UMKC Writing Studio 816.235.1146 [email protected] www.umkc.edu/writingstudio Modern Language Association MLA Style What is MLA Style? MLA style represents the format sanctioned for the citation and the presentation of research by the Modern Language Association. MLA is mostly used by the humanities, and the citation style is recognized internationally. For more information on MLA, please refer to the MLA Handbook, now in its 7th edition or www.mla.org. Why do people use MLA? MLA allows essays to be formatted in a similar fashion so that papers reflect individuality through writing rather than format. MLA style also facilitates easy access for researchers constructing papers or developing presentations. Formatting a Paper Use 12 point, Times New Roman Font, and use only 8½ by 11 inch paper. Use Left Justification for everything except the header at the top of each page and the title. Use Right Justification for the header on the top right hand side of each page. The header with the writer’s last name and page number should sit one half inch from the top margin. Use one space after concluding punctuation. Center the title of the paper. Title should be same size, font, format, and spacing as rest of paper. Use one inch margins, and double space all text. Use a ½ inch indention for each paragraph. Write the date European style. Ex. 12 Aug. 2004 Last name and page # in header Student’s Name Professor’s Name Professor’s Class Date (DD Month YYYY) Title: Title:Use UseaaColon colon for for Any any subtitles Subtitles The first line of every paragraph should be indented a half inch. From Fromthen thenon, on,the thewriter writer should allow the text to wrap around naturally. Hard Hardreturns returnsshould shouldonly onlybe beused usedfor forbeginning beginning new paragraphs or block quotations. Writers should not place extra spaces between paragraphs and only need one hard return between each piece of the above information. 2 Basic Terms Internal Citations: When citing sources within an essay, the internal citation provides readers with basic information about a source. Ex: (Whitman 151). Parenthetical Citations: This term is another name for internal citations when the information is presented in parenthesis. External Citations: When citing sources at the end of an essay, the external citation provides readers with the information for locating a source. Ex: See External Citation Formats. How to Cite? When quoting in MLA, writers need to look for set criteria. For prose, writers need to find the author and page number of a work (Smith 76), but for poetry, writers need the author and the line numbers (Poe 15-17). When working with dramas, writers need to introduce the author in the text before a quotation and need to provide the play title and line numbers in the parenthetical citation (Hamlet 15-17). As writers incorporate quotations into their work, they also need to consider if they have a short or long (block) quote. Prose: Short Quotations (4 typed lines or less) Place the quote within the text of the paper. Introduce the quote with comma, and place the period after the parenthetical citation. Use quotation marks to show all borrowed material. Include author and page number. In literature, children often represent minor but important characters. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, “Weeks, it is true, would sometimes elapse, during which Pearl’s gaze might never once be fixed upon the scarlet letter; but then, again, it would come at unawares, like the stroke of sudden death, and always with that peculiar smile, and odd expression in her eyes” (1299). Pearl, Hester’s daughter, represents . . . Block Quotations (More than 4 typed lines) Place the quote one inch from the left margin, and omit quotation marks. Introduce the quote with a colon, and place the period before the parenthetical citation. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne discusses the impact of social code on the next generation as he writes: Pearl saw, and gazed intently, but never sought to make acquaintance. If spoken to, she would not speak again. If the children gathered about her, as they sometimes did, Pearl would grow positively terrible in her puny wrath, snatching up stones to fling at them, with shrill, incoherent exclamations that made her mother tremble, because they had so much the sound of a witch’s anathemas in some unknown tongue. (1297) Pearl’s experience shows the reader the impact of the scarlet letter. The author uses this example to make his . . . Poetry: Short Quotation (3 lines or less) Place the quote within the text of the paper. Introduce the quote with a comma, and place the period after the parenthetical citation. Use quotation marks to show all borrowed material, and use slashes to denote lines. She writes, “The greatest gift that ev’n a God can give, / He freely offered to the numerous throng, / That on his lips with listening pleasure hung” (Wheatley 25-27). 3 Block Quotation (More than 3 lines) Place the quote one inch from the left margin, and omit quotation marks. Introduce the quote with a colon, and place the period before the parenthetical citation. Use one hard return at the end of every line. In “On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 1770,” Phillis Wheatley writes: Hail, happy saint, on thine immortal thorne, Possessed of glory, life, and bliss unknown; We hear no more the music of they tongue, Thy wonted auditories cease to throng. (1-4) Italics v. Quotation Marks Basically, quotation marks go around parts of a whole. Italics are reserved for longer, complete works. So you can “do this to a song or chapter” and do this to the album or book. Quotation marks should be used around titles of articles, essays in a book, short stories, poems, chapters in books, Web site page titles, episodes of TV shows, songs, and lecture titles. Italics should be used for the names of books, journals, magazines, films, albums, long musical/dance performances, and ships. Footnotes and Endnotes Although footnotes and endnotes can be used with MLA, the style prefers the use of parenthetical citations, especially for citation purposes. For more information on the use of these notations, please see the MLA Handbook. External Citation Formats Template Example Book Author. Title. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Medium of Publication. Diamant, Anita. The Red Tent. New York: Picador USA, 1998. Print. Book with Multiple Authors First author’s name, and second author’s name. Title. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Medium of Publication. Caldwell, Ian, and Dustin Thomason. The Rule of Four. New York: Dial Books, 2004. Print. A Work in an Anthology Original Author. “Title of Piece.” Title of Composite Text. Ed. Editor’s Name. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Page Numbers of the Piece. Medium of Publication. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. “Young Goodman Brown.” The Norton Anthology of American Literature to 1865. 6th ed. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. 1198-1207. Print. An Introduction, Preface, a Forward or an Afterward Author. Introduction. Title of Composite Text. Ed. Editor’s Name. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Page Numbers of the Piece. Medium of Publication. 4 Rosenthal, Lisa. Introduction. The Writing Group Book: Creating and Sustaining a Successful Writing Group. Ed. Lisa Rosenthal. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2003. xiii-xviii. Print. A Translation Author. Title. Trans. Translator’s Name. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Medium of Publication. Christine de Pizan. The Book of the City of Ladies. Trans. Earl Jeffrey Richards. New York: Persea Books, 1982. Print. Article from a Periodical Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date: Page numbers. Medium of Publication. Yakir, Dan. “The Sorcerer.” Film Comment 17 May 1981: 49-53. Print. Article from a Newspaper Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper Date, edition abbreviated.: Page Numbers. Medium of Publication. Mills, Nancy. “Half-Mortal Merlin Full of Heart.” Chicago Tribune TV Week 26 May 1998, Sunday ed.: 3+. Print. Scholarly Journal Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume Number. Issue Number (Year): Page Numbers. Medium of Publication. Mark, Elizabeth Wyner. “The Four Wives of Jacob: Matriarchs Seen and Unseen.” Reconstructionist 63.1 (1998): 22-35. Print. Film Title. Dir. Director’s Name. Perf. List 2-3 of the main actors. Production Company, Year. Medium of Publication. Spider-Man 2. Dir. Sam Raimi. Perf. Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, and Alfred Molina. Sony Pictures, 2004. Film. CD Artist. Title. Publication Company, Year. Medium of Publication. Outlandish. Bread and Barrels of Water. BMG Denmark, 2003. CD. An Article in a Reference Book “Item looked up.” Title. Ed. Editor’s Name. Edition. Publication City: Publication Company, Year. Medium of Publication. “Violin.” Webster’s New World College Dictionary. Ed. Michael Agnes. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1999. Print. Personal Interview Name of Person being Interviewed. Personal Interview. Date. Knodel, Judy. Personal Interview. 8 May 2004. The Bible Title. Ed. Editor’s Name. Publication City: Publication Company, Year. Medium of Publication. The Oxford Study Bible: Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha. Ed. M. Jack Suggs, Katherine Doob Sakenfeld, and James R. Mueller. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Print. Map or Chart Title. Map. Publication City: Publication Company, Year. Medium of Publication. Japanese Fundamentals. Chart. Hauppauge: Barron, 1992. Print 5 Work Cited Only on the Web *Author. “Title of Work.” Title of Website if different from Title of Work. Version of edition if one. Publisher. Publication Date. Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. McWard, Jim. “McWard’s English Home Page.” Johnson County Community College. n.d. Web. 12 July 2004. * If no publisher, use N.p. If no date of publication, use n.d. Only include URL if your reader could not find the site easily without it. Work on a Website with Print Publication Data Start with the information you would use if the work was in print form. Then add (1) Title of database or Web site italiczed, (2) Medium of publication (Web), and (3) Date accessed. If the original page numbers do not appear in the online version of the work, use N. pag. Print Journal Accessed Online Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Title. Volume Number. Issue Number (Year): page numbers. Title of Database. Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. Myers, Sharon A. “Reassessing the ‘Proofreading Trap’: ESL Tutoring and Writing Center Instruction.” The Writing Center Journal. 24.1 (2003): N. pag. The Writing Center Journal Online. Web. 24 July 2004. Print Book Accessed Online Author. Title. Publishing City: Publishing Co, Year. Title of Database. Medium of Publication. Date Accessed. Dumas, Alexandre. Camille (La Dame Aux Camelias). New York: Atlantic Books, 1852. The Online Books Page. Web. 21 July 2004. Exceptions Same author of multiple works: When this occurs, group the works by the same author together, and alphabetize by the first word of the title. At the beginning of the second work, use three dashes instead of writing the author’s name. Ex. - - -. In the paper, distinguish between the works by putting the first few words of the title in the parenthetical citation before the page number. No author: If no author is available, leave it out and alphabetize the works cited list by the first key word in the title. (Key words do not include “A,” “An,” and “The.”) In the paper, use the first key word of the title when citing. Ex. (Art 76). Missing Information: In MLA, if a piece of information is not available, skip that piece, and move on to remaining information. Exceptions to this rule are pagination, publication date, etc. For a full list, see the MLA Handbook. Electronic sources often lack page numbers. Often writers encounter questions when incorporating electronic sources because these sources do not have page numbers, but if a source uses paragraph numbers (par. or pars.) or screens numbers (screens), use this information in place of a page number. Documents on Websites or in Databases: When citing sources from the Internet, always check the credibility of the information, and make sure to determine which type of online source is needed. Sometimes, writers need to combine or adapt entries to meet their needs. For example, if a writer finds an article posted on a personal website not written by the author of the website, the writer needs to adapt the website with a known author entry to fit his or her needs. Multiple authors: When citing multiple authors internally, use a semicolon between internal citations. Ex. (Smith 45; Logan 22-23). 6 Newspaper: Newspapers often have articles that continue over multiple pages. When citing a newspaper, use a + after the first page to indicate whether an article continues. Ex. A-2+ or 13+ The Bible: When citing specific books in the bible, refer to the MLA Handbook for a list of abbreviations. Works Cited v. Bibliography A works cited is a list of works referenced in the paper. A writer often researches more works than they cite. A bibliography is a list of all works read during the course of the paper. When constructing a bibliography, writers need to include everything they read associated with a project, not just the works cited. Works cited lists and bibliographies are a source of information for writers. When doing research, writers should use the works cited lists and bibliographies of their sources to find more information on a given subject. Formatting and Organizing the Works Cited/Bibliography Alphabetize works cited lists and bibliographies by author’s last name and/or first key word of the title. Indent all entries as the text wraps around. Smith 12 Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Print North, Steven M. “The Idea of a Writing Center.” The St. Martin’s Sourcebook for Writing Tutors. Ed. Christina Murphy and Steve Sherewood. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 31-46. Print