Vol 4 Issue 9 Oct 2014 ISSN No : 2230-7850 ORIGINAL ARTICLE International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Indian Streams Research Journal Executive Editor Ashok Yakkaldevi Editor-in-Chief H.N.Jagtap Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2230-7850 Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial board.Readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects. 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Cuza University, Iasi ......More Titus PopPhD, Partium Christian University, Oradea,Romania Editorial Board Iresh Swami Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil Head Geology Department Solapur University,Solapur Rama Bhosale Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Panvel Salve R. N. Department of Sociology, Shivaji University,Kolhapur Govind P. Shinde Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Education Center, Navi Mumbai Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary,Play India Play,Meerut(U.P.) N.S. Dhaygude Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur Narendra Kadu Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune K. M. Bhandarkar Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Sonal Singh Vikram University, Ujjain Rajendra Shendge Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Yalikar Director Managment Institute, Solapur Umesh Rajderkar Head Humanities & Social Science YCMOU,Nashik S. R. Pandya Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, Mumbai Alka Darshan Shrivastava G. P. Patankar S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Director,Hyderabad AP India. Rahul Shriram Sudke Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore S.Parvathi Devi Ph.D.-University of Allahabad S.KANNAN Annamalai University,TN Sonal Singh, Vikram University, Ujjain Satish Kumar Kalhotra Maulana Azad National Urdu University Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isrj.net Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN 2230-7850 Volume-4 | Issue-9 | Oct-2014 Available online at www.isrj.net STUDY OF PEER PRESSURE AND SOCIAL MATURITY AMONG LATE ADOLESCENTS Sakshi1 , Rakesh Behmani2 , Raj Kumar3 , Dharmender Kumar Nehra4 , Naresh Kumar5 1 Student M.Sc Applied Psychology, GJU S&T Hisar, Haryana, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India. 3 Lecturer Psychology, manpur, Palwal, Haryana, India. 4 Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India. 5 Clinical Psychologist, (Haryana), India Abstract:-Background: Adolescents are the energy of today and the bright hope of the future. Peer pressure plays a vital role in the lives and social adjustment of adolescents as it is a time of experimentation with new identities, attitudes and experiences. The purpose of the present study was to provide an examination of the peer pressure and social maturity in late adolescence. Material and methods: It is a cross sectional study, in which Two Hundred (200) adolescents were selected by purposive sampling. Assessment was done by using Peer Pressure Scale and Social Maturity Scale. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS Windows 16.0 software package. The analysis of the obtained data was done using various descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: No significant difference was found between male and female adolescents on peer pressure scale. A significant difference was found between male and female adolescent on Social maturity variables i.e. self-direction, communication, cooperation and social commitment. Male adolescents scored significantly higher on communication and social commitment than female adolescents whereas females scored significantly higher on self-direction and cooperation than male adolescents. Conclusion: Present findings provide very significant information in relation to the peer pressure and their social maturity among adolescents. In addition, it offered an in-depth understanding of different domain of social maturity in both the genders that could be of use when treating or guiding adolescents. Keywords–Late Adolescents, Peer Pressure, Social Maturity. INTRODUCTION Adolescence is defined as a period of physical, psychological and social maturity from childhood to adulthood (National council of educational research and training, 1999). It is characterized by significant physical, emotional and intellectual changes, and changes in social roles, relationships and expectations (Radmanović-Burgic et al., 2011). Late adolescent is the last phase in which they struggle to develop independence. Many young people spend more time with peers than with parents or other family members (Oni, 2010). Hence, adolescents are confronted with new kinds Sakshi1 , Rakesh Behmani2 , Raj Kumar3 , Dharmender Kumar Nehra4 , Naresh Kumar5 ,“ STUDY OF PEER PRESSURE AND SOCIAL MATURITY AMONG LATE ADOLESCENTS ” Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 | Online & Print 1 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents of stress stemming from relationships with parents, romantic partners, or friends or dissatisfaction with body image, to name a few (Krenke-Seiffge, Aunola, &Nurmi, 2009). As a general agreement in some cases, the peer group can demand blind deference to group rules, which may lead to destructive consequences. It is well documented that adolescents are more likely to engage in hazardous activities under influence because they are more prone to peer pressure or they are not socially mature. Peer Pressure is a term used to describe that how a person’s behavior is affected by his peer group. During this phase peer pressure is common because they are forced to spend a large amount of time in fixed groups regardless of their opinion of those groups. Theorists have proposed that adolescents who are independent from their parents become dependent on their peers and susceptible to peer-pressure (Blos, 1979; Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986).Peers have an important influence on behaviour as in this stage adolescents search for new identities different from those of their parents; and experiments with new identity by participating in the different behaviour of their peers (Allen, Moore, &Kuperminc, 1995). Some of these pressures may be drugs, truancy, sex, shop-lifting, bullying, cheating, and any other action that he or she may not want to engage in. However, peer pressure can also have productive effects for example an adolescent who is involved with ambitious peers; and might feel pressured to follow the same path to avoid exclusion (Oni, 2010).Several studies have revealed that Peer pressure influenced socialization and identity development (Clasen& Brown, 1985). It is within the peer group that one learns to relate to different roles and to experiment with interpersonal interaction skills that eventually transfer to the world of adults (Carter &McGoldrick, 2005).In spite of the positive aspects of peer pressure, a series of the pervious literature focus on the connections between peer pressure and undesirable consequences like substance abuse(Flannery, et al., 1994; Dielman, 1994); cigarette smoking (Newman, 1984); and early sexual behaviour (Duncan-Ricks, 1992). But only little attention paid to the fact that as adolescents mature socially and intellectually, their mental process becomes more logical and become adept in making an independent decision alone without someone else’s help.The social maturation permits more detailed perception of the social environment which helps adolescents to influence the social circumstances and develop stable patterns of social behaviour. Social maturity is a term commonly used to describe the behaviour that conforms to the standards and expectations of the person at one side and to the behaviour that is appropriate to the age of the individual at another side (Athanimath, 2009). Individual slow to adopt these patterns of social behaviour is judged as being retarded in social development. Adolescents need to acquire more matured pattern of behaviour to be accepted by society and to be socially matured (Bretsch, 1952; Athanimath, 2009). Havighurst (1950) has emphasized the importance of attainment of social and emotional maturity by adolescence through his proposed major developmental tasks for adolescents viz., achieving new and more mature relationships with age mates of both sexes, achieving a masculine or feminine social role, achieving emotional independence from parents and adults, preparing for an economic career, and desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour. Social maturity creates trust, harmony, active co-operation and peaceful co-existence at one hand while social immaturity creates fear, discord, confrontation and quarrel at another hand (Nagra& Kaur, 2013).The social maturity has various aspects of social abilities as self-sufficiency, occupational activities, communication self-direction and social participation (Athanimath, 2009). At the stage of late adolescence, adolescents are expected to be socially mature, that is, they must be ready to face the world alone without someone else’s help. Social maturity and peer pressure plays an important role in transformation of young adolescents into an ideal citizen. Literature indicates that there may be gender differences in the degree to which, as well as the way in which adolescents are influenced by their peers (Brown, 1982, Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986); and social maturation. Hence the study was taken into account to study these parameters in late adolescents. METHODOLOGY: Sample: The sample consisted of Hundred (100) male students and hundred (100) female students from various colleges of Hisar District of Haryana. The individuals whose age range was 18 to 22 were selected and then informed consent was taken from all the subjects. Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 2 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents Tools Used: Socio-demographic Performa: A specially designed Performa for collecting information about socio-demographic details of the study sample. It has information such as–age, sex, residence, education. Peer Pressure Scale (PPS): the PPS is a 24-item self-report scale that assesses peer influence in everyday life situations. It was developed by Singh& Saini, 2010. It is a five point Lickert scale with one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree). The scale has five subscales and high scores on each scale indicate higher peer pressure and low score indicate lesser peer pressure in that form. Social Maturity Scale: social maturity scale was developed by Rao, 2002 to assess the maturity outcomes of school population. It is a four point scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and strongly disagree) consisting of 90 items both positive and negative .The scale consists of three components viz., personal adequacy, interpersonal adequacy and social adequacy. The test- retest reliability of the scale is found to be 0.79 and has been validated against the external criterion. Procedure: Sample for the present study was taken from Two Hundred (200) students out of which one hundred were male and one hundred were female students. The sample was taken on the basis of purposive sampling. After establishing rapport, informed consent was taken. The personal data sheet was filled and Peer Pressure Scale and Social Maturity Scale were administered on sample. Data analysis: Data was analyzed using the SPSS (version 16.0) statistical program. Student’s t-test was used to check the difference between male and female students. To find out the relationship between the two variables, Pearson’s product moment correlation was calculated. Results: The mean age of the Male and Female Adolescent group were 20.5±1.8 years and 20.3±1.7, respectively. As for occupation, all participants were students in both groups. As for residential background, in the male group 74% were from urban and 26% were from rural background whereas in female group 63%were from urban and 37% were from rural background. Among the male group participants, 86% were Hindu, 8% Sikkh and 6% were Muslim by religion whereas in female group participants, 89% were Hindu, 9% Sikkh and 2% were Muslims. (Table1). Table 1 showing socio-demographic details of participants Variable Age Gender Residence Occupation Religion Urban Rural Students Hindu Sikh Muslim Male (N=100) (Mean ± SD) 20.5±1.8 100 (100%) 74(74.0%) 26(26.0%) 100 (100%) 86(86%) 8(8%) 6(6%) Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 Female (N=100) (Mean ± SD) 20.3±1.7 100(100%) 63 (63%) 37 (37%) 100(100%) 89(89%) 9(9%) 2(2%) 3 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents Table 2 showing difference between male and female on variables Variables Male (N=100) (Mean ± SD) Female (N=100) (Mean ± SD) t p Peer Pressure Social maturity Total score Social Maturity(Work Orientation) Social Maturity (Self Direction) Social Maturity (Ability to take stress) Social Maturity (Communication) Social Maturity(Enlightened trust) Social Maturity(Cooperation) Social Maturity(social Commitment) Social Maturity(social Tolerance) Social Maturity(openness to change) 60.63±16.48 228.62±19.95 29.93±4.24 24.41±2.54 19.33±3.22 30.59±4.31 25.26±3.01 19.72±3.47 29.44±6.30 26.82±4.59 22.54±3.53 57.80±10.28 230.14±20.52 13.14±3.35 25.91±3.07 19.21±4.23 27.73±3.93 25.06±3.09 23.85±3.69 27.79±4.39 26.64±4.45 23.81±3.72 1.457 -.734 -.389 -3.764 .226 4.901 .464 -8.152 2.147 .282 -2.479 .147 .464 .698 .000** .822 .000** .643 .000** .033* .779 .014* **Significant at < .001, *Significant at < .05 Table 3 showing inter-correlation matrix of peer pressure and social maturity in late adolescents Variables Peer Pressure SM total SM(WO) SM (SD) SM (ATS) SM (Com) SM (ET) SM (Co) SM (SC) SM (ST) SM (OC) Peer Pres sure 1 SM total SM (WO) SM (SD) SM (AT) SM (Com) SM (ET) SM (Co) SM (SC) SM (ST) SM (OC) -.222** -.167* -.017 -.142* .061 .008 -.250** -.095 -.121 1 .755** 1 .441** .069 1 .364** .119 .164* 1 .584** .510** .084** .120 1 .357** .096 .270** .008 .243** 1 .430** .249** .379** .130 -.198* -.060 1 .701** .666** .015 .053 .623** .105 .034 1 .831** .641** .352** .093 .415** .350** .269** .565** 1 .397** .459** .194** .189** .241** -.108 .010 .455** .049 .380** 1 (**Significant at < .01; *Significant at < .05). SM total = Social maturity Total score, SM(WO) = Social Maturity (Work Orientation), SM (SD) = Social Maturity (Self Direction), SM (ATS) = Social Maturity (Ability to take stress), SM (Com)= Social Maturity (Communication), SM (ET) = Social Maturity (Enlightened trust), SM (Co) = Social Maturity (Cooperation), SM (SC) = Social Maturity (social Commitment), SM (ST) = Social Maturity(social Tolerance), SM (OC) = Social Maturity(openness to change) DISCUSSION: Adolescents are often willing to conform to their peers’ behaviours in order to be accepted (Newman & Newman, 1976). Conformity may create problems, however, when peers influence each other to participate in deviant activities (Flannery, Vazsonyi, Torquati, &Fridrich 1994; Dielman, 1994; Newman, 1984; Duncan-Ricks, 1992; Urberg, Shyu, Liang 1990). According to Harris (1998), peer pressure can cause people to engage in activities that they would not normally engaged in, e.g., take drugs, smoke, date, marry, have a job, have children and buy expensive items. The importance of peer relations can be understood by the fact that one of the most powerful and consistent predictors of adolescent risk behavior is whether an individual has friends who also engage in that behavior (Jaccard, Blanton, Dodge, 2005). Research on adolescent development suggests that, compared to adults, adolescent off enders tend to focus more on rewards than risks, are more susceptible to peer pressure, and have less decision making capacity. Studies have shown young adolescents to be more susceptible to peer-pressure than younger children or those in late adolescence (Pruitt, 1999). In the same line present study revealed that however both the groups Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 4 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents scored high on peer pressure scale (Mean: 60.63 & 57.80; see table-2); male scored higher score than female adolescents but it was not significantly differ. Paradoxical findings in present study can be explained by the fact that person who are heavily influenced by their peers are less likely to make own decisions (Adams, 1996); but late adolescents are more confident in their own identities; they are better able to make decisions independent of their peers. This explanation is also supported by the findings that in present study both the groups scored high on self-direction domain (Mean: 24.41 & 25.91; see table-2). These findings are also in contrary to earlier studies in which peer pressure was found significantly different in males than females (Dornbush, 1989; Eder &Hallinan, 1978; Giordano, 2003). As a general rule, in adolescence, individuals are not considered as socially mature as they begin to break away from their families and try out different roles (romantic ties). Social maturity is defined as a level of social skills and awareness that an individual has achieved relative to particular norms related to an age group (Raj, 1996). In present study, a significant difference was found between male and female adolescent on Social maturity variables i.e. self-direction, communication, cooperation and social commitment. Male adolescents scored significantly higher on communication and social commitment than female adolescents. These findings can be explained by the fact that in Haryavani population males gets more chances to communicate in groups (e.g. Panchayats; Khaps) because of male dominating society; and social commitment is generally considered as a sign of manhood. As far as female group is concern, females scored significantly higher on self-direction, openness to change and cooperation than male adolescents. These findings can be explained by the fact that in Haryana; elder members of the family are expected to control their children and rights of girl (inter caste marriages) are generally considered as a breakage of cultural norms and customary practices and a significant cause that brings dishonour to the family (Gupta, Nehra, et al., 2013). Hence, it seems quite plausible that in the culture, girls from their childhood get tuned to cooperation, openness to change and self-direction expect some well-known and honor related decision (marriage). These explanations are also seems to supported by the other researchers who claimed that boys tend to interact in larger groups of teens, while girls tend to have more exclusive “intimate” dyadic friendship relations (Dornbush, 1989; Eder &Hallinan, 1978; Giordano, 2003). Furthermore, in present study, peer pressure was found to be negatively correlated with social maturity and its variables i.e. Work orientation, Ability to take stress, cooperation, social commitment, social tolerance and openness to change. These findings indicate that the adolescents who are more socially matured feel less burdened by peer pressure or vise-versa. These finding also support the view of other researchers who holds that development process of peer pressure in adolescents had a strong role in socialization and identity development (Calsen& Brown, 1985). CONCLUSION: Worldwide Peer relations are largely considered as playing an important role in their lives as they begin to develop more intimate relationship. Peer pressure is a part of every adolescent’s life, and although positive peer pressure has its benefits, negative pressure can be one of the most difficult parts of growing up for some adolescents. Peer pressure is one of the reasons that make adolescents at much greater risk than adults for starting to involve in bad habits (e.g. smoking). Hence, it can be said that peers have a more powerful influence on adolescents as compared to that of other relationships. Whereas, being social mature is seems as a buffer against negative influence of others. Individuals who are unable to behave as his age appropriate in the society; may be considered as socially immature. An immature adolescent creates problems with his social relations and family relations. Thus a socially matured individual is well accepted by the peers as well as society. Understanding adolescents’ social development can provide greater insight into adolescents’ bad habits (e.g. drinking or smoking), its dangers, and ways to prevent it. Present findings can be used while helping this vulnerable population (pressures are a normal part of life and adolescents need guidance from their teachers, parents and other adults); so that they are able to handle these pressures in a positive way. Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 5 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents REFERENCE: 1.Adams, J. E. (1996).Understating adolescence: Current development in adolescence psychology (3rded.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 2.Allen, J. P., Moore, C. M., Kuperminc, G. P. (1995). Developmental approaches to understanding Adolescent Deviance. S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, & J. 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American Sociological Review, 43, 237-250. 15.Flannery, D., Vazsonyi, A., Torquati, J., & Fridrich, A. (1994). Ethnic and gender differences in risk for early adolescent substance abuse. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 195-213. 16.Giordano, P. C. (2003). Relationships in adolescence. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 257-281. 17.Gupta, R., Nehra, D.K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P., Kumar, P. Psychiatric illnesses in homeless (runaway or throwaway) girl inmates: a preliminary study. Dysphrenia. 2013; 4(1):31-35. 18.Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: Teacher College Press. 19.Havighurst RJ 1950. Developmental Tasks and Education.New York: Longmans. In Singh, Pant & Valentina.(2013). Gender on Social and Emotional Maturity of Senior School Adolescents: A Case Study of Pantnagar. Studies on Home and Community Sciences, 7(1): 1-6. 20.Jaccard, J., Blanton, H., Dodge, T. 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Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 6 .Study Of Peer Pressure And Social Maturity Among Late Adolescents 26.Pruitt, D. B. (1999). Your adolescent. New York: Harper Collins. 27.Radmanović-Burgic, M; Gavric, Z; Burgic, S. (2011). Eating attitudes in adolescent girls; PsychiatriaDanubina, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp 64–68. 28.Raj M. (1996). Encyclopaedia Dictionary of Psychology and Education. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. 29.Rao, N. (2002). Manual for Rao’s social maturity scale. National Psychological Corporation, Agra. 30.Singh S, Saini, S. (2010). Peer Pressure Scale, New Delhi: Prasad Psycho Corporation. 31.Steinberg, L. & Silverberg, S. (1986). The vicissitudes of Autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851. 32.Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986).The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851. 33.Urberg, K.A., Shyu, S. & Liang, J. (1990) Peer influence in adolescent cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 247–255. Rakesh Behmani Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India. Raj Kumar Lecturer Psychology, manpur, Palwal, Haryana, India. Dharmender Kumar Nehra Clinical Psychologist, State Institute of Mental Health, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Naresh Kumar Clinical Psychologist, (Haryana), India Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 9 | Oct 2014 7 Publish Research Article International Level Multidisciplinary Research Journal For All Subjects Dear Sir/Mam, We invite unpublished Research Paper,Summary of Research Project,Theses,Books and Book Review for publication,you will be pleased to know that our journals are Associated and Indexed,India ¬ International Scientific Journal Consortium ¬ OPEN J-GATE Associated and Indexed,USA ? Google Scholar ? EBSCO ? DOAJ ? Index Copernicus ? Publication Index ? Academic Journal Database ? 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