2014-10-15 Jay J. Van Bavel CONTACT INFORMATION New York University Department of Psychology 6 Washington Place New York, NY 10003 Phone: 212.992.9627 [email protected] www.psych.nyu.edu/vanbavel/ @vanbavellab APPOINTMENTS Assistant Professor (2010-present) New York University - Department of Psychology Postdoctoral Fellow (2008-2009) The Ohio State University - Department of Psychology Visiting Scholar (2006-2008) The Ohio State University - Department of Psychology EDUCATION PhD - Psychology (2008) University of Toronto MA - Psychology (2004) University of Toronto BA - Psychology (2002) University of Alberta FELLOWSHIPS, AWARDS, & HONORS SESP Elected Fellow (2014) Society for Social Neuroscience Young Investigator Award (2012) University of Michigan Training Course in fMRI Fellowship (2010) SPSP Student Publication Award (Honorable Mention; 2009) SPSSI Social Issues Dissertation Award (2009) SESP Dissertation Award (Finalist; 2009) CPA Certificate of Academic Excellence for Dissertation (2009) Summer Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Fellowship (2007) SSHRC Canada Graduate Scholarship (2006) APS Student Research Award (2006) CPA Certificate of Academic Excellence for Masters Thesis (2005) 1 2014-10-15 Ontario Graduate Scholarship (2004, 2005) John Davidson Ketchum Memorial Graduate Award (2004) University of Toronto Fellowship (2003) GRANTS Social identity and person perception. (2014-2017). National Science Foundation (PI Jay Van Bavel): $385,227. Eye-tracking and psychophysiological measurement in social neuroscience. (2013). New York University (co-PIs Jay Van Bavel, David Amodio, Eric Knowles): $42,898. Constructive and destructive responses to collective angst. (2012-2017). Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council – Insight Grant (PI Michael Wohl; co-PIs Dominic Packer, Eran Halperin, Jay Van Bavel): $209,900. When and how moral beliefs give purpose to moral action: A dynamic model of moral decision-making. (2012-2015). John Templeton Foundation (PI Jay Van Bavel; co-PIs Dominic Packer, Michael Gill): $378,113. The psychology of hate. (2009-2010). Mershon Center for International Security Studies (co-PIs William Cunningham, Simon Dennis, Jay Van Bavel): $25,000. A multi-level model of social prejudice. (2008-2010). Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship: $81,000 (PI Jay Van Bavel). The neural substrates of prejudice regulation. (2006). The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Clara Mayo Grant: $500 (PI Jay Van Bavel). PUBLICATIONS Impact (h = 14; i10 = 18) The papers below have been cited over 1000 times (as of May 2014; Google Scholar) Published Articles 1. FeldmanHall, O., Sokol-Hessner, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. A. (in press). Restoring justice: punishing on behalf of another, but not for oneself. Nature Communications. 2. Packer, D. J. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2015). The dynamic nature of identity: From the brain to behavior. In N. Branscombe & K. Reynolds. (Eds.) The Psychology of Change: Life Contexts, Experiences, and Identities. Psychology Press. 3. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Van Bavel, J. J., & Saxe, R. (2014). Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics of empathic failures and counter-empathic responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 110-125. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.007 4. Cikara, M., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014). The neuroscience of intergroup relations: An integrative review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 245-274. doi: 10.1177/1745691614527464 5. Gantman, A. P., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014). The moral pop-out effect: Enhanced perceptual awareness of morally relevant stimuli. Cognition, 132, 22-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.02.007 Featured in “Editor’s Choice”: Chin, G. (2014). Our moral vocabulary. Science, 344, 559. 2 2014-10-15 6. Hackel, L., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014). Group membership alters the threshold for mind perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.12.001 7. Jost, J. T., Nam, H. H., Amodio, D. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, online). Political neuroscience: The beginning of a beautiful friendship. Advances in Political Psychology, 35, 3-42. doi: 10.1111/pops.12162 8. Jost, J. T., Noobaloochi, S., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014). The “chicken-and-egg” problem in political neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 317-318. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X13001192 9. Kaul, C., Ratner, K. G., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014). Dynamic representation of race: Processing goals shape race decoding in the fusiform gyri. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 326-332. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss138 10. Park, G., Van Bavel, J. J., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2014). When tonic cardiac vagal tone predicts changes in phasic vagal tone: The role of fear and perceptual load. Psychophysiology, 51, 419-426. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12186 11. Van Bavel, J. J., Hackel, L. M., & Xiao, Y. J. (2014). The group mind: The pervasive influence of social identity on cognition. In J. Decety & Y. Christian (Eds.) New frontiers in social neuroscience. (pp. 41-56). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7 12. Gill, M. J., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013). More to morality than mutualism: Consistent contributors exist and they can inspire costly generosity in others. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 90. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12000799 13. Krosch, A., Berntsen, L., Jost, J., Amodio, D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013). On the ideology of hypodescent: Political conservatism predicts categorization of racially ambiguous faces as black. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1196-1203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.009 14. Nam, H., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013). “Not for all the tea in China!” Political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations. PLoS ONE, 8, e59837. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059837 15. Park, G., Van Bavel, J. J., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2013). Cardiac vagal tone predicts attentional engagement to and disengagement from fearful faces. Emotion, 13, 645-656. DOI: 10.1037/a0032971 16. Park, G., Vasey, M. W., Van Bavel, J. J., & Thayer, J. F. (2013). Cardiac vagal tone is associated with selective attention to neutral distractors under load. Psychophysiology, 50, 398-406. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12029 17. Ratner, K. G., Kaul, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013). Is race erased? Decoding race from patterns of neural activity when skin color is not diagnostic of group boundaries. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 750-755. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss063 18. Van Bavel, J. J., Xiao, Y. J. & Hackel, L. M. (2013). Social identity shapes social perception and evaluation: Using neuroimaging to look inside the social brain. In B. Derks, D. Scheepers & N. Ellemers (Eds.) The Neuroscience of Prejudice and Intergroup Relations. (pp. 110-129). Psychology Press. 19. Brosch, T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012). The flexibility of emotional attention: Accessible social identities guide rapid attentional orienting. Cognition, 125, 309-316. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.007 3 2014-10-15 20. Cunningham, W. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Arbuckle, N. L., Packer, D. J., & Waggoner, A. S. (2012). Rapid social perception is flexible: Approach and avoidance motivational states shape P100 responses to other-race faces. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 140. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00140 21. Park, G., Van Bavel, J. J., Vasey, M. W., Egan, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2012). From the heart to the mind’s eye: Cardiac vagal tone is related to visual perception of fearful faces at high spatial frequency. Biological Psychology, 90, 171-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.012 22. Park, G., Van Bavel, J. J., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2012). Cardiac vagal tone predicts inhibited attention to fearful faces. Emotion, 12, 1292-1302. DOI: 10.1037/a0028528 23. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). A social identity approach to person memory: Group membership, collective identification, and social role shape attention and memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1566-1578. DOI: 10.1177/0146167212455829 24. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Haas, I. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). The importance of moral construal: Moral versus non-moral construal elicits faster, more extreme, universal evaluations of the same actions. PLoS ONE, 7, e48693. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048693 25. Van Bavel, J. J., Swencionis, J. K., O’Connor, R. C., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). Motivated social memory: Belonging needs moderate the own-group bias in face recognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 707-713. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.006 26. Van Bavel, J. J., Xiao, Y. J. & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). Evaluation is a dynamic process: Moving beyond dual system models. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 438454. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00438.x 27. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012). See your friends close, and your enemies closer: Social identity and identity threat shape the representation of physical distance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 959-972. DOI: 10.1177/0146167212442228 28. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2011). Modulation of the Fusiform Face Area following minimal exposure to motivationally relevant faces: Evidence of ingroup enhancement (not out-group disregard). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3343-3354. DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00016 29. Wohl, M. J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011). Is identifying with a historically victimized group good or bad for your health? Transgenerational post-traumatic stress and collective victimization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 818-824. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.844 30. Van Bavel, J. J. & Cunningham, W. A. (2011). A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorisation: A new look at an old issue. European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 237-284. DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2010.543314 31. Cunningham, W. A., Packer, D. J., Kesek, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2009). Implicit measurement of attitudes: A physiological approach. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.) Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 485-512). New York: Psychology Press. 4 2014-10-15 32. Cunningham, W. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2009). Varieties of emotional experience: Differences in object or computation? Emotion Review, 1, 56-57. DOI: 10.1177/17540739090010011302 33. Cunningham, W. A. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2009). A neural analysis of intergroup perception and evaluation. In G. G. Berntson & J. T. Cacioppo (Eds.) Handbook of neuroscience for the behavioral sciences (pp. 975-984). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 34. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009). Self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group moderates automatic social and racial biases. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 321-335. DOI: 10.1177/0146167208327743 35. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009). A social cognitive neuroscience approach to intergroup perception and evaluation. In W. P. Banks (Ed.) Encyclopedia of consciousness (pp. 379-388). New York: Academic Press. 36. Cunningham, W. A., Van Bavel, J. J., & Johnsen, I. R. (2008). Affective flexibility: Evaluative processing goals shape amygdala activity. Psychological Science, 19, 152-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02061.x 37. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008). The neural substrates of ingroup bias: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Psychological Science, 19, 1131-1139. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02214.x 38. Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2007). The iterative reprocessing model: A multi-level framework for attitudes and evaluation. Social Cognition, 25, 736-760. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736 39. Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K. K., de Carrasquel, S. R., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., Bierbrauer, G., Singelis, T. M., Broer, M., Boen, F., Lambert, S. M., Ferreira, M. C., Noels, K. A., Van Bavel, J., et al. (2004). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 548-570. doi: 10.1177/0022022104268388 Submitted Manuscripts Coppin, G., Pool, E., Delplanque, S., Oud, B., Margot, C., Sander, D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (under review). Swiss identity smells like chocolate: Social identity shapes olfactory experience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Kappes, G., & Van Bavel, J. J. (under review). Framing morality: Top-down processes tune intuitive moral judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Stillman, P. E., Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (under revision). Valence asymmetries in the human amygdala: Task relevance modulates amygdala responses to positive more than negative affective cues. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Van Bavel, J. J., Xiao, Y. J., & Hackel, L. M. (under revision). A look inside the hive mind: How groups shape cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science. Xiao, Y. J., Wohl, M. J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (under review). The Perception Under Threat Model of Intergroup Relations: Assessing how intergroup threat alters perceptions of the physical world. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Weirs, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Van Bavel, J. J., Frank, M. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (under review). On the role of computational neuroscience in psychology’s dualities. Brain and Behavioral Sciences. 5 2014-10-15 Books Van Bavel, J. J., Amodio, D. A., & Phelps, E. A. (in contract). An introduction to social neuroscience. W. W. Norton. PRESENTATIONS Invited Talks Harvard University, Department of Psychology, March 2015 Columbia University, Social Cognitive Neuroscience Series, March 2015 Brock University, Department of Psychology, March 2015 Pace University, Department of Psychology, December 2014 VU University Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, October 2014 University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, October 2014 University of Alberta, Department of Psychology, August 2014 University of Calgary, Social Psychology Colloquium, July 2014 Oxford University Press, Webinar, April 2014 Brown University, Department of Psychology, April 2014 City University of New York, Social Psychology Colloquium, March 2014 University of Toronto, Ebbinghaus Empire, February 2014 Dartmouth College, Department of Psychology, January 2014 University of Toronto—Scarborough, Department of Psychology, December 2013 Leiden University, Department of Psychology, October 2013 University of Alberta, Department of Psychology, July 2013 Princeton University, Department of Psychology, March 2013 Dartmouth College, Department of Psychology, March 2013 Texas Tech University, Department of Psychology, October 2012 The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, May 2012 New York University, Psychology MA Conference, April 2012 Columbia University, Department of Psychology, April 2012 Yale University, Department of Psychology, March 2012 City University of New York, Cognitive Neuroscience Colloquium, October 2011 University of Delaware, Department of Psychology, September 2011 Lehigh University, Cognitive Science Group, February 2011 Princeton University, Department of Psychology, November 2010 Columbia University, Graduate School of Business, October 2010 McGill University, Department of Psychology, April 2010 Ohio University, Department of Psychology, April 2009 Dartmouth College, Department of Psychology, January 2009 University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, January 2009 University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, December 2008 New York University, Department of Psychology, December 2008 Princeton University, Department of Psychology, April 2008 The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, September 2007 Queen’s University, Department of Psychology, August 2006 York University, Department of Psychology, May 2006 University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, February 2005 Conference Symposia 6 2014-10-15 Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2015, February). Flexible automaticity: New approaches to understanding social influences on implicit evaluation. Symposium to be presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Long Beach, CA. Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). The flexibility of morality. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. (2014, June). When and why do we punish? Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Yudkin, D., Rothmund, T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Collective regulation: Group-level function of moral judgment. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Ray, J. L. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, May). The psychology of hate. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA. Freeman, J. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, April). Putting person perception in context: Insights from social neuroscience. Symposium chaired at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston, MA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Motivated social neuroscience. Symposium chaired at the Society for the Study of Motivation. Washington, DC. Hackel, L. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Group influences on mind perception: Novel insights into when and how we see minds across group divides. Symposium chaired at the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Kappes, A. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). New perspectives on the intuitive foundations of morality and cooperation. Symposium chaired at the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). The neuroscience of racial bias. Symposium chaired at the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Van Bavel, J. J. & Packer D. J. (2013, March). Moral reasoning redux: The importance of reasoning in moral judgment and decision-making. Symposium chaired at the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, NY. Hackel, L., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, January). Group influences on mind perception: Novel insights into when and how we see minds across group divides. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Dunham, Y. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, July). The roots of intergroup bias: The minimal group paradigm at age 40. Symposium chaired at the meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden. Van Bavel, J. J. (2008, February). Social cognitive neuroscience perspectives on intragroup and intergroup processes. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. Giguère, B., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2006, June). Social action in practice: Bringing social psychology to bear on social issues and public policy. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Calgary, AB. 7 2014-10-15 Van Bavel, J. J., & Packer, D. J. (2005, June). Social and temporal aspects of the self: Implications for interpersonal and intergroup relations. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal, PQ. Van Bavel, J. J. (2004, June). Intergroup research in social psychology: (mis)Perceiving the outgroup. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, St. John’s, NL. Van Bavel, J. J. (2004, June). A student symposium on intergroup research: Why can’t we all just get along? Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, St. John’s, NL. Van Bavel, J. J. (2003, June). Student research in international and cross-cultural psychology: A symposium on the role of context in acculturation, identity, and meaning. Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Hamilton, ON. Van Bavel, J. & Noels, K. A. (2002, June). The self and identity in cultural context: Student contributions to the study of culture and psychology, Symposium chaired at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC. Conference Papers Telzer, E. H., Miernicki, M., Troop-Gordon, W., Van Bavel, J. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2015, February). Chronic peer victimization sensitizes the adolescent brain to social rejection and belonging. Paper submitted to the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Long Beach, CA. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2015, February). Who do I like now? Social group identification shapes the formation and change of implicit evaluation. Paper to be presented to the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Long Beach, CA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, October). Beyond individualism: The psychology and neuroscience of groups. Paper to be presented at the annual Neuroleadership Summit, San Francisco, CA. Gantman, A. & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Out of (moral) mind: Belief in a just world and moral pop-out effect. Paper presented at the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Noorbaloochi, S., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Utilitarianism in the service of the status quo? On the moral justifiability of drone attacks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Sokol-Hessner, P., FeldmanHall, O., Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. (2014, June). Restoring justice: Punishing on behalf of another, but not for oneself. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Twardawski, M., Yudkin, D., Rothmund, T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Limited working memory capacity promotes in-group favoritism in punishment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Beyond intuition and reason: The role of construal in moral judgment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. 8 2014-10-15 Wohl, M. A., Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Collective apologies attenuate perceptual biases that stem from intergroup threat: A test of the Perception Under Threat (PUT) Model of intergroup relations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Yudkin, D., Thalla, N., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, June). Not in my house: Group membership changes crime and punishment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Justice Research, New York, NY. Noorbaloochi, S., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, May). Utilitarianism in the service of the social system? On the moral justifiability of drone attacks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA. Ray, J. L., Granot, Y., Cunningham, W. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, May). The phenomenology of hate: Moral concerns differentiate hate from dislike. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, April). Social identity shapes social perception and evaluation: Evidence from behavioral, electroencephalography and neuroimaging experiments. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston, MA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, February). Evaluation is a dynamic process and other lessons from neuroscience: Moving beyond dual process system models in human social cognition. Paper presented at the Social Cognition Pre-Conference at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Ratner, K. G., Kaul, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, October). The neural representation of race during face categorization: The influence of processing goals. Paper to be presented at the annual meeting for the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Florence, Italy. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, June). The politics of VfX: Bridging the ideological divide? Paper presented at the Collider Conference, New York, NY. Cunningham, W. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Arbuckle, N. L., Packer, D. J., & Waggoner, A. S. (2013, May). Rapid social perception is flexible: Approach and avoidance motivational states shape P100 responses to other-race faces. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Motivation, Washington, DC. Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Finding a mind across the partisan divide: Social identity alters the threshold for mind perception. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Motivation, Washington, DC. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Van Bavel, J. J., & Saxe, R. (2013, May). The roots of intergroup empathy bias: Intergroup competition and differentiation shape empathy toward in-group and out-group members. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Social identity alters the threshold for mind perception. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Kappes, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Subtle framing shapes moral judgment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. 9 2014-10-15 Krosch, A. R., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Political ideology and the representation of Blackness: Conservatives (vs. Liberals) have distinct neural responses to objective visual features of race. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Swencionis, J. K., O’Connor, R. C., Cunningham, W. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Motivated social memory: Belonging needs moderate the own-group bias in face recognition. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). Social identity shapes social perception and evaluation: Evidence from behavioral, electroencephalography and neuroimaging experiments. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, April). A look inside the hive mind: How group membership shapes perception and evaluation. Paper presented at the New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience meeting, Paris, FR. Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, April). Social identity alters mind perception: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Paper presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, April). Social identity shapes social perception and evaluation: Evidence from behavioral, electroencephalography and neuroimaging experiments. Paper presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, March). Perceptual model of intergroup threat: Exploring perception as a mechanism underlying the relationship between intergroup threat and discrimination. Paper presented to the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer D. J., Haas, I. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2013, March). The importance of moral construal: Moral versus non-moral construal elicits faster, more extreme, universal evaluations of the same actions. Paper presented to the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, February). Art on steroids: A social dilemma? Paper presented at the Style Frames Design Conference, New York, NY. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Van Bavel, J., & Saxe, R. (2013, January). The roots of intergroup empathy bias: Intergroup competition and differentiation shape empathy toward in-group and out-group members. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, January). Social identity alters the threshold for mind perception. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, January). Social identity shapes automatic social perception and evaluation: Evidence from behavioral, electroencephalography and neuroimaging studies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, October). A look inside the hive mind: How group membership shapes perception and evaluation. Paper presented at the Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 10 2014-10-15 Pre-Conference at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, October). A look inside the hive mind: How group membership shapes perception and evaluation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Social Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA. van der Toorn, J., Jost, J. T., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, July). System justification, religiosity and opposition to same-sex marriage. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Chicago, Il. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, May). When closeness breeds contempt: A perceptual model of intergroup threat. Paper presented at the Princeton Graduate Conference in Psychology and Policymaking, Princeton, NJ. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Van Bavel, J., & Saxe, R. (2012, January). The roots of intergroup empathy bias: Intergroup competition and differentiation shape empathy toward in-group and out-group members. Paper presented at the Group Processes and Intergroup Relations Pre-Conference at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Krosch, A. R., Berntsen, L., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, January). Political ideology and racial ambiguity: Conservatism predicts greater categorization of mixed-race faces as Black. Paper presented at Political Psychology Pre-Conference at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, January). A social neuroscience approach to self and social categorization. Paper presented at the Group Processes and Intergroup Relations PreConference at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, October). Motivated social perception: A social neuroscience perspective. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Person Memory Interest Group, Stratford, Virginia. Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, July). Self and social categorization: A social neuroscience perspective. Paper presented at the meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden. Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, January). The top-down influence of social identity on low-level visual processing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX. Packer, D. J., Van Bavel, J. J., Johnsen, I. R., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, July). The impact of moral construals on voting intentions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, San Francisco, CA. Cunningham, W. A., Van Bavel, J. J., & Johnsen, I. R. (2009, February). Affective flexibility: Evaluative processing goals shape amygdala activity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Tampa, FL. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008, June). The neural substrates of ingroup bias: An fMRI investigation. Paper presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Conference, Boston, MA. 11 2014-10-15 Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008, February). The power of ingroup bias: The neural substrates and evaluative implications of membership in novel groups. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Dion, K. L. (2006, June). Attitudes toward same-sex marriage: Genuine religious opposition or merely anti-gay prejudice? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Calgary, AB. Huggon, W. G., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2006, June). What is an attitude? Toward an integrated theory of attitudes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Calgary, AB. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2006, May). Erasing racism: Shifting ingroup favoritism via arbitrary groups. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J., & Sitt, T. (2005, June). The threatened self and aggression: A meta-analytic integration. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal, PQ. Van Bavel, J. J., Dion, K. L., Dion, K. K., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2004, June). The role of implicit prejudice on group-serving bias: Testing the ultimate attribution error paradigm. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, St. John’s, NL. Conference Posters Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, February). Group membership shapes automatic affective responses. Poster to be presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, February). Social identity shapes mind perception: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Poster to be presented to the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Noorbaloochi, S., Jost, J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, February). The ideological roots of moral exceptionalism: The case of American drone attacks. Poster to be presented to the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Ray, J. L., Van Bavel, J. J., Granot, Y., & Cunningham, W. (2014, February). The phenomenology of hate: Moral concerns differentiate hate from dislike. Poster to be presented to the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel. (2014, February). When closeness breeds contempt: The perception of physical closeness leads to intergroup discrimination. Poster to be presented to the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Yudkin, D., Thalla, N., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2014, February). Eye for an eye: Retaliation (not retribution) drives heightened out-group punishment of moral misdeeds. Poster to be presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX. Park, G., Van Bavel, J. J., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2013, May). Cardiac vagal tone predicts attentional engagement to and disengagement from fearful faces. Poster to be presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. 12 2014-10-15 Ray, J. L., Van Bavel, J. J., Granot, Y., & Cunningham, W. A. (2013, May). Lay theories of have (vs. dislike): The differentiating role of morality. Poster to be presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, May). When closeness breeds contempt: Perceptual mechanisms underlying intergroup threat and discrimination. Poster to be presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, Washington, DC. Nam, H., Jost, J. T., Campbell-Meiklejohn, D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, April). System justification is associated with brain structure. Paper to be presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA. Krosch, A. R., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, April). Distinct neural responses to categorical vs. graded race perception and the moderating role of political ideology. Paper to be presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, January). When closeness breeds contempt: perception of physical closeness leads to intergroup discrimination. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Ray, J. L., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013, January). The surprising flexibility of sanctity: How political ideology moderates the influence of group-level thinking on taboo tradeoffs. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Cox, C. L., Jost, J. T., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P., Kelly, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, October). Neural correlates of political ideology. Individual differences in liberalismconservatism are reflected in the brain’s intrinsic functional organization. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA. Cox, C. L., Jost, J. T., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P., Kelly, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, April). Political ideology is related to the intrinsic functional organization of the human brain. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, New York, NY. Ray, J. L., Van Bavel, J. J., & Tyler, T. (2012, January). Exploring the perception of pure evil. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Berntsen, L., Krosch, A. R., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, January). Black or White? Social identification shapes the categorization of racially ambiguous faces. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Hackel, L., Looser, C. E., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, January). Seeing minds: Social identity alters the threshold for mind perception. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Xiao, Y. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2012, January). When closeness breeds contempt: Perceptions of physical closeness lead to intergroup discrimination. Poster to be presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Xiao, Y. J., Rovinskaya, R., Segal, L., Mengers, A., Roylance, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, January). See your friends close, and your enemies closer: Social identity and identity threat alter the representation of physical distance. Poster presented at the Journal of Decision 13 2014-10-15 Making pre-conference at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX. Xiao, Y. J., Rovinskaya, R., Segal, L., Mengers, A., Roylance, C., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011, January). Social identity and identity threat alter perception of physical distance. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX. Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, November). Social identity modulates automatic face perception: Group membership overrides the effects of race on early eventrelated potentials. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, Chicago, IL. Hill, L. K., Van Bavel, J. J., Hu, D., D. Williams, D., Cunningham, W. A., Sollers 3rd, J. J., & Thayer, J. F.(2010, June). Resting heart rate variability is differentially associated with underlying hemodynamics in African American men and women. Poster presented at the annual International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, April). Social identity organizes face perception: The Fusiform Face Area responds preferentially to members of an experimentally created ingroup. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Montreal, QC. Van Bavel, J. J., O’Connor, R. C., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, January). The motivational dynamics of social memory: Identification with a mixed-race group replaces own-race bias with own-group bias. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Las Vegas, NV. Johnsen, I. R., Packer, D. J., Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, January). Costs and benefits be damned: The impact of moral construals on voting intentions. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Las Vegas, NV. O’Connor, R. C., Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2010, January). Motivational effects of need to belong on intergroup memory in minimal groups. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Las Vegas, NV. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009, October). Social identity organizes face perception: The Fusiform Face Area responds preferentially to members of an experimentally created ingroup. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society, New York, NY. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Johnsen, I. R., & Cunningham, W. A. (2009, February). The processes and outcomes associated with moral versus pragmatic evaluation. Poster to presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Tampa, FL. Arbuckle, N. L., Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Waggoner, A., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008, June). Flexibility in automatic intergroup categorization. Poster presented at the Social and Affective Neuroscience Conference, Boston, MA. Johnsen, I. R., Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2008, February). Affective flexibility: Evaluative processing goals shape amygdala activity. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. 14 2014-10-15 Van Bavel, J. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007, June). Shifting intergroup evaluations using arbitrary coalitions. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, ON. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Waggoner, A. S., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007, January). Flexibility in automatic social evaluation: Induced motivational states shift automatic intergroup categorizations and evaluations. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN. Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J., (2006, May). Rationality as a social institution: A preliminary model of decision-making. Poster presented at the Southern Ontario Behavioral Decision Research Conference, Toronto, ON. Van Bavel, J. J., Packer, D. J., Farb, N., Gonzalez, J., Chasteen, A. L., & Cunningham, W. A. (2006, January). Feeling two things at once: A functional dissociation between implicit and explicit ambivalence toward social groups. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Palm Springs, CA. Van Bavel, J. J., Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (2005, June). Social psychology as history: Awareness of the Implicit Association Test is a threat to validity. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal, PQ. Van Bavel, J. J., Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (2005, January). Implicit religious bias and intergroup attributions. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LS. Van Bavel, J. J., & Dion, K. L. (2004, June). Neuropsychology of prejudice. Poster presented at the Why Neighbors Kill: Explaining the Breakdown of Ethnic Relations conference, London, ON. Van Bavel, J., Noels, K. A., & Williams, R. (2002, June). Examining the predictive validity of social axioms on behavioral outcomes: A cross-cultural perspective. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC. TEACHING Courses Social Neuroscience Workshop – Graduate (VU University Amsterdam) 15 2014-10-15 Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2013 = 4.9/5 Moral Psychology – Graduate (New York University) Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2012 = 4.8/5 Intergroup Relations – Graduate (New York University) Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2011 = 4.3/5 Attitudes & Evaluation – Graduate (New York University) Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2013 = 5.0/5 Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2010 = 4.8/5 Social Attitudes – Undergraduate (New York University) Mean instructor evaluation in Spring 2014 = 4.0/5 Mean instructor evaluation in Spring 2013 = 4.6/5 Mean instructor evaluation in Spring 2012 = 4.8/5 Mean instructor evaluation in Fall 2010 = 4.7/5 Mean instructor evaluation in Spring 2010 = 4.5/5 Introduction to Social Psychology – Undergraduate (The Ohio State University) Mean instructor evaluation in Spring 2009 = 4.8/5 Advising Postdoctoral Fellows Shona Tritt (2014-present), Peter Mende-Siedlecki (2014-present), Sharareh Noorbaloochi (2013-present) PhD Students Julian Wills (2013-present), Jenny Ray (2011-present), Leor Hackel (2011present), Yi (Jenny) Xiao (2010-present) Dissertation Committee Amy Krosch (ongoing), Justin Aoki (Lehigh; ongoing), Christopher Crew (Columbia; 2014), Kyle Ratner (2012), Polina Potanina (ongoing), Laura Kressel (2011), Renana Ofan (2011), Dan Kirk (2011), Saaid Mendoza (2010) Master Theses Nick Ungson (2012-2014), Justin Duke (2012-2013), Yogesh Raut (2012-2013) Honors Thesis Bosi Chen (2013-2014), Jessica Dubin (2013-2014), Julia Schaus (2013-2014), Natasha Thalla (2012-2013), Ian Kurth (2011-2012), Leslie Berntsen (2011-2012), Bram Schumer (2010-2011), Rachel O’Connor (2008-2009) REVIEWING Editorial Boards Social Psychological and Personality Science (2013-) Ad Hoc Journal Reviewer Basic and Applied Social Psychology; Biological Psychology; Brain and Cognition; Cambridge University Press; Cerebral Cortex; Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience; Cognition; Cognition & Emotion; Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology; Current Biology; Current Directions in Psychological Science; Emotion; European Journal of Social Psychology; European Review of Social Psychology; Group Processes and Intergroup Relations; Human Brain Mapping; Journal of Applied Social Psychology; Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; NeuroEthics, NeuroImage; Neuropsychologia; Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin; Personality and Social Psychology Review; Perspectives on Psychological Science; PLoS ONE; Psychological Science; Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience; Social Issues and Policy Review; Social 16 2014-10-15 Neuroscience; Social and Personality Psychology Compass; Social Psychological and Personality Science; Trends in Cognitive Science; Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science Grants and Awards National Science Foundation, Russell Sage Foundation, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Books and Edited Volumes Cambridge University Press Conferences Canadian Psychological Association, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Social & Affective Neuroscience Society SERVICE University Deans Undergraduate Research Fellowship Committee New York University Education Policy Committee New York University Co-Director – Social Neuroscience Network New York University Search Committee – Psychology MA Program Director New York University Center for Brain Imaging Protocol Steering Committee New York University Center for Brain Imaging Protocol Review Committee New York University Undergraduate Research Conference Judge New York University Graduate Student Selection Committee New York University Co-Founder University of Toronto/York University Symposium on Social & Personality Psychology Co-Chair Social, Personality & Abnormal Area Meeting, University of Toronto Treasurer Psychology Graduate Students’ Association, University of Toronto Union Representative Psychology Graduate Students’ Association, University of Toronto Masters Students’ Representative Psychology Graduate Students’ Association, University of Toronto Vice-President Academic Undergraduate Psychology Association, University of Alberta Professional Media Awards Panelist Society for Personality and Social Psychology Co-Organizer 9th Annual Meetings of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Chair of Dissertation Award Committee Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Dissertation Award Committee Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Outreach Committee Social and Affective Neuroscience Society Campus Representative Association for Psychological Science Conference Volunteer Association for Psychological Science Graduate Campus Representative Canadian Psychological Association Student Section Student Representative Canadian Psychological Association Social & Personality Section Student Representative Canadian Psychological Association International & Cross-Cultural Section Undergraduate Campus Representative Canadian Psychological Association Student Section 17 2014-10-15 ORGANIZATIONS American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Association for Psychological Science (APS) Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS) Eastern Psychological Association (EPA) Social and Affective Neuroscience Society (SANS) Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) Society for Social Neuroscience (SSN) The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) PUBLIC OUTREACH Essays “Schadenfreude in Gaza?” Jay Van Bavel & Mina Cikara, The Washington Post (Monkey Cage). August 27, 2014 “Is that Jesus in your toast?” Ana Gantman & Jay Van Bavel, New York Times. April 4, 2014 “The dark side of power posing: Cape or Kryptonite?” Jay Van Bavel, Scientific American Mind (Guest Blog). November 21, 2013 “The seductive allure of neuroscience and the science of persuasion.” Jay Van Bavel & Dominic Packer, Scientific American Mind (Guest Blog). September 16, 2013. Media Coverage “How politics breaks our brain.” Brian Resnick, The Atlantic. September 24, 2014. “It’s perfectly normal to see Jesus in toast.” Olivia Waxman, TIME Magazine. May 7, 2014. “Are conservatives more likely than liberals to avoid cognitive dissonance?” Chris Mooney, Mother Jones. June 17, 2013. “Liberals, conservatives see mixed-race people differently.” Tom Jacobs, Salon. June 9, 2013. “Bias is part of our biology.” Gretchen Voss, Women’s Health. April 2013 “How money can change moral judgments made in haste.” Daily Telegraph. November 29, 2012 “Moral judgments are often speedy and extreme.” CBC News. November 28, 2012 “The enemy next door.” Sally Lauckner, NYU Alumni Magazine. Fall 2012 “NY vs. Boston: The endgame.” Neil Swidney, The Boston Globe. July 8, 2012 “Case Study: A fan’s brain.” Ben McGrath, The New Yorker. June 25, 2012 “Sci-fi morality: Could aliens save us from prejudice?” Jamil Zaki, Huffington Post. June 16, 2009 “When races mix, bias declines.” Merlene Davis, Lexington Herald-Leader. March 26, 2009 “How your brain looks at race.” Sharon Begley, Newsweek. March 3, 2008 18
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