pindone Concentrate® and must be used in
accordance with the current Pesticide Control (pindone products) Order (Pindone PCO)
and the pindone label.
Phys ical and chem ical p ro p er ties
Pindone is a green synthetic chemical product available in both powder and liquid
formulations containing either pindone acid or pindone sodium. The main difference
between the two is that baits prepared from pindone sodium may be expected to lose
the toxicant more rapidly under wet conditions because the sodium salt is water-soluble,
whereas pindone acid is water-insoluble. Pindone acid is mainly available in Western
Australia.
Pindone concentrates typically used by ACOs are Pindone-25 Rabbit Bait Rodenticide®
powder containing 2.5% pindone as a sodium salt in an inert base of caster sugar and corn
starch or as RABBAIT Liquid Pindone Concentrate® or Pindone 25 Liquid Concentrate®; the
latter two also contain 2.5% pindone as a sodium salt in solution.
M ode of ac t ion
Pindone is a cumulative poison and reduces the clotting ability of blood by disrupting the
vitamin K cycle. Animals die from internal haemorrhaging within 10 to 14 days after the
initial dose.
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At least three applications of pindone poison bait are required at 3–5 day intervals to
ensure rabbits receive a lethal dose. Few rabbit carcasses are seen after poisoning, because
most rabbits die in the warren, but rabbits may be active in the treated area for many days
after eating the poisoned bait. Where possible carcasses should be collected and disposed
of according to the pindone label.
Symptoms of anticoagulant poisoning are:
• haemorrhaging and bruising
•anaemia
•listlessness
• general lethargy.
S e ns it ivit y and s us cept ibilit y to pin d o n e
Rabbits are generally more sensitive than other vertebrates to pindone, see Appendix B.
Some raptors appear to share the high sensitivity of rabbits, based on results for wedgetailed eagles and brown goshawks. Kangaroos also appear highly sensitive, based on
results for western greys.
It should be noted that while pindone is considered a safer option than 1080, extra care
must be taken in areas to be baited that are frequented by native wildlife. Baits should be
contained in bait stations that prevent access by animals larger than rabbits to reduce the
risk to these non-target animals.
Env i ronm ent al fate
Pindone is likely to dissipate slowly in baits, particularly under wet conditions. Small
amounts may be leached from baits under wet conditions, but any residues entering soil
would be expected to be degraded by bacteria in 5–6 weeks in moist sheltered areas and
leaves no harmful residues. Pindone will breakdown under the ultra-violet light of sunlight
in 2–3 weeks if left exposed.
Most of the pindone eaten by rabbits should be absorbed and metabolised within a few
days. Based on the limited information available no significant or persistent contamination
of the environment by both pindone formulations is expected from rabbit control
operations using pindone baits.
Pindone baits are likely to pose minimal threat to aquatic organisms.
Is p i n done hum ane?
After ingestion of anticoagulants, there is usually a lag period of 3–5 days before the onset
of clinical signs. This delayed onset reflects the time required to deplete existing stores of
vitamin K and blood clotting factors. Initial signs of poisoning are listlessness and anorexia
followed by manifestations of haemorrhage including anaemia, laboured breathing, pale
mucous membranes and weakness. Bleeding may be visible around the nose, mouth, eyes
and anus and animals may pass bloody faeces. Swollen tender joints are common as a
result of bleeding into the confined joint space. Discomfort and pain from haemorrhages in
internal organs, muscles and joints typically lasts for several days before death. The time to
death is around 10 to 14 days after the initial dose.
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M inim is ing t he r is k to n o n - targ et an imals
Poisoning of non-target species can occur either directly by eating the carrot, oat or pellet
baits intended for rabbits or through the tissues from a dead or dying poisoned animal.
Although information on the toxicity and non-target impacts of pindone is limited, it is
thought to be moderately toxic to a range of species.
Secondary poisoning may occur in species which feed on poisoned rabbits and carcasses
such as quolls and raptors. Rabbits dying from pindone poisoning can become lethargic
and less aware of their surroundings. This can predispose these animals to predation which
can in turn place predators at greater risk from secondary poisoning. Non-target species
that accidentally receive a high enough dose of pindone may exhibit the same clinical
signs as rabbits.
Pindone is slow acting, so accidental poisoning of stock or companion animals may be
treated with vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) to be administered by a veterinarian. It is usual
to treat an affected animal with vitamin K1 for at least one week after an initial loading
dose. If bleeding is severe, whole blood or plasma can be given to replace clotting factors
and red blood cells.
To minimise the potential for toxic baits to be lethal to non-target animals, the following
baiting strategies are recommended:
Proceeding with unpoisoned bait – allows an assessment of what animals are eating the
bait.
Bait type – use of surface coated rather than vacuum impregnated oat baits may reduce
exposure of grain eating birds to the toxin. These birds may eat the kernel and discard the
poisoned husk.
Colouring of baits – pindone baits are dyed green colour to reduce exposure to birds.
Use of bait stations – bait may be placed under mesh canopies where it is accessible to
rabbits but access by non-target species such as kangaroos and wallabies is restricted.
Placement of bait – poisoned bait may be broadcast instead of concentrated in a trail, to
decrease the consumption of poisoned bait by non-target species. Poisoned bait should be
placed in the prime feeding areas of rabbits.
Timing of baiting – rabbits mostly feed at night, therefore bait laid in the evening will
be mostly consumed overnight before non-target species such as birds will have access.
However, nocturnal mammals will be at risk when bait is laid in the evening.
Collection of uneaten baits and rabbit carcasses – any uneaten bait and poisoned rabbit
carcasses are collected and either destroyed by incineration or buried.
Note: Where there is a significant risk of exposure to non-target animals, measures must be
taken to reduce this risk, or bait should not be laid.
Aut hor is at ion to obtain , sto re an d u se p in d o n e
concent rate and s upp ly p in d o n e b ait
Only an ACO and registered CPO may use pindone concentrate to prepare fresh pindone
bait material as described in the Access to Restricted chemical products section, page 55.
However ready-to-use pindone bait products are available over-the-counter from rural
merchants and some LLS.
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P I N D O N E S TO R AG E A N D B A I T P R E PA R AT I O N FAC I L I T I E S
Pindone concentrate does not have the strict requirements as 1080 liquid concentrate
for storage. Refer to the minimum storage requirements for pesticides and the storing of
small quantities of pindone detailed earlier in this Manual under heading General pesticide
storage facilities and the SDS for further information. For example the SDS for pindone
concentrate states to store in the closed, original container in a dry, cool, well ventilated
area out of direct sunlight.
The use of facilities as outlined in the 1080 section of this Manual will exceed the
requirements of facilities for the preparation of pindone bait material. As a minimum, users
of pindone concentrate should meet the requirements outlined in the various WorkCover
Codes of Practices .Pindone poisoned bait material can only be prepared in the 1080 bait
preparation area or if no 1080 bait preparation facility is available out in the field.
It is advisable to refrigerate pindone liquid concentrate to prolong the shelf life of the
poison.
Minimum signage for a pindone storage area may include the warning diamonds ‘Toxic 6’
and ‘Restricted Area No Unauthorised Entry’, Figure 4.
P R E PA R AT I O N O F P I N D O N E B A I T S
S afe t y
Operators using pindone must strictly follow the directions on the approved label, the
current Pindone PCO and SDS when preparing using, storing or disposing of pindone.
Pindone is toxic to humans and should be handled with care. Exposure can occur from
ingestion, inhalation of pindone coated grain dust, skin contact or absorption through
open cuts. Toxic effects are produced after exposure to a high dose or repeated low doses
over several days.
Operators must adhere to the following:
• Appropriate personal protective equipment including overalls, rubber boots, face
mask or safety glasses, and elbow length PVC or rubber gloves must be worn when
handling pindone and poisoned bait.
• Do not swallow pindone concentrate or bait product.
• Do not inhale dust or touch the bait. Use a scoop or measure.
• If pindone contacts skin, immediately wash area with soap and water.
• After use and before eating drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face with
soap and water.
• After use, wash contaminated clothing, boots and gloves.
• If poisoning occurs, go straight to a hospital or doctor or contact the Poisons
Information Centre, Phone 131 126.
• Vitamin K1 is an effective antidote and is readily available from hospitals and
veterinary practices.
• For further information refer to the SDS, available from the supplier.
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Preparat ion of pois o n ed baits fo r rab b its
Bait material
Pindone may only be used on carrots or oats. Carrot baits are generally recommended and
are readily accepted by rabbits but must be freshly prepared and tend to dry out quickly
in hotter climates. In comparison, oats are less susceptible to drying, are more readily
available, cheaper and easier to store and distribute.
Cut carrot manually or in a carrot cutter before poisoning. See Preparation of baits for
rabbits and feral pigs under the 1080 heading of this Manual.
Measuring equipment
• 250 mL measuring cylinder
• pouring jug
•funnel
• scales for weighing baits
• scoop or ladle.
Mixing equipment
• Moree type bait mixer or suitable mixer
• appropriate sized container.
Table 13: Pindone concentrate formulations and mixing rates.
PINDONE
CONCENTRATE
SUPPLIER
FORMULATION
MIXING RATES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Pindone-25 Rabbit
Bait Rodenticide®
PAKS National
Powder 25 g/kg
pindone sodium
200 g/20 kg carrots
Indefinite shelf life
Can only be used on
carrots (not grains)
Rabbait® Aqueous
Animal Control
Pindone Concentrate Technologies
Liquid 25 g/L
pindone sodium
200 mL/20 kg carrots Can be used on
carrots and oats
200 mL/10 kg oats
Shorter shelf life
than the powder
formulation (shelf
life can be extended
by refrigeration)
Pindone 25® Liquid
Concentrate
Liquid 25 g/L
pindone sodium
200 mL/20 kg carrots Can be used on
200 mL/10 kg oats
carrots and oats
Shorter shelf life
than the powder
formulation (shelf
life can be extended
by refrigeration)
PAKS National
Mixing pindone poisoned bait mechanical
The following procedure is recommended:
• Appropriate PPE including overalls, rubber boots, face mask or safety glasses, and
elbow length PVC or rubber gloves must be worn when handling pindone and
poisoned bait.
• Mix baits in a designated bait preparation facility or in the field.
• Measure out the correct quantity of bait to be treated into a container. At most 25 kg
carrot or 22 kg oats.
• Ensure the chute of the bait mixer is closed. Bait mixers should be fitted with an
automatic shut-off so the mixer does not operate with the lid open.
• Secure an approved correctly labelled pindone bag below the chute.
• Place the unpoisoned bait into the mixer.
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• Pour in the correct quantity of pindone for the bait to be treated.
• Mix for approximately 3 minutes. Bait has been sufficiently mixed with poison if dyed green and looks evenly coated.
• Empty the bait into the appropriately labelled pindone bag.
• Carefully remove the bag.
• Tie the bag securely, preferably with cable tie.
• Wash the mixer or other equipment.
Mixing in bags
When mixing carrot or grain in small quantities such as 10 kg, it can be mixed manually in
the appropriate pindone bag. Measure the required amount of grain or carrot and mix with
the required amount of pindone. This can be undertaken in the pindone preparation room
or in the field just prior to use.
Co nt ainer s and labelling o f p in d o n e b aits
An ACO may only supply pindone baits in either an appropriately labelled plastic bag or in
a container supplied by the manufacturer of registered bait products.
Suitable plastic bags are a minimum of 100 μm thick and printed with the appropriate
approved pindone label.
Suppliers of approved plastic bags for pindone baits are provided in Appendix E.
D i s p os al of pindone cont ain ers an d u n u sed baits
Break, crush or puncture and dispose of empty containers in a local authority landfill. If no
landfill is available, bury the containers below 500 mm of soil in a disposal pit specifically
marked and set up for this purpose clear of waterways, desirable vegetation and tree roots.
Empty containers should not be burnt.
All bait that is uneaten 4 days after bait consumption ceases should be collected and
destroyed either by incineration or burying at a depth of 500 mm of soil. Alternatively, trails
of poisoned carrot or oat bait can be covered with sufficient soil to prevent non-targets
from gaining access. Carcasses of poisoned rabbits should be collected for a minimum of
12 days after the last poison feed. They should be destroyed by incineration or buried at a
minimum depth of 500 mm of soil in a disposal pit.
Was hing and cleaning proced u res
Pindone sodium is soluble in water so all equipment should be thoroughly rinsed with
water and allowed to drain. When washing down in the field, waste water, bait and other
waste should be buried in a pit or collected in a container marked pindone and returned
to the pesticide facility for disposal. ACOs should wear gloves, washable hat, overalls and
rubber boots when washing equipment.
S U P P LY I N G A N D A P P LY I N G P I N D O N E B A I T S
The conditions to supply pindone baits to an authorised person are the same as supplying
1080 baits, see Supplying 1080 baits page 77.
A person taking possession of prepared pindone baits from an ACO must first complete an
Indemnity Form for each property on which baits are to be used.
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85
Persons applying pindone bait material must do so in accordance with the current Pindone
PCO and the pindone pesticide label. Persons must be supplied with the current Pindone
PCO and label before being issued baits.
The Pindone PCO and label give detailed information on but not limited to general
restrictions of use, distance restrictions and public notification.
Fir s t Aid – s pecific re co mmen d atio n s fo r pin d o n e
Swallowed: If swallowed contact medical assistance and transport to a hospital or doctor
immediately. Effects are cumulative and delayed.
Eye: Hold eye(s) open and wash with running water for at least 5 minutes until product is
removed. Ensure irrigation under the eyelids by occasionally lifting the eyelids. Transport to
hospital or doctor immediately if eye irritation develops. Do not attempt to remove contact
lenses unless trained.
Skin: If skin contact occurs, remove all contaminated clothing including footwear and
wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Transport to hospital or doctor if skin irritation
develops.
Inhalation of Powder: Remove victim to fresh air. If breathing is shallow, or stopped,
ensure clear airway and apply resuscitation or oxygen if available. Transport to hospital or
doctor immediately.
Inhalation of Liquid: There is no inhalation risk with liquid pindone.
Advice to doctor: Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) is antidotal if the patient shows signs of
bleeding or haemorrhage.
B R O M A D I O LO N E
I nt roduc t ion
Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant poison used to control mice around
sheds, silos and crop perimeters. Second generation anticoagulants are quick acting
poisons and, unlike with the first generation anticoagulants such as pindone, require only
a single dose to be effective. Second generation anticoagulants such as bromadiolone
are also effective against mice that have developed a resistance to first generation
anticoagulants.
Phys ical and chem ical p ro p er ties
Bromadiolone liquid concentrate is available in 1 L, 5 L or 20 L drum sizes containing a blue,
slightly viscous liquid emulsion containing 1 g/L of the active constituent bromadiolone.
The concentrate is mixed with grain.
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M o d e of ac t ion
Bromadiolone interferes with vitamin K cycle, disrupting the clotting ability of blood.
The potency of bromadiolone is about 10 times that of other anticoagulants. Eventually,
bromadiolone causes death due to internal haemorrhage. Time between ingestion and
death appear to be from one to 14 or more days.
M i n i mis ing t he r is k to no n - targ et an imals
Non-target species must consume comparatively large amounts of bait with a
concentration of 0.05% active ingredient, to reach a toxic or lethal dose.
To minimise risk to non-target species, all users should do a risk assessment of the impact
of baiting on non-target species and comply with the pesticide label and APVMA minor
use permit number – PER11331, expiring on 30 June 2016. The risk assessment should
consider:
• identifying non target species likely to be impacted
• applying bait within the recommended restrictions such as distances from tree lines
to minimise harm to grain eating birds
• identifying correct bait type, untreated or unclean grain
• providing all the information necessary to make judgements on when and how to
bait
• identifying gaps in training for all users.
B R O M A D I O LO N E S TO R AG E A N D B A I T P R E PA R AT I O N
FAC I L I T I E S
Bromadiolone concentrate must be stored in a secure facility and does not have the
strict requirements as 1080 liquid concentrate for storage. Refer to the minimum storage
requirements for pesticides and the SDS for further information.
The use of facilities as outlined in the 1080 section of this Manual will exceed the
requirements of facilities for the preparation of bromadiolone bait material. As a minimum,
users of bromadiolone concentrate should meet the requirements outlined in the various
WorkCover Codes of Practices.
Minimum signage for a bromadiolone storage area may include the warning diamonds
‘Toxic 6’ and ‘No Unauthorised Entry’, Figure 4.
P R E PA R AT I O N O F B R O M A D I O LO N E M O U S E B A I T S
S afe t y
Operators using bromadiolone must strictly follow the directions on the product label
when preparing, using, storing or disposing of bromadiolone. Bromadiolone is toxic to
humans and should be handled with care. Exposure can occur from ingestion or skin
contact and absorption. Toxic effects are produced after exposure to a high dose or
repeated low doses over several days.
Operators must adhere to the following:
• Appropriate PPE including overalls, rubber boots, face mask or safety glasses. Elbow
length PVC or rubber gloves must be worn when handling bromadiolone concentrate
and poisoned baits.
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87
• Do not swallow bromadiolone as it is poisonous.
• Do not inhale dust or touch the bait. Use a measure.
• If bromadiolone contacts skin, immediately wash area with soap and water.
• After use and before eating drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face with
soap and water.
• After use, wash contaminated clothing, boots and gloves.
• If poisoning occurs, contact a hospital or doctor and the Poisons Information Centre,
Phone 131 126.
• Vitamin K1 is the effective antidote and is available from hospitals and veterinary
practices.
• For further information refer to the Safety Data Sheet, available from the supplier.
Preparat ion of bait s
Bait material
Bromadiolone is commonly mixed with wheat.
Measuring equipment
• 1 litre measuring cylinder
• pouring jug
•funnel
• scales for weighing baits.
Application equipment
• Moree bait mixer
• appropriate sized container.
Mixing bromadiolone poisoned bait
Mix 1 L of bromadiolone concentrate to 19 kg of clean wheat.
• Appropriate PPE including overalls, rubber boots, face mask or safety glasses, and
elbow length PVC or rubber gloves must be worn when handling bromadiolone
concentrate and poisoned baits.
• Mix baits in a designated bait preparation facility or in another suitable place that will sufficiently contain any spills.
• Measure out the 19 kg of clean wheat to be treated into a container.
• Secure an approved and correctly labelled bromadiolone bag below the chute.
• Place 19 kg of wheat into the Moree mixer, pour in the 1 L of concentrate.
• Follow the procedure on mixing baits for rabbits in the pindone section, tie the bag
securely, preferably with a cable tie.
• Wash the mixer and other equipment using water and a degreaser or detergent.
Mixing in bags
When mixing grain in small quantities such as 10 kg, it can be mixed manually in the
appropriate bag or bucket. Measure the required amount of grain and mix with the
required amount of bromadiolone. This can be undertaken in an appropriate preparation
room or in the field prior to use.
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Co nt ainer s and labelling o f b ro mad io lo n e baits
ACOs or other operators may only supply bromadiolone baits in an appropriately labelled
plastic bag.
D i s p os al of brom adiolone co ntain ers an d u n u sed b aits
All unused bait and carcasses should be collected and destroyed by deep burial.
Break, crush or puncture and dispose of empty containers in a local authority landfill.
If no landfill is available, bury the containers below 500 mm of soil in a disposal pit
specifically marked and set up for this purpose clear of dams, waterways or drains.
Was hing and cleaning proced u res
Bromadiolone is emulsifiable in water so all equipment should be thoroughly rinsed with
water and allowed to drain. When washing down in the field, waste water, bait and other
waste should be buried in a pit or collected in a container marked bromadiolone and
returned to the pesticide facility for disposal. ACOs should wear gloves, washable hat,
overalls and rubber boots when washing equipment.
S U P P LY I N G A N D A P P LY I N G B R O M A D I O LO N E B A I T S
A person taking possession of prepared bromadiolone baits from an ACO or other operator
must first complete an Indemnity Form for each property on which baits are to be used.
A person taking possession and applying bromadiolone baits must receive be given a copy
of the pesticide label and the APVMA minor use permit number – PER11331, expiring on
30 June 2016, read it and follow all directions.
Fi rst Aid– s pecific recom men d atio n s fo r b ro mad io lo n e
Swallowed: If swallowed, rinse mouth thoroughly with water and contact medical
assistance and transport to a hospital or doctor immediately. Effects are cumulative and
delayed in action.
Eye: Hold eye(s) open and wash with running water. Ensure irrigation under the eyelids by
occasionally lifting the eyelids. Transport to hospital or doctor immediately if eye irritation
develops.
Skin: If skin contact occurs, remove all contaminated clothing including footwear
immediately and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Inhalation: Inhalation is unlikely as this product is produced as an aqueous solution. If in
doubt contact a Poisons Information Centre on 131 126 or a doctor.
Advice to doctor: Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) is antidotal if the patient shows signs of
bleeding or haemorrhage.
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89
CO U M AT E T R A LY L R O D E N T B A I T – R AC U M I N 8®
I nt roduc t ion
Racumin 8 ® has coumatetyralyl as the active constituent. Coumatetralyl is a first
generation anticoagulant poison similar to warfarin. It is used to control rats and mice
around farm buildings. Being a first generation anticoagulant, multiple doses need to
be consumed to receive a lethal dose as a single dose exposure may not produce toxic
symptoms as the compound is quite rapidly metabolised.
Phys ical and chem ical p ro p er ties
Racumin 8® is a violet coloured odourless powder concentrate containing 8 g/kg of the
active constituent coumatetralyl usually supplied in 10 kg tubs.
The concentrate is mixed with grain and canola oil to attract mice and encourage
ingestion.
M ode of ac t ion
Coumatetralyl reduces the clotting ability of blood by disrupting the vitamin K cycle.
Animals die from internal haemorrhaging within 3 to 8 days after the initial dose.
Poison bait must be available over several days to ensure rodents receive a lethal dose.
Few rodent carcasses are seen after poisoning because most rodents die in or under the
harbour being used such as holes and hay bales but rodents may be active in the treated
area for many days after eating the poisoned bait. Where possible carcasses should be
collected and disposed of according to the pesticide label.
Environm ent al fate
Coumatetralyl has a similar environmental fate to that of pindone and other anticoagulant
poisons, and is not expected to constitute a significant health hazard.
Secondary poisoning through the consumption of rats and mice killed with coumatetralyl
may occur in dogs, cats and carnivorous birds such as owls.
M inim is ing t he r is k to n o n - targ et an imals
Non-target organisms are potentially at risk from direct consumption of baits and through
eating poisoned rodents. To reach the toxic or lethal dose, the non-target species must
consume bait over a sustained period.
A person taking possession and applying coumatetralyl rodent baits must be given a copy
of the pesticide label and the APVMA minor use permit number – PER12845, expiring on
30 June 2016, read it and follow all directions. Risk minimisation strategies are detailed in
both the Pindone and Bromadiolone sections of this Manual.
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CO U M AT E T R A LY L S TO R AG E A N D B A I T P R E PA R AT I O N
FAC I L I T I E S
Racumin 8® concentrate must be stored in a secure facility and does not have the strict
requirements as 1080 liquid concentrate for storage. Refer to the minimum storage
requirements for pesticides and the SDS for further information.
The use of facilities as outlined in the 1080 section of this Manual will exceed the
requirements of facilities for the preparation of coumatetralyl bait material. As a minimum,
users of Racumin 8® concentrate should meet the requirements outlined in the various
WorkCover Codes of Practices.
Minimum signage for a Racumin 8® storage area may include the warning diamonds ‘Toxic
6’ and ‘No Unauthorised Entry’, Figure 3.
P R E PA R AT I O N O F CO U M AT E T R A LY L R O D E N T B A I T S
S afe t y
Operators using Racumin 8® concentrate must strictly follow the directions on the product
label when preparing for use, using, storing or disposing of Racumin 8® concentrate.
Racumin 8® concentrate is toxic to humans and should be handled with care. Exposure
can occur from ingestion, inhalation or skin contact and absorption (only in exceptional
circumstance). Toxic effects are produced after exposure to a high single dose or repeated
low doses over several days.
Operators must adhere to the following when preparing bait:
• Appropriate PPE must be worn when preparing baits using Racumin 8® concentrate
including overalls, washable hat, rubber boots, P2 dust mask (minimum) and elbow
length nitrile or PVC gloves.
• Do not swallow Racumin 8® concentrate or bait product.
• Do not inhale dust or touch the bait. Use a scoop or measure.
• If Racumin 8® concentrate contacts skin, immediately wash area with soap and water.
• After use and before eating, drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face with
soap and water.
• After use, wash contaminated clothing, boots and gloves.
• If poisoning occurs, go straight to a hospital or doctor and the Poisons Information
Centre, Phone 131 126.
• Vitamin K1 is the effective antidote and is available from hospitals and veterinary
practices.
• For further information refer to the SDS available from the supplier.
Pre p arat ion of bait s
Bait material
Clean wheat, barley, sorghum or triticale. Canola oil is added to help bind the powder to
the grain plus being an attractant
Measuring equipment
• pouring or measuring jug for the canola oil
•funnel
• scales for weighing powder and grain.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
91
Application equipment
• Moree bait mixer
• appropriate sized container.
Mixing Racumin 8® concentrate
Mix 500 g Racumin 8® powder with 10 kg of grain and 100–200 mL of canola oil.
• Mix baits in a designated bait preparation facility or in another suitable place that will
sufficiently contain any spills.
• Measure out10 kg of grain to be treated into a container.
• Secure an approved and correctly labelled coumateralyl bag below the chute.
• Place the 10 kg of grain into the mixer.
• Pour in 500 g of Racumin 8® powder and required amount of canola oil determined
by the quality of grain used.
• Follow the procedures on mixing baits for rabbits in the pindone section.
• Tie the bag securely, preferably with a cable tie.
• Wash the mixer and other equipment using water and a degreaser or detergent.
Mixing in bags
Follow procedures detailed under bromadiolone or pindone.
Cont ainer s and labellin g o f co u matetralyl b aits
An ACO may only supply coumatetralyl rodent baits in an appropriately labelled plastic
bag.
D is pos al of R acum in 8® co ntain ers, co u matetralyl bag s
and unus ed bait s
All unused bait and carcasses should be collected and destroyed by deep burial. Break,
crush or puncture and dispose of empty containers in a local authority landfill. If no landfill
is available, bury the containers below 500 mm of soil in a disposal pit specifically marked
and set up for this purpose clear of dams, waterways or drains.
Was hing and cleanin g p ro ced u res
Racumin 8® concentrate is emilsifiable in water so all equipment should be thoroughly
rinsed with water and allowed to drain. When washing down in the field, waste water, bait
and other waste should be buried in a pit or collected in a container marked Racumin 8®
concentrate and returned to the pesticide facility for disposal. ACOs or other operators
should wear gloves, washable hat, overalls and rubber boots when washing equipment.
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S U P P LY I N G A N D A P P LY I N G CO U M AT E T R A LY L R O D E N T
BAITS
A person taking possession of prepared coumatetralyl rodent baits from an ACO must first
complete an Indemnity Form for each property on which baits are to be used.
A person taking possession of coumatetralyl rodent baits must be given a copy of the
pesticide label and the APVMA minor use permit number – PER12845, expiring 30 June
2016.
Persons applying coumatetralyl rodent bait material must do so in accordance with the
pesticide label and the APVMA minor use permit number – PER12845, expiring 30 June
2016.
FIRST AID – SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RACUMIN 8®
CONCENTRATE OR COUMATETRALYL RODENT BAIT
If poisoning occurs, immediately contact a doctor or Poisons Information Centre, Phone
131 126, and follow the advice given.
Ingestion: If swallowed, seek immediate medical advice.
Eye: Hold eye(s) open and flush with running water for at least 15 minutes. Ensure
irrigation under the eyelids by occasionally lifting the eyelids. Transport to hospital or
doctor immediately if eye irritation develops.
Skin: If skin contact occurs, remove all contaminated clothing including footwear
immediately and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Inhalation: Move the patient to fresh air and keep at rest.
Coumatetralyl inhibits vitamin K1-dependant coagulation.
B R O D I FACO U M
I nt ro duc t ion
Brodifacoum is a second generation anticoagulant poison like bromadiolone and
coumatetralyl. It is commonly available to the general public in retail stores in the form of
pellets or wax blocks.
As a second generation anticoagulant, brodifacoum usually requires only a single feed to
deliver a lethal effect. APVMA minor use permits (https://portal.apvma.gov.au/permits)
are utilised to enable use of brodifacoum in the form of bait for bait stations or to be
distributed with spreading equipment, on islands of the coast of NSW.
R A B B I T H A E M O R R H AG I C D I S E A S E ( R H D )
I nt ro duc t ion
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), is an acute, highly contagious viral disease which
only affects the European wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and their domestic relatives.
The virus was first reported in China in 1984 and spread across China and into Europe.
Subsequently it has also occurred in northern Africa, North America and on islands in the
Indian Ocean. To date it has been reported in over 40 countries world-wide.
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RHD was first registered as an injection in Australia in 1996. It is now registered for use as a
bait on carrot and oats.
As RHD is now prevalent in the majority of wild Australian rabbit populations and high
levels of immunity to the virus is expected to occur periodically. Release of the virus in a
population of rabbits with high immunity may have minimal impact.
M ode of ac t ion
In most adult rabbits the disease progresses rapidly from fever and lethargy to sudden
death within 48–72 hours of infection. The virus causes acute liver damage from blood
clotting. Death occurs due to obstruction of blood supply in vital organs and internal
haemorrhages.
Biological proper t ie s
The virus comprises an RNA molecule, enclosed within a protein coating. Like all
viruses, it reproduces only within the living cells of the European wild rabbit. The virus is
manufactured from laboratory rabbits that have been inoculated with a Czechoslovakian
isolate of the virus, designated strain CAPM V-351. Further research on other strains is
continuing to improve efficacy.
Effec t ivenes s
Rabbits infected with the virus develop the disease within one to three days. The virus is
lethal in more than 75% of infected susceptible rabbits. Rabbits younger than 12 weeks
that become infected with the virus are less likely to die because they have maternal
antibodies that protect the young rabbit from disease. Young rabbits that survive initial
infection become immune adults.
Since its release in 1996, natural outbreaks of the RHD continue to have variable effects
on rabbit populations. This variability is due to many factors one of which is that natural
outbreaks do not always coincide with times when rabbit populations are most susceptible
to the disease.
Some populations of rabbits in high rainfall areas have demonstrated a partial immunity
to the virus because they carry a benign strain of the disease. For that reason the impact of
RHD has generally been greatest in the arid and semi-arid zone. It is predictable that RHD
will evolve to a point where the virus becomes less effective. This selection pressure could
occur most rapidly in the arid zone of Australia where the death rate is higher prompting
an increase in natural selection for resistant rabbits.
The timing of RHD spread is important. If an outbreak occurs in early spring, it is more likely
to immunise young rabbits and the disease may be less effective. When outbreaks occur
in autumn or winter, when spring and summer born rabbits have grown into adults, the
effectiveness of RHD is likely to be greater. Therefore the optimum time to release RHD
virus into a susceptible rabbit population is late summer and autumn.
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Is R HD hum ane?
In most rabbits, death from RHD is very quick. Some animals show no signs of illness
prior to death whilst others will have elevated temperature, anorexia, apathy, dullness,
prostration and reddened eyes. Rapid respiration, bloody nasal discharge, convulsions,
paralysis and squealing may be seen in the later stages. However, five to 10% of rabbits
may show signs of chronic disease. These animals may have jaundice, weight loss and
lethargy for up to 2 weeks before dying.
M i n i mis ing t he r is k to no n - targ et an imals
RHDV has not been known to infect or cause death to any other animal species in the
wild apart from rabbits. All rabbits in Australia are derived from the European wild rabbit
and are therefore potentially susceptible to infection. Farmed and pet rabbits should be
vaccinated against RHD. Vaccinations are available from veterinary practitioners.
Sto rage of RH D vir us s us pen sio n
RHD virus suspension should be stored at –5°C. Once opened, the entire contents of vials
must be used within 48 hours. Opened vials must be stored in a refrigerator, 4°C and MUST
NOT BE FROZEN.
Pre p arat ion of bait s inoculated with R HDV su spen sio n
Safety directions
Humans cannot contract RHD virus, however allergic reactions may affect some users.
When mixing the virus on oats or carrots, it is advisable to wear impermeable gloves and
a full face shield to reduce the opportunity for the foreign protein to contact skin, eyes, or
mucous membranes.
Preparation of baits
Instructions for the preparation of RHD virus treated baits are provided on the product
label. Only carrots or oats may be treated with the RHD virus suspension. One 10mL vial
of RHD virus suspension diluted in 90 mL of sterile, distilled water is sufficient to treat 6 kg
of oats or 15 kg of chopped carrots. Oats should be intact oat grain with husks attached.
Carrots should be of good quality and freshly diced.
The treated bait should be mixed in an enclosed bait mixer, that meets the standard
requirement for 1080 bait mixing.
The appropriate quantity of feed material is added to the mixer. The viral solution is added
to the mixer, preferably through spray nozzles inside the drum. The bait and viral solution
should be evenly mixed. The bait is then delivered directly into plastic bags, labelled with
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Suspension which meet the specifications outlined in
the APVMA permit number 9305 (no expiry date).
Baits must be used within 24 hours of inoculation.
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D is pos al of vials and u n u sed b aits
Used vials should be soaked in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, or 1 in 20 dilution of household
bleach containing 10% sodium hypochlorite and water and buried in a local authority
landfill or buried below 500 mm of soil in a disposal pit specifically marked and set up for
this purpose. Empty vial containers and products should not be burnt. Unused baits and
bags must be disposed of by deep burial.
Was hing and cleanin g p ro ced u res
Equipment used to prepare the bait should be decontaminated and cleaned at the
completion of bait preparation each day by rinsing with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite.
Following this, rinse the bait mixer and utensils with water and allow to dry.
Supplying bait s inoc u lated with R HD viru s su spen sio n
ACOs may only supply baits inoculated with RHD virus to people who meet the criteria in
the current Pesticide Control (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease) Order (RHDV PCO).
A person taking possession of baits inoculated RHD virus must be given a copy of the
current RHDV PCO and Part B of the RHD Virus Suspension Label.
Applying baits inoculated with RHD virus suspension
Persons applying bait materials inoculated with RHDV must do so in accordance with the
current RHDV PCO and Part B of the RHDV Suspension Label.
G eneral res t r ic t ions
Restrictions include:
• treated baits may only be administered to wild rabbits
• rabbits visibly affected by myxomatosis should not be baited
• baiting of rabbits older than 12 weeks is recommended
• if the existence of a critical native population is suspected in the area of baiting,
advice should be sought from State or Territory conservation agencies so that
appropriate predator control measures can be implemented if necessary.
Free feeding
Rabbits should be free fed according to the label instructions. Free feeding should occur at
least twice for carrots and 3 times for oats. Treated baits should be applied at a rate of 10%
of the rate applied in the final night of free feeding.
Fir s t Aid – s pecific re co mmen d atio n s fo r R HD viru s
Thoroughly wash exposed skin with soapy water after preparing bait feed. If injected or an
adverse reaction occurs, seek immediate medical advice.
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FUMIGANTS
DO NOT store fumigants in a fully enclosed building. DO NOT transport fumigants in the
cabin of a vehicle. All fumigants must be stored in well-ventilated areas and never opened
in an enclosed space. Where possible, fumigants should be stored adjacent to a vent or
metal grill that opens to the outside and the storage facility should be fitted with roof
ventilators.
Ph o sphine
Introduction
The main diffuse or static fumigant used in NSW is phosphine gas. Poisoning occurs by
inhalation, although swallowing a tablet is lethal. The gas is not readily absorbed through
the skin. There are a number of registered phosphine tablet products available. Search the
APVMA Pubcris database to see what products are currently available http://portal.apvma.
gov.au/pubcris
Mode of action
Phosphine is a systemic poison which depresses the central nervous system and
respiratory function. It is highly toxic to humans; therefore operators performing warren
fumigation must take adequate precautions to safeguard against accidental exposure.
Time to death can be highly variable depending on the concentration of gas in the burrow.
For example, at concentrations of 400 ppm phosphine can kill rabbits in 30 minutes
whereas at 25 ppm death will take 4 hours. The time taken to reach high concentrations
throughout the warren largely depends on the amount of moisture in the soil and air, or
on the tablets. In low humidity, complete release of phosphine gas from the tablets may
take hours or even days. Higher humidity will cause a rapid rate of diffusion and therefore
result in higher concentrations of gas so that the rabbit will be exposed to a lethal dose in a
shorter time and will have less chance to dig out of the burrow.
Physical and chemical properties
Phosphine is a colourless gas, about 20% heavier than air, with a slight garlic odour.
Phosphine gas is generated when aluminium phosphide tablets are exposed to moisture
in the air. It remains gaseous at all normal temperatures and spreads quickly. The gas can
react with copper, copper compounds, silver and gold at high temperatures.
Tablets weigh 3 g and begin to emit phosphine immediately on exposure to moisture in
the air. Complete decomposition takes about 48 to 72 hours depending on the humidity.
Tablets come in tubes and packs with varying numbers ranging from 30 to 100 tablets.
Fumigation tablets contain 560 to 570 g/kg of aluminium phosphide which produces
330 g/kg phosphine gas. Each 3 g tablet releases 1 g of phosphine gas when exposed to
moisture in the air or soil.
Sensitivity and susceptibility to phosphine gas
Phosphine is not species specific and is highly toxic to humans and animals.
Animal experiments have revealed that rabbits exposed to 70 mg phosphine/m3 (50 ppm)
for 10 minutes do not develop any symptoms but exposure to 140 mg/m3 (100 ppm) is
fatal in 2.5 to 3 hours, and 700 mg/m3 (500 ppm) is fatal 25 to 30 minutes.
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For humans, the short term exposure limit is 0.3 ppm and concentrations of 50 ppm are
immediately dangerous to health.
Environmental fate
Aluminium phosphide will break down spontaneously in the presence of water to form a
gaseous product, and so it is non-persistent and non-mobile in the soil environment, and
poses no risk to groundwater. It is highly unlikely that aluminium phosphide or phosphine
will be found in surface waters. Phosphine decomposes in the atmosphere within 5–28
hours.
It should be noted that phosphine gas, when liberated by contact with moisture, can be
toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, and every care should be taken to avoid contamination
of aquatic environments.
Is phosphine humane?
Fumigation is considered to be less humane than poisoning with 1080. Therefore, it is
desirable to fumigate only after a poisoning program when the density of rabbits is low.
This minimises the number of rabbits exposed to fumigation.
Phosphine is currently the preferred toxin for diffusion fumigation until more humane
methods are developed. Chloropicrin is considered to be highly inhumane and its use is
not recommended.
The precise nature and extent of suffering of rabbits after inhalation of phosphine is
unknown. Symptoms of phosphine toxicity in humans often include nausea, abdominal
pain, headache and convulsions followed by coma.
Failure to reach lethal levels of phosphine in some parts of the warren because of
inadequate diffusion will result in ineffective killing but will not necessarily cause longterm suffering. Studies in other species (i.e. cats, guinea pigs and brown rats) have
produced no evidence to suggest that exposure to sub-lethal levels of phosphine gas
causes sub-acute or chronic poisoning. Therefore, rabbits that escape from fumigated
warrens or those that are exposed to sub-lethal concentrations in deeper parts of the
warren may only experience transient illness, not permanent debilitation.
Minimising the risk to non-target animals
Fumigation of rabbit warrens is one of the most target-specific means of rabbit destruction
and will have little impact on non-target species if used correctly. Fumigation must only
be used in active, occupied warrens. If a warren appears to be empty or possibly occupied
by a non-target species (e.g. wombats, dingoes, lizards, snakes), fumigation must not be
performed.
There appears to be no significant risk of secondary poisoning if carcasses of gassed
animals are consumed by non-target predatory or scavenger species. If using dogs to work
an area prior to warren fumigation, the following should be observed:
• Dog handlers must be experienced and the dogs well trained. The dogs must be
easily controlled by a whistle or call and obey the handlers’ commands.
• Dogs must not chase or attack non-target animals including livestock.
• Dogs are not allowed access to treated warrens.
To ensure that dogs are not exposed to phosphine gas or allowed access to treated
warrens, handlers must ensure that dogs are well restrained during and after fumigation.
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Storage
Aluminium phosphide tablets should be stored:
• in a locked place away from children, animals, food, feedstuffs, seed and fertilisers
• in the closed, original container in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area out of direct
sunlight
• away from water and liquids which will cause immediate release of phosphine gas
• at least 5 m away from Schedule 6 and 7 poisons such as 1080, Larvacide®
(chloropicrin) and pindone.
Store in a locked, waterproof metal cabinet clearly marked aluminium phosphide.
Do not store aluminium phosphide in a small gas-proof enclosure.
Us i n g alum inium phos ph id e tablets
Health and safety
• Operators must strictly follow the directions on the approved label when using and
storing aluminium phosphide tablets. They must not be used for any other purpose
than the destruction of rabbits in active warrens.
• Fumigation must always be carried out by two trained persons and must not be
carried out in wet conditions when it is likely that the tablets will become wet before
insertion in the burrows.
• Phosphine is highly toxic to humans and can kill if the tablets are swallowed or the
liberated gas is inhaled. Avoid contacting the skin with aluminium phosphide or
breathing phosphine gas.
• If poisoning occurs seek immediate medical attention andcontact the Poisons
Information Centre, Phone 131 126.
• Symptoms of overexposure to phosphine gas include headache, dizziness, nausea,
and difficulty breathing. Severe exposure may damage liver, kidneys, lungs, and
nervous and circulatory systems, and may cause death.
• Appropriate PPE should be worn when using fumigant. This includes:
– overalls
– elbow length PVC or rubber gloves
– full-face respirator with combined dust and gas cartridge (canister) or breathing
apparatus with air supply.
• After use and before eating drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face with
soap and water.
• After use, wash contaminated clothing and gloves.
• For further information refer to the SDS available from the supplier.
Eye-wash stations or baths should be available where aluminium phosphide is being
used. Deluge showers or eye wash stations should be provided where aluminium
phosphide is being stored.
Refer Biology, ecology and management of vertebrate pests in NSW – Rabbits chapter for
information on how to carry out phosphine fumigation.
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Fir s t Aid – s pecific re co mmen d atio n s fo r alu min iu m
phos phide
If poisoning occurs, go to a doctor or hospital quickly.
If swallowed, rinse mouth thoroughly with water and contact the Poisons Information
Centre on 131 126. Urgent hospital treatment is likely to be needed. Do NOT give mouth
to mouth resuscitation if this product has been swallowed. If a patient has swallowed
aluminium phosphide they may begin emitting toxic phosphine gas. First aid and medical
staff should take precautions against exposure to phosphine emitted by such a patient.
If irritation does occur flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water
for 5 minutes or until the product is removed, while holding the eyelid(s) open. Obtain
medical advice immediately.
If irritation occurs wash gently and thoroughly with water for 5 minutes or until chemical
is removed. If irritation persists, repeat flushing and obtain medical advice. If any unusual
symptoms become evident, or if in doubt, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131
126 or a doctor.
If inhalation occurs seek medical assistance immediately. Remove source of contamination
and move the patient to fresh air as soon as possible.
DO NOT administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – use other forms of resuscitation. DO
NOT allow victim to move about unnecessarily. Symptoms of pulmonary oedema can be
delayed up to 48 hours after exposure.
Chloropicr in
Introduction
Chloropicrin is registered for use as a pesticide in Australia and is mainly used as a
fumigant to control pest species in soil, however it is also used to control vertebrates such
as rabbits.
Chloropicrin is the active ingredient of the liquid available in 500 mL bottles as Rural
Larvacide Rabbit Fumigant®. Chloropicrin can only be used through a pressure fumigator
if the operator has had appropriate training in additional to chemical accreditation at
AQF3 level (ref: Work Health and Safety 2011, Exemption Order No. 008/13). A Supervisor
who supervises and train others in using chloropicrin and/or aluminium phosphide must
have a chemical users training at AQF4 level training in addition to vertebrate pesticides /
fumigation training.
WorkCover currently licence fumigators that use chloropicrin but there are currently
exemptions that apply to some agricultural use. WorkCover has issued an exemption order
which applies to LLS staff which is due to expire in 20 June 2015.
Mode of action
Poisoning occurs by inhalation. Chloropicrin gas in very small concentrations is highly
irritating to the lungs and eyes. Lethal chloropicrin toxicosis from fumigation causes death
from pulmonary oedema, bronchopneumonia, emphysema or bronchiolitis obliterans. The
toxicity of chloropicrin is primarily influenced by effects on the small and medium bronchi
and the speed at which death occurs depends upon the concentration and period of
exposure.
In liquid form it will cause burns and must be immediately washed off affected skin or eyes.
Remove any contaminated clothing immediately.
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Physical and chemical properties
Chloropicrin was first synthesised from picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and calcium
hypochlorite in 1848. It is a powerful lachrymator (‘tearing agent’) with a strong, sharp
and highly irritating odour. It is variously described as a clear, colourless-to-light-green or
colourless-to-faint-yellow oily liquid.
Chloropicrin was used for chemical warfare in World War I as a tear gas.
It works as a fumigant by evaporation of the liquid, but the gas does not spread as quickly
as phosphine, being five and a half times as dense as air. Chloropicrin is non-corrosive to
copper and brass but attacks most other metals.
Sensitivity and susceptibility to chloropicrin
For humans, the time weighted average (TWA or working week exposure limit) for
chloropicrin is only 0.1 ppm. Chronic exposure to chloropicrin is not a risk as the gas is so
irritating at low doses, being a very strong tear gas, that it would be impossible to remain
long enough for chronic toxicity to occur.
Environmental fate
Chloropicrin degrades to carbon dioxide in soils with a half-life between 8 hours and 4.5
days. Chloropicrin moves rapidly in soils and can diffuse to 1 m in sandy soil. It is unlikely to
move rapidly in water due to its low solubility.
Chloropicrin will volatilise quickly in water and from soils. It is not expected to absorb to
soil particles.
In should be noted that chloropicrin is toxic to fish and every care should be taken not to
contaminate aquatic environments.
Is chloropicrin humane?
Chloropicrin is considered to be highly inhumane and its use is not recommended. It
causes intense irritation of the respiratory tract and profuse watering of the eyes for a
considerable period before death.
Minimising risk to non-target animals
Refer to Minimising risk to non-target animals under phosphine fumigation page 98.
Sto rage
Chloropicrin should be stored:
• in a locked place away from children, animals, food, feedstuffs, seed and fertilisers
• in the closed, original container in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area out of direct
sunlight
• away from extreme heat and open flames
Do not store near oxidising material or water. The area is adequately ventilated to prevent
poisoning or a heavy gas concentration if there has been some form of leakage.
Chloropicrin must be stored securely in a tray capable of holding at least 110% of the
largest container or 25% of the total volume of liquid being stored, whichever is largest.
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Soda ash or lime should be stored to be used to neutralise any chloropicrin spillage that
occurs. Keep approximately an equal amount of soda ash or lime and chloropicrin. That is,
if there is usually about 50 L or chloropicrin in store then keep about 50 kg of soda ash or
lime on hand.
Us ing chloropicr in for pressu rised f u mig atio n
Safety
You must take extreme care when handling and using chloropicrin because it is extremely
dangerous. Undiluted chloropicrin is highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion or direct contact
with the skin or eyes. Inhalation exposure to very high levels, even briefly, can lead to
pulmonary oedema, fluid accumulation and swelling of the lungs, unconsciousness and
even death.
When handling chloropicrin the handler must have adequate protective clothing. As
chloropicrin is chemically inert and many canister-type respirators will not absorb the
chemical only positive pressure breathable air type respirators should be used. Other
equipment includes impermeable overalls, elbow-length impervious gloves and ensure the
entire face particularly the eyes are covered and protected.
Refer Biology, ecology and management of vertebrate pests in NSW – Rabbits chapter for
further information.
Fir s t aid – Specific re co mmen d atio n s fo r c h lo ro pic rin
If there is any contact by any route (apart from very minor inhalation), contact the Poisons
Information Centre or a doctor immediately. Do not wait for symptoms of poisoning.
Operators should have a plentiful supply of soap and water for washing present when
chloropicrin is being used.
Eye wash baths should be available when chloropicrin is being used. Where practical,
deluge showers should be provided when this product is being used.
If no breathing difficulties give water to dilute (maximum 250 mL for adults; 125 mL for
children). Obtain medical attention immediately.
If in eyes, hold eyes open, flood with water for at least 15 minutes. Ensure irrigation under
eyelids by occasionally lifting them. Do not try to remove contact lenses unless trained. See
a doctor.
If skin contact occurs, remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap
and running water (for at least 15 minutes). If safety shower is available, use it promptly.
Seek urgent medical attention if skin blisters, or if it looks or feels unusual. Because of the
toxicity of this product, speed may save a life.
Remove from contaminated area. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing. If giving
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation wash out patients mouth and lips – do not inhale patient’s
expired air. If vapours or mists have been inhaled, and irritation, including a cough or
difficulty breathing, or other unusual symptoms have developed, seek medical advice. Get
to a hospital or doctor quickly. Monitor breathing for several hours after exposure.
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Carbon m onox ide – DEN - CO - FUM E®
Introduction
Carbon monoxide fumigant cartridge known as DEN-CO-FUME® is the only fumigant
registered for foxes and that may be used on fox natal dens.
Carbon monoxide gas is very toxic and poisoning occurs via inhalation. The absorption
and resulting symptoms are dependent on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the
inspired air, the time of exposure and the state of activity of the person exposed.
Mode of action
When inhaled carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, with an
affinity 250 times that of oxygen, to form carboxyhaemoglobin. This results in reduced
oxygen-carrying capacity and altered delivery of oxygen to cells. Hypoxia, the reduction of
oxygen supply to the tissues, eventually leads to unconsciousness and death.
While exposure to very low levels of carbon monoxide may cause no symptoms or only
slight headache and shortness of breath, longer exposure to higher concentrations
of carbon monoxide will convert more than 50% of blood haemoglobin to
carboxyhaemoglobin. Prolonged exposure to concentrations of carbon monoxide over
1000 ppm (0.1%) causes loss of consciousness, failure of the respiratory system followed by
death from cardiac arrest.Death occurs without pain and while the animal is unconscious.
Time to death depends on the final carbon monoxide concentration but is typically within
minutes or a few hours at a concentration greater than 1%. Higher concentrations are
achieved in smaller dens.
Physical and chemical properties
Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless gas. Carbon monoxide is formed when
DENCO-O-FUME® cartridge is ignited by the lighted fuse. The subsequent smoke is
poisonous if inhaled. The smoke is non-irritating.
DEN-CO-FUME® cartridges weigh 240 g and contain 65% sodium nitrate and 35% charcoal.
These cartridges are capable of producing concentrations of carbon monoxide up to 3% in
a dead volume of 1000 litres (1 m3).
Sensitivity and susceptibility to carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is extremely hazardous to humans and is highly toxic to most mammals
and difficult to detect. Species specificity is achieved from accurate identification of
occupied fox natal dens. Effects may be rapid if exposed to high concentrations of carbon
monoxide.
Environment fate
Carbon monoxide is biologically degradable and will not accumulate in soil or water.
Is carbon monoxide humane?
Fumigation of fox natal dens with carbon monoxide (CO) appears to be humane provided
that high enough concentrations of CO can be introduced into the den to bring about
rapid death. The depletion of oxygen leads to unconsciousness and death without pain or
discernable discomfort. It is important that cubs are more than four weeks old to ensure
they are fully susceptible to the effects of CO.
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Minimising the risk to non-target animals
Fumigation of occupied fox natal dens is very target-specific and will have little impact on
non-target species if used correctly. To minimise the risk to non-target species monitor the
den to ensure other species are not using the den before fumigation is undertaken.
Carbon monoxide storage
Carbon monoxide fumigant cartridges are classified as Dangerous Goods Class 1.4G and
must be stored and transported safely. WhenDEN-CO-FUME® cartridges are stored in bulk
consider Dangerous Goods Storage related Regulatory requirements. It is flammable, so
consider compatibility and separation issues.
Store carbon monoxide fumigant cartridges in the closed, original container in a dry, cool,
well ventilated area out of direct sunlight and away from other heat or ignition sources or
oxidising agents.
Us ing car bon m onoxid e f u mig ant c ar trid g es
Health and safety
Operators must strictly follow the directions on the DEN-CO-FUME® label and SDS when
using and storing carbon monoxide fumigant cartridges. This product must not be used for
any other purpose than the fumigation of active fox natal dens.
Carbon monoxide is highly toxic to humans and can kill if the resulting smoke is inhaled. It
is essential to have adequate fresh air available to the operators during use of cartridges.
Do not inhale smoke.
Appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn. This includes:
• protective gloves
• protective glasses
• respiratory protective equipment is recommended although in the SDS it is stated as
not necessary when fumigation is conducted in the open air.
Manufacture’s recommended method of use:
1. Determine the location of active fox natal dens.
2. Before igniting, unwind the 50 cm fuse and open holes at the top of the cartridge
around the inserted fuse. Using a broom handle or flexible hose establish that no
animals are within 1.5 m of the entrance.
3. Place the cartridge, in the direction of the arrow, into the entrance of the active fox
natal den.
4. Bend the fuse back along the cartridge so it can be lit.
5. Ignite the fuse, confirm that the cartridge has ignited and seal the entrance to the
den with earth If smoke emerges from any other entrances attempt to seal these with
earth also.
6. Do not disturb the den after fumigation.
Rates of application
When dens are in enlarged rabbit warrens with several entrances or of large volume it may
be appropriate to use two cartridges. The total carbon monoxide concentration achieved
with multiple cartridges is additive that is 2 cartridges produce up to 6% carbon monoxide.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
104
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
Fi rst aid – s pecific recommen d atio n s fo r c arb o n mo n oxid e
If poisoning occurs with carbon monoxide occurs, immediately move person to fresh air, if
safe to do so. Contact a doctor or Poisons Information Centre, Phone 131 126. Have the SDS
or the product label with you.
Contents are poisonous if swallowed and may irritate the eyes, nose and throat. Once the
DENCO-O-FUME® cartridge is ignited it will burn vigorously until completely spent and is
capable of causing severe burns to exposed skin and clothes.
Swallowed: Seek medical attention.
Eye: Flush thoroughly with copious amounts of running water. If symptoms persist, seek
medical attention.
Skin: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Inhaled: If headache or drowsiness occurs transfer victim from contaminated area to
fresh air and give oxygen if available. If unconscious, give artificial respiration and get to a
hospital or doctor quickly.
S T R YC H N I N E
I nt ro duc t ion
Strychnine impregnated cloths may be used on rubber jawed traps for wild dog control
when traps cannot be serviced daily. Trap-jaws are bound with strychnine-laced cloths to
hasten death and prevent prolonged suffering.
Use of strychnine is permitted under the APVMA permit. The current permit is PER12761
‘For the use of strychnine impregnated cloths in soft catch spring traps for wild dogs in
NSW’ which expires on 30 June 2014 (http://permits.apvma.gov.au/PER12761.PDF).
Phys ical and chem ical pro per ties
Strychnine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride of the alkaloid strychnine, which is obtained
from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. and other species of Strychnos. In its solid form
strychnine hydrochloride is described as colourless prismatic crystals or a white crystalline
powder, with an intensely bitter taste.
M o d e of ac t ion
Once absorbed, strychnine enters the blood stream and acts on the central nervous
system, affecting the transmission of nerve impulses which control muscle contraction.
Strychnine also causes an increase in the levels of glutamic acid in the brain. This can
lead to the skeletal muscles becoming hyper excitable causing simultaneous muscle
contraction, convulsions and seizures which prevent respiration. Death generally results
from suffocation or exhaustion.
S e ns it ivit y and s us cept ibilit y to str yc h n in e
Strychnine-sensitivity is fairly broad and it is therefore more difficult to achieve target
specificity. Dogs are moderately susceptible to strychnine. Appendix B shows the
susceptibility of different animals to strychnine.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
105
Environm ent al fate
Strychnine shows little or no breakdown by exposure to light.
Strychnine can be degraded in some soils as a result of microbial activity however; this
degradation is generally very slow. Microbial degradation doesn’t appear to occur in some
instances because the strychnine gets bound to soil particles, a factor that is influenced by
the soil pH.
Is s t r ychnine hum an e?
Ingestion of strychnine will bring about a relatively quick, although painful and distressing,
death rather than a prolonged death from exposure, dehydration and/or stress associated
with the use of padded-jaw traps which cannot be inspected frequently.
Strychnine is a fast acting poison that is highly toxic to most animals. Animals experience
restlessness, nervousness, apprehension and stiffness with muscular twitching that
progress to severe seizures. Violent muscular spasms extend the limbs and curve the
neck upwards and backwards; the jaws fix and the eyes protrude. Respiration may stop
momentarily during seizures. Frequency of seizures increases and death eventually occurs
1 to 2 hours after ingestion due to exhaustion or asphyxiation (respiratory failure) during
a seizure. Poisoned animals remain fully conscious until near death. The use of strychnine
should therefore only be used when absolutely necessary for leg-hold traps that cannot be
checked on a daily basis.
M inim is ing t he r is k to n o n - targ et an imals
Species other than canids may not gnaw at the jaws of the trap and so will be unlikely to
be poisoned by contact with strychnine cloths. However it should be noted that traps are
not target specific, so a wide range of non-target species may be caught. These can include
birds, kangaroos, wallabies, rabbits, hares, goannas, possums and sheep. If there is a high
risk of trapping non-target animals, traps should not be set.
Storage and dis pos al
• All strychnine powder, strychnine cloths and mixing equipment must be stored in a
locked metal cabinet and only the ACO who uses it is permitted access.
• Containers that have held cloths are not to be used for any other purpose and must
be disposed of by deep burial.
• Used cloths must be recovered and disposed of by deep burial.
• Do not contaminate dams, rivers, streams, waterways or drains with the cloths or
used containers.
P R E PA R AT I O N O F S T R YC H N I N E I M P R E G N AT E D C LOT H S
H ealt h and s afet y
Strychnine is highly toxic to humans and should be handled with care.
• Operators using strychnine must strictly follow the directions on the product label
when preparing for use, using, storing or disposing of the pesticide.
• Appropriate personal protective equipment, including elbow length PVC or nitrile
gloves and a face mask or safety glasses, must be worn when preparing and handling
poison and cloths.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
106
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
• After use and before eating drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face with
soap and water. Wash contaminated clothing and gloves.
For further information on strychnine refer to the Safety Data Sheet, available from the
supplier.
Pro cedure for t he us e of str yc h n in e c lo th s o n wild d o g
t ra p s in N SW
NSW DPI recommends that padded jaw traps are checked daily to maximise the
effectiveness of programs, minimise stress of trapped animals and enable the safe release
of non target species. The use of strychnine on padded jaw traps is not a preferred option
for wild dog control in NSW.
A ‘strychnine cloth’ is a strip of fabric wrapped around the jaw of a padded jaw trap to
which strychnine is applied. When caught, the wild dog must chew on the cloth to receive
a fatal dose of poison.
There are occasions when, for whatever reason, the dog does not chew the cloth, the
cloth or wire attaching it unravels in the initial encounter with the trap or the strychnine
is leached out with excessive rain and the poison is dispersed. For these reasons checking
traps should be a daily requirement of any trapper.
A risk assessment must be undertaken and recorded to determine if the use of strychnine
cloths on padded jaw traps is a suitable and safe strategy to control wild dogs in a
particular location.
Ap p lying s t r ychnine to t he p ad d ed jaw trap
Check traps for wear and repair if necessary.
Wearing the correct PPE and using either a trap setting device or sufficient manual force,
open the jaws and wedge open or clamp the springs to prevent the trap closing.
Position the trap so there is easy access to the jaw normally held under the dog or tongue
of the trap. This jaw will be wrapped in the cloth.
Place strychnine pad on one jaw only (as illustrated on page 108).
Cut hessian or similar coarse fabric into strips about 6.5 cm wide and 30 cm long for Lanes
size traps or 20 cm long for Victor or similar sized traps and a 30 cm piece of soft wire.
Wrap the cloth strips in a bandaging pattern around one section of the held jaw, overlap
the cloth by 50% as it wraps around the jaw.
Make 2 full wraps of the jaw.
Along the cloth place 2.5 g of strychnine crystals on, what is normally, the top surface of
the jaw when the trap is closed.
Continue wrapping the jaw with the remaining length of cloth, making sure the area
treated with strychnine is well covered.
Using a piece of soft wire, fasten the cloth pad at one end and starting on one side of the
cloth pad, firmly wrap the wire several times around the jaw and pad. Make sure the wire
can not cause injury to a trapped animal.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
107
Twist the wire underneath the jaw and cut off the excess. Repeat for the other end of the
cloth pad, ensuring that the central 4 cm of the cloth pad is free of wire.
Ensure the wire is firmly attached and will not be ripped away before the dog chews on the
soft wrapping, otherwise, the wrapping may be torn away and the wild dog may not ingest
any poison.
As a precaution against strychnine loss through the cloth, some trappers may bind the
finished strychnine pad with a thin wrap of electrical insulation tape.
Remove clamps, set and place the trap.
Figure 10. Strychnine cloth wrapping the jaw of a Lanes trap and covered with electrical tape.
Occupat ional H ealt h an d S afet y
Strychnine is a white crystalline substance sometimes dyed pink with a bitter taste and
slight odour. It is available as an alkaloid formulation that is almost entirely insoluble in
water and very stable unless in acid soils where salt formation may increase solubility in
water and allow leaching.
Strychnine is highly toxic and can be rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes
of the mouth, stomach and small intestines. Once absorbed, strychnine enters the blood
stream and acts on the central nervous system, affecting the transmission of nerve
impulses which control muscle contraction. Fortunately, the kidney and liver work to
eliminate the poison from the body and if a sub-lethal dose is taken, this inhibition is
reversible. Strychnine causes an increase in the levels of glutamic acid in the brain and
this leads to the skeletal muscles becoming hyper excitable causing simultaneous muscle
contraction, convulsions and seizures which prevent respiration. Death generally results
from suffocation or exhaustion.
Strychnine can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion and broken skin.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
108
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
M i n i mum PPE
• Chemically impervious gloves, overalls buttoned to the wrist and boots and washable
hat
• Chemical splash goggles or face shield
• Dust mask appropriate to inhalation risk with Class P1 particulate respirator or full
face class P3 particulate respirator in high dust levels.
S i gns of pois oning
• Muscle rigidity, joint stiffness, muscle aches, weakness, headache, light sensitivity.
A low level of tolerance to strychnine appears to develop; however, repeated higher doses
can lead to convulsions and other acute signs. Continual chronic exposure may ultimately
cause severe incapacitation.
F I R S T A I D – S P E C I F I C R E CO M M E N D AT I O N F O R
S T R YC H N I N E
IF POISONING OCCURS IMMEDIATELY CALL 000 TO REQUEST AN AMBULANCE!
Call 131 126 for Poisons Information.
Remove any contaminated clothing from the patient.
Wash any effected skin thoroughly through free flowing clean water.
Do not induce vomiting.
NOTHING should be administered to the patient by mouth.
Place the patient into the recovery position to maintain their airway. If the patient stops
breathing only administer resuscitation if sure that there is no risk to the rescuer ingesting
the poison from the patient through mouth-to-mouth contact. A suitable barrier mask
should be used if applying resuscitation.
Be aware that the patient may have convulsions.
Reassure the patient and keep them calm. If possible keep the patient in a quiet, dark place
because they may be highly sensitive to noise and light.
Wait for medical staff to arrive or if this is not possible take patient to doctor or hospital as
soon as possible
Make sure the strychnine product container, label and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is available
to medical staff.
Sto rage
Strychnine products must be stored in their original packaging in a locked metal
container inside a locked bait preparation room except when they are required for
immediate use. Strychnine products must always be kept in areas inaccessible to the
children, animals, feedstuffs and the general public. All storage areas must comply with the
Dangerous Goods Regulations for storage safety, security and warning signs. Safety Data
Sheets (SDS) are required to be kept with all poisons stored.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
109
Trans por t
Strychnine products and padded jaw traps with strychnine pads must be transported in
a locked metal container firmly attached to a secured part of the vehicle and outside the
cabin. Strychnine must never be transported with foodstuffs. Vehicles carrying poison must
not be left unattended. Domestic animals must be segregated from the poison. Placing
the strychnine container in a small locked toolbox inside an anchored and locked metal
toolbox would be ideal for transportation.
D is pos al of carcas s e s
Dispose of poisoned carcasses by deep burial at least 500 mm deep and cover with soil.
Prior to reuse remove damaged fabric wrapping from wild dog traps and dispose of by
deep burial at least 500 mm deep and cover with soil.
Do not store traps with fabric attached unless intended for immediate use and dispose of
all strychnine impregnated fabric after 3 months.
O utcom es of t rapping p ro grams
• Humane and successful use of traps requires training and experience. The experience
of the trapper using their domestic dogs to locate where wild dogs have urinated
or marked is an essential part of a wild dog trapping program. Incorrect setting and
placement of traps may result in individual wild dogs becoming more difficult to trap.
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
110
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
A P P E N D I X A . V E R T E B R AT E P E S T I C I D E S U S E D I N N S W
PESTICIDE
AUTHORISATION TO OBTAIN,
SUPPLY AND USE
DANGEROUS GOOD
REGISTRATION
TARGET SPECIES
Yes for liquid
concentrate.
No for prepared and
ready-to-use baits
ACTA 1080 concentrate®
PAKS 1080 concentrate®
Pigout® Feral Pig Bait
Doggone® Wild Dog Bait
DE-K9® 1080 Wild Dog Bait
Foxoff®
DE-FOX®
Wild dogs
Feral pigs
Rabbits
Foxes
ALDI Pindone 25 liquid
concentrate®
Rabbait Aqueous pindone
concentrate®
Pindone 25 Rabbit bait
rodenticide®
Rabbait® Pindone oat bait
Bunnybait®
Rabbits
Rabbit haemorrhagic Restricted chemical product
No
disease virus (RHDV) APVMA permit number PER9305 (no
expiry date)
Pesticide Control (Rabbit
haemorrhagic disease) Order 2006
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
virus suspension
Rabbits
Phosphine
LLS are exempt from training
requirements for fumigants,
exemption order number 008/13
(expires 20 June 2015)
Yes
Pestex®
Alphos®
Fumigon®
Rabbits
Chloropicrin
LLS are exempt from training
requirements for fumigants,
exemption order number 008/13
(expires 20 June 2015)
Yes
South Australian Rural Supplies
Larvacide rabbit fumigant for
pressurised fumigation only
Rabbits
Brodifacoum
Various APVMA permits for use on
Islands of NSW
No
As per Permit.
Rabbits
Rodents
Carbon monoxide
None allocated
Yes
DEN-CO-FUME®
Foxes
Strychnine
hydrochloride
APVMA permit number PER12761
(expires June 2014)
Yes for concentrate.
Strychnine treated cloth
Wild dogs
Bromadiolone
APVMA permit number PER11331
(expires June 2016)
Yes for liquid
concentrate.
LLS Bromadiolone rodent bait
Mice
Zinc phosphide
None allocated
No
MOUSEOFF® ZP
Surefire Zinc Phosphide Mouse
Bait
ZP Mouse
Mice
Racumin 8®
APVMA permit number PER12845
(expires 30 June 2016)
No
LLS coumatetralyl rodent bait
Mice
Sodium fluoroacetate Restricted chemical product
‘1080’
APVMA permit number PER8781 (no
expiry date) for liquid concentrate
APVMA permit number PER12088
(expires March 2012) for aerial
baiting wild dogs
Pesticide Control (1080 Liquid
Concentrate and Bait Products)
Order 2010
Pindone
Restricted chemical product for
No
concentrate forms only
Pesticide Control (Pindone Products)
Order 2010
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
111
APPENDIX B
Pesticides used in the management of Vertebrate pests in Australia: A Review; Lynette Mcleod
and Glen Saunders, NSW Department of Primary Industries, August 2013.
The sensitivity to 1080 for a range of species expressed as the oral median lethal dose (LD50 ). The amount of 1080 is calculated using
the average male body weights derived from (McIlroy 1984, Strahan 1991). Species from areas containing fluoroacetate-bearing
plants are indicated with an “*”.
SPECIES
Introduced mammals
Mouse, Mus musculus
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (lab. strain)
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (wild strain)
Black rat, Rattus rattus
Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus*
Sheep, Ovis aries
Goat, Capra hircus
Cattle, Bos primigenius
Horse, Equus ferus caballus
Pig, Sus scrofa
Cat, Felis catus
Fox, Vulpes vulpes
Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
Human, Homo sapiens
Native mammals
Fat-tailed dunnart, Smiththopsis
crassicaudata
Brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii
Bush rat, Rattus fuscipes
Bush rat, Rattus fuscipes*
Brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula
Brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula*
Brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus
Brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus*
Long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta
Common wombat, Vombatus ursinus
Agile wallaby, Macropus agilis*
Eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus
Red kangaroo, Macropus rufus
Northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus
Spotted-tail quoll, Dasyurus maculatus
Dingo, Canis familiaris dingo
Introduced Birds
Chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus
Mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos
Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus
Domestic pigeon, Columba livia
English sparrow, Passer domesticus
Native Birds
Australian magpie-lark, Grallina cyanoleuca
VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL MANUAL
112
LD50 (mg/kg)
AV BODY WEIGHT
(kg)
8.33
1.71–2.5
0.22–5.0
0.1–0.76
0.34–0.50
0.49–1.02
0.25–0.52
0.6–0.7 IM
0.22–0.39
0.35–1.0
1–1.04
0.07–0.49
c. 0.15
0.06–0.35
2.0–5.0
0.02
0.32
0.32
0.28
1.6
1.6
50
58
500
700
70
5.0
6.5
16.0
70
0.17
0.55–0.8
0.07–1.6
0.03–0.22
0.54–0.80
0.78–1.6
12.5–26
34.8–40.6
110–195
245–700
70–72.8
0.35–2.4
0.98
0.96–5.6
140–350
2.06
0.015
0.03
1.85
1.13
36–40
0.47–0.79
> 100
c. 7
20
7.70
0.2
0.2
0.1–0.35
2.0
5.66
1.85
0.11
0.035
0.125
0.125
3.5
3.5
0.85
0.85
0.98
26
19
40
37
0.7
5.0
16.0
0.06
0.14
4.5–5.0
1.6–2.8
>350
6.0
17
7.5
5.2
3.8
4–14
74
4.0
9.3
1.8
(McIlroy 1981b)
(McIlroy 1982b)
(Oliver et al. 1977, King et al. 1978)
(Bell 1972, McIlroy 1982a)
(Oliver et al. 1977, King et al. 1978)
(McIlroy 1983b)
(Twigg and King 1991)
(McIlroy 1981b, 1983b)
(McIlroy 1982a)
(Oliver et al. 1977)
(McIlroy 1982a)
(King et al. 1978)
(McIlroy 1981b)
(McIlroy 1981b)
(McIlroy 1981b)
5.9–10
9.11
6.46
2.5–9.0
2.8
1.2
1.2
0.27
16.5–28
10.9
7.8
0.68–2.4
3.00
0.03
0.09
(Kalmbach 1945, Ward and Spencer 1947, Tomlinson and Gooding 1971)
(Tucker and Crabtree 1970, Tucker and Haegele 1971)
(Tucker and Crabtree 1970, Tucker and Haegele 1971)
(Ward and Spencer 1947, Tomlinson and Gooding 1971, Tucker and Haegele
1971)
(Tucker and Crabtree 1970, Tucker and Haegele 1971)
8.83
0.95
8.4
(McIlroy 1984)
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
1080 AMOUNT FOR REFERENCE (LD50 DATA)
LD50 (mg)
(McIlroy 1982b)
(Kalmbach 1945, McIlroy 1982b)
(Kalmbach 1945, Dieke and Richter 1946)
(Kalmbach 1945, McIlroy 1982b)
(Lazarus 1956, McIlroy 1982a)
(Wheeler and Hart 1979, Twigg et al. 2002)
(Meldrum et al. 1957, Annison et al. 1960, McIlroy 1982a)
(Chenoweth and Gilman 1946, Ward 1946)
(Robison 1970)
(Ward 1946, Tucker and Crabtree 1970, Tomlinson and Gooding 1971)
(McIlroy 1983a)
(McIlroy 1981b, Eason and Frampton 1991)
(McIlroy and King 1990)
(Kalmbach 1945, Tourtellotte and Coon 1951, Tomlinson and Gooding 1971)
(Ward 1946, Chenoweth 1949, Tomlinson and Gooding 1971)
(McIlroy 1981b)
Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen
Pied currawong, Strepera graculina
Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa
Wood duck, Chenonetta jubata
Galah, Cacatua roseicapilla
Kookaburra, Dacelo novaeguineae
Australian raven, Corvus bennetti
Little crow, Corvus bennetti
Black kite, Milvus migrans
Wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax
Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae
Amphibians and reptiles
Spotted grass frog, Limnodynastes
tasmaniensis
Bearded dragon, Pogona barbatus
Blotched blue tongue lizard, Tiliqua
nigrolutea
Sand goanna, Varanus gouldii
Lace monitor, Varanus varius
Fish
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
9.93
13.09
18.91
12.6
5.53
c. 6.0
c. 5.1
13.37
18.51
9.49
c. 278
0.32
0.31
0.98
0.74
0.33
0.28
0.61
0.39
0.59
3.26
26.5
3.2
4.1
18.5
9.3
1.8
1.7
3.1
5.2
10.9
31
7,367
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
(McIlroy 1984)
c. 60
0.01
0.6
(McIlroy et al. 1985)
<110
336.4
475
0.75
<52250
252
(McIlroy et al. 1985)
(McIlroy et al. 1985)
43.6–50
100–119
5
4.3
218–250
430–512
(McIlroy et al. 1985)
(McIlroy et al. 1985)
50
–
–
(Bauermeister et al. 1977)
The acute and chronic oral sensitivity to pindone for a range of species expressed as the median
lethal dose (LD50).
SPECIES
ACUTE LD50 (mg/kg)
REFERENCE
CHRONIC LD50 (mg/kg/
DAY)
REFERENCE
Introduced mammals
Brown rat, Rattus
norvegicus
>50
(Saunders et al. 1955)
–
–
Rabbit, Oryctolagus
cuniculus
25
(Eason and Joll 1993)
0.52 for 7 days
(Oliver and Wheeler 1978,
Martin et al. 1994)
Sheep, Ovis aries
>74
(Twigg et al. 1999)
> 50 for 7 days
(Oliver and Wheeler 1978)
–
2 for 3 days
(Twigg et al. 1999)
(Twigg et al. 1999)
–
–
1.0–1.25 for 4 days
(Twigg et al. 1999)
75–100
(Beauregard et al. 1955)
2.5 for 6–14 days
(Beauregard et al. 1955)
>100
(Eason and Jolly 1993)
51 for 5 days
(Jolly et al. 1994)
–
–
1–2 for 7–14 days
(Twigg et al. 1999)
–
–
2.5 for 4 days
(Twigg et al. 1999)
Australian magpie,
Gymnorhina tibicen
–
–
4 for 5 days
(Martin et al. 1994)
Wedge-tailed eagle,
Aquila audax
–
–
0.25 for 5 days
(Martin et al. 1994)
Cattle, Bos primigenius
Pig, Sus scrofa
–
>10
Cat, Felis catus
Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
Native mammals
Brushtail possum,
Trichosurus vulpecula
Western grey kangaroo,
Macropus fuliginosus
Introduced birds
Chicken, Gallus gallus
domesticus
Native Birds
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
113
The sensitivity to strychnine for a range of species expressed as the oral median lethal dose
(LD50). The amount of strychnine is calculated using the average male body weights derived from
(McIlroy 1984, Strahan 1991).
SPECIES
ORAL LD50
(mg/kg)
AV BODY
WEIGHT (kg)
AMOUNT FOR REFERENCE (LD50 DATA)
LD50 (mg)
2.0 a
0.02
0.04
Introduced mammals
Mouse, Mus musculus
(Prasad et al. 1981)
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (lab. strain)
2.35–6.5
2.6–6.5 c
5 c, d
0.32
0.75–2.08
0.83–2.08
1.6
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (wild strain)
4.8 c
0.32
1.54
(Dieke and Richter 1946)
Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
0.6 b
LD 6.5
1.6
0.96
10.4
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
(Lazarus 1956)
Cattle, Bos primigenius
LD 1.5 a
500
750
(Clarke 1976)
Horse, Equus caballus
LD 1.0 a
700
700
(Clarke 1976)
b
(Ward and Crabtree 1942, Schafer 1972)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
Pig, Sus scrofa
0.5–1.0
150–300 c, d
70
Cat, Felis catus
2.0 a
0.75 b
0.5 c
5.0
10.0
3.75
2.5
(Buck 1978)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
(Moraillon and Pinault 1978)
0.75 b
0.5 c
75–300 c, d
16.0
12.0
8.0
1200–4800
(Buck 1978)
(Moraillon and Pinault 1978)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
1–30 a
70
70–2100
(Gratz 1973)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
22.4 a
3.5
78.4
Chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus
5.0 a
18.5–30.0 c
30–40 a
2.8
14
51.8–84
84–112
Mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos
2.9 b
1.2
3.5
(Tucker and Haegele 1971)
Ring-necked pheasant,
Phasianus colchicus
24.7
1.2
29.6
(Tucker and Haegele 1971)
8–11
7.7–21.3 b
30 c
0.27
2.2–3.0
2.1–5.8
8.1
English sparrow, Passer domesticus
4.2 b
7.4 a
0.03
0.12
0.22
(Tucker and Haegele 1971)
(Bird 1995)
Starling, Sturnus vulgaris
<5.0 c
0.07
0.35
(Schafer 1972)
a
Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
Human, Homo sapiens
35–70
(Buck 1978)
10,500–21,000 (Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
Native mammals
Brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula
(Bell 1972)
Introduced birds
Domestic pigeon, Columba livia
a
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Form not stated, Alkaloid, Sulphate, Hydrochloride.
b
c
d
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
b
(Buck 1978)
(Heinekamp 1925)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
(Fitzwater and Prakash 1973)
(Tucker and Haegele 1971, Schafer and
Eschen 1986)
(Heinekamp 1925)
Detrimental risk to humans,
animals or the environment is
highly unlikely to occur
Detrimental risk to humans,
animals or the environment is
unlikely to occur
Unlikely
Rare
Detrimental risk to humans,
animals or the environment may
occur
Possible
Low (L)
Low (L)
Low (L)
Detrimental risk to humans,
Moderate (M)
animals or the environment is likely
to occur
High (H)
1 – Insignificant
No perceived or negligible
impact on humans,
non-target animals or
environment
Likely
Almost certain Detrimental risk to humans,
animals or the environment is
highly likely to occur
Location/Property Address:
Low (L)
Low (L)
Moderate (M)
High (H)
High (H)
2 – Minor
Very little perceived or
negligible impact on
humans, non-target animals
or environment
Assessed by:
Moderate (M)
Moderate (M)
High (H)
High (H)
Extreme (X)
3 – Moderate
Significant non-permanent
injury to humans and/
or non-target animals.
Overnight hospitalisation
may be required. Financial
loss or environmental
damage may occur.
CONSEQUENCES
High (H)
High (H)
Extreme (X)
Extreme (X)
Extreme (X)
4 – Major
Extensive permanent
injury to humans and/
or non-target animals.
Extended hospitalisation or
medical care. Environmental
damage or pollution of soil
and water
Signature:
High (H)
Extreme (X)
Extreme (X)
Extreme (X)
Extreme (X)
5 – Catastrophic
Death or permanent
disabling injury to humans
and/or non-target animals.
Huge environmental
damage with detrimental
effect, associated with
significant financial loss
Extreme Act immediately to mitigate the risk. Either eliminate, substitute or implement engineering control If conditions of the PCO cannot be met, baiting may not proceed. Remove the hazard at the source.
measures
An identified extreme risk does not allow scope for the use of administrative controls or PPE , even
in the short term.
High
Act immediately to mitigate the risk. Either eliminate, substitute or implement engineering control An achievable timeframe must be established to ensure that elimination, substitution or
measures.
engineering controls are implemented.
If these controls are not immediately accessible, set a timeframe for their implementation and
Note: Risk (and not cost) must be the primary consideration in determining the timeframe.
establish interim risk reduction strategies for the period of the set timeframe.
Interim measures until permanent solutions can be implemented:
Medium Take reasonable steps to mitigate the risk. Until elimination, substitution or engineering controls
Develop administrative controls to limit the use or access.
can be implemented, institute administrative or personal protective equipment controls. These
‘lower level’ controls must not be considered permanent solutions. The time for which they are
Provide supervision and specific training related to the issue of concern
established must be based on risk. At the end of the time, if the risk has not been addressed by
elimination, substitution or engineering controls a further risk assessment must be undertaken.
Low
Take reasonable steps to mitigate and monitor the risk.
How to Prioritise the Risk Rating
Once the level of risk has been determined the following table may be of use in determining when to act to institute the control measures.
Likelihood
Date:
APPENDIX C
S o d i um fluoroacet ate ( 1 080) R isk Assessment R eco rd
This document can be used to identify the level of risk associated with 1080 use on
private and public land. There is a requirement under the Pesticide Control (1080 Liquid
Concentrate and Bait Products) Order 2010 (PCO) to conduct a risk assessment for group
baiting programs to comply with specific distance restrictions as outlined in the PCO.
Use one of the risk assessment matrixs below as a guide to assess the inherent risk level.
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
115
Office of Environment and Heritage Health & Safety Risk Matrix
CONSEQUENCE
PROBABILITY
INSIGNIFICANT
MINOR
MODERATE
May have little or no
May have some
A moderate
impact on health and impact on health and permanent disability
safety
safety, but will be
or long term
able to recover from
impairment
or repair the damage
within a relatively
short term
MAJOR
CATASTROPHIC
A single fatality or
severe permanent
disability
Multiple fatalities
or significant
irreversible effects on
the health of a large
number of people
Likely
There is a very good
chance this event
will occur in the near
future
L
M
H
E
E
Probable
This event has
occurred several
times or more in
corporate experience
L
M
H
E
E
Possible
This event might
occur once or twice in
corporate experience
L
L
M
H
E
Unlikely
This event does occur
somewhere from
time to time, but
very seldom
L
L
M
M
H
Rare
It is theoretically
possible for this
event to occur, but
extremely unlikely
that it will
L
L
M
M
M
Key: L = Low manage by routine procedures. M = Medium; management responsibility must be specified. H = High; senior management attention needed
E = Extreme; immediate action required
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
117
11. Other (please describe)
10. Other (please describe)
9. Other (please describe)
8. Other (please describe)
7. Other (please describe)
6. Risk to domestic or town water supplies?
5. Close proximity to urban areas and townships?
4. Presence of susceptible native animals?
3. Presence of livestock?




















2. Presence of domestic pets?










  
N/A
1. Can distance restrictions be met?
NO
YES
HAZARDS/RISKS
If distance restrictions cannot be met, baiting may
not proceed.
RISK DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD OR RISK
LEVEL
RECOMMENDED CONTROL MEASURES
NEW RISK
LEVEL
DETAIL HOW CONTROL MEASURES WILL
BE IMPLEMENTED AND ANY ADDITIONAL
CONTROLS
APPENDIX D – FIRST AID FOR WORKING DOGS AND
OT H E R D O M E S T I C A N I M A L S
Although this advice is primarily for working dogs poisoned by 1080, the treatment for all
domestic animals is the same. This advice is also applicable to poisoning by pindone, but
the veterinary treatment will differ with the type of poison.
Reference: First Aid – 1080 and your dog (2004) Australian Wool Innovation Limited.
What are the risks of poisoning working dogs?
Wherever 1080 baiting is taking place, there is always a risk of accidental poisoning. Dogs
may suffer accidental poisoning by eating baits, picking up baits that have been moved or
relocated by other animals such as foxes, or eating dead animals that have been poisoned
by 1080 baits.
Accidental poisoning can occur in the paddock or area being treated or in areas adjacent to
the baited paddock, particularly if an animal or bird has moved or vomited up some 1080
bait.
How do I know my dog has been poisoned?
Dogs seen eating bait material or suspected of picking up bait material should be taken to
a veterinarian as quickly as possible.
The time it takes for 1080 to work may be as little as 30 minutes to 2 hours before
symptoms occur, depending on the dose. It is best to take action immediately rather than
wait for the symptoms to appear. Quite often, once symptoms are evident it may be too
late to save the animal.
G et to a vet as ap
Signs to watch for are:
•anxiety
• frenzied behaviour such as running or howling
• hypersensitivity to sound or light
• failure to respond to owner
•vomiting
• urinating and defecating inappropriately.
And eventually:
• convulsions, seizures and fitting
• difficulty breathing
• respiratory failure
•coma
•death.
Inducing vomiting
Extreme care should be taken when inducing vomiting, as the dog may react violently and
expose toxic vomit, which can cause secondary poisoning of other domestic animals.
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
You should induce vomiting when:
• you have seen your dog eat a bait or a poisoned carcass
• there is a likely delay before veterinary assistance is available.
Just because the dog has vomited does not mean all the poison is out of the stomach.
Still seek veterinary attention.
What can I use?
• table salt, 1 to 3 tablespoons orally
• salty water
• dilute mustard and water.
When using 1080 it is advisable to have a small plastic drink bottle with 30 to 50 g of salt
and 250 mL water handy at all times.
Ensure no other animal has access to the vomit, as they will be poisoned as well.
What else can I do?
• Call your local veterinary clinic and advise you are bringing in the animal.
• Wrap the dog in a blanket or put in a box to restrict movement and prevent it from
injuring itself.
• If the dog is convulsing or fitting, keep your fingers clear of its mouth; it will not
swallow its tongue.
• Keeping the dog cool by spraying lightly with water or giving a good flow of air may
help.
Mu zz le your dogs or keep th em c h ain ed u p wh ile ever
b ai t s are likely to be ac t i ve
POISONS & FUMIGANTS
119
APPENDIX E. SUPPLIERS
Suppliers of Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) liquid concentrate and prepared 1080 baits and
pindone liquid concentrate and prepared baits are:
Animal Control Technologies
PO Box 379, SOMERTON Victoria 3062
Phone: (03) 9308 9688
Fax: (03) 9308 9622
[email protected]
www.animalcontrol.com.au
PAKs National (ALDI G C Pty Ltd)
2A Elimatta Rd, MONA VALE NSW 2103
Phone: (02) 9999 3949
Fax: (02) 9997 7681
www.paks.com.au
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV)
Virology Laboratory NSW Department of Primary Industries
Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute
PMB 8, CAMDEN NSW 2570
Phone: (02) 4640 6337
For other supplies contact:
Laboratory grade utensils for 1080 preparation and audit
1080 kits consisting of the various high density polypropylene measuring cylinders and
jugs and large storage bottles with a wide neck are available from:
Bacto Laboratories Pty Ltd
310–312 Elizabeth Drive or PO Box 295, LIVERPOOL NSW 2170
Phone: (02) 9602 5499, 9823 9000
Fax: (02) 9601 8293
[email protected]
www.bacto.com.au
Should Authorised Control Officers not wish to purchase the kit from Bacto Laboratories,
utensils of laboratory standard must be obtained from elsewhere if a facility does not have
similar items in each of its 1080 storage rooms.
Blue and green powd er d ye
The preferred dye for dyeing baits is a powdered dye supplied by:
Bronson & Jacobs
Head Office – Villawood, 70 Marple Avenue, Villawood NSW 2163
Tel: 02 8717 2929
Fax: 02 9755 9611
Email: [email protected]
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POISONS & FUMIGANTS
Description
Blue powder dye: Keith Harris Gold Badge, brilliant blue vegetable powder dye C400,
colour 133.
Green powder dye: Keith Harris Applegreen, C129 30% dye content.
Pl as t ic bags
Chung’s Plastic Bags Pty Ltd
15–17 South St. or PO Box 181, RYDALMERE NSW 2116
Phone: (02) 9638 2927 or (02) 9638 3554
Fax (02) 9638 5404
Churchill & Coombes Plastics Pty Ltd
Unit 1C, 129 Francis Street, Lidcombe NSW 2141
Phone: (02) 9649 6111
Fax (02) 9649 6188
Fox and dog bait vaccinato r g u n s an d rep air k its
NJ Phillips Pty Ltd
44 Gindurra Rd or PO Box 908, SOMERSBY NSW 2250
Phone: (02) 4340 2044
Fax: (02) 4340 1991
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