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Indian Streams Research Journal
ISSN 2230-7850
Volume-4 | Issue-9 | Oct-2014
Available online at www.isrj.net
STUDY OF PEER PRESSURE AND SOCIAL
MATURITY AMONG LATE ADOLESCENTS
Sakshi1 , Rakesh Behmani2 , Raj Kumar3 , Dharmender Kumar Nehra4 , Naresh Kumar5
1
Student M.Sc Applied Psychology, GJU S&T Hisar, Haryana, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology,
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
3
Lecturer Psychology, manpur, Palwal, Haryana, India.
4
Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, University of Health Sciences,
Rohtak, Haryana, India.
5
Clinical Psychologist, (Haryana), India
Abstract:-Background: Adolescents are the energy of today and the bright hope of
the future. Peer pressure plays a vital role in the lives and social adjustment of
adolescents as it is a time of experimentation with new identities, attitudes and
experiences. The purpose of the present study was to provide an examination of the
peer pressure and social maturity in late adolescence. Material and methods: It is a
cross sectional study, in which Two Hundred (200) adolescents were selected by
purposive sampling. Assessment was done by using Peer Pressure Scale and Social
Maturity Scale. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS Windows
16.0 software package. The analysis of the obtained data was done using various
descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: No significant difference was found
between male and female adolescents on peer pressure scale. A significant
difference was found between male and female adolescent on Social maturity
variables i.e. self-direction, communication, cooperation and social commitment.
Male adolescents scored significantly higher on communication and social
commitment than female adolescents whereas females scored significantly higher
on self-direction and cooperation than male adolescents. Conclusion: Present
findings provide very significant information in relation to the peer pressure and
their social maturity among adolescents. In addition, it offered an in-depth
understanding of different domain of social maturity in both the genders that could
be of use when treating or guiding adolescents.
Keywords–Late Adolescents, Peer Pressure, Social Maturity.
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is defined as a period of physical, psychological and social maturity from
childhood to adulthood (National council of educational research and training, 1999). It is
characterized by significant physical, emotional and intellectual changes, and changes in social roles,
relationships and expectations (Radmanović-Burgic et al., 2011). Late adolescent is the last phase in
which they struggle to develop independence. Many young people spend more time with peers than
with parents or other family members (Oni, 2010). Hence, adolescents are confronted with new kinds
Sakshi1 , Rakesh Behmani2 , Raj Kumar3 , Dharmender Kumar Nehra4 , Naresh Kumar5 ,“ STUDY OF PEER PRESSURE AND
SOCIAL MATURITY AMONG LATE ADOLESCENTS ” Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 | Online
& Print
1
.Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents
of stress stemming from relationships with parents, romantic partners, or friends or dissatisfaction
with body image, to name a few (Krenke-Seiffge, Aunola, &Nurmi, 2009). As a general agreement in
some cases, the peer group can demand blind deference to group rules, which may lead to destructive
consequences. It is well documented that adolescents are more likely to engage in hazardous
activities under influence because they are more prone to peer pressure or they are not socially
mature.
Peer Pressure is a term used to describe that how a person’s behavior is affected by his peer
group. During this phase peer pressure is common because they are forced to spend a large amount of
time in fixed groups regardless of their opinion of those groups. Theorists have proposed that
adolescents who are independent from their parents become dependent on their peers and susceptible
to peer-pressure (Blos, 1979; Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986).Peers have an important influence on
behaviour as in this stage adolescents search for new identities different from those of their parents;
and experiments with new identity by participating in the different behaviour of their peers (Allen,
Moore, &Kuperminc, 1995). Some of these pressures may be drugs, truancy, sex, shop-lifting,
bullying, cheating, and any other action that he or she may not want to engage in. However, peer
pressure can also have productive effects for example an adolescent who is involved with ambitious
peers; and might feel pressured to follow the same path to avoid exclusion (Oni, 2010).Several
studies have revealed that Peer pressure influenced socialization and identity development (Clasen&
Brown, 1985). It is within the peer group that one learns to relate to different roles and to experiment
with interpersonal interaction skills that eventually transfer to the world of adults (Carter
&McGoldrick, 2005).In spite of the positive aspects of peer pressure, a series of the pervious
literature focus on the connections between peer pressure and undesirable consequences like
substance abuse(Flannery, et al., 1994; Dielman, 1994); cigarette smoking (Newman, 1984); and
early sexual behaviour (Duncan-Ricks, 1992). But only little attention paid to the fact that as
adolescents mature socially and intellectually, their mental process becomes more logical and
become adept in making an independent decision alone without someone else’s help.The social
maturation permits more detailed perception of the social environment which helps adolescents to
influence the social circumstances and develop stable patterns of social behaviour.
Social maturity is a term commonly used to describe the behaviour that conforms to the
standards and expectations of the person at one side and to the behaviour that is appropriate to the age
of the individual at another side (Athanimath, 2009). Individual slow to adopt these patterns of social
behaviour is judged as being retarded in social development. Adolescents need to acquire more
matured pattern of behaviour to be accepted by society and to be socially matured (Bretsch, 1952;
Athanimath, 2009). Havighurst (1950) has emphasized the importance of attainment of social and
emotional maturity by adolescence through his proposed major developmental tasks for adolescents
viz., achieving new and more mature relationships with age mates of both sexes, achieving a
masculine or feminine social role, achieving emotional independence from parents and adults,
preparing for an economic career, and desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour. Social
maturity creates trust, harmony, active co-operation and peaceful co-existence at one hand while
social immaturity creates fear, discord, confrontation and quarrel at another hand (Nagra& Kaur,
2013).The social maturity has various aspects of social abilities as self-sufficiency, occupational
activities, communication self-direction and social participation (Athanimath, 2009).
At the stage of late adolescence, adolescents are expected to be socially mature, that is, they
must be ready to face the world alone without someone else’s help. Social maturity and peer pressure
plays an important role in transformation of young adolescents into an ideal citizen. Literature
indicates that there may be gender differences in the degree to which, as well as the way in which
adolescents are influenced by their peers (Brown, 1982, Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986); and social
maturation. Hence the study was taken into account to study these parameters in late adolescents.
METHODOLOGY:
Sample: The sample consisted of Hundred (100) male students and hundred (100) female students
from various colleges of Hisar District of Haryana. The individuals whose age range was 18 to 22
were selected and then informed consent was taken from all the subjects.
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014
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.Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents
Tools Used:
Socio-demographic Performa: A specially designed Performa for collecting information about
socio-demographic details of the study sample. It has information such as–age, sex, residence,
education.
Peer Pressure Scale (PPS): the PPS is a 24-item self-report scale that assesses peer influence in
everyday life situations. It was developed by Singh& Saini, 2010. It is a five point Lickert scale with
one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree). The scale has five subscales and high scores on each
scale indicate higher peer pressure and low score indicate lesser peer pressure in that form.
Social Maturity Scale: social maturity scale was developed by Rao, 2002 to assess the maturity
outcomes of school population. It is a four point scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and strongly
disagree) consisting of 90 items both positive and negative .The scale consists of three components
viz., personal adequacy, interpersonal adequacy and social adequacy. The test- retest reliability of
the scale is found to be 0.79 and has been validated against the external criterion.
Procedure: Sample for the present study was taken from Two Hundred (200) students out of which
one hundred were male and one hundred were female students. The sample was taken on the basis of
purposive sampling. After establishing rapport, informed consent was taken. The personal data sheet
was filled and Peer Pressure Scale and Social Maturity Scale were administered on sample.
Data analysis: Data was analyzed using the SPSS (version 16.0) statistical program. Student’s t-test
was used to check the difference between male and female students. To find out the relationship
between the two variables, Pearson’s product moment correlation was calculated.
Results: The mean age of the Male and Female Adolescent group were 20.5±1.8 years and 20.3±1.7,
respectively. As for occupation, all participants were students in both groups. As for residential
background, in the male group 74% were from urban and 26% were from rural background whereas
in female group 63%were from urban and 37% were from rural background. Among the male group
participants, 86% were Hindu, 8% Sikkh and 6% were Muslim by religion whereas in female group
participants, 89% were Hindu, 9% Sikkh and 2% were Muslims. (Table1).
Table 1 showing socio-demographic details of participants
Variable
Age
Gender
Residence
Occupation
Religion
Urban
Rural
Students
Hindu
Sikh
Muslim
Male (N=100)
(Mean ± SD)
20.5±1.8
100 (100%)
74(74.0%)
26(26.0%)
100 (100%)
86(86%)
8(8%)
6(6%)
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014
Female (N=100)
(Mean ± SD)
20.3±1.7
100(100%)
63 (63%)
37 (37%)
100(100%)
89(89%)
9(9%)
2(2%)
3
.Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents
Table 2 showing difference between male and female on variables
Variables
Male (N=100)
(Mean ± SD)
Female (N=100)
(Mean ± SD)
t
p
Peer Pressure
Social maturity Total score
Social Maturity(Work Orientation)
Social Maturity (Self Direction)
Social Maturity (Ability to take stress)
Social Maturity (Communication)
Social Maturity(Enlightened trust)
Social Maturity(Cooperation)
Social Maturity(social Commitment)
Social Maturity(social Tolerance)
Social Maturity(openness to change)
60.63±16.48
228.62±19.95
29.93±4.24
24.41±2.54
19.33±3.22
30.59±4.31
25.26±3.01
19.72±3.47
29.44±6.30
26.82±4.59
22.54±3.53
57.80±10.28
230.14±20.52
13.14±3.35
25.91±3.07
19.21±4.23
27.73±3.93
25.06±3.09
23.85±3.69
27.79±4.39
26.64±4.45
23.81±3.72
1.457
-.734
-.389
-3.764
.226
4.901
.464
-8.152
2.147
.282
-2.479
.147
.464
.698
.000**
.822
.000**
.643
.000**
.033*
.779
.014*
**Significant at < .001, *Significant at < .05
Table 3 showing inter-correlation matrix of peer pressure and social maturity in late
adolescents
Variables
Peer
Pressure
SM total
SM(WO)
SM (SD)
SM (ATS)
SM (Com)
SM (ET)
SM (Co)
SM (SC)
SM (ST)
SM (OC)
Peer
Pres
sure
1
SM
total
SM
(WO)
SM
(SD)
SM
(AT)
SM
(Com)
SM
(ET)
SM
(Co)
SM
(SC)
SM
(ST)
SM
(OC)
-.222**
-.167*
-.017
-.142*
.061
.008
-.250**
-.095
-.121
1
.755**
1
.441**
.069
1
.364**
.119
.164*
1
.584**
.510**
.084**
.120
1
.357**
.096
.270**
.008
.243**
1
.430**
.249**
.379**
.130
-.198*
-.060
1
.701**
.666**
.015
.053
.623**
.105
.034
1
.831**
.641**
.352**
.093
.415**
.350**
.269**
.565**
1
.397**
.459**
.194**
.189**
.241**
-.108
.010
.455**
.049
.380**
1
(**Significant at < .01; *Significant at < .05).
SM total = Social maturity Total score, SM(WO) = Social Maturity (Work Orientation), SM
(SD) = Social Maturity (Self Direction), SM (ATS) = Social Maturity (Ability to take stress), SM
(Com)= Social Maturity (Communication), SM (ET) = Social Maturity (Enlightened trust), SM
(Co) = Social Maturity (Cooperation), SM (SC) = Social Maturity (social Commitment), SM (ST) =
Social Maturity(social Tolerance), SM (OC) = Social Maturity(openness to change)
DISCUSSION:
Adolescents are often willing to conform to their peers’ behaviours in order to be accepted
(Newman & Newman, 1976). Conformity may create problems, however, when peers influence
each other to participate in deviant activities (Flannery, Vazsonyi, Torquati, &Fridrich 1994;
Dielman, 1994; Newman, 1984; Duncan-Ricks, 1992; Urberg, Shyu, Liang 1990). According to
Harris (1998), peer pressure can cause people to engage in activities that they would not normally
engaged in, e.g., take drugs, smoke, date, marry, have a job, have children and buy expensive items.
The importance of peer relations can be understood by the fact that one of the most powerful and
consistent predictors of adolescent risk behavior is whether an individual has friends who also
engage in that behavior (Jaccard, Blanton, Dodge, 2005). Research on adolescent development
suggests that, compared to adults, adolescent off enders tend to focus more on rewards than risks, are
more susceptible to peer pressure, and have less decision making capacity. Studies have shown
young adolescents to be more susceptible to peer-pressure than younger children or those in late
adolescence (Pruitt, 1999). In the same line present study revealed that however both the groups
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014
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.Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents
scored high on peer pressure scale (Mean: 60.63 & 57.80; see table-2); male scored higher score than
female adolescents but it was not significantly differ. Paradoxical findings in present study can be
explained by the fact that person who are heavily influenced by their peers are less likely to make
own decisions (Adams, 1996); but late adolescents are more confident in their own identities; they
are better able to make decisions independent of their peers. This explanation is also supported by the
findings that in present study both the groups scored high on self-direction domain (Mean: 24.41 &
25.91; see table-2). These findings are also in contrary to earlier studies in which peer pressure was
found significantly different in males than females (Dornbush, 1989; Eder &Hallinan, 1978;
Giordano, 2003).
As a general rule, in adolescence, individuals are not considered as socially mature as they
begin to break away from their families and try out different roles (romantic ties). Social maturity is
defined as a level of social skills and awareness that an individual has achieved relative to particular
norms related to an age group (Raj, 1996). In present study, a significant difference was found
between male and female adolescent on Social maturity variables i.e. self-direction, communication,
cooperation and social commitment. Male adolescents scored significantly higher on
communication and social commitment than female adolescents. These findings can be explained by
the fact that in Haryavani population males gets more chances to communicate in groups (e.g.
Panchayats; Khaps) because of male dominating society; and social commitment is generally
considered as a sign of manhood. As far as female group is concern, females scored significantly
higher on self-direction, openness to change and cooperation than male adolescents. These findings
can be explained by the fact that in Haryana; elder members of the family are expected to control
their children and rights of girl (inter caste marriages) are generally considered as a breakage of
cultural norms and customary practices and a significant cause that brings dishonour to the family
(Gupta, Nehra, et al., 2013). Hence, it seems quite plausible that in the culture, girls from their
childhood get tuned to cooperation, openness to change and self-direction expect some well-known
and honor related decision (marriage). These explanations are also seems to supported by the other
researchers who claimed that boys tend to interact in larger groups of teens, while girls tend to have
more exclusive “intimate” dyadic friendship relations (Dornbush, 1989; Eder &Hallinan, 1978;
Giordano, 2003). Furthermore, in present study, peer pressure was found to be negatively correlated
with social maturity and its variables i.e. Work orientation, Ability to take stress, cooperation, social
commitment, social tolerance and openness to change. These findings indicate that the adolescents
who are more socially matured feel less burdened by peer pressure or vise-versa. These finding also
support the view of other researchers who holds that development process of peer pressure in
adolescents had a strong role in socialization and identity development (Calsen& Brown, 1985).
CONCLUSION:
Worldwide Peer relations are largely considered as playing an important role in their lives
as they begin to develop more intimate relationship. Peer pressure is a part of every adolescent’s life,
and although positive peer pressure has its benefits, negative pressure can be one of the most difficult
parts of growing up for some adolescents. Peer pressure is one of the reasons that make adolescents at
much greater risk than adults for starting to involve in bad habits (e.g. smoking). Hence, it can be said
that peers have a more powerful influence on adolescents as compared to that of other relationships.
Whereas, being social mature is seems as a buffer against negative influence of others. Individuals
who are unable to behave as his age appropriate in the society; may be considered as socially
immature. An immature adolescent creates problems with his social relations and family relations.
Thus a socially matured individual is well accepted by the peers as well as society. Understanding
adolescents’ social development can provide greater insight into adolescents’ bad habits (e.g.
drinking or smoking), its dangers, and ways to prevent it. Present findings can be used while helping
this vulnerable population (pressures are a normal part of life and adolescents need guidance from
their teachers, parents and other adults); so that they are able to handle these pressures in a positive
way.
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.Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents
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Rakesh Behmani
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar
University of Science &Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
Raj Kumar
Lecturer Psychology, manpur, Palwal, Haryana, India.
Dharmender Kumar Nehra
Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, University of Health
Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
Naresh Kumar
Clinical Psychologist, (Haryana), India
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know that our journals are
Associated and Indexed,India
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International Scientific Journal Consortium
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OPEN J-GATE
Associated and Indexed,USA
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Google Scholar
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EBSCO
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DOAJ
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Index Copernicus
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Publication Index
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Academic Journal Database
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Contemporary Research Index
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Academic Paper Databse
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Digital Journals Database
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Current Index to Scholarly Journals
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Elite Scientific Journal Archive
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Directory Of Academic Resources
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Scholar Journal Index
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Recent Science Index
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Scientific Resources Database
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Directory Of Research Journal Indexing
Indian Streams Research Journal
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Contact-9595359435
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Website : www.isrj.net