1. business and industrial
2. energy
3. electricity

N0. 1
2013
INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
DISTRICT COOLING
DBDH - direct access to
district heating technology
www.dbdh.dk
CONTENTS
Focus DISTRICT COOLING
On the cover: Copenhagen in the winter
4
THE COLUMN
5
Maabjerg bioenergy plant
8
27 childcare institutions in the municipality of Odense
protected from damage from leaks and seepage from
the water and heating installations
TVIS – Multicity
District Heating
10
The district cooling potential
13
Society’s stake in district cooling
16
Hydraulic safety analyses – lessons learned
55,000 homes in Vejle, Fredericia,
Middelfart and Kolding Municipalities are served with surplus
heat through the regional heat
transmission network of TVIS.
19
District cooling in the Middle East
21
District cooling the HOFOR way
24
Danfoss substations in Helsinki DC network
26
DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBER EKF
27
DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBER DANTAET
28
MEMBER COMPANY PROFILE: isoplus Denmark
30
LIST OF MEMBERS
Vejle
Kolding
Copenhagen
Fredericia
Middelfart
Vejle
Fredericia
HOT|COOL is published
four times a year by:
DBDH
Stæhr Johansens Vej 38
DK-2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5440
[email protected]
www.dbdh.dk
Editor-in-Chief:
Lars Gullev, VEKS
Total circulation:
7,000 copies in
50 countries
Middelfart
Kolding
ISSN 0904 9681
Layout:
DBDH/galla-form.dk
Pre-press and printing:
Kailow Graphic A/S
Coordinating Editor:
Kathrine Windahl, DBDH
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Annonce til tvis nov 2009 60x200 med Danmarkskort.indd 1
05-01-2010 11:59:00
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COLUMN
The
By Lars Hummelmose, Managing Director, DBDH
District cooling is not only a reliable, efficient, environmental
District cooling offers benefits to every link in the chain:
friendly solution for the rising need for air condition but it is
The end-consumer, the utility company and the community
also cheaper than individual installed cooling. The articles in
in general. For the consumer the benefits include: Better
this issue will underline the potential of district cooling and
economy, no noise from chiller, reduced risk of sudden
the society’s stake in it and also present some case stories.
repair costs, no hazardous refrigerants in the building,
According to megatrends analyses, some of the largest
easier to certify the building with a green certificate
global challenges are:
and available space on rooftop and basement for other
purposes. For the utility the benefits includes: Entering a
• USA – electricity demand peaks at 1PM in the summer
time
new profitable market, establishing a long-term relationship
with customers, adding a new product and service to the
• Japan – import of LNG and the cooling off excess heat
portfolio (which can also help opening the district heating
• Middle East, Asia and Africa - the expansion of the
market), utilizing district heating operation expertise,
power grid cannot fulfill the need for power
• Europe – energy policies and goals etc.
strengthening environmental image and performance as
well as obtaining synergies between power, heat and cooling
production. For the community in general the benefits
District cooling is a part of the solution to some of these
from district cooling are significant, too, as the European
largest global energy challenges.
industry association Euroheat & Power estimates that
if district cooling accounted for 25 % of the European
In recent years, urbanization, globalization and rising
cooling production, CO2 emissions would be reduced by 50
cooling demands have led to an increased interest in the
million tons.
environmental and economic benefits of district cooling.
The energy demand for cooling is still low compared to the
There is also an aesthetic aspect connected to the
demand for heating, but as the heating demand is expected
technology as most of us agree that old-fashioned
to stay at the current level, we will see an exploding demand
air conditioning units mounted on building walls and
for district cooling the coming years. When we look 50 years
balconies result in unsightly blemishes on any building
ahead, the energy needed for air condition will overtake
and can make even the most attractive, well-designed
the energy needed for heating. Therefore, there will be an
architectural buildings look ugly. District cooling will be an
enormous market potential in district cooling, and in many
apt troubleshooter to this problem.
ways the advantages of district cooling are similar to those
of district heating. There is a considerable synergy effect
So district cooling gives local jobs, lowers CO2 emissions,
of centralizing the production of energy, which reduces the
levels out demand for electricity, gives a better use of the
need for peak load installations. District cooling also implies
building and for the owner of the house, it frees capital to
risk reduction for the individual consumer, and economies
other investments.
of scale for the energy supply company.
ENJOY READING!
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MAABJERG BIOENERGY PLANT
Text originally published in “Fjernvarmen” by Flemming Linnebjerg Rasmussen, Danish District Heating Association.
Translated and adapted by Kathrine Windahl, DBDH
Denmark’s largest bioenergy plant is now in use and supplies
Here 200 million cups of cream cheese are produced annually,
power to the electricity grid as well as district heating to local
which means that on an annual basis approximately 98,000
towns.
tonnes of cheese whey will be left. Previously, the whey was
transferred to local farms where it was used as feed, but in
Inside, the biogas plant is a complex maze of stainless steel.
the future it will be sent via a 2.7 km underground pipeline to
The biogas is already flowing through the pipes, and engines
the biogas plant. This is easy on the roads and the environment,
work in transforming it into electricity and heat. 650,000 tons
and means 135,000 km less truck driving per year.
of manure and other biomass will each year be converted to
almost 18 million cubic meters of biogas. A large part of the
THE BEST COMBINED IN ONE
gas will be used in the processes at the biogas plant; another
Maabjerg Bioenergy is owned by the utilities Vestforsyning
large portion will be sent to a local district heating plant; while
(71.4%) and Struer Forsyning (28.6%). According to manager
the remaining amount produces power for the grid and district
Knud Schousboe the technology is actually not new, and one
heating for the consumers in the neighboring cities Struer and
might say that Maabjerg Bioenergy has tried to collect the
Holstebro.
best experiences from elsewhere. He emphasizes the fact
that Maabjerg Bioenergy is constructed as one huge building,
Every day a stream of trucks arrive with manure from the 150
unlike many other plants which end up consisting of a series
farmers who supply the plant. The slurry is finely chopped and
of smaller buildings. The advantage of a single large building
degassed in the large tanks, after which it is heat-treated and
is partly that it is cheaper and partly that it assembles the
driven back to the fields. The trucks will be cleaned while they
technique and thus makes operation and maintenance of the
deliver their cargo, and after this they always bring back the
facility easier in the future.
digested slurry when they return.
In addition to the slurry Maabjerg Bioenergy also processes a
large amount of organic industrial waste. So far an agreement
with one of diary group Arla’s dairies is the most significant.
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MAABJERG BIOENERGY PLANT
The location near the Maabjerg CPH Plant means that there
The process has proved to be more expensive and demanding
is a boiler system nearby, which can buy the biogas. Therefore
than expected. Therefore, to begin with, only one receiving
Maabjerg Bioenergy does not have a boiler itself, which results
station has been built, although two had actually been planned.
in a nice saving. The system also only has a gas storage facility
The plan now is to gather experience before the second is built.
that can accommodate about 5-6 hours of biogas, when the
Pumping raw slurry over such large distances has also proven
plant is in full production. Therefore it is important that the
to more difficult than expected. The slurry is lumpy and difficult
system has as many outlet channels, as is the case.
to pump, and it requires considerably more pumping power
than anticipated. More booster stations must be built and
GREEN, GREENER, GREENEST
these require power and SCADA control. However, Maabjerg
Biogas is basically green energy, but there are still subtle
Bioenergy will still be repaid in 20 years.
differences that are important. Maabjerg Bioenergy has
chosen to divide the biogas production in a pure green line
BIOETHANOL IS THE NEXT STEP
and an industrial line. It is a well-known fact that it is almost
The duo Maabjerg Bioenergy and the Maabjerg plant might
impossible to initiate efficient biogas production with just
be extended with yet another teammate: plans for an ethanol
manure. Typically, biologically industrial waste is added, e.g. from
plant have in fact begun to take shape.
slaughterhouses and dairies, because it triggers the decay and
thus boosts the biogas production.
The approach is also used at Maabjerg Bioenergy - but
The ethanol will be extracted from straw, and an added bonus
according to strict parameters. In short, not all types of
is that the waste products of the process can be utilized. The
organic industrial waste can be added to the green line. The
biogas plant can benefit greatly from the sugar-like mass which
degassed manure should obviously be returned to the fields as
is the result of the waste product. When the sugar is added in
a genuinely green product, and thus it can only be mixed with
the slurry tanks, the decay is increased and the production of
certain materials. Industrial waste that does not meet the
biogas is increased fivefold. In addition to the sugar mixture
criteria goes to the industrial line instead.
a fiber fraction is created. This can be used at the Maabjerg
plant as a supplement to the waste that the plant combusts at
A KNOWN TECHNOLOGY – SORT OF
its waste line. The local area cannot deliver the waste amounts
Although Maabjerg Bioenergy for the most part is built by
needed by the plant to operate efficiently. With the liberalized
known technology, the plant does boast a novelty: an off-site
waste market in mind it is uncertain how much waste can be
receiving station. When a plant is as huge as Maabjerg Bioenergy,
had in the future. Therefore, a stable supplier as the plant's
so much manure is called for that the nearest neighbors are
neighbors will be appreciated. The preliminary discussions
not enough. In order to restrict the transportation, a receiving
about the ethanol plant are in progress. The goal is to start
station has been built 16 km from the plant. Here, trucks will
production in 2016.
deliver raw slurry and pick up digested slurry. Fresh manure
is pumped into Maabjerg Bioenergy through a pipe, and the
degassed liquid manure will be returned in a parallel pipe.
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THE PLANT IN NUMBERS:
• 650,000 tons of manure / biomass to be treated
annually
• 17.8 million m3 of biogas is produced annually
• The energy efficiency is equivalent to the heat
consumption of 5,388 homes and electricity
consumption of 14,381 homes
• CO2 emissions reduced by 50,000 tons
• Reduces nitrogen and phosphorus in the aquatic
environment with 109 and 311 tons annually
• 8 employees operate the plant
• 150 farmers are supplying slurry
• The total investment is approximately 412 million DKK /
55 million €
• The net gain is 45 million DKK / 6 million € annually, and
the socioeconomic gain is estimated at 1 billion DKK /
134 million €
• The system means that 300 local jobs can be retained
within agriculture and food industry
• EU climate commissioner Connie Hedegaard headed the
official inauguration of the plant, which took place in
June 2012.
World-class climate friendly heating
CTR – Metropolitan Copenhagen Heating Transmission Company
Staehr Johansens Vej 38 • DK - 2000 Frederiksberg
Phone +45 3818 5777 . • Fax +45 3818 5799 • [email protected] • www.ctr.dk
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“When the alarm sounds, I only need to follow the
simple three-step guide”, explains Gitte Hermansen
to mayor Anker Boye.
27 childcare institutions in the municipality of Odense
protected from damage from leaks and seepage from
the water and heating installations
By Beth Werner, Journalist
Anker Boye, Mayor of Odense, describes the newly completed
schools and in nine of in all 120 child houses, numbering both
collaborative development effort with local company DanTaet
kindergartens and nurseries.
a/s as a genuine win-win project.
FEW BUT EFFECTIVE COMPONENTS
An investment in the order of DKK 50-60,000, which protects
The components for leakage protection of supply water (System
from incurring damages easily totaling half a million DKK or
KMP-V) and district heating (System KMP-F) installations
more. Does that sound too good to be true? Actually, it is
respectively are largely identical, consisting of electrically
not, according to Jens Oxenvad, Property Engineer in the City
operated cut-off valves, control units, external sensors and
and Culture Administration of the municipality of Odense,
Kamstrup Energy and Water Meters. The two systems have
having just completed a collaborative project in around 27 of
been developed in close collaboration with ultrasonic flow
the municipality's childcare institutions with Odense-based
meter manufacturer Kamstrup, and are adapted to suit this
company DanTaet a/s. The company is the leading developer
company's flow meters.
and supplier of protection systems ensuring that leaks and
seepage from water and heating installations are detected
The collaborative effort with the municipality of Odense has
quickly, avoiding costly consequential damage.
also included the emergency services, municipal district
heating company Fjernvarme Fyn, and the Danish Technological
600 CUBIC METERS OF WATER
Institute.
CAUSED MAJOR MOLD PROBLEMS
“We have unfortunately suffered major mold problems in
ALWAYS WATER FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND CLEANING
several of Odense's institutions. For instance, a leaking water
Tage Laurup, Sales Director of DanTaet, points to two motion
pipe in a kindergarten caused 600 cubic meters of water to
sensors placed under the ceiling amid the long corridor
seep into walls and floors before the leak was discovered. This
in Børnehuset, Ejerslykke Nursery in Odense and explains:
happened three months after the leak had started, and the
“Without these two sensors, the occupants would get little
damage, understandably, was comprehensive at that time”, says
water, and the cleaning staff would have difficulty filling a
Jens Oxenvad, adding that on top of expenses to eradicate the
bucket.” The sensors detect motion, and the system in the
mold, Odense incurs expenses for alternative housing for the
basement is informed that the building is now in use, and water
users of the damaged institution while it is being renovated.
must be available. If the nursery's fire cabinet is opened, the
system in the basement will immediately force open the cut-
The project is part of the municipality's active risk management,
off valve. Hereafter, exceeding the consumption limit will only
and the systems are now operational in 18 of Odense's public
cause an alarm while the flow of water remains unimpeded.
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Gitte Hermansen, the manager of Ejerslykke Nursery casts a
glance at the two short-form guides hung on the wall above
the control units that issue a text message alarm to her, and
to the municipality in the face of leaks or seepage. “The guide is
simple and easy to grasp, so I do not expect any difficulty when
the alarm finally sounds. I can just read what to do”, she says.
This characterization is in line with that of the Technological
Institute, which has performed a general evaluation of the
KMP-V and KMP-F systems.
For further information please contact:
Property engineer Jens Oxenvad of Odense municipality's City and Culture
Administration at the district heating protection system on Agedrup
School, Odense: “The user-friendliness of the systems has been of
paramount importance – it must be easy and intuitive for users to
respond when the alarm sounds.”
This property is essential to the emergency services' approval
of the protection system in the nursery.
Anker Boye
DanTaet a/s
Phone: +45 4075 3333
Att.: Tage Laurup, Sales
[email protected]
Director
Højmevej 36-38
Jens Oxenvad
DK-5250 Odense SV
Phone: +45 6551 2634
Phone: +45 6317 4500
e-mail: [email protected]
Fax: +45 6317 4501
HIGHLY USER-FRIENDLY SYSTEMS
[email protected]
The user-friendliness of the DanTaet systems has been of
paramount importance to the municipality. Jens Oxenvad
elaborates: “The managers of nurseries and kindergartens
are not technicians, nor should they be; therefore the systems
must be designed for use by persons with no technical skills.”
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by Tarek Barky, Engineer – District Heating, Ramboll
FOCUS
DISTRICT
COOLING
THE DISTRICT COOLING
POTENTIAL
District cooling’s greatest benefit is not its high energy
To the utility provider’s benefits include: Entering a new
efficiency – it is the scale of economy and the higher utilization
profitable market, establishing a long-term relationship with
of equipment, which makes it cheaper than locally based
customers, adding a new product and service to the portfolio
cooling such as central air conditioning or single room air
(which can also help opening the district heating market),
conditioning. Moreover district cooling goes hand in hand with
utilizing district heating operation expertise, strengthening
district heating.
environmental image and performance as well as obtaining
synergies between power, heat and cooling production.
In recent years, urbanization, globalization and rising cooling
demands have led to an increased interest in the environmental
For the community in general the benefits from DC are
and economic benefits of district cooling (DC). The term DC is
significant. Euroheat & Power estimates that if DC accounted
used to describe chilled water that is distributed through an
for 25 % of the European cooling production, CO2 emissions
underground network in order to provide efficient and reliable
would be reduced by 50 million tons. This is equivalent to the
cooling for the buildings.
annual average emissions from 10 million cars. The electricity
demand would be reduced by 50 TWh annually and investments
In many ways the advantages of DC are similar to those of
in peak electricity generation capacity in the EU could be 30
district heating. There is a considerable synergy effect of
billion euro less.
centralizing the productions of energy, which reduces the need
for peak load installations. DC also implies risk reduction for
COMPETITION AND BARRIERS TO ENTRY
the individual consumer, and economies of scale for the energy
Even though DC has much in common with district heating,
supply company.
DC is still relatively unknown. One could say that DC today
experiences many of the same barriers as district heating did
This article will describe some of the benefits and barriers of
30 years ago in Denmark.
DC in order to outline what action is necessary to capitalize on
the growing potential for DC and harvest the benefits.
Few end-consumers consider DC because they are not aware
of how much their current cooling costs are. One reason for
LARGE MARKET POTENTIAL
this is that the cost of electricity for cooling production is
In 2006, the international association Euroheat & Power
hidden in the overall electricity bill and the cost of the building
described the European cooling market and its potential
service staff also includes heating, ventilation and other
growth in the two reports called Ecoheatcool Work Package 2
building utilities. Furthermore, the investment costs for the
and 5. The European cooling market was estimated to be 660
chiller only occur every 10-15 years, which often means that
TWh/year. At the same time the current DC market share was
no facility manager really knows what the market price of a
only 1-2 % of the European cooling market. When DC reaches
chiller plant is.
a market share of say 25 %, it will be supplying more than 160
TWh/year and the installed cooling capacity will be around
125,000 MW (36 million TR ). This corresponds to investments
IDENTIFY DC POTENTIAL
in DC of more than 60 billion euros. The market potential for
Europe could be enormous.
WHO BENEFITS?
DC offers benefits to every link in the chain: The end-consumer,
FEASIBILITY STUDY
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
the utility company and the community in general.
DESIGN DC
For the consumer the benefits include: Better economy, no
noise from chiller, reduced risk of sudden repair costs, no
hazardous refrigerants in the building, easier to certify the
INSTALLATION
building with a green certificate (such as LEED, BREEAM
etc.) and available space on rooftop and basement for other
RUN AND OPERATE DC
purposes.
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For the utility companies, the largest challenge is to locate the
stage, careful consideration of the local natural resources can
potential cooling customers and find profitable DC areas. With
really increase both profitability and energy efficiency.
district heating every building has a demand, but for DC the
type and use of the building has a lot to say about its demand.
Thirdly, the actual business development begins and the
These entry barriers can be handled by informing the building
strategic and organizational setups are designed. Internally,
owner of the hidden costs related to traditional chiller plants,
a go-to-market plan, a marketing plan and legal matters are
for instance by using scanning tools developed for identification
cleared. Externally, key customers are visited and interviewed
of potential DC customers.
regarding their interest in DC and willingness to join the
project. The first contracts with key customers are made at
FROM VISION TO OPERATION
this stage.
For utility companies thinking about going into DC, the process
from idea to operation is described in the following and shown
Finally, the DC system must be designed, and – based on the
on the previous page.
concepts developed in the feasibility stage – the final concept
is developed and designed for realization. The optimal control
Firstly, the potential benefits of the project need to be
strategies for operating the DC plant are also developed here.
estimated. As the location and size of the DC distribution
system has a large influence on the profitability of the
Following installation, operation begins and this stage focusses
system, the developers of a DC project have to map the
on optimizing operational costs and increasing the customer
potential customers in a certain area. In order to identify
base.
the most optimal location of a new DC plant within a certain
area, it can be beneficial to use an automated mapping tool
THE FUTURE OF DC
that uses the estimated cooling demand and geographical
So far, DC is still a blue ocean market. As described earlier, the
location of each building in an area to calculate the economic
market seems to be in a transition from steady to exponential
difference between traditional cooling and a DC system. The
growth.
result is a map, like the one showed in the picture below. The
green dots represent potential customers, and the blue/
The package of EU-directives (for buildings, renewable energy
purple circles illustrate the radius of piping that keeps each
and energy efficiency) will hopefully stimulate the development
consumer profitable for the business case, if they change from
and national or local authorities develop integrated heating
traditional cooling to DC. Profitability of initiating a DC system
and cooling strategies.
does therefore occur where the purple circles are overlapping.
City authorities should plan for district heating and
cooling infrastructure as an integrated part of the urban
RAMBOLL DC MAPPER
infrastructure
whenever
it
is
cost
effective.
Thus, the building owner will get the
opportunity to meet “nearly zero carbon
criteria” in a more cost effective way
using renewable energy (free cooling)
and efficient combined heat and power
via the district heating and cooling grids.
For utility companies DC is expected
go from a “nice to have” to a “need to
have” service in order to grasp all the
optimization synergies with respect to
heat and cold production and integration
The mapper can also be used as a first draft for a customer
into the smart grid.
database.
Secondly, a feasibility study should be carried out and different
concept designs should be tested in order to optimize
profitability. Factors considered include but are not limited
to cash flow, life cycle costs, investment costs, operational
costs and income. In order to ensure a profitable project, risk
management and mitigation begin at this stage as well. In this
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THE DISTRICT COOLING POTENTIAL
HOW IS DC PRODUCED?
Today, most commercial buildings make use of traditional
compressor-based cooling to suit their cooling needs.
DC is normally produced by means of one or more of the
following technologies:
For further information please contact:
Ramboll
Att.: Tarek Barky
Hannemanns Allé 53
DK-2300 Copenhagen S
Phone: + 45 5161 6680
• Conventional compressor-based cooling
• Absorption cooling, transforming waste heat into
cooling
• Free cooling, utilizing cool ambient air or cool water
from the ocean, lake or river
These three technologies are often combined to obtain
the most optimal DC system in a certain setting. If the
surroundings include access to cold air or water, free
cooling is very often the most desirable cooling method,
as the operation expenses just comprises maintenance
costs. On the other hand, if there is easy access to cheap
surplus heat, the chemical process of absorption cooling
can be an optimal solution. Compressor-based cooling has
low investment costs, and operates efficient – even at low
loads. However, the operational costs of compressorbased cooling depend on the electricity price, and the
maintenance cost of the mechanical parts can be high.
One of the biggest advantages of DC systems is however
the option of using storage tanks to even out the cooling
demand throughout the day and optimise the production.
This lowers need for installed capacity due to higher
utilisation of equipment and makes the energy production
cheaper and more energy-efficient, as the peak load is
spread out and everyone can get a lower cooling price.
CURRENT MARKET FOR DC
Individual,
energy efficient
pump solutions
Some of the most developed markets in Europe are
Sweden and France. In Sweden the DC market share
is estimated to be 25 % and from 2005 to 2009 they
increased their installed cooling capacity with almost 50
%. In 2005 France had 400 MW (110,000 TR) installed and
in 2009, the capacity was more than 600 MW (170,000 TR).
In Denmark, the number of DC projects is steadily
increasing. As of today, the total installed capacity is
estimated to be about 50 MW, but the potential is much
larger.
Besides the more traditional pump
solutions, DESMI also supplies solutions
with standard pumps in serial operation
with extensive flexibility and high
efficiency as the result.
DESMI’s pump solutions guarantee:
Operational reliability
Energy efficient solutions
Easy servicing
Call 72 44 02 50 for further options
On the Asian continent, Japan and Korea have more than
5000 MW (1.4 million TR) installed capacity. In the Northern
America, USA has 14,000 MW (4 million TR) of installed DC
capacity. Due to the climate, the Middle East has a large
potential for DC and the DC development here has been
very intense in the last couple of years. From 2007-2015
the increase in capacity is estimated to be 65,000 MW
(18.6 million TR), and still the DC market here is only in its
PROVEN TECHNOLOGY
www.desmi.com
start-up phase.
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Photo (manipulative) of what it could look like, with cooling tanks at Frederiksberg Utility
by Jakob Bjerregaard, Project Assistant – District Energy, Ramboll
SOCIETY’S STAKE
FOCUS
DISTRICT
COOLING
IN DISTRICT COOLING
District cooling can often present the best business case to
isolated in a few places around the globe – even in countries
building owners and tenants. But of equal impotence, it can
famous for their DH?
offer a number of benefits to the surrounding community
The answers may lie for a large part, with challenges common
locally and nationally.
with DH services. It requires large up-front long term
District cooling (DC) is most often a more energy efficient
investment, a stable policy framework, and collaboration
way of providing cooling than conventional central or single-
between various stakeholders.
room air-conditioning, and thus it is a more resource efficient
solution. From an energy system perspective DC like district
DC is a capital intensive business, just as DH, and thus the
heating (DH) can also provide a better background for the
barrier of financing is ever present. The required investment
implementation of renewable energy sources, solar and wind
in a network to supply the chilled water to the end-consumer
in particular. It does so by offering to even out the demand
is relatively large. For a given amount of energy the DC pipes
profile and enabling a more stable production.
are also much bigger than an equivalent pipe for distributing
heat as hot water. The capital intensive issue makes DC not the
Also the switch from central or single-room cooling solutions
preferred business for many investors.
to DC can smoothen the demand curve of electricity. As with
DH this is done through the use of energy storages, but also
The lack of a stable policy framework (or the lack of a policy
the demand profiles are aggregated, which allows for a more
framework at all), furthermore increases insecurity and makes
steady production. Moreover, the cooling needs not come
a sound financing difficult. The lack of framework makes
from an electricity dense production, but can make use of
interested companies, e.g. an established DH company, abstain
free cooling, such as rivers and lakes, or surplus heat through
from taking initiatives in establishing DC schemes. Creating
absorption chillers. In that case the demand for electricity in
a DC scheme ultimately means laying pipes on private and
the process is significantly reduced.
public ground, and it would benefit from a clear set of rules
on how to gain access to laying pipes and which conditions the
So, if DC is desirable, and we agree as well that cooling as a
investment is subject to.
service is needed, why is it then still so underdeveloped and
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SOCIETY’S STAKE IN DISTRICT COOLING
This also leads to the next point of collaboration between
boundary, and the interface unit is the responsibility of the
stakeholders, it is often seen to be difficult for different
end-user just as an individual gas boiler would be.
business and developers to work together and share risks. The
result is often bilateral agreements leading to small schemes
If we investigate the lesson learnt from DH in Denmark, it is
with only one or a few actors involved.
based on a number of principles, which has been crucial for its
success.
The result is potentially an unregulated market in which a
number of small schemes is scattered throughout a city.
Central planning in the late 1970es was the one initiative
This can be a good baseline for connecting the DC “islands”
that kick-started the further expansion of DH in Denmark.
and establishing a citywide network, but in many cases the
At that time the market share of DH was app. 30 % of the
technical specifications of each network system differ, making
heat demand. It highlighted the potential by laying out areas
an efficient city wide scheme difficult.
dedicated for DH only. But at the same time set the boundaries
for DH expansion and where natural gas for individual boilers
Even when citywide DC systems do emerge in an unregulated
was to be provided.
environment, the result is a monopoly for first movers, which
may be desirable for the first mover but not necessarily for the
Production and distribution were set up as non-profit
users and the community.
organisations publicly or cooperatively owned. The setup
ensured that any profits would be paid back in terms of
To avoid a situation where the DC market is either characterized
improvements to the system or though reduced heating
by a number of small islands or a monopoly taking advantage of
charges, but it has also prevented accumulation of capital
the situation, the DC market could learn from other energy
which made all investments debt financed.
markets such as the electricity market, and separate the
process in different business entities.
Last but not least all changes and expansions of the DH
schemes had to be evaluated based on socio-, company- and
This is not naturally bound to happen, as e.g. transmission
user economic principles to ensure that the solutions were
capacity only serves as a service and market place. It may
good, not only for business, but for the customers and society
either generate no revenue for the service or take advantage
as well.
of controlling the monopolized marketplace with the benefits
that follows. These market distortions are also likely to happen
The effect of these principles has been instant expansion of
if there is only one producer, or for that matter in a monopsony
DH with solid economic ground, which proved a success for
with only one consumer.
society, DH companies and the users. In the case of Denmark,
DH has been vital in decoupling economic growth and CO2
Besides the monopoly challenges, the history of DH and DC
emissions and in general the transition to renewable energy
systems bears evidence that the scale of and return on the
sources and urban air quality.
investment make both the funding and the organizational setup
very important when considering a scheme. And the market
These advances have not come without a cost. Consumers are
driven approach often shows a limitations in the development
locked into their heat provider. Some schemes have proved
and expansion of both DH and DC schemes.
uneconomically despite the preparatory work. Capitals for
future investments have not been accumulated.
So how do we go about creating a market place for cooling
services that secures a distribution of the benefits
The consumer lock-in is a trait of collective solutions, which
between the parties; producers, consumers and facilitators
cannot be solved, as competing collective solutions would
(distribution)?
cannibalize each other and remove the benefits. But it is also only
a disadvantage, when the collective solution is not optimized.
The typical delivery of a scheme or system can be divided into
Uneconomical schemes have often related to a reliance on a
three main areas for boundaries of services:
single fuel, where prices have grown disproportionally, whereas
•
Production
the lack of equity and venture capital has resulted in lack of
•
Distribution
expansion of schemes and, at least in Denmark, in a lack of
•
End- user connections
investments in e.g. DC.
In smaller schemes all three are often incorporated in one
The consequence of that is not only for users not getting
supply and operational company whereas for larger schemes
access to cheap cooling or heating, but also for society failing
the production is often separate. The distribution company
to reap the benefits of converting to more clean and efficient
then buys heat or chilled water from the production company
form of cooling.
to sell on to its customers. The responsibility of the enduser connections often finishes with the individual dwelling
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Therefore separation of production and distribution is needed,
expansion of district heating and cooling, by committing
as mentioned earlier. The distribution could be owned by the
member states to assess the potential and take initiative
stakeholders, to avoid the powers of the monopoly belonging to
for the execution. These initiatives have to ensure the right
a private company. We also need to ensure third party access
market conditions. If they do, district cooling can become a
for producers to the network – this will ensure competitive
very important tool for delivering on national energy efficiency,
energy prices and minimize the risk of uneconomical schemes.
CO2 emission and renewable energy.
Capital needs to be accumulated in distribution companies in
order to secure the development of the schemes. But until
For further information please contact:
capital is accumulated, local authorities should guarantee
Ramboll
loans, as well as highlight the potential of DC in roadmaps and
Att.: Jakob Bjerregaard
Phone: +45 51615677
the like.
Hannesmanns Allé 53
[email protected]
DK-2300 Copenhagen S
www.ramboll.com/energy
Now, why should authorities get involved
in the project? The thing at stake is
whether the result will be schemes for
the good of the local community, in terms
MAKING MODERN LIVING POSSIBLE
of cheap, sustainable energy contributing
to the stability of the energy systems
and helping to achieve local climate
ambitions. Or if it is going to be a cash
heaven for the first mover capitalizing on
the lack of energy regulation or rather
lack of consumer protection, possibly
with the effect of further destabilizing
the electricity market due to demand
peaks on electricity driven cooling.
The delivery and operating company seen
within DH is frequently referred to as an
Energy Services Company (ESCO). There
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Ramboll is not familiar with any DH
scheme (in the world) that has not had
involvement by a local authority at some
level in its delivery.
Therefore the recommendation is for
authorities to get involved in the DC
market. Not by subsidizing the core
business but by setting a framework
that
allows
for
financing
of
the
infrastructures, building a strong market
with third party access and ensures
the
socio-economic
optimization
of
solutions.
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FOCUS
DISTRICT
COOLING
HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSES
– LESSONS LEARNED
By Hilmar Ómarsson, Hydraulic specialist, COWI A/S and Niels Henrik Harbo, Technical director and senior cooling specialist, COWI A/S
District cooling systems are becoming a more common part
end of the hose. This will lead to a sudden pressure drop just
of the energy supply systems, also in cooler parts of the world
after the valve (the train cars are pulled apart).
such as Scandinavia. The systems are mainly made in densely
populated areas or large facilities such as airports, military
Now consider the garden hose example above. Instead of 1/2"
and university campuses etc.
garden hose we now have a rigid steel pipe with a diameter of
1,000 mm. The same physics apply, when the water in motion
The usual design approach for district cooling systems does
is suddenly stopped, the pressure increases or decreases.
normally not include transient analyses. In COWI, we take
Because of the dimension of the steel pipe, and because of
advantage of our long experience within design of hydraulic
the steel pipe's rigidity, the forces that are now at work are
distribution systems. Thus, it is normal practice in COWI to
much, much greater than in "normal" operation. In fact, the
include transient analyses when designing district heating and
forces can be so strong that the pressure inside the steel pipe
district cooling systems.
can exceed both the lower and the upper pressure limits of
the district cooling system, risking failure of pipes and other
WHY SAFETY ANALYSES?
system components.
District cooling systems are in many ways very similar to
district heating systems. Both systems use water as main
To investigate the risk of exceeding the pressure limits of
energy transport medium and comprise components such
the system and facing a reduced lifetime of the system or in
as pipes, fittings, valves and heat exchangers. The energy is,
worst case ruptured pipes or ruined pumps, detailed flow and
however, produced differently, e.g. boilers, CHP (combined heat
pressure analyses are performed - safety analyses.
and power) for district heating systems and e.g. electric chillers
or absorption chillers for district cooling systems. Compared
EXAMPLE - AIRPORT DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
to district heating systems, the temperature difference at the
The conceptual layout of an airport district cooling system
consumers is much lower in district cooling systems. Typically,
is illustrated in a simplified PI diagram and pressure profile
district heating systems are designed for temperature
in Figure 1. There is one primary circuit that circulates water
differences of 35-40°C with supply temperatures of 70-90°C,
between the chillers and the thermal energy storage tank
whereas district cooling systems are designed for temperature
(TES), and two secondary circuits where chilled water is
differences around 10°C or lower and supply temperatures of
supplied from the TES and circulated to the consumers.
4.5-6°C. The low temperature difference in cooling systems
results in a relatively high water flow compared to the amount
of supplied power.
With increased velocity there is a higher risk of critical
pressure transients in the system. Consider a soft plastic 1/2"
garden hose with water flowing inside (flowers being watered,
pool being filled etc.). The water is then suddenly cut off by
releasing the grip on the sprayer pistol, the hose twists and
wiggles for a short time.
What happens inside the hose is that, at the time the grip is
released on the sprayer pistol, the water in motion is suddenly
stopped, resulting in an increased water pressure at the
sprayer pistol - like a train when it hits an obstacle, each car
Figure 1 Simplified PI diagram and pressure profile
is slamming into the one ahead. Water is nearly incompressible,
and therefore the soft garden hose expands a bit, resulting
This airport system has about 9,400 metres of double-, pre-
in a lower pressure increase compared to e.g. a pipe of steel.
insulated pipes buried in the ground. The landscape is very flat,
but the consumer stations at the aprons are elevated, the
Consider the same scenario as described, but instead of
maximum elevation difference from ground being 5-6 metres.
cutting off the water flow with a sprayer pistol at the end of
The largest pipe section is DN1200, and the water volume in
the hose, the water is cut off by closing the valve at the other
the pipes is 4,400 m3.
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The TES is located at the chiller plant between the primary
trip, the net flow to the TES tank is positive, the tank is being
and secondary circuits. The volume of the tank is 6,500 m3
filled with water, but the water level changes only very little.
with a height of 18 metres. The holding pressure (hydrostatic
This pressure transient propagates through circuit 1, resulting
pressure) is therefore 1.8 bar(g) when TES is in operation. The
in even lower pressures than at the pump's discharge side.
system can also be operated with pressurization pumps.
This pressure development was foreseen in the first system
There are two secondary circuits (circuit 1 and circuit 2).
concept design, but the extent of the pressure development
Circuit 1 has 7 pumps, and circuit 2 has 3 pumps. 1 pump in
was not expected. Before any transient analyses were carried
each group is used as a backup pump in case the other fail. The
out, it was expected that the pressure would be within
design pressure is 10 bar(g), PN10.
pressure limits in case of pump trip. The simulation results
illustrated the risk of cavitation. This is in contrast to the fact
When the network is fully in operation, the chiller plant can
that the general design approach for district cooling systems
supply 12,500 tonnes per hour of 5°C cold water at maximum
was applied.
thermal load, corresponding to 125 MW.
In the solution process, the first suggestion was to add a nonTHE USUAL DESIGN APPROACH
return valve in parallel with each pump group as this would
- NOT ENOUGH TO AVOID PROBLEMS
be the easiest and cheapest solution. This should enable the
The transient analyses that were carried out simulated a simple
water on the suction side of the pumps to bypass the pumps
power outage of the pumps, a pump trip. A hydraulic computer
and make a more easy passage through the pump group
model was established, and steady-state hydraulic simulations
assembly. This actually helped a bit; the low-pressure problem
were performed. The steady-state results were acceptable,
on the discharge side of the pumps was solved. However,
and therefore the next step was transient simulations.
the pressure transients induced by the pump trip were still
propagated throughout circuit 1.
The first set of the transient simulations was a scenario where
the TES was not in operation, and the simulations indicated no
The solution was found by introducing surge vessels at correct
sign of hydraulic problems.
locations in the network and with sufficient capacity (water
volume). A surge vessel is typically a cylinder fitted with a rubber
In the next set of transient simulations, the TES was in
bladder inside, which is partially filled with air (or nitrogen).
operation, and now the simulation results indicated the risk
The air acts as a cushion and expands as the water pressure
of cavitation at the discharge side of the circuit 1 pumps and
decreases - water is pressed out of the surge vessel in order
several other locations in circuit 1, see Figure 2.
to maintain current pressure in the system. The simulation
revealed that there was a need for surge tanks with a total
volume of 60 m3 in circuit 1 (50 m3 at pump discharge and 2x5
m3 near the aprons) and 8 m3 in circuit 2. Simulation results
from the improved system are illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 2 Simulation results for the original design, TES in operation. Pumps
trip at t= 30 seconds
When the pumps trip, the water flow is restricted by the
pumps - causing the sudden drop in pressure at the discharge
side. The pressure drops down to -1 bar(g) (vacuum), which is
not acceptable. Normally, such a pump trip would also lead to
Figure 3 Simulation result for the improved design. The pressure is within
pressure limits, and the pressure development is calmer compared to the
original design
a sudden pressure rise at the suction side, but the TES tank,
which in this case is relatively large compared to the network
water volume, holds the pressure nearly unchanged. At pump
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HYDRAULIC SAFETY ANALYSES – LESSONS LEARNED
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The lesson learned in this case is that even though normal
design approach was followed, transient hydraulic problems
were identified, and the design had to be altered. Luckily, the
project was still in the early design phase when the transient
problems surfaced, which made the solution easier to
implement, compared to a system that is already in operation.
For further information please contact:
COWI
Parallelvej 2
Att.: Hilmar Ómarsson,
DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
[email protected] or
Denmark
Niels Henrik Harbo,
Phone: +45 5640 0000
[email protected]
Fax: +4556 40 9999
This emphasises the importance of including transient
analyses already in the early planning and design of district
cooling systems.
One task is identifying this kind of
hydraulic problems. Transient pressure
problems are not apparent. In this case,
regular steady-state calculations did
not reveal any hydraulic problems. Once
the problems have been identified,
a suitable solution must be found.
Solving transient hydraulic problems
is not a trivial task and most often
involves computer models and capable
software, but
not
least
qualified
Customised
Boiler Solutions
- Optimised Revenue Potentials
engineers to give the correct inputs to
the models and validate the results.
The results of a pump trip, valve closing
or other action leading to pressure
surges may be fatal to the system.
Sometimes the results can not be
identified immediately, but repetitive
Industries:
Heat Recovery
after
Gas Turbines
pressure surge can cause fatigue
- Combined Cycle Power Plants
- Combined Heat and Power
- Cogeneration
Benefits:
- Highest efficiency in the market
- Prepared for fast start-up/shut-down
- Easy operation and maintenance
failures, i.e. failures that develop over
Industries:
a period of time. In other cases, the
results are instantaneous failure of
system components. When cavitation
occurs, the water column is separated
with air bubbles, followed by implosion
of the air bubbles, and severe pressure
Process
Steam
Production
spikes may occur. Many thick-walled
pipes and other system components
can
withstand
a
but
other
components, e.g. heat
exchangers and expansion joints, are
more exposed.
Excessive
pressures
in
hydraulic
Benefits:
- Fuel savings using HRSG with added burners
- HRSG availability in case of turbine stoppage
- Fuel flexibility (natural gas, waste gas, oils)
Industries:
sub-atmospheric
pressure down to -1 bar(g) (vacuum),
- Refineries
- Paper/Pulp
- Mining
Industrial
Waste Heat
Recovery
- Ferro Silocon Production
- Steel Production
- Cement Production
- Metal Furnaces
Benefits:
- CO2 savings
- Power production potentials
- Optimised waste/dust handling
networks are unwanted. Excessive
pressure may lead to reduced lifetime of
network, but - more importantly - lead
to sudden, unpredicted and prolonged
system stops with and without a failure
of system components.
Aalborg Engineering A/S | DENMARK | Phone: +45 96 31 39 50
Aalborg Engineering Slovakia s.r.o. | SLOVAKIA | Phone: +42 136 631 5518
www.aalborg-engineering.com
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By Akram J. Mourad, Senior Vice President, District Energy Middle East & Africa, LOGSTOR
DISTRICT COOLING IN
FOCUS
DISTRICT
COOLING
THE MIDDLE EAST
District cooling in the Middle East is driven by growing
in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and help reduce
governments’ environmental awareness, as well as shortage
carbon footprints through increased energy efficiency and
and high cost of power.
lower CO2 emissions.
District cooling is getting more and more anchored as the most
That said, it is important to note that providing the required
viable cooling solution in the Middle East where temperatures
cooling effect from a central facility efficiently does set higher
frequently exceed 45 degree Celsius and air-conditioning
standards to efficient high performing cooling plants and a
consumes almost 60-70% of the electricity during periods of
reliable distribution network to consumers in such extreme all
peak demand.
year ambient temperatures.
Most of us agree by now that old-fashioned air conditioning
Centralised supply via a network of purposeful and customised
units mounted on building walls and balconies result in unsightly
factory insulated pipe systems in which there is hardly
blemishes on any building. They can make even the most
any loss of thermal energy is a must to make it possible to
attractive, well-designed architectural buildings look ugly.
achieve substantial economies of scale. Such insulated pipes
Besides proven to use large amounts of electricity to produce
supplement the rest of a system of advanced technologies
a relatively limited cooling effect, they are noisy and occupy
designed basically to operate and perform in an environmentally
valuable space in commercial premises. According to figures
aware mode during the whole process, from production of
from Euroheat & Power, centralised district cooling set-ups
cooling to distribution all the way to end consumers, efficiently.
are more than five times as energy-efficient as traditional
single-unit air-conditioning. In contrast, modern district
cooling represents a paradigm shift in ensuring efficient
comfortable indoor environments all year around.
Insulated pipes for efficient thermal distribution
A major concern in the region has been that district cooling
also requires a lot of water, which, like electricity, is relatively
limited and therefore, expensive in the GCC region. Currently,
The region’s rapidly expanding industrial base and population
district cooling plants use potable water, but the search is on
have increased the demand for power, which averages an
for technologies that will allow them to use non-desalinated
annual growth rate of nearly 5% average. The rising air
seawater. Even though a few plants are already using seawater,
conditioning needs account for almost 70% of this growth in
the corrosion-resistant equipment needed will increase their
power demand.
already expensive equipment cost.
As power shortage is rampant in this region, the governments
As part of their green initiatives and to encourage saving of
are turning to district cooling to cool buildings, which has
water resources and protect the environment the government
proved itself as a less expensive and greener alternative to air
of Dubai issued specific directives to reduce the consumption
conditioning. This solution can both mitigate the power crisis
of desalinated water in cooling processes.
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DISTRICT COOLING IN THE MIDDLE EAST
A good example of innovation driven by governments’
For further information please contact:
eagerness to save scarce resources and the environment,
innovative regional utility companies - such as EMPOWER
LOGSTOR
which is LOGSTOR’s joint venture regional partner and one of
Att.: Akram J. Mourad
the larger district cooling utility companies in the UAE - have
Danmarksvej 11
Phone: +45 9966 1201
started using fibre optic networks in their larger district
DK-9670 Løgstør
[email protected]
cooling plants in their strive to conserve water resources used
in cooling production and distribution without compromising
the efficiency and quality of their service to customers.
The way it works in EMPOWER’s plants is through higher speed
monitoring,
steering,
regulating
and control of their production
and
distribution
various
processes.
operational
The
parameters
of the building’s energy transfer
stations (ETS) are then continuously
monitored and stored in the plants’
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Meanwhile, the control system in
the building continuously monitors
the chilled water temperatures and
regulates the chilled water flow in
order to meet the temperature
obligations of Empower towards its
customers while securing continuous
efficient use of the valuable chilled
water. The control systems in the
district cooling plants serve the
chilled water required in a much more
efficient manner and in line with the
government’s directives.
The new MULTICAL® 602 gives you a staggering choice of communication technologies.
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01-09-2011 13:55:15
E N E R G Y
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By Søren Clemen Ellern Gøttsche, HOFOR Communications
FOCUS
DISTRICT COOLING
DISTRICT
COOLING
THE HOFOR WAY
Since 2008, HOFOR (Copenhagen Energy), which is the largest
tanks, electrical panels, and installations in systems which are
Danish Utility Company, has been working hard on deploying a
typically located in the company's basement. On the company's
district cooling system in Copenhagen. The greener, cheaper
roof, it frees 100% space, since the cooling towers are
alternative to conventional cooling systems is catching the
removed completely. With district cooling, these installations
customers' attention, and HOFOR's commercial objective is
are replaced by just one exchanger station in the basement,
well on the way to be fulfilled.
which takes up far less space".
District cooling is the future, when it comes to cooling for
Space savings became a reality to Berlingske Media, Denmark’s
both comfort and servers. This has already been discovered
largest news publishing group, which, after switching to
by large customers, such as department store Magasin, Hotel
district cooling, freed up enough space for a roof top terrace,
d'Angleterre, Tivoli Congress Center, and the Confederation
a lunch room for all employees, and several conference
of Danish Industries. District cooling reduces electricity
rooms in their domicile in the inner city. The building's owner,
consumption by up to 80 %, and carbon dioxide emissions by
Jeudan A/S, Denmark’s biggest property and estate company,
almost 70 % compared to if each property has its own electric
switched the old ventilation systems to district cooling
cooling system, Henrik Bøgeskov explains. Henrik Bøgeskov is
systems during an undergoing renovation a couple of years
the head of district cooling at HOFOR. In spite of the great
ago. Operational manager at Jeudan Ole Frederiksen explains
savings in these areas, there is one challenge that overshadows
that it was obvious to select district cooling, and he refers to
the others when it comes to selling district cooling."We are
the system's high level of dependability as well as maintenance
the new kid on the block, when it comes to cooling methods.
work reduced to a minimum as two of the main arguments.
Our challenge is to make people aware of the fact that there
The third important argument was space saving. Previously,
is an alternative to conventional cooling methods," Henrik
there were several tons of cooling and ventilation systems
Bøgeskov says.
in the building, and today there is only one exchanger of four
square meters located in the basement. This has freed a lot of
SPACE-SAVING ALTERNATIVE
square meters in the same space, which Berlingske Media now
“Finances is an important argument when selling district
rents from Jeudan A/S. In this way, space saving also became
cooling - and that is why it is important to the solution that
a financial matter, since the price per square meter is high in
we can demonstrate an overall financial saving by switching to
cities such as Copenhagen.
district cooling. But as a runner up to the financial argument
is the space-saving argument”, Henrik Bøgeskov says."District
cooling frees approximately 80% of the space in a building,
which is usually filled with cooling units, pumping units, buffer
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DISTRICT COOLING THE HOFOR WAY
The cooling center located at Kongens Nytorv has a fullyfledged capacity of approx. 18 MW and supplies properties
in the city center. At present, HOFOR has entered into
agreements on 29 MW, while the objective is to enter into
written agreements on the total of 57 MW in 2019.
Copenhagen Municipality's objective is to be CO2 neutral
in 2025, and future projects are estimated to save the
atmosphere from up to 30,000 tons of CO2 a year.
SUPPORTED BY THE CONFEDERATION OF DANISH INDUSTRIES
The Confederation of Danish Industries has also had district
cooling installed in the newly rebuilt Industriens Hus. In
this way, the organization contributes to Copenhagen
Municipality's objective of CO2 neutrality and concurrently
achieves substantially lower energy consumption compared to
producing cooling through conventional compressor cooling.
"Sustainability but also CO2 emissions were influential factors,
when we decided on district cooling. But included was also
the fact that we will have less electricity consumption in the
building itself, as well as a very dependable solution in the long
run," project manager Anne G. Jensen from the Confederation
of Danish Industries explains.
TWO DISTRICT COOLING STATIONS COVER THE CITY CENTER
Denmark's first major district cooling plant is located centrally
in Copenhagen and supplies district cooling to companies
located around Kongens Nytorv. Yet another plant is under
construction near Rådhuspladsen, the town hall square, and
will be ready during May 2013. With this development, HOFOR
is able to offer district cooling to commercial customers
and public buildings located in the city center. Therefore, on
the face of it, it is possible to connect all properties in the
area surrounding Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen to the
existing district cooling system.
HOFOR customizes the future piping system around the city
center according to the customers' needs. Therefore, there is
also a good possibility of laying out cooling pipes in areas which
are located a bit away from the pre-existing areas.
However, the amount of achievement depends, among other
things, on whether it will be possible to find funding for the
development. “The demand for cooling is there, so if able to
find funding for a development in the areas mentioned, HOFOR
will be able to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions
The Confederation of Danish Industries expects an annual
in Copenhagen even further”, Mr. Bøgeskov says, and adds that
cooling consumption of 2,200 MWh and an annual CO2 saving
HOFOR District Cooling is based on market terms.
of 27 tons compared to a new local system.
30,000 TONS LESS CO2
The district cooling centers in the streets Tietgensgade and
Adelgade are the first steps in HOFORs' strategy to ensure
CO2 neutral cooling to the Copenhagen business environment.
The plan is to introduce district cooling to other locations in
Copenhagen and to continuously expand the piping system in
step with the flow of new customers.
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Who is HOFOR?
• HOFOR is a merger between Copenhagen Energy
and seven local water supply companies and is also
responsible for waste water supply in most of the
municipalities.
HOFOR produces cooling centrally in three different ways:
• In winter months, cooling is produced using seawater,
which is brought in to the cooling center via a pipe
between the harbor and the center. It is a zero-carbon
production and is known as zero-carbon cooling. However,
a small amount of electricity is used, when pumping
cold water to customers. The water temperature is a
maximum of six degrees, when it is used for cooling.
• In summer months, the sea water is not cold enough for
it alone to be used for cooling production. During this
period of time, cooling is produced by waste heat from
the power plants. This method is known as absorption
cooling.
CATCHING UP WITH LARGE CITIES ABROAD
• When there is a great demand for cooling, and there
HOFOR District Cooling has been busy the past few years, and
is not enough waste heat; cooling production may be
has seen a steady increase in the turnover in recent years.
supplemented by electric cooling compressors. This
type of cooling is the most carbon dioxide damaging
Moreover, another advantage to the customers is the fact
and is equivalent to conventional, decentralized cooling.
that they can count on HOFOR to continuously implement
The majority of HOFOR’s cooling production is based on
new technologies for cooling in the district cooling plants,
zero-carbon cooling and waste heat and to lesser extent
when profitable. Cooling customers, who today choose to buy
electric compressors. Thus, it is a better alternative
a conventional electric system with a life span of e.g. twenty
than local, decentralized systems.
years, have to accept the same technological level up to
2033, while HOFOR's customers benefit from the continuous
CFC ban
optimization without having to compromise with the security
By the end of 2014, many companies have to change their
of supply.
cooling systems due to the CFC ban on cooling systems.
Financially, it is profitable to replace the old cooling
systems with district cooling. In most cases, district
For further information please contact:
cooling is less expensive to run during a period of 20 years.
HOFOR
Att.: Søren Clemen Ellern Gøttsche
Phone: +45 3395 3395
Ørestads Boulevard 35
Fax: +45 2795 2012
DK-2300 København S
[email protected]
Steel pipes • Flex pipes
Pre-insulated fittings • Joints
Valves • isoCalc • isoAlarm
We offer complete heat loss efficient pre-insulated piping
systems for district heating, district cooling, steam and
pipe systems for industrial use.
And we have more than 30 years of technical know-how
and expertise.
isoplus Denmark A/S • Korsholm Alle 20 • DK-5500 Middelfart • Tel.: +45 64 41 61 09 • [email protected] • www.isoplus.dk
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FOCUS
DISTRICT
COOLING
By Jesper With, journalist
DANFOSS SUBSTATIONS IN
HELSINKI DC
NETWORK
When Danfoss delivers its district cooling (DC) substations
tearing down surrounding structures. ”Danfoss has many
to clients in the Helsinki DC network, it is being done on the
years of experience in manufacturing tailored substations in
basis of many years of experience within district heating and
Finland - even as big as this one - so we were soon able to
cooling. ”Many customers know us as a well-known deliverer
dimension a solution based on the particular demands and plan
of district heating (DH) substations. Because of this they also
and organize the project. The combination of knowledge and
trust that we can deliver district cooling substations on the
experience convinced the customer from the start,” Juuso
same high level,” export sales manager from Danfoss, Juuso
Vitikainen says.
Vitikainen, explains. Danfoss has delivered and installed several
substations to customers in Helsinki’s DC network. One of
Danfoss has developed the DC substation to Stockmann,
them is a 7.8 MW substation to the Stockmann department
which exchanges the water coming from the DC pipeline. The
store in the heart of Helsinki - the largest department store
exchanger separates the street pipeline water from the water
in Finland.
in Stockmann’s internal system. The chill from the water in
the street pipeline is used to cool the water of the building.
Central Helsinki has Finland’s biggest concentration of office
Through an already existing ventilation system the cooled air
buildings, department stores and hotels. Most of these, all
is then blown out in the various rooms of the building and to
of which have a big cooling need, are customers of Helsinki
installations like refrigerated counters. ”The temperature
Energy, the utility company that produces and sells DC to its
can be regulated internally in the building through our heat
customers.
exchanger, whereas the staff cannot regulate the cooling
temperature individually. Moreover it is possible to regulate
SUBSTATION PLACED IN A SMALL UNDERGROUND CAVE
the temperature through the ventilation system”, Juuso
Juuso Vitikainen tells that he was contacted by the contractor
Vitikainen says. The substation was planned in detail before the
of Stockmann’s enlargement project and received the
preparation of the prefabricated piping parts was started.
general specifications and requirements for the substation.
Due to the prefabricated piping the assembly work in the
He also received information about the planned location for
Danfoss factory was relatively simple and almost no welding
the substation: a machine room located in an underground
was needed.
cave close to the cave roof. The contractor was interested
in finding out whether the space was big enough for the
substation. If not, they would have to enlarge the space by
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CHP SURPLUS HEAT USED FOR COOLING
Helsinki has a highly developed DH system connected to
combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Therefore it was
obvious for Helsinki Energy to start developing DC as well. The
utility company got its first customer in 1998 and today it has
laid down 60 kilometres of underground DC pipelines in central
Helsinki. New kilometres are added every year. However it has
to be profitable which demands a concentration of customers
with a big need for cooling relatively near to each other.
”DC is a splendid way of using heat from our CHP’s. We also
function as a kind of recycle centre during summer, since
we supply energy-efficient buildings with cooling and at the
same time we take away heat from these buildings, because
they are built so tight that they become too warm to have a
comfortable indoor climate. This heat is being recycled in our
DH system,” Marko Riipinen says.
Helsinki Energy delivers cooling with a high degree of security
of supply, so that the customer can concentrate on doing his
main business. According to Marko Riipinen it is crucial for
Helsinki Energy to know its potential customers and buildings
well. They need to be carefully examined before investments in
new pipelines and connections are being done, since installation
of DC is not cheap. “In Helsinki this is quite easy, since almost
all our potential customers are already DH customers, so we
OWN COMPONENTS IN DANFOSS SUBSTATIONS
mostly know each other very well,” Marko Riipinen says.
“Our many years of company experience within DH have been
transferred to DC, since the principles of the construction of
The Helsinki network is still growing. Data centres are becoming
substations are basically the same. Still, it has been necessary
bigger and bigger and needs still more cooling capacity. A new
to develop a special control system for the DC systems,”
market is also residential buildings, though this market is only
Manager of Danfoss District Energy Application Centre, Jan
in the beginning and is only connected if they are placed along
Eric Thorsen, explains.
DC pipelines, which are anyway being established.
He adds that one of the advantages of the substations is
that main components for the installations are developed
FACTS
and produced by the Danfoss Group itself. Thus, the Danfoss
Danfoss delivers DC substations at sizes from 50 kW up
solution includes a deep understanding of the components and
to 8 MW. By adding modules the effect can be enlarged
the application itself, which is utilised to the full extent.
when needed.
Danfoss mostly delivers a total substation solution to the
Danfoss has delivered around 10 substations and several
customer. The substation then only needs to be connected to
heat exchangers for building cooling stations at the site
the existing internal pipe system in the building of the customer.
in the Helsinki DC network.
”But we also deliver special solutions, when customers like
Stockmann have special needs, so we are very flexible,” Jan Eric
Helsinki Energy has 132 MW connected cooling capacity.
Thorsen says.
In 2007 the number was 40 MW.
DC is first of all about stability and comfort, but central
cooling production also has the advantage that it is more
environmentally friendly and leads to much lower CO2emissions than individual cooling. “Moreover the customer
saves money for reparations of noisy compressors and he
doesn’t need compressor rooms in his buildings anymore. He
also gets rid of tons of installations on the rooftop - square
meters that can be used for something better,” Jan Eric
For further information please contact:
Danfoss
Att.: Jan Eric Thorsen,
Manager of Danfoss District
Energy Application Centre
District Energy Division
6430 Nordborg
Phone: +45 7488 2222
Fax: +45 7449 0949
[email protected]
Thorsen explains.
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DBDH WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS EKF AND DANTAET
EKF
These days it takes more than just a good product to succeed
THE FULL EXPORT CYCLE
in export markets. It is just as important to be able to secure
The nature of EKF’s activities is to support exporters,
financing for your business transactions on competitive terms
customers and the banks behind them if the risk gets too
and to offer your buyer credit or an attractive financing
high or the time horizon gets too long for them to handle it
facility. However, the risks in international trade are often so
on their own. EKF has a product portfolio which embraces the
great that banks have been known to refuse to finance export
full export cycle from the order over production to invoicing,
transactions without additional security. A “yes” from EKF
credit and final payment. Nevertheless, EKF tends to think in
can offer greater security on the Russian & CIS markets. EKF
solutions for the parties involved rather than in products. Thus
covers many of the financial and political risks which may be
if the exporter cannot find the exact product to match the
associated with trading and investing here.
demands, EKF will strive to tailor a financing solution.
INSURING AGAINST THE POTENTIAL RISKS OF TRADING
> EKF Eksport Kredit Fonden was established in 1922 as just
EKF helps Danish companies to make it possible and attractive
the third export credit agency in the world.
for Russian customers to buy products and services from
> EKF is Denmark’s official export credit agency.
Denmark, and does so by insuring Danish exporters against the
potential financial and political risks of trading in Russia & CIS
and by providing guarantees to ensure the necessary financing
for customers.
The Development
of District Heating
District heating is expanding wherever it is potentially
possible at Vestegnen, the suburban area west of
Copenhagen.
Converting into district heating is a cheap, secure and
environmental friendly alternative to natural gas and oil
– with half the emission of CO2.
But it can be even better: VEKS aims for a CO2-neutral
heat supply by 2025.
VEKS is an environmentally certified heat-transmission company supplying 20 local district heating companies with heat generated at Vestegnen. The heat supplied equals the consumption of 150,000 families.
The majority of heat is supplied to VEKS from the Avedøre Power Plant and the other CHP plants in Copenhagen as well as from the waste
incineration plants KARA/NOVEREN and Vestforbrænding. VEKS is a non-profit company.
Further information: www.veks.dk
E N E R G Y
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DANTAET
DanTaet a/s develops, manufactures and markets leakage
protection systems for all types of pipe installations. Through
innovation, patents, economic independence and strong
partners, DanTaet has maintained a highly specialized niche on
domestic and foreign markets since 1986.
DanTaet Leakage Protection significantly reduces water
damage as well as wastage, making DanTaet the obvious choice
for protection of district heating, supply water, and cooling
water installations in new construction as well as renovation
and resource optimization projects.
Our comprehensive after-sales service contributes to
maintaining a very high level of reliability, so that customers
and partners alike may have faith in the DanTaet systems.
DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
ENERGY KNOW-HOW FROM MORE
THAN 30 OFFICES WORLD-WIDE
COWI has been working with energy for 40 years and has
completed more than 2,000 energy projects. We aim to
transfer state-of-the-art knowledge to different regions
of the world and apply it in a local context.
Some of our services are:
› Energy planning
› District heating systems
› Combined heat and power (CHP)
› Cooling plants design and optimisation
› Low-temperature district heating
› Integrated energy systems
› Hydraulic analyses
› Waste-to-Energy
› SCADA systems
› Geothermal heat plants
› Solar heat
www.cowi.com/energy
Contact
Henning Lambertsen
Project and market director
[email protected]
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ISOPLUS DENMARK
MEMBER COMPANY PROFILE
By Jesper With, journalist
The international political focus on CO2 reductions has grown
are heating companies in the Nordic Countries and Estonia
a lot within the last few years. States and cities have put
plus Great Britain,” Verner Rosendal says. The pipes themselves
up reduction goals and in order to reach the goals, district
are produced at factories in Austria and Germany, due to the
heating has come more into
fact that isoplus Denmark
focus. Whether that is the
is part of the isoplus group.
reason why pipe producer
However,
isoplus Denmark has doubled
has its own Danish character,
its turnover in 2011 and
since employees, who know
2012
director
the Danish district heating
Managing
Verner
Rosendal
isoplus
Denmark
cannot
market by heart, run it with a
say for sure. “Many cities
high degree of independence.
throughout
Managing
Europe
have
director
Verner
realized that without district
Rosendal himself has worked
heating their ambitious CO2
with pipe systems in Denmark
emission, targets will be more
since 1981. In 1999 he became
than difficult to fulfil. Our
leader of isoplus Denmark.
successes during these years
“I
of financial crisis might sound
that we run the company
surprising. They surely have
independently but at the
to do with the political focus,
same time we contain the
but there are other reasons
quality and size of the isoplus
as well,” Verner Rosendal says.
group”, Verner Rosendal says.
When the present isoplus
He points out that one reason
domicile was built in 2008, it
for the growth of isoplus
replaced several addresses
Denmark within the last few
in the company hometown of
years is the development
Middelfart. At that time the
and production of pipes with
company had 34 employees.
gas diffusion barrier. The
Now
The
gas diffusion barrier leads
location on the island of Fyn
to heat savings of around 20
there
are
65.
in the middle of Denmark is
a strategic advantage. A bridge leads the traffic from Fyn to
think
it’s
a
strength
% compared to traditionally
produced pipes throughout the service life of the pipe.
the peninsula Jutland, which means a short distance to almost
every DH network in Denmark and fine access to highways
DENMARK STILL A GROWING MARKET
leading abroad. ”Efficient logistics ensures delivery on time.
The success of isoplus Denmark also has to do with the
Our ambition is to be the fastest in the industry. We process
growing Danish DH market, since Isoplus accounts for a good
incoming orders as soon as we receive them, so if you are a
share of this growth. Though being a country of only 5.5
customer of isoplus, you can be certain of reliable deliveries,”
million inhabitants, Denmark has 1.6 million DH customers. And
Verner Rosendal says.
the market is still growing. It is a political target to increase
the amount of customers by 400,000. ”That really is a huge
HIGH DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE
ambition in a country where DH is already highly developed. We
From Middelfart, isoplus Denmark every year delivers thousands
are lucky that we have become the supplier of pre-insulated
of kilometres of pre-insulated pipes in sizes ranging from
pipes to HOFOR, the biggest Danish utility company. The city
DN20 all the way up to DN 1200. ”Our product range includes
has announced that it wants to become a sustainable city.
pre-insulated pipe systems for district heating, district cooling
The politicians know that this will not happen without DH in
and steam as well as for industrial use. The biggest customers
combination with CHP. Moreover the district cooling network
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is constantly being enlarged in central Copenhagen,” Verner
Therefore isoplus has developed the concept “Total Quality”.
Rosendal says. He adds that there are constantly renovation
This means that the company does everything possible to
projects going on in other large Danish cities as well. In
deliver high quality service to its customers throughout the
less populated areas, heating plants that used to function
cooperation: all the way from the first order until the pipes are
separately are now being interconnected with new pipe
in the ground and the system is up and running. ”We are always
systems in order to streamline and to reduce CO2 emissions.
entering a cooperation with new customers by letting them
know that we have come to start a long lasting relationship.
isoplus Denmark has all the Nordic countries under its wings.
In that way they understand that we will offer them the best
”Norway is developing fast as a DH market at the moment
service possible”, Verner Rosendal explains.
and we have high expectations to this market. But all Nordic
countries actually have promising perspectives for us,” Verner
The employees are working with a high degree of responsibility.
Rosendal says.
Many of them have been working with DH for years and have
therefore built up a lot of experience. ”They know their job and
SAME SERVICE TO EVERYBODY
they like it, I dare say. That makes them reliable to customers.
isoplus Denmark treats no customers as more important than
We want to have all the needed competences inside the house
others. ”Our keywords are “flexible - fast – reliable”. This covers
and we have that: From design, technical and static calculations
the service we offer to all our customers. Whether you are
to marketing. Everything is being done here at our address,”
a big city utility or a small town heating company, you should
Verner Rosendal says.
feel that we offer you the same high quality service,” Verner
Rosendal says.
isoplus Denmark was established in 1993 and is part of
the isoplus Group, which produces pre-insulated pipe
systems. isoplus Denmark employs 65 people whereas the
isoplus Group employs around 1400 people. All production
is being done at factories in Austria, Germany, Hungary,
Czech Republic, Italy, Romania, Serbia and Kuwait.
In 2012, isoplus Denmark accomplished its biggest single
project so far: the delivery of a 34 km long DN 500
transmission pipeline in Estonia, carried out by the use
of isoplus welding couplers. Next to the delivery of pipes,
isoplus Denmark took care of design, static calculations
and electrical pre-heating.
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LIST OF MEMBERS
Aalborg Engineering
Supplier of boilers and boiler systems
ABB
Monitoring and control for
district heating networks
Aerovit
Boiler cleaning
AffaldVarme Aarhus
Amager Ressource Center
Waste and energy company
ARCON Solar A/S
Large-scale thermal solar systems
BROEN
Ballomax valves
Brunata
Heat cost allocators, heat meters,
water meters and heat and water
accounting service
Phone +45 9631 3950
Fax +45 9631 3951
[email protected]
www.aalborg-engineering.com
Phone +45 4450 4450
Fax +45 4450 4311
[email protected]
www.abb.com
Phone +45 8692 4422
Fax +45 8692 2919
[email protected]
www. aerovit.dk
Phone +45 8940 1500
[email protected]
www.affaldvarme.dk
Phone +45 3268 9300
Fax +45 3268 9393
[email protected]
www.amfor.dk
Dansk Energi Service
Phone +45 7572 5311
Fax +45 7641 3954
[email protected]
www.dansk-energi-service.dk
DanTaet
Phone +45 6317 4500
Fax +45 6317 4501
[email protected]
www.dantaet.dk
Leakage protection systems for
all types of pipe installations
DESMI
Pumps, pump systems and equipment
EKF
Fjernvarme Fyn
Municipal district heating supply
Forsyning Helsingør
Phone +45 6471 2095
Fax +45 6471 2195
[email protected]
www.broen.com
Frederiksberg Forsyning
Phone +45 7777 7000
Fax +45 7777 7001
[email protected]
www.brunata.com
Grontmij
BWSC
Municipal district heating supply
Consulting engineers and planners
Grundfos
Cowi
Phone +45 5640 0000
Fax +45 5640 9999
[email protected]
www.cowi.dk
HentechSolution ApS
Phone +45 3818 5777
Fax +45 3818 5799
[email protected]
www.ctr.dk
HOFOR
Phone +45 2987 2222
[email protected]
www.dallenergy.com
Hydro-X
Phone +45 7488 2222
Fax +45 7449 0949
[email protected]
www.danfoss.com
isoplus Denmark
CTR
Metropolitan Copenhagen
Heating Transmission Company
Dall Energy
New Biomass Technologies
Danfoss
Heating controls, metering
and pump speed control
Pumps, controls and
related equipment
Mechanical seals
Copenhagen Energy
Boiler water treatment
Preinsulated piping systems
for district heating and cooling
E N E R G Y
A N D
Phone +45 6547 3000
Fax +45 6547 3001
[email protected]
www.fjernvarmefyn.dk
Phone +45 4840 5050
[email protected]
www.fh.dk
Muncipal district heating supply
Phone +45 4814 0022
Heat & power plant developer, turnkey Fax +45 4814 0150
and operation contractor
[email protected]
www.bwsc.dk
Consulting engineers and planners
Phone +45 3546 2600
[email protected]
www.ekf.dk
Denmark’s official
export credit agency
Phone +45 9839 1477
Fax +45 9839 2005
www.arcon.dk
Phone +45 9632 8111
Fax +45 9817 5499
[email protected]
www.desmi.com
Phone +45 3818 5100
Fax +45 3818 5199
[email protected]
www.frb-forsyning.dk
Phone +45 4348 6060
Fax +45 4348 6660
[email protected]
www.grontmij.com
Phone +45 8750 1400
Fax +45 8750 1490
[email protected]
www.grundfos.com
Phone +45 4390 4720
Fax +45 4390 4775
[email protected]
www.huhnseal.dk
Phone +45 3395 3395
Fax +45 3395 2020
[email protected]
www.hofor.dk
Phone +45 9828 2111
Fax +45 9828 3021
[email protected]
www.hydro-x.dk
Phone +45 6441 6109
Fax +45 6441 6159
[email protected]
www.isoplus.dk
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Kamstrup
Supplier of energy meters & automatic
meter reading systems for heat, cooling,
water and gas
Logstor
Preinsulated transmission
and distribution pipes
Niras
Consulting engineers and planners
Rambøll
Consulting engineers and planners
Schneider Electric
Quality software for profitable
operation of industriel plants
and utilities
SK Forsyning
Municipal district heating supply
J O U R N A L
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Phone +45 8993 1000
Fax +45 8993 1001
[email protected]
www.kamstrup.com
SPX Flow Technology
Phone +45 9966 1000
Fax +45 9966 1180
[email protected]
www.logstor.com
TVIS
Phone +45 6312 1581
Fax +45 4014 2784
[email protected]
www.niras.dk
VEKS
Phone +45 5161 1000
Fax +45 5161 1001
[email protected]
www.ramboll.com
Vestforbrænding
Phone +45 45 900 700
Fax +45 4590 0701
[email protected]
www.schneider-electric.com
DBDH
Supplier of plate heat exchangers,
hybrid heat exchangers and solutions
for district energy
Heat transmission company
of Denmark’s ”triangle area”.
West Copenhagen Heating
Transmission Company
Power and heat supply based on
waste incineration
Secretariat
Phone +45 7027 8444
Fax +45 7632 4110
[email protected]
www.apv.com
Phone +45 7594 0711
[email protected]
www.tvis.net
Phone +45 4366 0366
Fax +45 4366 0369
[email protected]
www.veks.dk
Phone +45 4485 7000
Fax +45 4485 7001
[email protected]
www.vestfor.dk
Phone +45 3818 5440
[email protected]
www.dbdh.dk
Phone +45 5836 2500
Fax +45 5836 2501
[email protected]
www.skforsyning.dk
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District cooling and district heating
- the pipe technology is the same
– so is your supplier
Solid credentials
LOGSTOR is the world’s leading supplier of the supremely
effective pre-insulated pipe systems at the heart of district
heating installations. Almost half a century of district heating
experience and more than 160,000 km of laid pipe puts
unparalleled know-how at your disposal.
Exactly the same pipes and exactly the same manufacturing
technology are at the heart of LOGSTOR district cooling
solutions.
LOGSTOR A/S
Danmarksvej 11 · DK-9670 Løgstør · Denmark
Tel. +45 9966 1000 · Fax +45 9966 1180
[email protected] · www.logstor.com
What goes in is what comes out
District cooling is currently one of the most effective ways
of cutting back on CO2 emissions and combating global
warming, by replacing old-fashioned, energy-greedy air
conditioning with a transmission infrastructure that virtually
ensures no energy loss. What goes in is what comes out.
Everyone benefits, because conserving thermal energy is
one of the most effective ways to minimise environmental
impacts.
Over and under
LOGSTOR district cooling solutions feature a 30-year service
life. This adds up to “install and forget” – ideal in urban
environments. LOGSTOR pre-insulated pipes can be run over
rooftops, on the surface or underground, ideal for energyefficient comfort cooling in buildings of all types.