1. No category

Pure and ultrapure water
Hans de Nijs
WOTS 2014
Utrecht
Tap Water Contaminants
+
-
SALTS
ORGANICS
PARTICLES / COLLOIDS
MICROORGANISMS
DISSOLVED
GASES
Norms for laboratory
CLSI
watertype
I
geleidbaarheid (uS/cm)
0,1
weerstand (Mohm.cm)
10
silicaten (mg SiO2/l)
0,05
TOC (ppb)
actief kool
deeltjes
0,22 um
micro-org. (cfu/ml)
10
chloride (ppb)
natrium (ppb)
droogrest (mg/kg)
absorptie (254 nm)
zware metalen (ppm)
endotoxines (EU/ml)
-
II
1
1
0,1
n.v.t.
n.v.t.
1000
-
I
0,055
18
3 ppb
100
10
1
1
< 0,03
ASTM
II
1
1
3 ppb
50
100
5
5
< 0,25
III
4
0,25
500 ppb
200
10.000
10
10
n.v.t.
USP XXIV
EP
Purified Water Aqua Purificata
1,4
0,7
3 ppb
500
100
-
4,3
0,2
500
100
50
<1
0,1
0,25 (*)
I
0,1
10
< 0,01
n.a.
< 0,001
-
ISO 3696
II
1
1
< 0,02
80
<1
< 0,01
-
III
4
0,25
n.v.t.
400
<2
n.v.t.
-
Purity Requirements for Different
Applications
Quality Norms
Applications
Type III
Type II
Type I
Quality Norms
U.S.P
Purified
Water
Applications
Type III
Type II
Type I
U.S.P
Purified
Water
Analytical chemistry
Milli-Q
General laboratory
applications
RiOs
Elix
Elix
Atomic Absorption
Milli-Q
Glassware rinsing
RiOs
Elix
Elix
Autoclave (steam)
Biochemistry
automates
RiOs
Milli-Q
HPLC
Elix
Humidity chambers
RiOs
Blank preparation
Milli-Q
ICP-MS
Milli-Q
Cell Culture
Milli-Q
Ion Chromatography
Milli-Q
Cellular biology
Milli-Q
Microbiological culture
media
AFS
Molecular biology
Milli-Q
Production
Clinical analyzers
Elix
Dilution of samples
Elix
Dissolution testing
Milli-Q
Electrophoresis
Fog generation
Elix
Elix
Milli-Q
Elix
Milli-Q
Rinsing: wafers
Elix
Stability chambers
Washing machines
Weatherometers
RiOs
Elix
Elix
Elix
Type II/Analytical Grade Water
Feed to
Clinical
Analysers
Media
Preparation
Feed to Humidifiers
Feed to Glasswasher
Feed to an
Ultrapure
water
system
Total Water Purification System
Central Location
Total Water Purification System
Central Location-Duplex
Total Water Purification System
By Floor or by Department
Total Water Purification System
By Floor, by Department, by Use Point
“Satellite” Units
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Make-up
Water Purification
System
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Quality monitoring
Ease of use
Operating cost
• Space requirements
Pure Water Distribution
Storage
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
- Piping
- In-line UV
- Sterile filtration
- Monitoring
- Equipment operation
and control
POU Delivery & Polishing
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Monitoring
Ease of use
Space Requirements
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Make-up Water
Purification System
• Water Quality
-
Storage
Lab grade; Type III
Analytical grade; •Type
II Quantity
Water
Reagent grade; Type
I
• Water
Quality
Application specific; Type 1
Purification options
• Water Quantity
- Daily volume
- Usage profile, (peak use)
• Quality monitoring
• Ease of use
• Operating cost
• Space requirements
Pure Water Distribution
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
- Piping”
- In-line UV
- Sterile filtration
- Monitoring
- Equipment operation
and control
POU Delivery & Polishing
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Monitoring
Ease of use
Space Efficient
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Make-up
Water Purification
System
Pure Water Distribution
•
Water Quality
•
Storage
Water Quantity
• Water Quantity
Quality monitoring
- Volume matching make-up,
Ease of use
daily and peak demand
Operating cost
- Level Control
• Space requirements
• Water Quality
•
•
•
•
•
-
Materials
Conical bottom
Air vent filtration
Overflow, (sanitary design)
In-tank UV
- Closed design
- Sanitization/Cleaning
Water Quantity
Water Quality
- Piping
- In-line UV
- Sterile filtration
- Monitoring
- Equipment operation
and control
POU Delivery & Polishing
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Monitoring
Ease of use
Space Efficient
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Make-up
Water Purification
System
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Quality monitoring
Ease of use
Operating cost
• Space requirements
Pure Water Distribution
•
Storage
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
Water Quantity
- Pump performance-size
- Flow and pressure
- Pipe-Equipment pressure loss
• Water Quality
- Piping
- Materials selection
- Pipe joining method
- Good flow velocity
- Recirculating, no “dead-leg”
- In-line UV
- Sterile filtration
• Monitoring
- Resitivity.Conductivity
- TOC
- Sanitary sampling
• Equipment operation and control
POU Delivery & Polishing
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Monitoring
Ease of use
Space Efficient
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Make-up
Water Purification
System
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Quality monitoring
Ease of use
• Operating cost
• Space requirements
Pure Water Distribution
Storage
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
POU Delivery & Polishing
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
• Water Quality
- Type I, II, III
- Piping
- Application specific
- Purification cartridge options
- In-line UV
- Match equipment needs
- Sterile filtration
(dishwasher, autoclave, etc..)
- Monitoring
• Water Quantity
- Equipment operation - Flow rate
and control
- Match equipment needs
- Flow and pressure
• Monitoring
- Resitivity and TOC
- Operating & Maintenance status
- User prompts
• Ease of use
- Maintenance and User inter-face
• Space Requirements
Custom Total Water Purification System
Key Design Considerations
Pure Water Distribution
Make-up
Water Purification
System
• Water Quality
• Water Quantity
• Quality monitoring
Storage
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
• Ease of use
• Operating cost
• Space requirements
• Water Quantity
• Water Quality
- Piping
- In-line UV
- Sterile filtration
- Monitoring
- Equipment operation
and control
• Overall Considerations
- Design support and coordination, (linking all the parts)
- Service and Technical Support
- Validation Services
POU Delivery & Polishing
•
•
•
•
•
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Monitoring
Ease of use
Space Efficient
Total Water Purification System
Key Elements
Make-up
Water Purification
System
General
Glassware
Rinsing
Ultrapure
Polishing
HPLC
Tap
Water
Point of Use
Delivery
and Polishing
Ultrapure
Polishing
Plant
Tissue Culture
Autoclave
Direct Feed
Pure
Water
Storage
sterile
filtration
Buffer & Media
Prep
monitoring
Dishwasher
Direct Feed
UV
sterile
filtration
pump
Pure Water Distribution
Illustration; not to scale
General
Glassware
Rinsing
Ultrapure
Polishing
Trace
Element
Analysis
Piping Considerations
PVC
ABS
Polypropylene (PP)
PVDF
Comparison of Materials
Material
PVC
ABS
PP
PP-HP
PVDF
316L
-
-
<1,0
<1,0
<0,25
0,40-0,65
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
Steam sanitizable
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
Hot water
sanitizable
Ozone sanitizable
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
Chemical
sanitizable
~ Pricing: $/foot
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
$0.50
$0.90
$0.65
$1.7
$8.6
$7.2
Surface
RA(µm)
Extractables
Millipore Lab Water Range of Products
Install options to optimize and minimize space
Elix make-up water system with SDS
350 storage and distribution system
includes:
~7 feet
2000 liters/day Type 2 make-up
water
350 liters storage capacity
Integrated distribution pump
and all controls
30 liters/min at 40 psi
Minimum space:
Floor footprint: <5 square feet
– 24 W x 28 D X 86 H (inches)
~2 feet
Elix: A Combination of
Advanced Technologies
Elix
Product
Water
Tap
Water
Progard Pack
RO Cartridge(s)
EDI Module
Pretreatment pack
RO cartridge protection
Remove up to
99% of feed water
contaminants
Consistent production
of high resistivity
and low TOC water
Spiraal gewonden RO membraan
voedingswater
reject
permeaat
Elix: A Combination of
Advanced Technologies
Elix
Product
Water
Tap
Water
Progard Pack
RO Cartridge(s)
EDI Module
Pretreatment pack
RO cartridge protection
Remove up to
99% of feed water
contaminants
Consistent production
of high resistivity
and low TOC water
The ELIX process is best summarised by
the following description:
Complete
Performance
Monitoring
Key Features support Custom System-Loop Needs
RiOs and Elix systems: Control of external distribution loop
Elix System
Tubing for
Resistivity & TOC
TOC and Resistivity of Loop water
(optional)
SDS-200 or 350
UV
Lamp
Water
Detector
0.2 um
Durapore
System controls:
> SDS pump
> Loop UV
> ASM
> Loop “dump” valve
> Water detector
> Feed booster pump
POU
Bench-integrated ultrapure water systems…
Integral Modular Concept: Saving Lab Space
Milli-Q Integral Flow Schematic
Milli-Q Integral – Tap
Type II and UPW
Underbench
Keypad: Easy print-out of instant water
quality
A printer is easily connected to the
side of the Q-Pod basis
(the connection is protected by a
rubber cover when not in use).
To print, simply press on the printer
icon on the Q-Pod keypad.
Parameters Ultrapure water
Ultrapure Water and CO2
CO2
Air
Resistivity MΩ.cm
20-
CO2 + H20
10-
H2CO3
4-
HCO3 + H
CO3 + H
=
+
+
020 40
60
80 100 min
At equilibrium, the concentration
of [H+] from H2CO3= 2 x 10-6
mole /L or pH = 5.7
Resistivity and TOC in ultrapure water
20
1200
Resistivity (Mohm.cm)
18
1000
16
800
TOC
Resistivity
TOC
14
600
12
400
10
200
8
0
30
60
90
120
150
Tijd (minuten)
180
210
0
240
Ultrapure Water in PE:storage contamination
Conditions
Water samples: 40ml trace enrichment @ 2.0 ml/min
Column: C18 reversed phase (Waters)
Gradient: linear 100% water to 100% acetonitrile
Wavelength: 254 nm
2 weeks
1 week
1 day
1 hour
Control
0
5
10
15
Minutes
20
25