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Delta Virtual Airlines
Embraer EMB-120ER
Aircraft Operations Manual
5th Edition
March 2014
EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Table of Contents
Welcome ........................................................................................................................... 1
History and Overview ......................................................................................................... 2
Power Plant ....................................................................................................................... 4
Pratt & Whitney PW118A/B ............................................................................................. 4
Typical Operations.......................................................................................................... 4
Aircraft Systems................................................................................................................. 5
Propellers ...................................................................................................................... 5
Hydraulic Systems .......................................................................................................... 6
Landing Gear ................................................................................................................. 7
Electrical Systems........................................................................................................... 9
Embraer EMB-120ER Technical Specifications ......................................................................10
Cockpit Checkout –FS2004.................................................................................................11
Flight Simulator 2004 – Main Panel Instrument Cluster .....................................................11
Flight Simulator 2004 – Glare Shield Radio and Autopilot ..................................................11
Flight Simulator 2004 - Radio Stack and System Controls..................................................12
Flight Simulator 2004 - Overhead Panel - Upper...............................................................12
Flight Simulator 2004 - Overhead Panel – Lower (Overlays Radio Stack) ............................13
Flight Simulator 2004 - Autopilot Control Panel ................................................................13
Cockpit Checkout – FSX .....................................................................................................14
Flight Simulator X - Main Panel Instrument Cluster ...........................................................14
Flight Simulator X - Glare Shield Radio and Autopilot ........................................................14
Flight Simulator X - Radio Stack and System Controls .......................................................15
Flight Simulator X - Overhead Panel - Upper ....................................................................15
Flight Simulator X - Overhead Panel – Lower (Overlays Radio Stack) .................................15
Flight Simulator X - Autopilot Control Panel......................................................................16
Understanding the Autopilot...............................................................................................16
Using the Autopilot – Tutorial.............................................................................................18
Tutorial - Flying the aircraft ...............................................................................................20
Pre-Flight......................................................................................................................20
Engine Start..................................................................................................................20
Taxi .............................................................................................................................21
Take-off .......................................................................................................................22
Cruise...........................................................................................................................22
Descent ........................................................................................................................23
On the Ground ..............................................................................................................23
EMB-120ER Fuel Planning and Weight and Balance ..............................................................24
Fuel Loading Example ....................................................................................................25
EMB-120ER Checklist.........................................................................................................27
At Gate Parked-Before Engine Start ................................................................................27
Engine Start..................................................................................................................28
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EMB-120ER Operating Manual
When Cleared to Start ...................................................................................................28
After Engine Start..........................................................................................................29
Taxi .............................................................................................................................29
Before Takeoff/Hold Short Line.......................................................................................30
Takeoff-Cleared or Line Up and Wait...............................................................................30
Climb to Altitude ...........................................................................................................31
Cruise...........................................................................................................................31
Descent ........................................................................................................................31
Approach ......................................................................................................................32
Landing ........................................................................................................................32
After Landing (When Clear of the Runway) ......................................................................32
Gate Shutdown .............................................................................................................33
Emergency Procedures ......................................................................................................33
Engine Failure after Vr ...................................................................................................33
Engine Failure - Enroute.................................................................................................34
Engine Failure @ Approach ............................................................................................35
Engine Failure Landing...................................................................................................36
Engine Failure After Landing (When Clear of Runway) ......................................................36
Engine Failure Gate Shutdown........................................................................................36
Crew Take-Off Briefing ......................................................................................................37
Crew Approach/Landing Briefing .....................................................................................37
Crew Announcements ....................................................................................................38
APPENDIX A—Typical Configuration....................................................................................39
Typical Aircraft Fuel and Payload Configurations ..............................................................39
Fuel Settings.................................................................................................................39
Payload Settings............................................................................................................39
APPENDIX B—Takeoff Speeds – Flaps 15º...........................................................................40
APPENDIX C—Speed Card Templates..................................................................................42
APPENDIX C—Speed Card Template (24,000 Lbs)................................................................43
APPENDIX D—Standard Information ...................................................................................44
Maximum Gross Weight: 26,609 lbs ...............................................................................44
Normal Economy Climb ..................................................................................................44
Standard Climb Rate @ 200 KIAS ...................................................................................44
Descent Rate ................................................................................................................44
Power-Off Stall Speed ....................................................................................................45
Maximum Operating Speed ............................................................................................45
Flight with All Engines Inoperative ..................................................................................45
APPENDIX E—Approach and Landing Speeds.......................................................................46
Approach/Landing Speeds ..............................................................................................46
Flap Operation Speeds ...................................................................................................46
Landing Gear Operation Speeds......................................................................................46
APPENDIX F – Printable Checklists For Easy Reference .........................................................47
Acknowledgements and Legal Stuff ....................................................................................50
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Welcome
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Welcome to the Delta Virtual Airlines Aircraft Operating Manual (AOM) for the Embraer
EMB-120. The EMB-120 is the basis for training in the Flight Academy here at Delta
Virtual Airlines. All pilots automatically receive the rating in this aircraft when they join
DVA.
This AOM is based upon the DVA Fleet Installer airplane. We are always seeking to
improve the accuracy of this AOM. Should you have questions about the specifics of this
airplane, this manual or aviation in general, you should create a Help Desk issue at our
website, www.deltva.org that states your question and we will do our best to answer
your questions.
If you would like to receive virtual flight training that is modeled after real world
training, go to the Pilot Center on our website, www.deltva.org where you can sign up
for flight instruction in the Delta Virtual Airlines Flight Academy.
EMB-120 Chief Pilot
Page 1
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
History and Overview
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The design of this aircraft began with French aircraft designer Max Holstre who
designated it the IPD/PAR-6504 before being taken over by the state-owned Brazilian
aircraft manufacturer Embraer (Empresa Brasileria de Aeronautic SA). Intended as a
light transport for the Brazilian Air Force, three prototype YC-95 aircraft were built and
the first flew on October 26, 1968. The aircraft went into production in 1972, with the
first production model completed in August. The civil EMB-110C 15-seater was certified
soon thereafter, and the first deliveries were to TransBrasil Airlines.
Overseas interest increased when the aircraft was displayed at the Paris Air Show in
1977. Embraer introduced the more powerful P models – the P1 is a “quick-change”
commercial model featuring a cargo door allowing up to 18 passengers or 1522kg (3421
lbs) of cargo to be carried. The P2 is a straight commuter capable of carrying up to 21
passengers with two sets of air stairs. The aircraft were certified in France in 1977, and
in Britain and the USA in 1978. The EMB-120 originated from this successful and widely
accepted early aircraft.
The EMB-120 Brasilia is Embraer’s 30 passenger, 2 pilot and 1 flight attendant seat twinturboprop airliner. The EMB-120 first entered service in 1985 with Atlantic Southeast
Airlines. In 1991, Embraer announced the improved Brasilia extended range version –
the EMB-120ER –
first
delivered
in
1993. The extended
range
aircraft
includes
several
features such as
increased
take-off
weight and improved
design of all the
leading edges. The
ER version has been
adopted
as
the
standard production model since 1993 and is the model used for flight simulation and by
the DVA Flight Academy.
Over 370 aircraft have been delivered and are in service with 32 operators worldwide.
Major sales in the United States were to Delta Connection partners Atlantic Southeast
Airlines (62 aircraft), Comair (40 aircraft) and SkyWest (70 aircraft).
The aircraft is produced in a 30-seat passenger version, an all-cargo version with a
payload capacity of 4,000kg and a VIP transporter. The Brazilian Air Force operates two
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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VC-97s (the VIP transport versions), which are in service with the six Esquadrao de
Transporte Area and the Grupo de Transporte Especial based in Brasilia.
When the EMB-120 Brasilia was introduced in May 1985 with its launch customer, the
US-based Atlantic Southeast Airlines, regional air travel was changed. For the first time
in aviation history, small communities and the regional airlines connecting them had an
aircraft specifically designed to meet their needs. The first EMB-120 Brasilia was the
fastest (300 knots cruise speed), the lightest (25,353 lbs of maximum take-off weight)
and the most economical aircraft of the 30-40 seat range.
Embraer has sold 370 EMB-120 Brasilia aircraft to date and continues to make updates
resulting in reduced operational and maintenance costs and improved dispatch
reliability. Modifications leading to even greater passenger comfort include 31-inch seat
pitch and 7psi pressurization in the cabin. The 30-seat twin turboprop is now equipped
with powerful 1,800 SHP Pratt & Whitney PW118A turboprop engines turning 4-blade
Hamilton Standard 14RF-9 variable pitch propellers and has a greater cruise speed (315
knots) and its maximum take-off weight has increased to 26,433 lbs.
Recently, Embraer implemented a passive control system for noise and vibration. The
improvement in comfort is perceptible to passengers, since noise and vibration were
reduced considerably and were better distributed along the length of the cabin. The
aircraft has offered superior safety levels since its inception, designed in compliance with
FAR 25 requirements – the same that apply to large jetliners such as the Boeing 747.
Extensive ongoing testing has been carried out to ensure the aircraft’s continued
reliability and safety. On March 12, 1996, Embraer received a special certificate of
recognition from the FAA for initiating an intensive and comprehensive test of the
EMB-120 Brasilia in super-cooled large droplet icing conditions, which demonstrated the
aircraft’s safety.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Power Plant
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A Turboprop engine is a type of gas turbine engine that uses most of its power to drive
a propeller. The propeller of a turboprop is very similar to that used by piston or
reciprocating engines, but turboprops usually use a constant velocity propeller.
A turboprop engine is similar to a
turbojet, but has additional fan blades
in the turbine stage to recover more
power from the engine to turn the
propeller.
Propellers lose efficiency as aircraft
speed increases, which is why
turboprops are not used on higherspeed aircraft. However, turboprops
are far more efficient than piston-driven propeller engines.
Turboprop description and image courtesy of Wikipedia.org. Additional information can
be found at http://www.pwc.ca/en/engines/pw100.
Pratt & Whitney PW118A/B
The PW100 series is a family of turboprop engines from Pratt & Whitney Canada
designed to power 30 to 70 seat regional transport aircraft. The family concept of power
plant and gearbox allows a continuum of engines to meet a range of performance
requirements. With over 4,800 engines delivered to date, the PW100 series powers
three-quarters of all modern regional turboprop aircraft.
In its 15 years of evolution, the
PW100 family has been developed in
a number of different models,
generating 1,800 shaft horsepower in
the PW118 to over 5,000 shaft
horsepower in the PW150.
Typical Operations
Typically used on short haul flights to provide service between smaller regional airports
and large airline hub airport, the EMB-120ER is a truly fun airplane to fly. Typical
operating altitudes are 14,000’ to 24,000’ with top performance seen between 18,000’
and 24,000’. Handling is crisp and clean; she’s fast and is very forgiving with no bad
habits. Stalls are straight ahead with no tendency to drop a wing. Recovery is clean
and easy with minimal loss of altitude. Engine out handling is docile if proper attention
is paid to speed management. She’ll treat a novice with loving care but turn her over to
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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an experienced pilot and she comes alive. Like a good sports car, she’ll take anything
you can throw at her. It’s these qualities that led to her being chosen as the primary
instruction aircraft for the Delta Virtual Airlines Flight Academy.
Aircraft Systems
Propellers
The EMB-120ER is equipped with two Hamilton Standard, model 14 RF-19 propellers.
The propellers are mechanically actuated by the power turbines of the relevant engines,
at a reduction rate of 15:1 (20,000 RPM of the power turbine corresponds to
approximately 1,300 RPM propeller), the pitch being hydraulically controlled by the
propeller control unit (PCU).
The EMB-120ER propeller system incorporates the following components in each
propeller assembly:
o
Hamilton Standard, four-blade, model 14 RF-9, clockwise rotation (as viewed from
behind), variable pitch, tractor, reversible and feathering propeller.
o
Mechanical pump actuated by the power turbine shaft through the reduction
gearbox accessory section
o
Electrical auxiliary feather pump that will supply high-pressure oil for propeller
feathering.
o
Propeller control unit (PCU), which will control propeller pitch and speed-we use
the prop lever on the quadrant to simulate.
o
Overspeed governor that provides propeller maximum speed control
o
Flight low pitch secondary backstop system
In our simulator model, when you pull the Prop lever halfway back in the EMB-120ER,
you are reducing the thrust available from the propellers thereby making the airplane
more manageable on the ground with a lower taxi speed (20 kts straight taxiing and
slow to 10-12 kts in the turns). Make sure that you push the Prop lever all the way
forward to the top for maximum thrust when taking off.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Hydraulic Systems
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The EMB-120ER has two hydraulic systems: the green and blue systems. The hydraulic
systems power the following airplane components:
Hydraulic Green System: Landing Gear; Forward Door Actuation; Normal Brake
(outboard pair); Nose Wheel Steering; Flap System (outboard pair); Rudder.
Hydraulic Blue System: Emergency Brake; Normal Brake (inboard pair); Flap (inboard
and nacelle pairs); Rudder.
Either the green or the blue hydraulic system can power the rudder with no decrease in
the airplane controllability. The green and blue system reservoirs are pressurized by
bleed air from the engines. Pressurization of all reservoirs ensures positive fluid flow to
all hydraulic pumps. The green and blue hydraulic systems have an engine-driven pump
and a backup electric motor-driven pump. The left engine powers the green system
engine-driven pump and the right engine powers the blue system engine-driven pump.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Landing Gear
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The airplane has two main landing gears and a single nose gear. Each main gear is a
conventional two-wheeled landing gear. The nose gear is a conventional steerable twowheeled unit. Hydraulic power for retraction, extension, and nose wheel steering is
supplied by the green hydraulic system. The normal brake system is powered by the
hydraulic systems, with the outboard pair being supplied by the green hydraulic system
and the inboard pair by the blue hydraulic system. The emergency braking system is
powered by the blue hydraulic system. Antiskid protection is also provided. The normal
brake system is actuated by either pilot's rudder pedals. The pedals are linked via pushpull cables to dual brake/anti-skid valves. Each valve actuates in one pair of wheels: the
outboard or the inboard pair. The inboard valve is fed by the blue system and the
outboard valve by the green system. Both valves receive 3,000 psi from the associated
hydraulic power system.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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The anti-skid system limits the hydraulic pressure applied to each brake valve by inputs
from the pedals. The anti-skid system provides maximum stopping performance, thus
minimizing wheel skidding and, consequently, enabling minimum tire wear under any
runway condition. The system is primarily composed of four wheel speed transducers,
installed at main landing gear wheel axles, one electronic control box, and two brake
valves, one for the outboard pair of wheels and other for the inboard pair.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Electrical Systems
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Electrical systems are used in aircraft to power the lights, radios, navigation equipment,
windshield wipers and other electrical equipment. The engines have generators that can
generate the power required by the aircraft.
In the DVA EMB-120ER, there are no hydraulic or electrical systems modeled so there
are no emergency checklists for these failures on the aircraft.
The EMB-120ER electrical system supplies 28VDC and 26V AC/115V AC power to suit all
the airplane electrical needs. The 28V DC is the primary supply system. The two main
generators, two auxiliary generators, one APU generator, a Ni-Cd battery or an external
power source supplies it. The AC electrical power is provided by two 250 VA-400 Hz
static inverters which convert 28 V DC power to 115 and 26 V AC.
The external power supply system consists of a receptacle at the left side of the airplane
nose section, a contactor and an overvoltage protection relay.
The main generators are two 400 ampere, 28 V DC engine-driven starter-generators,
one installed on each engine are the primary power source of the electrical system. The
auxiliary generators are comprised of two 150-Ampere, 28 V DC generators, each being
driven by the respective propeller reduction gearbox.
The APU starter-generator is identical to the main generators. The main purpose of the
APU generator is to substitute for the ground power unit, when the airplane is on the
ground. It may also be used in parallel with the battery to assist an engine cross-start.
During the engine starting cycle, the bus voltage transients may occasionally damage
some communication and navigation instruments. To avoid this situation, the radio
master switches will allow the pilot to turn off the avionics during engine start.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Embraer EMB-120ER Technical Specifications
Dimensions
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EMB-120ER
Length
65.58 Ft
Height
20.83 Ft
Wingspan
64.92 Ft
Wing Area
424.4 Sq. Ft
Powerplants
Engine Type
Takeoff Thrust
Propellers
Pratt & Whitney PW118A
1800 shp
Hamilton – Standard 14RF-9
4-blade variable pitch, reversible
Weights
Empty Weight
15,741 Lbs
Max Zero Fuel Weight
24,030 Lbs
Max Takeoff Weight
26,433 Lbs
Max Landing Weight
25,794 Lbs
Capacity, Typical and Max
30
Cockpit Crew
2
Payloads
Maximum Payload
7,213 Lbs
Maximum Fuel
5,905 Lbs
Usable Fuel
5,856 Lbs
Operational Limitations
Takeoff Distance
5,118 Ft
Landing Distance
4,528 Ft
Flaps Up Stall Speed
117 KIAS
Full Flaps Stall Speed
87 KIAS
Maximum KIAS
250 KIAS
Maximum Flaps Extended 15 degrees
200 KIAS
Maximum Flaps Extended 25 degrees
Maximum Flaps Extended 45 degrees
150 KIAS
135 KIAS
Economy Cruise Speed FL250
270 Kts TAS
Service Ceiling
32,000 Ft
Maximum Cruise Speed
272 KIAS
Maximum Payload Range
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1,570 nm with reserves
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Cockpit Checkout –FS2004
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This cockpit checkout reflects the current panel used on the DVA EMB-120 installer.
Flight Simulator 2004 – Main Panel Instrument Cluster
Flight Simulator 2004 – Glare Shield Radio and Autopilot
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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Flight Simulator 2004 - Radio Stack and System Controls
Flight Simulator 2004 - Overhead Panel - Upper
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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Flight Simulator 2004 - Overhead Panel – Lower (Overlays
Radio Stack)
Flight Simulator 2004 - Autopilot Control Panel
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Cockpit Checkout – FSX
Flight Simulator X - Main Panel Instrument Cluster
Flight Simulator X - Glare Shield Radio and Autopilot
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Flight Simulator X - Radio Stack and System Controls
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Flight Simulator X - Overhead Panel - Upper
Flight Simulator X - Overhead Panel – Lower (Overlays Radio
Stack)
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Flight Simulator X - Autopilot Control Panel
Understanding the Autopilot
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The autopilot on the EBM-120ER, while looking complex is, in reality, very
straightforward and easy to use. The autopilot can be used in most phases of flight
except takeoff and landing. The EMB-120ER is not certified for autoland operations.
The autopilot must be turned off prior to landing. First, the operation of the autopilot
control panel will be covered, and then a brief tutorial of a typical autopilot usage will be
covered.
Flight Director Switch – Control the display of the flight directory bars on the attitude
indicator. When turned on, the flight director bars provide visual cues to the pilot for
manually flying the aircraft to achieve the course and altitude conditions set in the
autopilot panel.
Autothrottle Switch - Used to enable the autothrottle function. This switch does not
actually engage the autothrottle.
Autopilot Master Switch – Used to turn the autopilot on or off.
Autopilot functions will not operate unless this switch is in the ON
position.
Course Select window – Used to select the desired course to
be tracked in the NAV mode. This can be set either by placing
the mouse cursor over the window and using the scroll wheel or
by adjusting the course knob on the HSI.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Heading Select window – Used to select the desired heading to be held in the HDG
mode. This can be set either by placing the mouse cursor over the window and using
the scroll wheel or by adjusting the heading bug on the HSI.
Speed Select window – Used to select the desired indicated airspeed to be held by
the autothrottle when in IAS mode. This can be set by placing the mouse cursor over
the window and using the scroll wheel to adjust.
Altitude Select window – Used to select the desired altitude for
the autopilot to hold when in the ALT mode. This can be set either
by placing the mouse cursor over the window and using the scroll
wheel or be adjusting the course knob on the HSI or by setting the
attitude in the Altitude Alert window in the same manner. When changing altitude, this
is the altitude that the autopilot will capture.
Vertical Speed Select – Used to select the desired vertical speed (plus or minus) to be
held by the autopilot during a climb or descent. This speed will be maintained until
reaching the altitude set in the Altitude Select window. This can be adjusted by placing
the mouse cursor over the window and using the scroll wheel.
Yaw Damper – Used to turn the Yaw Damper on or off. Normally turned on in flight,
this helps smooth out oscillations along the longitudinal axis caused by gusty winds,
turbulence or other weather.
Back Course – Used to tell the autopilot that the NAV course being flown is the back
course of a localizer. The autopilot always assumes a front course is flown and unless,
told will apply those procedures. If flying a localizer back-course, this button must be
pressed or the aircraft will not navigate correctly.
Altitude Enable – When selected, enables the altitude hold function. The autopilot will
command a climb or descent to attain the altitude set in the Altitude Select window.
The vertical speed set in the Vertical Speed select window will be held throughout the
climb or descent.
IAS Enable – Used to turn on the autothrottle function. When turned on, the autopilot
will use the autothrottle function to attain and maintain the speed set in the Speed
Select Window. Because of the nature of the PW118A engine and the engine control
system, it is highly recommended to manually stabilize the aircraft at the speed the pilot
desires then turn on the autothrottle.
Approach Enable – Use to tell the autopilot to intercept and track the ILS course and
glideslope. The aircraft must be positioned on a course that will intercept the localizer
and be at an altitude below the glideslope. Ideally, localizer intercept should occur
before glideslope intercept.
Heading Hold Enable – Used to instruct the autopilot to attain and hold the heading
set in the Heading Select window. The autopilot will command a standard turn to the
desired heading. The turn will always be in the ‘shortest’ direction.
NAV Hold Enable – Used to instruct the autopilot to attain and track the course set in
the Course Select window. Internal logic will command the autopilot to turn to a
heading that will intercept the desired course and once intercepted, track it.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Using the Autopilot – Tutorial
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The tutorial is intended to provide a basic overview of the operation of autopilot. The
tutorial will begin prior to takeoff and end just prior to landing. It will not cover all
aspects of the flight, only the autopilot use. We will depart Montgomery Regional
Airport (KMGM) with a destination of the Hartsfield – Jackson Atlanta International
Airport (KATL). We will not concern ourselves with flying any SIDs or STARs. Departure
will be from KMGM runway 30. After takeoff, we fly a 090 degree heading to intercept
the Victor Airway 222 aka V222 (MGM VOR radial R-045) then via V222 to LaGrange
VOR (LGC) then direct to the Atlanta VOR (ATL). We’ll fly the route at 15,000’. Because
we know the altitude we will fly, we can preset the altitude in the autopilot. Set the
Altitude Select Window to 15,000 and set the vertical speed to 1,800 FPM. This will be
our target climb rate once we get airborne and the aircraft cleaned up. We can also set
the airspeed to 250 knots - our cruise indicated airspeed. Turn on the Flight Director.
After using appropriate checklists and procedures, you are ready for takeoff. Your
heading bug should be set to runway heading for situational awareness. Takeoff and
accelerate the aircraft to 200 knots while retracting the landing gear and flaps. Once
comfortably airborne, turn on the Autopilot master switch and engage (click on) the ALT
button to engage the altitude hold function, turn on the HDG button to engage the
heading hold function and turn on the Yaw Damper. This will turn control of the aircraft
over to the autopilot. The autopilot will command a right turn to attain and hold a 090
heading and it will command a pitch angle to achieve an 1800 FPM climb with a target
altitude of 15,000 feet. Note due to performance considerations, it will be necessary to
reduce the climb rate to about 1,500 FPM when climbing through an altitude about
8,000 feet. Once 15,000 feet is reached set a fuel flow of about 380 PPH per engine
and let the speed stabilize around 250 KIAS. You can now select IAS on the autopilot
panel to turn on the autothrottle function.
NAV radio 1 should be
tuned to 112.10 (MGM)
and the Course Select
should be set to 045.
This is the radial off
MGM that makes up this
leg of V222.
The
Course
Deviation
Indicator (CDI) – the
green arrow shaped
pointer on the HSI
should be pointing at
045 degrees and the
center bar should be
fully deflected to the
right of the arrow.
Continue on the 090
heading until the CDI
bar starts to move
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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towards the center. At this time select the NAV function on the autopilot control panel.
The autopilot will now turn to intercept the MGM R-045 and track it out bound.
Tune NAV radio 2 to 115.60, LaGrange VOR (LGC). Once in range you will see a reading
for DME 2 and the RMI NAV2 needle will point towards LGC. According to the Low
Altitude IFR Chart L-19, MGM is used for navigation along V222 until reaching YARBE
intersection. YARBE is 44 DME from MGM. Because the autopilot will only track using
NAV radio 1, we have to retune the radio. To prevent any radical course changes when
the radio is changed, set the Heading Select to watch the current heading of the
aircraft. Select the heading function on the autopilot control panel. Next tune NAV
radio 1 to LGC on 115.60. Set the Course Select to 048. We are on the 228 radial from
LGC but we want to fly inbound on the reciprocal bearing. Now, select the NAV function
on the autopilot to resume tracking the VOR course.
Tune NAV2 to the ATL VOR on 116.90 and verify reception. If you haven’t already done
so, determine when you need to start your descent. In this case we’ll need to start our
descent about 55 miles from ATL. When DME 2 reads 55.0, disengage the autothrottle
and reduce power to idle. Pull back the Prop levers halfway and set the Fuel Condition
levers to Low Idle. When the airspeed reaches 210 KIAS start a 1000 FPM descent with
a target altitude of 2,600’. This is the pattern altitude for the Atlanta airport (field
elevation + 1500’).
When nearing LGC we need to switch navigation to the ATL VOR. Repeat the steps
above to accomplish this – Set the heading, select HDG, retune the radio, set the correct
course and reselect the NAV function. Continue inbound to Atlanta and the descent until
reaching 2,600’. Once you have the airport in sight, turn off the autopilot and manually
fly the visual pattern.
This is a basic example of how the autopilot functions and how it is used in flight to
alleviate much of the pilot workload. While the EMB-120ER is by no means a ‘PushButton’ airplane, it does have much of the same capabilities.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Tutorial - Flying the aircraft
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The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate the proper procedures for flying the Delta
Virtual Airlines EMB-120ER. The starting point of this flight will be at the gate, with the
airplane in a cold and dark configuration. For this tutorial we will be flying from Orlando
International Airport (KMCO) to Tallahassee Regional Airport with Gainesville Regional
Airport (KGNV) as our alternate. Our cruise altitude will be at 12,500 feet. Our route of
flight will be KMCO direct Orlando (ORL) VOR then via V159 to the Cross City (CTY) VOR
then via V295 to the OLUGY Intersection then Direct KTLH or ‘KMCO ORL V159 CTY
V295 OLUGY KTLH’.
Pre-Flight
Before starting the flight make sure you have all the charts you may need for the flight.
Normally you will need the airport diagram for each airport, the Standard instrument
Departure (SID) chart if you are to fly a SID and the relevant approach plates, at least
one for your departure airport and at least one for each runway at your destination and
alternate airports. This will ensure you have flexibility upon arrive in the event a runway
is closed or the weather has changed dramatically. For the purposes of this tutorial, we
will assume there is no active Air Traffic Control.
Start Flight Simulator and choose the ‘Create a Flight’ option. Select the EMB-120ER
and click the OK button. Next select the Fuel and Payload button to open the
configuration window. The payload is a good typical load out. For fuel, you need to
make sure the values are displayed as pounds and enter 995 into each fuel tank. Click
OK. Select the airport (KMCO) and a parking location other than the runway.
Remember where you parked as you will need this to plan your taxi route. For our
purpose here, we’ll use the Flight Simulator’s default weather. Once everything is set,
click the ‘Fly now’ button to load the simulator.
Using the checklist found later in this manual, perform the At Gate – Before Engine
Start checklist to ensure the aircraft and cockpit are properly configured and all aircraft
systems are working.
NOTE: The battery life on the EMB-120ER is very limited. Delays with the
Master Power switch on will quickly drain the battery making it impossible to
start engines. If you need to, pause the simulator between checklist items.
Engine Start
Now, using the Engine Start and When Cleared to Start checklist, start the right
engine. The basic procedure is: – Avionics Master – Off, Right Engine Start switch to
start. Allow the engine to spool up to 10% N1 then turn the Right Engine fuel switch
on. You can look out the right cockpit window and see the propeller spin up. Let the
right engine stabilize and make sure you have a good fuel flow and that all the
temperatures, pressures and torque are in the green arcs. Now repeat the process and
start the left engine. Once both engines are stable, complete the When Cleared to
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
Start checklist and After Engine Start checklist items. Note the typical takeoff trim
setting is about 5° nose up.
Before we taxi, I want to address ground handling in the EMB-120ER. Taxiing the EMB120ER can difficult and takes practice to master. The key is proper power management.
Operating the EMB-120ER on the ground with either the fuel levers above a ‘LOW IDLE’
setting or setting the propeller condition levers above a
minimal setting will make speed control during taxi
difficult. Maximum taxi speeds straight ahead is 20 knots
and 10-12 knots in a turn. Setting the fuel and propeller
controls as shown here will make taxiing the EMB-120ER
much easier. If speed does creep toward the upper
limits, tap the toe brakes to slow the aircraft. Turning at
speeds above the 10-12 knot is difficult. The EMB-120ER
is a light aircraft and there is insufficient traction on the nose wheel to make sharp turns
at speeds above the 10-12 knot limit. The aircraft will continue straight ahead until it is
slowed down. Caution must be exercised to make sure the fuel and propeller condition
levers are set full forward before takeoff. Failure to do so will result in a dangerous low
power condition. Follow the checklist closely and you will not have any problems.
Taxi
When ready to taxi, complete all the Taxi checklist items and taxi to the runway. Pay
particular attention to your speed. The airspeed indicator will not register allowable
ground speeds. You must have the HSI NAV/GPS switch set to GPS to get a valid speed
indication on the ground.
Once at the runway hold line,
execute the Before Takeoff
and the Takeoff - Cleared
or Line up and Wait
checklist items making sure
the fuel and propeller levers
are moved to the full forward
position. Keep in mind that if
the fuel and propeller levers
are moved before taxiing into
position, the aircraft will
gather speed quickly when
you release brakes to taxi onto the runway. Particular attention must be paid to speed
management.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Take-off
Back to Top
Takeoff is straightforward. Once in position set the brakes, and advance the throttles to
about the 1/3 position. Allow the engines to stabilize briefly then release brakes and
apply full power. Use rudder to track the runway centerline. When the airspeed
reaches Vr of 120 knots, gently pull back on the controls to raise the nose to a 7° nose
up attitude. Hold this attitude and allow the aircraft to fly off the runway…it will not
take long. Once a positive rate is established and when about 35’ above the runway
raise the landing gear. As the airspeed accelerates thru 140 knots raise the flaps. Adjust
pitch to maintain a 1500 to 2000 FPM climb and allow airspeed to increase. As airspeed
approaches 200 knots, adjust power to achieve a 1500-1800 FPM climb at 200 knots.
Maintain these conditions as you climb to altitude.
As you continue your climb to your cruise altitude, continue to monitor airspeed and rate
of climb. As altitude increases to about 9,000’, you may need to reduce the rate of
climb to maintain the
200-knot
target
speed.
As you
approach your cruise
altitude, adjust the
rate of climb to reach
zero at your altitude
and adjust power to
the cruise setting.
For this flight we’ll
cruise at 12,500’ and,
according the fuel
burn chart, we will
set power to achieve
a 400 PPH fuel flow.
Set the fuel flow and let the airspeed settle where will. At 12,500’ you should see about
260 KIAS. Trim to maintain altitude. Monitor fuel and engine instruments as we
proceed towards our destination.
Cruise
During your preflight planning, you should have determined when to start your descent.
In the EMB-120ER, our enroute descent will be at 200 KIAS and 1000 FPM. As we
approach the airport, we want to be at about 2,000’ 10 miles from the runway. Some
simple math will show us we need to start our decent about 43 miles from the airport.
Take our cruise altitude and subtract our target altitude 12,500 – 2,000 = 10,500.
Round this value up to the next whole 1,000’ increment – 11,000. Drop the zeroes and
multiply by 3 = 33. This is the distance we will travel during our descent. Add the 10-
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
mile distance from the runway and we will need to start our descent 43 miles from the
airport. Remember our cruise speed is about 260 KIAS. The EMB-120ER is a slippery
airplane in a clean configuration. We will need several miles to slow from 260KIAS to
200KIAS before we lower the nose. Plan ahead and you’ll be okay. Expect to need 10
miles to bleed off the speed. On our route, the OLUGY intersection is about 10 miles
from the KTLH runway 27 threshold. Working backwards from OLUGY, we find we need
to start our descent 33 miles prior to OLUGY or 48 DME from the Seminole (SZW) VOR
(117.50). Where did SZW come from you ask? After CTY, you will need to use SZW to
define V295 as we approach the Tallahassee area. To start our descent at 43 DME, we’ll
need to start slowing about 53 NM from SZW. So at or prior to SZW 53 DME, pull the
power back to idle, pull the Props to ½, and reduce the fuel condition levers to Low
Idle. Allow the speed to decrease to 200 KTS. At 200 KTS lower the nose to achieve a
1000 FPM decent rate. Trim to maintain this attitude. Continue the descent until
reaching 2,000’. This should occur prior to OLUGY intersection. Don’t forget the
DESCENT checklist.
Descent
Again, because this is a slippery airplane, allow the speed to decay to 180 KTS. At the
OLUGY intersection turn left to a heading of 270 degrees this will position us for a
straight in landing on runway 27. After the turn, you should soon see the airport. Once
you see the airport, pull the power back and allow the airspeed to slow to 180 KIAS. At
this speed lower 15 degrees of flaps (one notch). If you are still fast near the airport,
you can lower the first notch of flaps at a speed not to exceed 200 KIAS. This first flap
deployment will significantly increase drag and help slow the airplane.
Be sure to use the Approach and Landing checklists. By the time you reach 5 miles
from the runway, your target is to be at 160 KIAS, 15 degrees (one notch) of flaps.
When within 5 miles slow to 145 KIAS and deploy 25 degrees flaps (second notch).
Allow the speed to continue to drop to 128 KIAS. This is the final approach speed or
Vref in most landing configurations. When slowing thru 140 KIAS, lower the landing
gear. Remember, these are turbine engines and need time to spool up before getting
an increase in power. If you wait until the speed reaches 128 KIAS to add power, your
speed will continue to drop. Too much drop and you could stall…not good. Hold 128
KIAS and a descent rate of 500-600 FPM all the way to the runway. Don’t try to flare
too much because this airplane loves to fly and will float for a long time. Maintain a
steady descent all the way to the runway. Don’t worry, she’s built for soft and short
fields and can take it.
On the Ground
Once you are on the runway, reduce power to idle, apply full reverse thrust (Press and
hold F2), and apply the brakes. When slowing thru 60 KIAS, disengage the reverse
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
thrust by a brief raising and lowering of the throttles. Slow to taxi speed and turn off
the runway. Stop on the taxiway and complete the After Landing - (when Clear of
the Runway) checklist. When complete, taxi to the gate and perform the Shutdown
checklist.
EMB-120ER Fuel Planning and Weight and Balance
The Pratt & Whitney PW118A turboprop engine, like most turboprop engines,
achieves maximum efficiency when operating between 18,000 feet and FL 300.
The values shown here where determined through flight-testing in FS2004 and
FSX and are per engine. These are clear weather conditions with no winds aloft.
Fuel Burn Charts – PPH/Engine
Altitude
Indicated
True
Fuel Burn
Airspeed
Airspeed PPH/Eng.
9,000
250 KIAS
295 KTAS
360
12,000
260 KIAS
322 KTAS
400
FL180
240 KIAS
326 KTAS
360
FL240
240 KIAS
3+ KTAS
340
FL300
190 KIAS
304 KTAS
280
Fuel planning in the EMB-120ER is done like any other commercial aircraft you may fly.
Each DVA flight requires the following to be taken into consideration when planning the
required fuel loading for your flight:





Unusable Fuel
Ground Operations (Engine Start & Taxi)
Time in flight
Required Reserves
Fuel needed to reach your alternate airport
Total fuel in the EMB-120ER is 5,905 lbs of fuel (2,952.5 lbs per tank). The fuel burn
rate is 400 PPH (pounds per hour) per engine. All references to the fuel burn rates are
PPH (pounds per hour) and are per engine.
Unusable Fuel - The unusable amount of fuel per tank is 24.4 lbs or a total of 48.8 lbs
of unusable fuel. We have a total maximum usable fuel load of 5,856 lbs.
Ground Operations - You can figure 100 PPH for 30 minutes. If you expect longer
start-up, wait or taxi times, add more fuel for ground operations accordingly.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
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Time in flight - Use 400 PPH x the number of hours for the flight. Climb/Descent burn
rates will even out. Higher cruise altitudes burn less fuel, lower altitudes burn more
fuel. Using 400 PPH for time in flight is a good average.
Reserves - You are required to have a 45-minute reserve of fuel onboard. This is 300
PPH per engine.
Alternate - You are required to have enough fuel onboard to fly from your original
destination airport to your alternate airport – Add 400 PPH x number of hour(s) to reach
your alternate airport.
These burn numbers were taken from the DVA fleet emb-120er in clear skies and no
wind. These numbers are averages from a couple minutes spent at each altitude. They
are just to give an estimate to your expected burn rate in pounds per hour. It is up to
the pilot to ensure the aircraft has enough fuel to complete the flight. Fuel
requirements for normal IFR operations require fuel to reach your destination plus
reserves of 45 extra minutes. If an alternate is required, then fuel the aircraft to reach
your destination, alternate, then an extra 45 minutes. Further information can be found
in
FAR
91.167.
Fuel Loading Example
Total Flight Time: 1 Hour (320 nm from KMCO to KTLH)
Alternate Airport Distance: 30 Minutes (117 nm to KGNV)
Cruise Altitude: 12,000 Ft
Calculations:
o
Unusable Fuel is 24.4 Lbs per engine.
o
An EMB-120ER typically burns 100 Lbs per engine for ground operations. This
includes startup, taxi + misc. ramp time + hold at runway, etc.
o
The time in flight is 1 hour or 400 Lbs per engine per the chart above at
12,000 feet. This value will be greater during climbout and less in descent and
should average out to the published value during the course of the flight.
o
The Fuel To Alternate Allowance = fuel burn x hrs = 400 lbs x 0.5 = 200 Lbs
per engine
o
In addition to fuel for the trip, it is necessary to plan for a 45 minute hold. This
can be determined similar to calculating the enroute fuel burn. Taking 45
minutes to be equal to 0.75 hours times 400 Lbs per hour per engine results in
300 Lbs per hour per engine.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Summarizing for both Engines:
Flight Event
Unusable
Ground Operations
Enroute Consumption
Fuel to Alternate
45 Min Reserve
Total Fuel to load
Back to Top
Each Engine
24.4
100.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
1,024.4
Two Engines
48.8
200.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
2,048.8
Note: If you are flying into high traffic areas, such as during a group flight event, you
should consider adding some extra fuel for expected delays you may encounter
on the ground and in the air.
Make sure to check the winds aloft before flying as they can affect your flight time and
must be considered in your fuel planning calculations.
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
EMB-120ER Checklist
Back to Top
Note: Abbreviated checklists are included in Appendix F.
At Gate Parked-Before Engine Start
o
All Charts/Flight Plan
On Board
o
Weight/Balance
Meet Flight Requirements
o
Parking Brakes
ON
o
ACARS (Optional)
Connect Flight Start
o
All doors (Outside View)
VERIFY Closed / Locked
o
Gear Lever
DOWN
o
Flight Controls (Outside View)
Demonstrate FREE & CLEAR
o
Airspeed Bug
SET to Take-off Vr
o
Battery Master Switch
ON
o
Clock/Stopwatch
VERIFY SET
o
Fuel on board
Document Amount
o
Radio Master Switch
ON
o
COMM Radio
TUNE ATIS
o
Altimeter
SET
o
COMM Radio
SET to local frequency
o
NAV1 & 2
SET IDENT
o
ADF
SET IDENT
o
Marker Beacon Audio
ON
o
HSI/CDI
SET (CRS)
o
Heading bug
SET (HDG)
o
Altitude
SET (ALT)
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
ATC CLEARANCE-
Call for IFR/VFR Departure-Push/Start Request
o
Transponder
SET Code/VERIFY Squawk Standby
o
Crew Takeoff Briefing
Completed
-BEFORE ENGINE START CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Engine Start
o
Parking brakes
VERIFY ON
o
Simulator time at start
Document
o
Radio Master Switch
OFF
o
Beacon
Verify ON
When Cleared to Start
o
Throttle Power Levers
GND IDLE
o
Prop Levers
GND IDLE
o
Condition Fuel Levers (CFL)
ON
o
Engine Area
CLEAR
o
RIGHT engine Ignition Start
ON
o
Engine RPM
MONITOR
o
RIGHT Engine fuel pump
ON when N1>10-12%
CFL HIGH IDLE
o
Engine Instruments
IN GREEN & stable
o
Verify Fuel Flow
CHECK
o
Engine Area
CLEAR
o
LEFT engine Ignition Start
ON
o
Engine RPM
MONITOR
Page 28
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
o
ON when N1>10-12%
LEFT Engine fuel pump
CFL HIGH IDLE
o
Engine Instruments
IN GREEN & stable
o
Verify Fuel Flow
CHECK
-ENGINE START CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
After Engine Start
o
Parking brakes
VERIFY ON
o
Internal, Navigation, Logo Lights
ON
o
Pitot/Static Heat
ON
o
Radio Master Switch
ON
o
Elevator Trim
SET 5º up
o
Flap Selector
SET 1 notch 15º down
-AFTER ENGINE START CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Taxi
ATC TAXI CLEARANCE-
Request taxi to active runway
o
Fasten Seat Belts
ON
o
No Smoking Sign
ON
o
Throttle Power Levers
GROUND IDLE
o
Prop Levers
½
o
Condition Fuel Levers
LOW IDLE
o
GPS (HIS Switch)
SELECT GPS
o
Parking Brakes
Release
o
Pushback
Shift+P
o
Toe Brakes
VERIFY OPS
Page 29
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
o
Taxi Power
Speed Max 20 kts (straight)
10 kts (in turns)
o
Instrument Check-taxi
VERIFY Compass/HSI/Turn/Bank
move
o
Cabin Announcements
Perform during Taxi
-TAXI CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Before Takeoff/Hold Short Line
o
GPS/HSI Switch
NAV
o
Flight Director
ON
o
Autopilot
CHECK Disengaged
o
Flaps & Trim
CHECK
o
COM1, NAV1 & ADF
VERIFY Settings
ATC Take off CLEARANCE – Request for takeoff
-BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Takeoff-Cleared or Line Up and Wait
o
Toe Brakes
ON
o
Strobe & Landing Lights
ON
o
Transponder
ON – Squawk Normal (Mode C)
o
Heading bug
VERIFY Runway heading
o
Condition Fuel Levers
Full MAX
o
Propeller Levers
Full ON (CTRL + F4)
o
Throttle Power Levers
Advance 1/3
o
Engine Instruments
Monitor/Check
o
Toe Brakes
Release
o
Throttles Power Levers
Advance to Full Power
o
At Vr (as calculated)
Rotate to 7º pitch up
Page 30
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
At V2 + 10 KIAS and 35Ft AGL with positive rate of climb
o
Landing Gear
UP
At V2 + 20 KIAS (140+ knots):
o
Flap Selector Lever
UP
o
Elevator Trim Wheel
ADJUST
o
Maintain 7º pitch (1,500 – 1,800 fpm) during climb out
- TAKEOFF CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Climb to Altitude
o
Full Power to Altitude
o
Monitor fuel flow and engine instruments
o
Maintain Vx (200 KIAS) and Vy (1,500-1,800 fpm) or desired climb rate/airspeed
See Emergency Procedures for Abnormal Flight Conditions
Cruise
o
Elevator Trim
ADJUST
o
Flight progress, fuel flow and engine ops
MONITOR
o
Landing lights (passing 10,000 ft)
OFF
Descent
ATC Descent CLEARANCE – Descend
o
Landing lights (crossing 10,000 ft)
ON
o
Propeller Levers
½ (cover “RO” in PROP)
o
Condition Fuel flow Levers
LOW IDLE
o
Throttle Power Levers
FLIGHT IDLE
-DESCENT CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Approach
Back to Top
ATC Approach CLEARANCE – Approach
o
SET
Airspeed Bug
(200 KIAS or less below 2,500 ft within 5 nm of an airport in Class B/C/D airspace)
o
Altimeter
SET
o
VOR/ADF/NAV
SET Frequency
o
Flap Selector Lever
15º (1st notch) at 180 knots
o
Flap Selector Lever
25º (1st notch) at 145 knots
o
Landing Gear Lever
DOWN at 140 knots
-APPROACH CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Landing
ATC Landing CLEARANCE - to Land
o
Throttle Power Levers
GND IDLE after landing
o
Propeller Levers (above 60 KIAS)
Reverse (F2) then GND IDLE
o
Toe Brakes
APPLY as required
-LANDING CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
After Landing (When Clear of the Runway)
ATC Taxi CLEARANCE- To gate
o
Transponder/TCAS
SET Standby
o
Flap Selector
UP
o
Elevator Trim Wheel
SET to Zero
o
Strobes & Landing Lights
OFF
o
GPS (HSI Switch)
GPS
Page 32
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
-AFTER LANDING CHECKLIST COMPLETE-
Gate Shutdown
o
Parking brakes
ON
o
Navigation/Logo/Internal Lights/Pitot
OFF
o
Radio Master Switch
OFF
o
Condition Fuel Flow Levers
OFF
Record the fuel left in the tanks & compare to the
amount you had planned for in your flight plan.
o
Rotating Beacon Switch
OFF
o
Power Select Switch
OFF
o
Doors
OPEN
o
Simulator time at Shutdown
Note time
(If you are flying online, note the real world time)
o
End Flight, File PIREP
ACARS Shutdown (optional)
NOT FOR REAL WORLD AVIATION USE
Emergency Procedures
Engine Failure after Vr
o Maintain Directional Control
o
o
o
o
o
o
ROTATE @ Vr + 5 Calculated
Positive Rate of Climb
HIGH IDLE
HIGH RPM
Take Off Setting
UP
UP
Maintain Vyse Blue Line
Condition Levers (CFL)
Prop Levers
Power Levers
Landing Gear
Flap Selector
Page 33
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
IDENTIFY AFFECTED ENGINE
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Power Lever
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Engine Gauges
Control the aircraft
Declare emergency
Cabin Attendant Advisory GIVEN
RETARD FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHER
FUEL CUTOFF
CONFIRM
Bank 5º to Live Engine
Contact ATC
START AFFECTED ENGINE
o
o
o
o
o
Power Lever
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Start Ignition
Condition Lever (CFL)
FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHERD
FLIGHT IDLE
ON
LOW IDLE when N1>10-12
After Start FLIGHT IDLE
VERIFY
VERIFY Start Green Stable
UN-FEATHER
o Fuel Flow
o Engine Instruments
o Prop Lever
Return to Airport
Engine Failure - Enroute
o
o
o
o
Maintain Directional control
Condition Levers (CFL)
Prop Levers
Power Levers
Maintain Airspeed
HIGH IDLE
HIGH RPM
Take Off Setting
IDENTIFY AFFECTED ENGINE
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Power Lever
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Engine Gauges
Control the aircraft
Declare emergency
Cabin Attendant Advisory
RETARD FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHER
FUEL CUTOFF
CONFIRM
Bank 5º to Live Engine
Contact ATC
GIVEN
Page 34
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Back to Top
START AFFECTED ENGINE
o
o
o
o
o
Power Lever
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Start Ignition
Condition Lever (CFL)
FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHERD
FLIGHT IDLE
ON
LOW IDLE when N1>10-12
After Start FLIGHT IDLE
VERIFY
VERIFY Start Green Stable
UN-FEATHER
o Fuel Flow
o Engine Instruments
o Prop Lever
Return to Airport
Engine Failure @ Approach
o Maintain Directional Control
Maintain Airspeed
HIGH IDLE
HIGH RPM
Take Off Setting
o Condition Fuel Levers (CFL)
o Propeller Levers
o Power Levers
IDENTIFY AFFECTED ENGINE
o Power Lever
o
o
o
o
o
o
RETARD FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHER
FUEL CUTOFF
CONFIRM
Bank 5º to Live Engine
Contact ATC
GIVEN
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Engine Gauges
Control the aircraft
Declare emergency
Cabin Attendant Advisory
START AFFECTED ENGINE
o Power Lever
o
o
o
o
Prop Lever
Condition Lever (CFL)
Start Ignition
Condition Lever (CFL)
o
o
o
o
Fuel Flow
Engine Instruments
Prop Lever
Landing Lights (10,000 ft)
FLIGHT IDLE
FEATHERD
FLIGHT IDLE
ON
LOW IDLE when N1>10-12
After Start FLIGHT IDLE
VERIFY
VERIFY Start Green Stable
UN-FEATHER
ON
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Engine Failure Landing
Back to Top
ATC LANDING CLEARANCE-Land
o Maintain Airspeed
o
o
o
o
Vref + 25
As Required
DOWN 3 Green Short Final
GND IDLE after landing
GND IDLE - DO NOT USE
REVERSE THRUST
APPLY as Required
Flap Selector
Landing Gear
Power Levers
Prop Levers (above 60 KIAS)
o Toe Brakes
-ENGINE FAILURE LANDING CHECKLIST COMPLETED-
Engine Failure After Landing (When Clear of Runway)
ATC Taxi CLEARANCE- To Gate
o Transponder
o
o
o
o
o
Standby
UP As Required
SET to Zero
OFF
OFF
SET to GPS
Flap Selector
Elevator Trim
Strobe Lights
Landing Lights
GPS (HSI Switch)
-AFTER LANDING CHECKLIST COMPLETE-
Engine Failure Gate Shutdown
o Parking Brake
o
o
o
o
o
ON
OFF
OFF
GND IDLE
FEATHER
FUEL CUTOFF
Navigation, Logo, Pitot Heat
Avionics Master
Power Lever
Prop Levers
Condition Lever (CFL)
Record the Fuel left in the Tanks
Compare amount planned for in your Flight Plan
o
o
o
o
o
Internal Lights
OFF
ROT BCN Switch
OFF
PWR Select
OFF
Doors
OPEN
Simulator Time at Shutdown
DOCUMENT
(If you are flying online, note the real world time)
o ACARS Shutdown (Optional)
End Flight, File PIREP
o Call Maintenance
o Exit flight simulator
Page 36
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Crew Take-Off Briefing
Captain to Co-pilot
We will be taking off on RWY (active runway), climbing to (altitude). If we
encounter an engine malfunction, fire or other emergency before V1 (critical
engine failure recognition speed) KIAS, the flying pilot will retard the throttles to
flight idle and bring the aircraft to a complete stop on the runway. The
non-flying pilot will notify the proper ATC of our intentions and assist the flying
pilot as requested or needed to operate the aircraft in a safe manner.
If the aircraft has reached Vr (rotate speed) KIAS, the flying pilot will fly the
aircraft per company procedures and the non-flying pilot will notify the
appropriate ATC of our intentions and assist the flying pilot as requested or
needed to operate the aircraft in a safe manner and land the aircraft as soon as
possible.
Aircraft Weight is: ________
Taxi Instructions to Active: _______________
V Speeds for this flight are (calculated) See prepared Flip Chart(s)
Flap Settings:
Takeoff _____
Engine Failure Approach ______
Discuss the Departure Procedures for this flight (Ref Charts, SIDs)
Discuss Weather considerations (Ref ATIS, METAR, and TF)
Crew Approach/Landing Briefing
Captain to Co-pilot
Weather conditions are (obtain from ATIS, METAR and TAF).
Landing on RWY (active runway) at (airport) using the (???) approach (Ref
STAR)
Descend at (???). Our Final Approach altitude will be (???)
V Speeds for this approach are (calculated) (See prepared Flip Chart(s))
Missed approach Procedures are (Ref Approach Plates)
Taxiway Turnoff _____ Taxi Route from Active ________________
Parking at Gate (#)
Page 37
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Crew Announcements
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Departure
“Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the flight crew, this is your (captain or first
officer) (insert name), welcoming you aboard Delta Virtual Connection flight
number (flight) with service to (destination). Or flight time today will be
approximately (time en route) to (destination). At this time, I’d like to direct your
attention to your to the monitors in the aisles for an important safety
announcement. Once again, thank you for flying Delta Virtual Connection.”
Climbing above 10,000 feet MSL
Inform cabin crew that use of approved electronic devices is authorized.
At Cruise Altitude
“Ladies and gentlemen, this is the (Captain or First Officer) speaking. We’ve
reached our cruising altitude of (altitude). We should be approximately (time)
enroute and expect to have you at the gate on time. I’ve turned off the fasten
seatbelt sign, however, we ask that while in your seat you keep your seatbelt
loosely fastened as turbulence is often unpredicted. Please let us know if there is
anything we can do to make your flight more comfortable, so sit back and enjoy
your flight.”
Approach
Inform cabin crew of approach and to discontinue use of electronic devices.
Landing
“On behalf of Delta Virtual Connection and your entire flight crew we’d like to
welcome you to (destination) where the local time is (time). We hope you’ve
enjoyed your flight with us today and hope that the next time your plans call for
air travel, you’ll choose us again. Once again, thank you for flying Delta Virtual
Connection.”
Page 38
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX A—Typical Configuration
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Typical Aircraft Fuel and Payload Configurations
Empty Weight
Max Payload
Payload
Gross Weight
Max Gross Weight
Left (50%)
Right (50%)
Fuel Total
Max Allowable Fuel
Max per Tank
16,507 lbs
6,313 lbs
4,540 lbs
23,999 lbs
31,285 lbs
Fuel Settings
Tank
%
Left
50.0
Right
50.0
Total Fuel
Fuel Weight Lbs/gal: 6.7
Pounds
1,476.20
1,476.20
2,952.40
Payload Settings
Station
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3-6
Station 7-9
Station 10-12
Station 13
Total
Page 39
Pounds
400
0
150
420
520
720
4,540
Capacity
2,952.35 lbs
2,952.35 lbs
5,904.70 lbs
1,476.2 lbs
1,476.2 lbs
2,952.4 lbs
5,906.0 lbs
440.7 gal
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX B—Takeoff Speeds – Flaps 15º
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TAKEOFF SPEEDS - KIAS
FLAPS 15º
ALTITUDE
Gross
Weight
-LB
0 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
Gross
Weight
-LB
2,000 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
Gross
Weight
-LB
4,000 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
OAT
OAT
-54(°c)
-65 (°f)
-11(°c)
12(°f)
V1 VR V2
106 112 131
106 112 127
106 112 124
106 112 121
103 112 118
OAT
VR
111
111
111
111
113
V2
129
125
122
119
118
OAT
VR
109
109
109
109
114
V2
125
121
118
115
118
VR
105
105
105
109
117
V2
119
114
111
113
118
OAT
V1 VR V2
91 97 105
95 99 103
106 107 108
113 115 113
121 122 118
OAT
30(°c)
86(°f))
50(°c)
122(°f)
V1 VR V2
101 108 123
101 108 119
101 108 116
103 108 113
112 115 118
V1 VR V2
98 104 117
98 104 113
100 104 109
108 110 113
116 117 118
V1 VRV2
90 95 101
97 100 103
107 109 108
114 116 113
123 124 118
-11(°c)
12(°f)
V2
126
122
119
116
118
V1
102
102
102
108
116
OAT
50(°c)
122(°f)
-11(°c)
12(°f)
OAT
-54(°c)
-65 (°f)
V1
103
103
103
103
109
VR
109
109
109
109
115
OAT
-54(°c)
-65 (°f)
V1
105
105
105
105
106
V1
103
103
103
103
112
OAT
30(°c)
86(°f)
V1
100
100
100
105
115
Page 40
VR
106
106
106
108
116
V2
121
117
113
113
118
OAT
30(°c)
86(°f)
V1 VR V2
97 103 115
97 103 111
100 103 108
109 111 113
118 119 118
OAT
50(°c)
122(°f)
V1
89
100
109
117
126
VR V2
93 97
102 103
111 108
119 113
126 118
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX B cont’d —Takeoff Speeds – Flaps 15º
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TAKEOFF SPEEDS - KIAS
FLAPS 15º
ALTITUDE
Gross
Weight
-LB
6,000 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
Gross
Weight
-LB
8,000 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
Gross
Weight
-LB
10,000 Ft
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,433
OAT
OAT
-54(c)
-65 (f)
V1
102
102
102
103
113
-11(c)
12(f)
OAT
OAT
30(c)
86(f)
50(c)
122(f)
VR V2
108 124
108 120
108 116
108 113
115 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
99 105 119
99 105 115
100 105 111
107 109 113
116 117 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
96 102 113
97 102 109
102 104 108
111 112 113
118 119 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
92 95 97
103 104 103
111 113 108
118 121 113
127 127 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
100 106 121
100 106 117
100 106 113
105 108 113
115 116 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
98 103 116
98 103 112
100 103 108
108 110 113
117 118 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
95 101 111
97 101 108
102 104 108
111 113 113
119 120 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
94 96 97
102 105 103
111 114 108
123 123 113
129 129 118
OAT
V1 VR V2
97 104 118
97 104 113
102 104 110
108 109 113
116 117 118
V1 VR V2
94 99 109
97 99 105
104 105 107
112 113 113
120 121 118
V1
89
100
109
117
125
V1 VR V2
96 97 96
107 107 103
115 115 107
124 124 113
130 130 118
-54(c)
-65 (f)
-54(c)
-65 (f)
-11(c)
12(f)
-11(c)
12(f)
Page 41
30(c)
86(f)
30(c)
86(f)
VR
93
101
110
118
125
V2
98
103
107
113
118
50(c)
122(f)
50(c)
122(f)
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX C—Speed Card Templates
DVA Embraer EMB-120ER
Empty Weight
Max Payload
Payload
Gross Weight
Max Gross Weight
16,507
6,313
4,540
23,999
31,285
Back to Top
Left (50%)
Right (50%)
Fuel Total
Max Allowable Fuel
Max per Tank
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
1,476.2 lbs
1,476.2 lbs
2,952.4 lbs
5,906 lbs
440.7 gal
Bold is where changes were made in Fuel/Payload Settings
EMBRAER EMB-120ER
_________
Takeoff Gross Weight
LBS
Takeoff Altitude _____________________feet
OAT
Flaps 15º
(C)
(F)
V1 + 5
V1
Vr + 5
Vr
V2 + 5
V2
Flaps
0
Landing
15
25
45
25
45
Maneuvering
Vref
Vapp
Single Engine OPS
Flaps
0
15
Maneuvering
Vref + 25
Page 42
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX C—Speed Card Template (24,000 Lbs)
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DVA Embraer EMB-120ER
Left (50%)
Empty Weight
16,507 lbs
Right (50%)
Max Payload
6,313 lbs
4,540 lbs
Payload
Fuel Total
23,999 lbs
Gross Weight
Max Allowable Fuel
Max Gross Weight
31,285 lbs
Max per Tank
Bold is where changes were made in Fuel/Payload Settings
1,476.20 lbs
1,476.20 lbs
2,952.40 lbs
5,906 lbs
440.7 gal
EMBRAER EMB-120ER
24,000 LBS
Takeoff
Altitude 0 feet
OAT
Flaps 15
30(c)
86(f)
Flaps
Maneuvering
Vno
Vref
Vapp
Flaps
Maneuvering
Vno
Vref + 25
0
V1
113
Vr
114
V2
118
Landing
143
130
200
15
125
180
Single Engine OP
0
150
155
Page 43
15
150
25
115
145
25
140
45
105
135
45
130
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX D—Standard Information
Maximum Gross Weight: 26,609 lbs
Flap Position
Minimum Airspeed
0
117 KIAS
15
25
45
110 KIAS
98 KIAS
87 KIAS
Maximum Airspeed
Vmo-272 KIAS
M 0.52
Vfe-200 KIAS
Vfe-150 KIAS
Vfe-135 KIAS
Normal Economy Climb
Enroute Climb
&
Enroute Airspeed
KIAS
125
128
132
135
138
140
143
146
150
Weight
LBS
17,637
18,739
19,842
20,944
22,046
23,149
24,251
25,353
26,455
Standard Climb Rate @ 200 KIAS
FPM
2,000
1,500
1,300
1,000
Altitude
Below 10,000 feet
10,000 to15, 000 feet
15,000 to FL200
Above FL200
Descent Rate
Target Speed
210 KIAS
220 KIAS
245 KIAS
Page 44
Descent Rate
1,000 fpm
1,500 fpm
2,000 fpm
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX D—Standard Information
Power-Off Stall Speed
Vs1 = Full Flaps (45) + Gear Down = 87 KIAS
Maximum Operating Speed
Flight with All Engines Inoperative
Weight (LBS)
17,600
19,800
22,000
24,200
26,400
Airspeed (KIAS)
126
132
138
144
150
Page 45
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX E—Approach and Landing Speeds
Approach/Landing Speeds
Landing Reference
Speed
Vref 25
Flaps 25
Gear Down
KIAS
105
107
110
113
115
118
121
123
125
Weight
LB
18,000
19,000
20,000
21,000
22,000
23,000
24,000
24,802
25,794
Landing Reference
Speed
Vref 45
Flaps 45
Gear Down
KIAS
97
100
102
105
107
109
112
114
116
Flap Operation Speeds
Maximum
Speed
200 KIAS
150 KIAS
135 KIAS
Flaps
15
25
45
Minimum
Speed
125 KIAS
115 KIAS
110 KIAS
Landing Gear Operation Speeds
Operation VLO
Extended VLE
Maximum Speed
200 KIAS
200 KIAS
Page 46
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Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
APPENDIX F – Printable Checklists For Easy
Reference
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A printable checklist for this aircraft can be found in Delta Virtual Airline’s document
library is formatted to fit on one double-sided sheet for printing and ease of reference
on the following pages. This checklist is for handy reference and should not be used for
testing purposes. The checklist in a prior section of this AOM is concise and accurate.
Page 47
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
EMB-120ER Checklist - 1
EMB-120ER Checklist - 2
At Gate – Before Engine Start
Engine Area
CLEAR
All Charts/Flight Plan
ON BOARD
Right engine ignition start
ON
Weight/Balance
MEET REQUIREMENTS
Engine RPM
Monitor
Parking Brakes
ON
Right engine fuel pump
ACARS (optional)
Connect + Start
ON when N1>10-12
SET CFL HIGH IDLE
All doors
VERIFY Closed
Engine instruments
IN Green & stable
Gear Lever
DOWN
Verify fuel flow
CHECK
Flight Controls
DEMONSTRATE
Engine Area
CLEAR
Airspeed Bug
SET TAKEOFF Vr
LEFT engine ignition start
ON
Battery Master Switch
ON
Engine RPM
Monitor
Clock/Stopwatch
VERIFY SET
Left engine fuel pump
Fuel on board
Record Amount
ON when N1>10-12
SET CFL HIGH IDLE
Radio Master Switch
ON
Engine instruments
IN Green & stable
COM1
TUNE ATIS
Verify fuel flow
CHECK
Altimeter
SET
COM1
SET to local freq
NAV 1 & 2
SET & IDENT
ADF
SET & IDENT
Marker Beacon Audio
ON
HSI
SET (CRS)
Heading bug
SET (HDG)
Altitude (AP)
SET (ALT)
ATC
Call for DEP/Start
Transponder
SET Code/Standby
Crew Takeoff Briefing
Engine Start
Completed
Parking Brakes
ON
Simulator time at start
Document
Radio Master Switch
OFF
Rotating Beacon Switch
ON
After Engine Start
GND IDLE
Prop Levers
GND IDLE
ON
Internal, Navigation, Logo
LIGHTS ON
Pitot/Static Heat
ON
Radio Master Switch
ON
Elevator Trim Wheel
SET TAKEOFF 5º Up
Flap Selector
SET 15º Down
ATC
Request taxi to active
runway
Taxi
Fasten Seat Belts
No Smoking Sign
Throttle Power Levers
Prop Levers
Condition Fuel Levers (CFL)
GPS (HSI Switch)
Parking Brakes
Pushback
Toe Brakes
Instrument Check
Crew Announcements
Cleared to Start
Throttle Power Levers
Parking brakes
Condition Fuel Levers (CFL) ON
Page 48
ON
ON
SET GND IDLE
SET 1/2
SET LOW IDLE
SELECT GPS
Release
Shift+P / Pushback Tool
VERIFY ON
Compass/Turn & Bank
Perform during Taxi
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
EMB-120ER Checklist - 3
EMB-120ER Checklist - 4
Before Takeoff
GPS (HSI Switch)
SELECT NAV
Flight Director
SET ON
Autopilot
Check – Disengaged
Takeoff Time & Fuel
Document
Flaps & Trim
Check
COM1 & NAV1 & ADF
Check
ATC
Request for Takeoff
Takeoff – Cleared or Lineup & Hold
Toe Brakes
ON
Strobe & Landing Lights
ON
Transponder
ON – Normal (Mode C)
Heading bug
Runway heading
Condition Fuel Levers
SET Full MAX
Prop Levers
Full ON (CTRL+F4)
Throttle Power Levers
Advance 1/3
Engine instruments
Monitor/Check
Toe Brakes
Release
Throttle Power Levers
Advance Full power
Vr (as calculated)
ROTATE to 7º
V2 + 10 KIAS+ climb rate
Landing Gear UP
V2 + 20 KIAS
Flap Selector UP
Elevator Trim Wheel
ADJUST
Climb Profile
7º Pitch
(1,500 – 1,800 fpm)
Climb to Altitude
Full power to altitude
Fuel Flow/Engine Instrmnts MONITOR
Target climb rate/speed
Maintain Vx (200 kts)
+ Vy (1,500-1,800 fpm)
Cruise
Landing Lights (>10,000’)
OFF
Elevator Trim Wheel
ADJUST
Fuel Progress, Engine Ops MONITOR
ATC
Request descent
Descent
Landing Lights (<10,000’)
Prop Levers
Condition Fuel flow levers
Throttle Power Levers
Approach
ATC
Airspeed Bug
Page 49
Altimeter
VOR/ADF/NAV
Flap Selector Lever
Flap Selector Lever
Landing Gear Lever
Landing
ATC
Throttle Power Levers
Propeller Levers (>60 kts)
ON
½ (cover “RO” in PROP)
LOW IDLE
FLIGHT IDLE
Request clearance
SET
250KIAS under 10,000’
200KIAS under 2,500’
SET
SET Freq
15º (1st notch) 180 kts
25º (2nd notch) 145 kts
DOWN at 140 kts
Clearance to land
GND IDLE touchdown
Reverse (F2)
GND IDLE
Toe Brakes
APPLY as required
After Landing (when clear of runway)
ATC
Taxi to the GATE
Transponder
SET Standby
Flap Selector Lever
UP
Elevator Trim Wheel
SET to Zero
Strobes & Landing Lights
OFF
GPS (HSI Switch)
GPS
Shutdown
Parking brakes
ON
Navigation, Logo, Lights
Pitot Heat
OFF
Radio Master Switch
OFF
Condition Fuel Flow Levers OFF
Fuel Quantity
DOCUMENT
Rotating Beacon
OFF
Power Select Switch
OFF
Doors
OPEN
Simulator time at shutdown DOCUMENT
ACARS Shutdown (optional) End Flight, File PIREP
Embraer EMB-120ER Operating Manual
Acknowledgements and Legal Stuff
Back to Top
Delta Virtual Airlines 2014 Copyright © 2014 Global Virtual Airlines Group. All rights
reserved.
In no way are we affiliated with Delta Air Lines, its affiliates, or any other airline. All
logos, images, and trademarks remain the property of their respective owners. Delta
Virtual Airlines is a non-profit entity engaged in providing an avenue for flight simulation
enthusiasts.
This manual was previously created and updated by the following authors: Randy King,
George Lewis, Scott Clarke, Andrew Logan and Jim Warner. This manual was upgraded
to edition three in Feb 2008 by Rob Morgan. This manual was upgraded to edition four
in Dec 2012 by Scott Clarke and Jim Warner. The current version of this manual was
updated by the DVA Director of Manual Services with input from senior staff and the
Chief Pilot. The DVA Director of Manual Services would like to dedicate this AOM to Mr.
Jim Warner and Mr. Scott Clarke for their many years of dedication to DVA and the DVA
Flight Academy.
Flight Sim screenshots courtesy of Rob Morgan, George Lewis, Jason Boche, Andrew
Vane, and Jim Warner. Powerplant schematic diagram of the operation of a turboprop
engine drawn using XaraXtreme by and courtesy of Emoscopes 21:54, 15 December
2005 (UTC) and Wikipedia.
This manual is copyright 2014. The authors grant unlimited rights to Delta Virtual
Airlines for modification and non-profit electronic duplication and distribution. Materials
from outside sources were used and other copyrights may apply. All cited sections
remain the property of their authors.
While we strive to mirror real-world operations, this manual is not designed for use in
the operation of real-world aircraft.
NOT FOR REAL WORLD AVIATION USE
Page 50