1. No category

xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Description
Page
No.
No.
CHAPTER-1
1.1
Comparison of membrane modules used for pervaporation
23
CHAPTER-2
2.1
Global suppliers of pervaporation equipment
48
2.2
Dehydration of ethanol/water azeotropic mixtures using
51
different membranes
2.3
Membranes reported in literature for n-butanol/water
58
separation
CHAPTER-3
3.1
List of solvents used for the experiments
63
3.2
List of polymers used for the experiments
64
3.3
Properties of industrial solvents subjected to pervaporation
64
studies
3.4
Advantages and drawbacks of inorganic membranes vis-a-
66
vis polymeric membranes
3.5
Physical Properties of PEBAX-2533 polymer
75
3.6
Membrane module fabrication
87
3.7
List of characterization techniques and relevant properties
94
CHAPTER-4
4.1
Comparison of pervaporation results for hydrazine hydrate
108
with data reported in the literature
4.2
Properties of PTFE membrane
111
4.3
Selectivity of microporous PTFE and dense PEBAX-2533
114
TFC membranes for different glycerol/water feed mixture
compositions
4.4
Effect
of
permeate
pressure
on
flux
at
constant
temperature (32oC) and constant vacuum (1 mmHg) for
PEBAX-2533 membrane
116
xii
4.5
Activation energy calculated from Arrhenius plot
119
4.6
Physical properties of NMP solvent
137
4.7
Physical properties of zeolites
138
4.8
Degree of swelling and diffusion coefficients of membrane
146
samples immersed in NMP/water mixtures
4.9
Effect of 4A zeolite incorporation on flux and selectivity for
147
NMP/water mixtures at constant temperature (30oC) and
pressure (1 mmHg)
CHAPTER-5
5.1
Solubility parameters of various solvents
158
5.2
Specifications of commercial PEEK hollow fiber membrane
162
module
CHAPTER-6
6.1
Comparison of experimental and simulated data for stage
187
cut and permeate composition in complete mixing case
6.2
Mesh details and solver parameters used for simulation
198
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Description
Page No.
No.
CHAPTER-1
1.1
Schematic of a membrane
5
1.2
Structures of different types of membranes
6
1.3
Illustration of solution-diffusion mechanism of mass transfer
9
1.4
Pictorial depiction of membrane distillation process
14
1.5
Simple apparatus for membrane casting
15
1.6
Schematic of plate and frame module
18
1.7
Schematic of spiral wound module
20
1.8
Schematic of hollow-fiber membrane module
21
1.9
Schematic of tubular membrane module
22
1.10
Schematic
representation
of
solubility
parameter
using
24
Liquid mixture systems that can undergo separation by
32
vectors
1.11
pervaporation
CHAPTER-2
2.1
Pervaporation unit operation using tubular membrane
39
2.2
Pervaporation process operated under (a) vacuum and (b) with
40
inert sweep gas
2.3
Comparison of membrane and VLE based selectivity in
42
pervaporation process
CHAPTER-3
3.1
Representation of different membrane morphologies; shaded
65
parts indicate polymer chains
3.2
Schematic representation of supported membrane morphology
67
3.3
Ternary phase diagram of phase inversion process involving
68
polymer, solvent and non-solvent
3.4
Illustration
of
phase
inversion
process
for
membrane
70
preparation
3.5
Photograph of membrane casting unit
71
xiv
3.6
Chemical structure of PPSu polymer
73
3.7
Chemical structure of PEBAX-2533 polymer
74
3.8
Step-wise procedure for preparation of zeolite incorporated
76
mixed matrix membrane
3.9
3.10
Chemical structures of chitin and chitosan biopolymers
77
Structural representation of ionic crosslinking reaction of
79
chitosan with phosphoric acid
3.11
Schematic of laboratory vacuum pervaporation/membrane
83
distillation set-up
3.12
Flow sheet of pilot pervaporation system in the laboratory
85
3.13
Photograph of PEEK pervaporation module and its stainless
86
steel housing
3.14
Arrangement of tubular membranes in a module
88
3.15
Arrangement of tubular membranes between end plates
88
3.16
Tubular membrane configuration
89
3.17
Principle of analysis by Gas Chromatography
93
3.18
Actual photograph of Gas Chromatograph (Nucon Make,
93
Model 5765)
3.19
Principle for XRD analysis
96
3.20
Measurement of contact angle on a dense surface
100
3.21
Significance of contact angle measurement
100
CHAPTER-4
4.1
SEM picture of cross-section of PEBAX membrane on PPSu
105
support
4.2
Standard RI curve of Hydrazine/water system
106
4.3
Effect of feed water concentration on flux and selectivity of
107
PEBAX membrane for Hydrazine/water system
4.4
Standard RI curve of glycerol/water system
110
4.5
SEM image of (a) surface and (b) cross-section of PTFE
112
membrane
4.6
Sorption
results
membrane
for
glycerol-water
mixtures
in
PEBAX
113
xv
4.7
Performance comparison of nonporous hydrophilic PEBAX
115
and porous hydrophobic PTFE membranes for glycerol
dehydration
4.8
Effect of permeate pressure on flux of PEBAX-2533 membrane
117
at constant feed concentration (90% glycerol) and temperature
(32oC)
4.9
Effect of feed temperature on glycerol/water separation
118
through PTFE membrane
4.10
SEM pictures of surfaces of (a) CS and (b) P-CS membranes
121
4.11
SEM picture of cross-sections of (a) CS and (b) P-CS
122
membranes
4.12
FTIR spectra of (a) CS and (b) P-CS membranes
123
4.13
XRD spectra of (a) CS and (b) P-CS membranes
124
4.14
TGA curves of (a) CS and (b) P-CS membranes
126
4.15
Sorption behavior of P-CS membrane in water and ethanol at
127
varying time intervals
4.16
Sorption behavior of P-CS membrane in low concentrations of
128
water
4.17
Effect of feed water concentration on flux and selectivity for P-
129
CS membrane (50m) at a pressure of 0.5 mmHg and
temperature of 30oC
4.18
Effect of low feed concentrations of ≤ 11wt.% water on
130
performance of P-CS membrane (50m) at 30oC
4.19
Effect of permeate pressure on flux and selectivity of P-CS
131
membrane (50m) using azeotropic feed composition at 30oC
4.20
Role
of
membrane thickness
on
performance
of
P-CS
133
membrane using azeotropic feed composition operated at 30oC
and pressure of 0.5 mmHg
4.21
Effect of crosslinking time of P-CS membrane (50m) on flux
135
and selectivity using azeotropic feed composition at 30oC
temperature and 0.5 mmHg permeate pressure
4.22
Chemical structure of n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP)
136
4.23
FTIR spectra of TDI crosslinked (a) PEBAX-2533 and (b) 30%
140
4A zeolite filled PEBAX membranes
xvi
4.24
XRD patterns of (a) PEBAX-2533 and (b) 30% 4A zeolite filled
141
PEBAX-2533 membranes
4.25
SEM images of (a) surface and (b) cross-section of PEBAX-
142
2533 membrane
4.26
SEM images of (a) surface and (b) cross-section of 30% 4A
143
zeolite filled PEBAX-2533 membrane
4.27
Effect of feed NMP/water concentration on swelling of 30% 4A
144
zeolite filled PEBAX membrane at 30oC
4.28
Effect
of
feed
NMP/water
concentration
on
individual
149
component and total fluxes of 30% 4A zeolite filled PEBAX
membranes
4.29
Effect of feed NMP/water concentration on selectivity using
150
30% 4A zeolite filled PEBAX membrane at 30oC temperature
and 1 mmHg permeate pressure
4.30
Effect of feed AcN/water concentration on pervaporation
152
performance using silica tubular membrane at 27oC and feed
velocity of 108 L/h and permeate pressure between 8-15
mbar
4.31
Effect of feed AcN/water temperature on pervaporation
performance
using
silica
tubular
membrane
at
153
feed
concentration of 20 wt.% water and feed velocity of 108 L/h at
permeate pressure between 8-15 mbar
4.32
Hybrid process scheme for AcN recovery in pharmaceutical
154
industry
CHAPTER-5
5.1
Blow up of hollow fiber membrane module
160
5.2
Structure of PEEK polymer repeat unit
162
5.3
Result of feed MTBE concentration on flux and selectivity of
165
PEEK hollow fiber membrane
5.4
Effect of feed MTBE velocity on selectivity and flux of PEEK
169
hollow fiber membrane at 30oC
5.5
Efficiency of MTBE separation at varying feed cross flow
velocity
170
xvii
5.6
Effect of feed temperature on flux and selectivity for MTBE-
171
water separation through PEEK hollow fiber membrane
5.7
Effect of feed MTBE concentration of flux and selectivity of
172
PDMS membrane
5.8
Effect of feed IPA concentration on flux and selectivity of
173
hydrophobic PEEK hollow fiber membrane
5.9
Effect of EDC concentration on flux and selectivity of
174
hydrophobic PEEK hollow fiber membrane
5.10
Effect of n-butanol concentration on flux and selectivity of
176
PEEK hollow fiber membrane
CHAPTER-6
6.1
Schematic of (a) complete mixing and (b) plug flow patterns in
181
pervaporation process
6.2 (a)
Simulation plot of retentate water concentration versus
187
permeate composition for complete mixing and plug flow
models at constant feed weight fraction of 0.05 % water
6.2 (b)
Simulation plots of retentate water concentration versus stage
188
cut for complete mixing and plug flow models at constant feed
weight fraction of 0.05 % water
6.3
Effect of retentate water concentration on membrane area
189
requirement for complete mixing and plug flow models
6.4
Geometries of (a) impeller 1 and (b) impeller 2
190
6.5
Path line on the membrane surface for two different rotational
191
speeds of impellers 1 and 2
6.6
Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) on impellers 1 and 2 alongside
193
the different planes parallel to the membrane surface
6.7
Comparison of TKE on the impeller and membrane plane for
194
(a) impeller 1 and (b) impeller 2
6.8
Vortex formation on the centre plane due to rotation of
194
impeller 1 at two different velocities
6.9
Computational domain of flat sheet pervaporation module
196
6.10
Meshed computational domain for numerical simulation
197
6.11
Experimental and simulation results for the effect of feed
198
water concentration on NMP flux
xviii
6.12
Representation of concentration distribution (in mol/m3) of
water
with
in
the
membrane
module;
feed
200
water
concentration= 10 wt.%
6.13
Experimental and CFD simulation results depicting effect of
feed
temperature
on
NMP
flux
at
two
different
202
feed
concentrations, Pr =1mm Hg
6.14
Process flow diagram for NMP dehydration using integrated
process of distillation and pervaporation
203