Judicial Clerkship Handbook 2011 – 2012 University of Richmond School of Law Career Services Office 2011-12 Judicial Clerkship Handbook Table of Contents General Information Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 A Brief History of the Judicial Clerk ............................................................ 2 What Law Clerks Do for Judges ................................................................... 3 Judicial Clerkship Opportunities ................................................................... 6 Judicial Externship vs. Clerkship ................................................................ 10 Planning and Application Process Preparing for a Clerkship ............................................................................. 11 How to Choose Judges for Applications ..................................................... 12 Finding the Right Clerkship for You ........................................................... 17 Contents of the Application ......................................................................... 18 Application Timeline ................................................................................... 22 Application Procedures................................................................................ 23 Interviewing with a Judge............................................................................ 29 Etiquette of Accepting a Judicial Clerkship ................................................ 31 Correspondence How to Address Judges/Justices .................................................................. 32 Sample Cover Letter .................................................................................... 33 Sample Thank You Letter............................................................................ 34 Letter to Adjunct Faculty Recommender .................................................... 35 Letter to Non-Faculty Recommender .......................................................... 36 University of Richmond School of Law Judicial Clerks and Judges Alumni Letters on Judicial Clerkships ........................................................ 37 Faculty Clerks .............................................................................................. 46 Adjunct and Visiting Faculty Clerks ........................................................... 47 Alumni Clerks.............................................................................................. 48 Alumni with Multiple Clerkships ................................................................ 65 Alumni Judges ............................................................................................. 66 Research Sources .................................................................................................... 76 General Information Introduction A judicial clerkship provides a valuable opportunity to deepen your understanding of the legal system. The benefits are numerous: By working directly with a judge or judges, you view the legal process from a judge‘s perspective while potentially gaining an important mentor. A judicial clerkship strengthens your resume, opening doors to a successful career path. Graduates find greater success in their pursuits of firm and faculty positions with clerkship experience. Judicial clerks have the opportunity to network with practicing attorneys and other legal professionals. A clerkship can provide the chance to spend time in a new area of the country. There are a wide range of clerkships available, most lasting one to two years. Judicial clerkships exist at state and federal levels, in trial and appellate courts, as well as in specialty courts and administrative agencies. Many law students apply for clerkships immediately following graduation, while increasing numbers of alumni choose to apply for clerkships as well. The Judicial Clerkship Handbook is designed to introduce you to judicial clerkships and the application process. Please use this handbook in conjunction with the Judicial Clerkships course in Blackboard. You can learn the responsibilities of a judicial clerk through Professor Jones‘ What Law Clerks Do for Judges and through letters written by alumni who served as clerks. As you decide where to apply for clerkships, please consult How to Choose Judges for Applications and Judicial Clerkship Opportunities. You will find listings of federal judges on Symplicity and through OSCAR (the Online System for Clerkship Application & Review). NCSC (the National Center for State Courts) provides a listing of all state court websites and the Vermont Guide to State Clerkship Procedures (username: long, password: trail) describes each state‘s court system and clerkship application process. Many, but not all, federal judges follow the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan, accepting applications the day after Labor Day. Deadlines for state applications vary by judge and by court. Some students target applications to a small number of courts in a particular geographic region while others apply to a wide range of courts located across the U.S. and internationally. This handbook provides listings of members of the Richmond Law community who serve as judges or who served as judicial clerks. These individuals will serve as invaluable resources in your search. The listed Research Sources will direct you to helpful books and websites to strengthen your understanding of judicial clerkships. Please consult the Career Services Office as you strategize where to apply for clerkships and as questions arise about the clerkship application process. 1 A Brief History of the Judicial Clerk By John Paul Jones, Professor of Law T he practice of employing a recent law graduate as a clerk in a judge's chambers originated in Massachusetts in the summer of 1875. Horace Gray, then Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, engaged a Harvard Law graduate as his personal secretary. Notwithstanding the title then employed, the position involved the duties generally performed by judicial clerks today: review and organization of case records, research of applicable precedent, and preparation of memoranda or draft opinions. As support staff were not authorized by the commonwealth, Chief Justice Gray paid his clerk from his own pocket. When he accepted appointment to the United States Supreme Court in 1882, Justice Gray took both the practice of employing a clerk, and the practice of paying his wages, to Washington. The Attorney General of the United States first recommended creation of a paid position in 1885, and Congress created the first Federal judicial clerkships for the Supreme Court in 1886. Five justices filled the position its first year, and all nine had a clerk by 1888. At first, most justices hired law graduates for long-term employment, but Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (who had followed Justice Gray from the Massachusetts Supreme Court) preserved the tradition of short-term employment which would later prevail for most of the judiciary. While it is only speculation that Horace Gray's brother, the renowned John Chipman Gray, selected candidates for his brother from his vantage point on the Harvard Law faculty, it is clear that Justice Holmes, and later Justice Brandeis, relied upon then Professor Felix Frankfurter to select their law clerks from each Harvard graduating class. Law clerks appeared in the chambers of the Supreme Court of California by 1930, and within the next three years began serving jurists of the highest courts of Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania as well. The first judicial clerks in Virginia appeared in 1962, when the General Assembly, acting on recommendations by the Judicial Council of Virginia, the Virginia State Bar, and the Virginia Bar Association, appropriated for the employment of seven law clerks to assist the justices of the Supreme Court. That year, Justices Carrico, Snead, and I'Anson each hired "a graduate of an approved law school who would serve as a research assistant." John M. Pedigo was Justice Carrico's first law clerk. The General Assembly authorized a "Research Assistant" (as well as a secretary) for each judge on the Court of Appeals in the legislation creating the Court of Appeals in 1983. Virginia does not yet furnish its trial court judges with law clerks. At some time prior to 1981, the local governments served by two northern Virginia judicial circuits appropriated funds for circuit court law clerks. By 2007, at least thirteen of the thirty-one state judicial circuits had law clerks furnished by local government. Since at least 1981, the Judicial Council has urged the General Assembly to appropriate funds for circuit court law clerk positions. The General Assembly has so far declined to do so. 2 What Law Clerks Do for Judges By John Paul Jones, Professor of Law RESEARCH The function that defines the role of the law clerk is research. Every law clerk will perform the sorts of research learned in law school to find, in printed or electronic form, cases, statutes, regulations, or scholarly commentary relevant to questions of law. Such questions are most likely to be presented by a particular case before the court, but they can sometimes arise from a judge's request for an answer he expects to be generally useful. Depending upon the context, the law clerk may report the results of such research to the judge orally and informally (as, for example, when supplying a quick answer while the judge waits to rule from the bench). Otherwise, the law clerk may report in writing and formally, in the sort of legal memo with which law school has made the law clerk so familiar. (This is likely to be the form desired when the judge intends the answer for incorporation in an opinion, or for reference in future, similar cases.) Law libraries co-located with the seats of appellate courts are likely to have good collections and professional staff experienced in negotiating with other libraries to borrow what is not in the collection. On the other hand, law libraries co-located with the seats of trial courts, and law libraries found in chambers, are likely to be very small. The law clerk will likely be the only librarian. When a court or chambers is remotely situated, a great deal of seat-of-the-pants adjudicating used to be necessary. Nowadays, the virtual universality of access to electronic legal data bases like LEXIS and Westlaw brings very large collections of legal materials (not just cases and statutes, but treatises and law reviews as well) within reach of the remotest court. Thus, for law clerks working in remote chambers, electronic research skills are likely to be more important than traditional research in hard copy. Many judges budget funds for additional training of their law clerks in electronic research. ANALYSIS Almost as often as law clerks are called upon to conduct research, they are asked to perform analysis of contradictory versions of facts or law. Indeed, the two tasks are rarely distinguished in law school, where facts and issues are artificially limited to those necessary for a specific lesson on a particular legal doctrine. It is very different with real cases. Resolution of a case by a trial judge requires her to make findings of fact before she makes conclusions of law. Disputing parties will have offered contradictory evidence in various forms which must be sorted, compared, and evaluated in order to arrive at the judge's preferred version. The judge's preferred version becomes a finding enunciated in her opinion to justify her ruling. Some courts permit the parties to propose findings of fact; in these courts, the law clerk analyses record facts before endorsing to the judge one among the competing findings offered by counsel. In courts where the parties do not customarily propose findings, it is the law clerk who, after scrutinizing the pleading, transcript, and exhibits, drafts findings for adoption by the judge. Review of the record to establish that the trial court has found accurately the facts upon which its disposition can rest often requires a similar analysis of facts by law clerks in appellate courts. 3 DRAFTING All law clerks will draft memoranda for use by their own and other judges. A memorandum for use within chambers is likely to be the briefest and least formal. A memorandum for circulation to other chambers is likely to be longer, and more formal. A law clerk should first make sure he has understood completely and precisely the subject and purpose of the memo. He should then consult the chambers files for past memos to serve as models. He should adjust his plan for the length and complexity of the finished product to account for his deadline. (The definitive treatise can be worthless if delivered late.) In preparation for a hearing, a law clerk scrutinizes the pleadings and exhibits in order to prepare a clear summary of the relevant facts, and examines the pleadings in order to prepare an evaluation of the legal points and authorities relied upon by each side. The resulting memorandum is commonly called a "bench brief" or "bench memo." In appellate courts, the judges often divide among their clerks the chore of preparing bench briefs for the cases scheduled each court day and share their work products with the other judges assigned to hear each case. Some law clerks will draft documents for the record: orders, jury instructions, or opinions; others will not. Among those who draft, some will see much of their draft appear in the judge's final version; others will recognize but a word or two. For those who are expected to produce a first draft, it is important to realize that the draft belongs not to the clerk but to the judge. If a clerk's draft serves only as a stimulus for the judge's own crafting of an instruction or opinion, it has served an adequate purpose. EDITING All clerks will edit. They will read drafts produced by their judge, by a party, or even by another law clerk, checking to see that what they contain conforms to the proof and the law. This is more than simply editing for clear communication; it presumes that the clerk has an adequate prior acquaintance with the facts and law to make astute judgments about what has been written. Editing also includes the pedestrian jobs of proofreading, verifying quotations, and correcting citations to the court's standard or bluebook form as appropriate. When opinions have been chosen for publication, a law clerk proofreads again before transmitting the opinion to the publisher, and again when it appears in advance sheet form. The misplacement of even a comma can prove embarrassing to a judicial author, so meticulous proofreading is expected. FILING The clerk of the court is responsible for maintaining the master file for each case formally entered in the court. When that file is in the judge's chambers, it may be considered on loan from its custodian, the clerk of the court. Judges maintain their own files in their chambers; some of these files may pertain to active cases; others preserve the judge's collection of important documents in completed cases, or paperwork associated with collateral matters such as judicial council activities, speeches, or court administration. Some judges direct their law clerks, as well as their secretaries, to assist in keeping these files complete and up to date. 4 Some judges require their law clerks to process incoming mail (usually excepting those items marked "personal" or "confidential"). The advantage of this arrangement is that the law clerk can serve as a filter for inappropriate inquiries or communications which, if made directly to the judge, could jeopardize her appearance of impartiality. Another kind of mail and filing duty arises from the law clerk's duty to maintain the chambers library. The task is only burdensome when it has been postponed, and the inserts, updates, and pocket parts have accumulated. The judge and her clerk are both presumed to have read the first prints, in slip opinion or advance sheet, of decisions by other judges of her court and of the courts that bind her. The law clerk ought to make sure that the judge has seen important decisions among those that arrive in these formats. CALENDAR SCHEDULING Some law clerks keep their judge's calendar, scheduling meetings and conferences at the judge's direction, and, within guidelines set by the judge, rescheduling at the request of parties. Because the law clerk acts in this regard in a representative capacity, his communications with attorneys should be formal, tactful, and discreet. Clerks may also be responsible for handling scheduling for the hiring of the next judicial clerk. TAKING NOTES The law clerk takes notes at hearings and in chambers meetings where she attends her judge. These notes are for the aid of the judge, as well as the law clerk, enabling them to refer to a source other than an interested party in order to refresh their own recollections of what was said and decided. Often, in order to supplement his own notes taken on the bench, a judge can more conveniently consult his law clerk's notes than he can replay an audio tape or wait for a written transcript. Chambers meetings are not always recorded verbatim, leaving the judge with only the notes of his clerk as an alternative to the recollections of interested persons. 5 Judicial Clerkship Opportunities There are a wide variety of judicial clerkships available to graduating students and alumni. Opportunities exist at both federal and state levels for judicial clerks from a variety of backgrounds. While most clerkships last one year, increasing numbers of judges hire clerks for two-year positions or career clerkships. Competitiveness of the application process varies by court and by judge. In 2010, federal judges hired 1,791 judicial clerks, with 162 clerks hired in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit and its district and bankruptcy courts. Federal clerkship applications submitted via OSCAR (the Online System for Clerkship Application and Review, used by two-thirds of federal judges) were down slightly this past year, with 9,570 applicants submitting 382,828 online applications (an average of 40 applications per person). Half of all OSCAR federal clerkship applicants were alumni and half were current law students. Many state courts and judges reported record application numbers as well. With this in mind, it is important for applicants to start the process early, to strategize where to apply, and to submit well-polished materials to a variety of courts and judges. APPELLATE VS. TRIAL CLERKSHIPS There are similarities between trial and appellate clerkships: both entail extensive legal research, analysis, and writing. However, the daily responsibilities vary between the two types of courts. Appellate Court Clerkships – Strong focus on intensive research and writing with less time spent in the courtroom than trial clerks. Typical duties include researching and drafting memoranda on issues raised for appeal, drafting opinions, reading briefs, and attending oral arguments. Trial Court Clerkships – Time-sensitive and litigation-related tasks are required. Typical responsibilities include researching and drafting trial memoranda, attending oral arguments, writing jury instructions, and performing administrative tasks. Trial court clerks have the opportunity to meet and observe a variety of legal professionals with a weekly schedule of hearing motions. COURTS WHERE CLERKSHIPS ARE AVAILABLE FEDERAL United States Supreme Court – The Chief and Associate Justices may hire up to 37 candidates for these most competitive and prestigious of clerkships (in recent years, they have hired 35 clerks). Previous clerkship experience is required, typically in a federal court of appeals. Clerks are hired starting at Federal Judicial Salary Plan (JSP) 11, adjusted for the D.C. locality at roughly $62,000, though Supreme Court clerks have received bonuses of up to $250,000 upon joining large law firms. Federal Court of Appeals – There are 13 federal courts of appeal: the Federal Circuit, D.C. Circuit, and First through Eleventh Circuits. Our closest federal appellate court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, has fourteen judges: Chief Judge Traxler; Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, 6 Motz, King, Gregory, Shedd, Duncan, Agee, Davis, Keenan, Wynn, and Diaz; and Senior Judge Hamilton. Most federal circuit judges hire three to four clerks for highly competitive and prestigious one-year positions. Federal appellate clerkships serve as ideal positions for those who wish to join law faculty or appellate practice. Clerks are hired starting at Federal JSP 11, roughly $50,000. This base salary is adjusted for cost of living differences in some metropolitan areas. Special Note: Staff Attorneys – Many federal appellate courts hire staff attorneys, who serve as law clerks to all judges on the court. Staff attorneys assist in the screening and preoral argument stages of the appellate process. Federal staff attorney openings can be found on OSCAR. Federal District Courts – There are 94 federal district courts serving as the trial-level of the federal court system. Some federal district clerkships are more difficult to attain than others; the application process is especially competitive in D.C., the Southern District of New York, and the Western District of Texas. Our closest federal district court, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, has four divisions: Alexandria, Newport News, Norfolk, and Richmond. The Richmond chambers include those of Chief Judge Spencer, Judge Hudson and Gibney, Senior Judge Payne, and Magistrate Judges Dohnal and Lauck. Federal district court judges typically hire two to three law clerks, often for very competitive one-year positions (though a trend has emerged toward two-year positions). Clerking for a well-respected federal district judge can positively impact clerks‘ careers. Federal district court clerkships are ideal positions for prospective litigators and they can launch clerks to appellate-level clerkships. Clerks are hired starting at Federal JSP 11, roughly $50,000, adjusted for cost of living differences in some metropolitan areas. Special Note: Federal Magistrate Clerkships – Federal magistrate judges are appointed by federal district court judges and serve eight-year terms. Magistrate judge duties will vary by court, with magistrate judges working to expedite the civil and criminal caseloads. Magistrate judges often hear the same matters heard by federal district judges. Magistrate clerkships are fast-paced positions ideally suited for prospective litigators. Clerks are hired starting at Federal JSP 11, roughly $50,000. This base salary is adjusted for cost of living differences in some metropolitan areas. Federal Bankruptcy Courts - Each federal district has a bankruptcy court and judges typically hire one law clerk. While bankruptcy clerkships are obviously well-suited for those who wish to practice in the areas of bankruptcy or tax, they also provide valuable experience and contacts for those who want to practice commercial and business law. Clerks are hired starting at Federal JSP 11, roughly $50,000, adjusted for cost of living differences in some metropolitan areas. Specialized Federal Courts – Article III and non-Article III judges in specialized courts hire judicial clerks. Most specialized federal courts are located in D.C., though the U.S. Court of International Trade is located in New York. Specialized federal courts include the U.S. Court of International Trade, U.S. Court of Federal Claims, U.S. Tax Court, U.S. Court of Military Appeals, and U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals. The application process to specialized federal courts can be less competitive than that of federal district courts. Evidence of strong interest in the subject matter can give a candidate an edge. Clerks are hired starting at Federal JSP 11, roughly $50,000, adjusted for cost of living differences in some metropolitan areas. 7 Administrative Agencies - Administrative law judges (ALJ‘s) at a number of government agencies (including the EPA, Department of Labor, and International Trade Commission) hire judicial clerks. There are 1,150 ALJ‘s employed in 28 administrative agencies. Applications to ALJ‘s can be less competitive than those to other federal judges. Clerking with an ALJ is especially valuable if you wish to practice in a field regulated by the agency where you clerk. Further information about administrative law clerkships (including the results of a CSO/NALP survey of hiring intentions and application deadlines) can be found on Blackboard. Additional information can be found on the U.S. Department of Justice‘s Agencies website. STATE Highest State Court – A state‘s highest court can be called by different names – including the ―Supreme Court‖ here in Virginia or the ―Court of Appeals‖ in D.C., New York, and Maryland. Judges in a state‘s highest court hire one or two clerks for a term of one to two years. The selection process is highly competitive, but less so than with federal appellate clerkships. Currently, the Supreme Court of Virginia has five active justices (Chief Justice Kinser and Justices Lemons, Goodwyn, Millette, and Mims) and four senior justices (Justices Carrico, Russell, Lacy, and Koontz). Two additional justices should be appointed by the General Assembly in spring 2011. Some Supreme Court of Virginia justices hire judicial clerks during the summer months, before the Federal Law Clerk Hiring date, while others hire in the fall. Justices‘ chambers are not always located in the state capital, and the application process may vary from one justice to another. Clerkships in a state‘s highest court are prestigious positions well-suited to those with an interest in appellate law. Salaries vary by state and range from $30,000 to $63,000. Special Note: Staff Attorneys – Many state appellate courts hire staff attorneys, who serve as law clerks to all judges on the court. Staff attorneys assist in the screening and pre-oral argument stages of the appellate process. State Intermediate Appellate Courts – Most but not all states have intermediate appellate courts. Intermediate appellate court judges hire one or two clerks for a term of one to two years. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Honorable Walter S. Felton, Jr., is a University of Richmond School of Law alumnus. Virginia‘s Court of Appeals has ten additional Judges (Judges Elder, Frank, Humphreys, Kelsey, McClanahan, Haley, Petty, Beales, Powell, and Alston) and five senior judges (Judges Coleman, Willis, Annunziata, Bumgardner, and Clements). Please note that one or more Court of Appeals of Virginia judges may be named to the Supreme Court of Virginia by the General Assembly in spring 2011, creating new openings on this court. State appellate court clerkships are great positions for those who are interested in appellate law, and the application process is often less competitive than those of federal appellate and highest state court clerkships. Salaries vary by state, ranging from $30,000 to $55,000. State Trial Courts – Many state trial courts (often called ―Superior Courts‖ or ―Circuit Courts‖) hire clerks; in some courts, clerks are assigned to particular judges and, in other courts, clerks are shared among judges. State clerkships provide unique contacts with the state and local political communities, particularly in states with elected trial judges. State trial courts are fast-paced, with less formality than appellate courts. There is less emphasis on writing and more contact with the public and local practitioners. State trial court clerkships are ideal positions for those who hope to 8 become prosecutors, public defenders, and litigators. Salaries vary by state, with a range of $20,000 to $54,000. Specialized State Courts – Many states have specialized courts which handle probate, family, juvenile, and environmental matters. Some specialized state courts hire law clerks. These clerkships provide an opportunity to deepen your understanding of an area of focus, while also networking with professionals in that field. INTERNATIONAL There are opportunities - clerkships and short-term positions - available to law students and graduates with international tribunals and foreign courts. Rarely do these positions pay, however. Funding can be found through the Foundation Center and PSLawNet. International Tribunals – Opportunities include trainee programs and internships with the European Court of Justice, the UN‘s International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body. A comprehensive listing of opportunities with international tribunals can be found in Yale Law School‘s Opportunities with International Tribunals and Foreign Courts. National Courts – Opportunities include clerkships, associate positions (often, one year in length), and internships with the Supreme Court of Israel, Constitutional Court of South Africa, and High Court of Australia. More opportunities and details can be found in YLS‘ Opportunities with International Tribunals and Foreign Courts. “OFF THE BEATEN PATH” CLERKSHIPS Many Richmond Law applicants migrate to federal and state appellate and trial courts, especially those located along the East and West coasts. You increase your chances of attaining a clerkship by looking off the beaten path. Here are a few clerkship options to consider: Administrative Law Judges Judges Who Sit in National Parks Judges Who Sit in U.S. Territories Judges Who Sit in Less Populated Areas (e.g. North Dakota) Judges with Senior Status International Tribunal and Foreign Courts Native American Tribal Courts Federal Specialty Courts 9 Judicial Externship vs. Clerkship What is an externship and how is it different from a clerkship? Although an externship involves working in a judge‘s chambers, it differs from a clerkship in several ways. An externship is generally a volunteer position and can sometimes be eligible for course credit. Judicial externships are performed while the extern is still a student, either during the school year or during the summer. A clerkship is a post-graduate, paid position. Externs perform duties very similar to that of judicial clerks, including: legal research, preparing memos and drafting orders, writing draft opinions and stipulations, assembling documents and reviewing motions, memoranda, briefs, and other documents submitted to the court. Externships for course credit can be obtained through applying to the Clinical Placement Program, which is available to second- and third-year students. Volunteer externships, available to all law students not for credit, can be obtained by individually applying to a judge‘s chambers. To do so, you would essentially follow the same directions outlined in this handbook for applying for a clerkship. The application materials required may be fewer and the application timeline shorter. The best way to find out the specifics for each judge is to contact the judge‘s chambers and ask about the extern application process, if they have one. ADVANTAGES The advantages of judicial externships are almost the same as the advantages of a clerkship: the opportunity to work closely with a judge and receive insights into the judicial system. A judicial externship can also offer a nice boost to your resume. A summer judicial externship provides a student with practical legal experience to add to the resume and boost their qualifications. Another big advantage of an externship is that it can be a springboard to a post-graduate clerkship, particularly if your grades are not as competitive as you would like. Judges will often hire clerks who worked previously as externs. Be careful with this tactic, however; some judges make it a rule to not hire their own externs as clerks. If you are very interested in clerking for a judge after graduation, and you do not want to foreclose the opportunity, inquire with the judge about his or her policies before accepting an externship. Another great advantage is having a judge that may be willing to help you through the clerkship application process by participating on your behalf or by referring you to colleagues. DISADVANTAGES There are only two real disadvantages to a judicial externship. One is pay: none, unless you work through the Clinical Placement Program for course credit. The second is that you will probably work mostly with the judge‘s clerk, rather than with the judge. Often, the extern may find that he or she is working on projects that the clerk either does not have time or interest to do. However, since the experience is usually of short duration, the advantages greatly outweigh any disadvantages. 10 Planning and Application Process Preparing for a Clerkship P reparation for a judicial clerkship requires advanced planning and can begin as early as your first year of law school. There are a few things that you can begin to work on quite early in law school in order to ensure that you are properly prepared when the time comes to apply. Here are some suggestions of what you can be doing NOW, or what you might need to catch up on, depending on which stage of law school in which you find yourself. TIPS FOR FIRST- AND SECOND-YEAR STUDENTS Focus on your academic performance. If your first semester did not turn out as you had hoped, work hard in future semesters for improvement. Make grades and performance your first priority. Rest assured, however, that it is not just the top performers in each class who secure clerkships. Start cultivating relationships with faculty, adjunct faculty, and legal supervisors who can serve as recommenders. Recommenders should be able to speak highly of your research and writing skills, as well as your character and fitness. Take the time to visit your faculty during their office hours to ask questions. Seek opportunities to function as a faculty research assistant. Get to know your supervisor at work. Polish your writing skills through journal experience and publication. Give the journal bluebook exams your very best effort. Participate in national writing competitions. Try to get your upper-level writing requirement completed during your second year. Strive to create a polished writing sample. Participate in Moot Court programs and assume leadership roles in organizations. Consider a judicial internship or judicial clinical placement. Judges look highly on an applicant with previous court experience. Take every opportunity to meet judges – attend campus events with judges, bar events, and conferences or seminars where judges will speak. Introduce yourself. Discuss your judicial clerkship aspirations with alumni, faculty, and acquaintances – your best advice may come from those who clerked with judges or who know judges. Remain open-minded in your clerkship search, considering courts and geographic regions of all types. Attend CSO programs related to judicial clerkships, cover letter and resume preparation, and interviewing and networking skills. 11 How to Choose Judges for Applications By John Paul Jones, Professor of Law Here, I offer one answer, or set of answers, with the qualification that this set is but one of many, and may not be optimal in your particular circumstances. First, assess your marketability. At this stage, marketability is measured by resort to rather narrow criteria, those used in most chambers to choose among many applications the few to which an interview can be offered, given the time a judge can set aside during the brief season of law clerk hiring. The most marketable candidate offers the best evidence of skill in research, analysis, and writing. For most judges, law school grades are relevant evidence of these competences, so marketability varies directly with GPA and class standing. Most judges also consider relevant what John Douglass calls "a journal experience." A journal experience can be either membership on the staff of a law review or publication in a law review. If you are one of the top ten in the class, and on the flagship journal, you are as marketable as your law school's reputation permits. If you are not, then your marketability is less. Anybody in the top 20 percent here at Richmond, active on any of our journals or successful in moot court, is competitive for a federal clerkship. If you are nearer the top of that group, you probably still have a reasonable chance, even without the journal or moot court experience; if you are near the bottom of that group, those experiences are more important, and without them your chances are low, but certainly not nil. At any level of marketability, your chances increase or decrease depending on the degree to which you are geographically challenged. If a particular location is more important than career success, your chances are reduced to the number of clerkship vacancies in the court at that location, divided by the number of those applying. Greg Golden, U.S. District Judge Merhige‘s last law clerk, told those assembled for the 1998 Judicial Clerkship program sponsored by the Career Services Office, that "Harvard Law School graduates will go anywhere for a federal clerkship." John Douglass, a top Harvard Law graduate with experience on Harvard's flagship journal, admitted to applying to a number of federal judges around the country, and clerked in Baltimore, a city with which he had no previous tie. If those at Harvard are willing to relocate from the attractive environs of Cambridge and Boston, they must know something about the value of a federal clerkship, something they‘ve learned from credible and trustworthy advisors. Besides the performance factors generally relied upon by federal judges for the first phase of the selection process, you may have other traits or characteristics of interest to particular judges. Senior Judge Wallace of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is a devout Mormon and favors graduates of the law schools of Brigham Young University and the University of Utah. Most judges have a soft spot for the graduates of the law schools from which they came. Judge Stamp of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia has certainly exhibited a willingness to hire grads from Richmond. Only a relatively few students from T.C. Williams have ever applied to our other graduate on the Federal bench, Judge Schlesinger of the U.S. District Court for the 12 Middle District of Florida, so it is hard to say whether he, too, would favor applicants from his law school, but I have no reason to believe he would act atypically. With a judge, you might otherwise share a college or university, a fraternity or sorority, or a particular experience, like participation in a varsity sport or military service. Among those who have excelled in school while competing athletically, there is clearly a sympathetic bond. Among those who have served in an elite military unit, there is a similar attachment. Some federal judges maintain close ties with their ethnic group. Perhaps you and a federal judge have both been law enforcement officers, or offshore racers. Perhaps you have mutual acquaintances. If you‘ve impressed your law professors, they might have special connections with particular judges for whom they themselves once clerked or with whom they have worked on committees. Now look at the other side of the equation. Some courts and judges attract much more attention than do others, so that competition is greater for some clerkships than for others. Most law clerks serving justices in the U.S. Supreme Court have already served as a law clerk for a judge on a U.S. Court of Appeals. A few come directly from the elite among law schools, with sterling credentials and strong recommendations from former clerks and professors. The U.S. Supreme Court is the toughest market to crack, and a graduate from T.C. Williams hasn‘t yet. For it to happen, a very successful T.C. Williams student would have to serve first as a clerk to one of the judges on a court of appeals to whom a justice routinely turns for his or her clerks. Some judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals hire only those who have clerked before, but this practice is far less prevalent than it is on the U.S. Supreme Court. The prestige of a federal appellate clerkship attracts the most applicants, so most of these go to those at the elite schools with sterling credentials and strong recommendations from former clerks and professors. Remember that law students from Stanford, Yale, and Harvard will go anywhere to get a federal clerkship, so that they can be found clerking in Fargo, N.D., Abingdon, Va., and Reno, Nevada. By the same token, because many students are, or imagine themselves to be, geographically challenged, re-location reduces competition, and some federal appellate clerkships are within the reach of some of you. Rita Poindexter, TCW '00, worked after graduation for Chief Judge Arnold of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. While the Fourth Circuit‘s judges are most likely to know something about T.C. Williams because more of our graduates practice in this circuit, and its headquarters is located in our backyard, the Fourth Circuit is also home to a disproportionate number of the top law schools in the country. Thus, the disadvantage of applying to a distant circuit court may be more illusory than real. At least when I was in his chambers as a humble extern, Judge Wallace of the Ninth Circuit declined to interview any applicants but those from the top ten percent at the top ten law schools who had a journal experience (and the top students from BYU or Utah). Judge Wallace‘s chambers are in San Diego, and he attracted 600+ applications each year. I have a hard time believing that Judge Kleinfeld, whose chambers are in Fairbanks, or Judge Trott, whose chambers are in Boise, face the same avalanche of applications each year. Having said all this, I suppose that I still believe that only the top ten from your class have a realistic chance of winning an interview this spring with any judge on a federal court of appeals, without some personal connection. Those of you who clerk for a federal district judge immediately after graduation, however, may well have a shot at an appellate clerkship afterward. The biggest federal market is that of the district judges, each of whom may hire two clerks each 13 year. Everything I‘ve said about credentials, connections, and geographic flexibility applies here as well. Some federal district court judges attract more applications, including more from the elite schools, than do some federal appellate judges. When John Douglass and I both sought clerkships in 1980, District Judge Gerhard Gisell attracted many applications because he had recently presided over Watergate-related cases in the district court for the District of Columbia. I would imagine that, more recently, District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson attracted similar attention, given his role in the Microsoft antitrust case. There are plenty of federal judicial districts in which there no law schools situated, so that all of the law clerks have to come from someplace else. Other districts are located in states with only one or two law schools, without much academic reputation. The absence of a home-field advantage in such districts is therefore an advantage for you. Judges have judicial careers and make for themselves judicial reputations. The most attractive are those with excellent reputations, especially those still actively trying cases or hearing appeals. Some senior judges carry full case loads; others are in the twilight of their careers, now physically unable to carry a full load any more. Newly appointed judges have yet to acquire a reputation, except that which lingers from an unpleasant confirmation process. Clerking for a rookie judge is an investment of one‘s contributions in the first critical years of that judge‘s tenure, a sort of joint venture, with the expectation that the judge will grow in power and prestige. A judge‘s first law clerks enjoy a special status thereafter. Rookie judges are the least likely to depend on narrow pipelines or referral networks for their clerks. All judges have the capacity to advance the post-clerkship careers of the law clerks with whom they are satisfied. Some judges intervene more directly than others; the reputations of some judges are enough to aid their protégés, without the judge‘s active involvement. What sort of lawyering you want to do after the clerkship (or at least now suspect you might) ought to make some judges more attractive than others. If you want to try cases as a federal prosecutor, a judge who is a former federal prosecutor ought to be of more help to your post-clerking career than a judge who was formerly a medical malpractice litigator. If you want to practice in a law firm with global aspirations, then a judge who used to be a partner in that firm ought to smooth your employment there more than any other judge could. These are but examples of a general proposition embracing all sorts of legal careers. While the federal district courts have a common subject matter jurisdiction, some are going to hear more of one sort of case than others. The law clerks who work for the district courts in Norfolk, New Orleans, or Jacksonville are much more likely to hear admiralty cases than are those who work in the district courts in Abington, Boise, or Columbia, S.C. If you want to be a federal prosecutor, go where crimes are tried in federal courts. (In the Eastern District of Virginia, for example, Project Exile has made ―guns and drugs a tradition.‖) The same sort of advice should work for those with an interest in immigration law, environmental enforcement, tax, patent, securities, or construction law. There are a few specialized federal courts: the Court of Federal Claims, the Tax Court, the Court of International Trade, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the Court of Veterans Appeals. The Court of Federal Claims hears cases from all over the country in which contract claims are asserted against the federal government, whether by corporate government contractors 14 like General Dynamics or IDS, or by government employees. It has an important Indian treaty jurisdiction. The Court of International Trade hears cases arising under multi- and bi-lateral trade agreements. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit hears appeals from the Patent Office and from the Court of Federal Claims. The names of the others give at least a hint of their jurisdictions. We have had good connections with the Court of Federal Claims, where I clerked many years ago and where Senior Judge Loren Smith, a friend and collaborator of Professor Wolf (a member of our faculty for many years who is now at Florida State), used to be the Chief Judge. A clerkship there offers employment futures not only in the area of federal government contract law, but also with large full-service law firms in which such a department is commonplace, and with other federal agencies like Justice, the SEC or FTC. It is most likely to lead to a career based in D.C., but not necessarily. Clerkships with magistrate judges are generally viewed as less prestigious than clerkships with judges in the district courts by whom they are directed. On the other hand, some magistrate judges have excellent reputations and disproportionate influence. One holds court in the Grand Canyon. A clerkship with a magistrate judge may be the answer for those of you who are committed to a clerkship in a geographically attractive, and therefore competitive, district. Everything I have said about the influence a judge can have on your post-clerking career is true for magistrate judges as well. Before you apply to one of them, familiarize yourself with the subject matter jurisdiction of a federal magistrate judge. Clerkships with bankruptcy courts are generally viewed as less prestigious than clerkships with the district courts with which they are associated. Unlike district court judges and magistrate judges, bankruptcy judges hear no criminal cases. That bankruptcy courts entertain only actions in bankruptcy means that they proceed by different procedure than the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, but bankruptcy cases involve a very wide range of commercial and contractual affairs, so that clerking in a bankruptcy court offers very fine preparation for a career in commercial law or business law, especially one concentrating in commercial and business litigation. Some federal district courts have judicial clerks who deal with prisoner litigation and other cases brought by pro se plaintiffs. Pro se clerks are most likely to be found in those courts in districts in which federal prisons are located. One judge of the district court takes on the pro se clerk as his or her assistant. These clerkships, because they do not deal with civil cases or with high profile criminal prosecutions, are often regarded as less desirable by many students, although they deal with civil rights issues, often of constitutional dimension. Nevertheless, they offer the same benefits, tangible and otherwise, as do other federal clerkships. Can you see how you can assign yourself a composite attractiveness value based on your credentials and connections, and then assign composite values to judges based on connections, court level, geography, and types of cases? 15 Based on all this, I suggest a plan: Consult OSCAR (The Online System for Clerkship Application & Review) to discover what judges will be buying when you will enter the market selling. Browse the books which give background information on federal judges, looking for connections of the sort I‘ve described, the diversity of their cases, and their geographic locations. Based on your estimate of your own marketability, focus your search on a tier of courts and pick twenty judges you find attractive and think you can make a connection with. Go to the higher tiers and pick five more; go to the lower tiers and pick five more. You‘ve now got a list of thirty, including five long shots and five sure things. Focus on those thirty, collecting what information you can in the library, the Career Services Office, and online. After initial research, you may find half a dozen should be replaced or abandoned. When you have a manageable list of good prospects, it will be time to make some phone calls. After the phone calls, it will be time to plan the process by which you prepare and submit your applications. 16 Finding the Right Clerkship for You It is important that you meet a court‘s hiring criteria before you apply for a judicial clerkship. You need to analyze your own long-range career goals as well as the strength of your application to determine which clerkship is best for you. Please refer to the Judicial Clerkship Opportunities section to familiarize yourself with the wide range of available clerkships. You will find comprehensive listings of federal judges and federal clerkship openings on OSCAR. State courts and clerkship application procedures can be found through the Vermont Guide to State Judicial Clerkships (username: long, password: trail). Consult the Career Services Office and your faculty as you strategize where to apply. The Research Sources at the end of this handbook provide additional information to assist you in selecting the courts and judges to whom you should apply. SPECIFICS ABOUT THE JUDGE After you have decided which courts to which you will apply, seek specific information about specific judges to refine your application list. Here are a few questions to ponder as you create your list: Do you and the judge share the same political viewpoint? Is the judge respected by his/her peers? What is the judge‘s managerial style? How recently was the judge appointed? Is the judge‘s geographical location feasible for you? Finding the answers to these questions will require time, but is not too difficult. Westlaw will prove to be a valuable tool in researching judges. You may refer to Blackboard for a podcast tutorial on researching judges in Westlaw. 17 Contents of the Application Your applications will generally include a cover letter, resume, transcript, writing sample, and at least two, and often three, letters of recommendation. Everything must be impeccably proofread! With so many high quality applicants, typos and other small mistakes can automatically result in your application going in the trash. One judge indicated that approximately 30% of all applications he receives are tossed away because of errors, including typos, mistakes in the judge‘s title (―justice‖ instead of ―judge,‖ or vice versa, where applicable), inappropriate abbreviations and incorrect naming of the court. Judges seek clerks with strong research and writing skills. Everything in your application packet (including your resume and cover letter) is considered a writing sample. By starting early, you will not need to rush to put your applications together and will have plenty of time for proofreading. RESUME Please spend time in the spring of second year to go over your resume with a CSO counselor. It is important to emphasize the research and writing experience that you have gained in law school. Keep the resume concise and clear. Remember that some older judges may have difficulty reading a resume with a particularly small font size. Speak with a CSO counselor if you are having trouble managing the length and font size of your resume. As academic performance tends to be an important factor for obtaining a judicial clerkship, particularly on the federal level, it is preferable (not mandatory) to list your GPA and class rank on your resume. Do be sure to update your resume with your summer employment information. COVER LETTER Cover letters should emphasize your interest in a judicial clerkship as well as the skills you have obtained in law school that pertain to the qualifications of a judicial clerk, namely research and writing skills, journal experience, academic performance, or previous judicial intern experience. Two common mistakes that students make on cover letters are making them too lengthy and/or too generic. Do your best to customize each letter for each judge. For this reason, we strongly recommend that you do not use the online editor feature on OSCAR. Judges are very interested in knowing whether you sincerely want to work for them or if they are just one employer on a long list. If you have properly researched the judge before applying, tailoring your cover letter to the judge should be much simpler. You should consider addressing your specific interest in the specific court, which might include interest in the subject matter, or decisions of the specific judge. This extra effort sends a message that you have done your research, and that your interest is sincere and deliberate. Remember that your cover letter is a writing sample and is also a demonstration of your research skills. It must be polished, concise, customized, and engaging. Please refer to the guidelines for ―How to Address Justices and Judges in Correspondence‖ as well as the sample cover letter included in the Appendix of this publication. TRANSCRIPT A transcript should be included in every judicial clerkship application that you send. If your 18 application submission is electronic via OSCAR, you will enter your grades on an online form (accessible from the ―My Documents‖ tab). OSCAR provides three different types of grade sheets: law school, undergraduate school, and other (typically used for advanced degrees). You can create up to two law school sheets (appropriate for transfer students), and three other user sheets. For additional information, please see the OSCAR Applicant User Guide available on OSCAR and Blackboard. If your application will be mailed, you should include an official copy of your transcript. You should request official transcripts from the campus registrar‘s office. The Registrar‘s Office requires up to five business days to provide more than ten transcripts. You may view the Registrar‘s Official Transcript Policy online. The Transcript Request Form can be accessed online, but it must be signed and faxed, mailed, or dropped off in person. Please note that there is no charge for receiving up to 80 copies of your transcript. If you request more than 80 transcripts for clerkship applications, the CSO can request a fee waiver on your behalf. Please remember to order official transcripts early. WRITING SAMPLE Your writing sample must reflect your very best writing efforts. The best writing sample is one that a judge is likely to start AND finish. It is worth a call to the judge‘s chambers for guidance regarding what length of writing sample is appropriate. Believe it or not, shorter is usually better. We usually recommend that a writing sample be between 5-15 pages in total length. If you have several writing samples to choose from, select one that might appeal to the judge. Be sure that the sample illustrates your analytical abilities and is not a large recitation of facts. The best sample is one that shows your ability to view a case from all perspectives. A research memo rather than a persuasive memo is best. A moot court brief or a persuasive motion may not be as effective, as they can be too technical and typically present only one side of an issue. A sample that you wrote for an employer is acceptable as long as you have requested permission for its use from your employer, as well as stricken all identifying information from within it, if required. Be advised that selecting work that you wrote for a judge that may include portions of an opinion published by the judge should be avoided. The CSO does not review writing samples for students. We recommend that you discuss your samples with a professor or faculty advisor. LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION Judges will require two or three letters of recommendation as a part of your application. These letters help a judge to distinguish among many qualified applicants. This is why it is very important to carefully consider who you ask to write letters for you. At least one letter should be from a law school professor. The best letters of recommendation are written by individuals with personal experience as a judicial clerk and with personal knowledge of your skills in legal research, analysis, and writing. You also 19 want your letters to inform the judge about your diligence, integrity, and both your personal and work relationships with others. Be sure to ask faculty members or supervising attorneys who can attest to these qualities to serve as your recommenders. Keep in mind that asking a faculty member to write a letter for you simply because you got a good grade in his/her class does not necessarily mean that he or she will write you a strong letter. It is better to identify a faculty member who knows you well enough to attest to the attributes and experience stated above. When you are ready to approach a recommender, you should provide him or her with a copy of your resume, your grade list, and a short narrative of any additional information that might be pertinent and useful. Guidelines for Approaching Faculty Recommenders Faculty members generally have experience writing letters of recommendation for students and should be well versed in the law school‘s process. However, they may not, so it is vital that you have a good understanding of the system. Below is the basic timeline for approaching faculty recommenders. For specific dates for each event, see the Application Timeline. 1. Ask faculty if they would be willing to write letters for you 2. Submit complete list of judges to whom you would like to apply to the CSO and to faculty 3. Faculty will draft letters 4. Letters are sent to clerkship administrative assistants for mail merge and either uploading to OSCAR or envelope-stuffing 5. Stuffed letters are delivered to CSO for holding until bundling party; OSCAR letters are finalized for electronic submission 6. At bundling party, applicants bring all other application materials, pick up faculty letters, and compile all applications for judges who prefer paper applications 7. Students must ―Finalize and Release‖ each OSCAR application so that judges will receive the applications Guidelines for Approaching Adjunct Faculty Recommenders There is some limited administrative support for adjunct faculty recommenders at the law school. However, YOU will need to coordinate between the adjunct and the appropriate clerkship administrative assistant in taking care of needed administrative support. You may want to specifically talk to your adjunct about using their own letterhead to distinguish their letter from others versus using law school letterhead. When you approach an adjunct faculty member, please include a copy of the Letter to Adjunct Recommenders available in this handbook. Guidelines for Approaching Non-Faculty Recommenders Most likely, your non-faculty recommender has written few letters of recommendation for judicial 20 clerkships. It is your responsibility to be very clear as to what it will take in order to complete your request. You need to be very up front about the number of applications that you plan to send, the fact that some of the judges may accept application letters only through OSCAR, and your application timeframe. Some things to keep in mind as you ask your non-faculty recommender: How many applications do you plan to send? Are you asking that their letter be printed on your recommender‘s letterhead? Are you asking that they mail-merge their letter for each judge, or provide you with a single generic letter to be photocopied? Will the recommender be okay with you handling the letters and including them in your application packet, or would he/she rather mail or deliver the sealed letters directly to the CSO in a larger envelope? Are you asking that they handle uploading letters to the OSCAR system? When do you need to have the letters completed? To help you communicate the answers to these questions, we have provided you with an information sheet to give to your non-faculty recommender. A sample for your information is in the back of this section, and copies are available in the CSO. IMPORTANT NOTE: There are few administrative resources for non-faculty recommenders available through the law school. When you ask a non-faculty recommender, it is important that you communicate the amount of work that you are asking of him or her. If you believe that this will cause a hardship on your recommender, the CSO may be able to provide administrative support, but only if you request in help by the deadline listed in the Application Timeline. Rules on Asking Judges to Act as Recommenders The Commonwealth of Virginia Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee released an opinion in October 2006 detailing the circumstances under which judges may send letters of recommendation. The Canons of Judicial Conduct specifically say that ―a judge shall not lend the prestige of judicial office to advance the private interests of the judge or others…‖ While the canon does not totally restrict a judge from writing a letter of recommendation, it does ensure that a judge take necessary steps to not lend the prestige of his or her office to advance private interests. Do keep this in mind if you choose to approach a judge for a letter of recommendation. The answer may be no, not because the judge does not like you, but rather because he or she feels restricted by the office. 21 Application Timeline Sign up for the email distribution list and Blackboard course.1 Begin reviewing Blackboard Judicial Clerkship course materials. Secure three Recommenders and submit Recommender list to Career Services.2 Schedule a Career Services meeting to begin strategizing your applications. 3 APRIL MAY Create an OSCAR account if you intend to apply for Federal clerkships.4 Review the Vermont Guide if you intend to apply for State clerkships.5 Review the Judicial Clerkship Handbook.6 JUNE Communicate with faculty, alumni, and colleagues who know Judges or who served as judicial clerks. Research Judges and available clerkships.7 JULY Submit listings of Targeted Judges to Career Services and to Recommenders and Administrative Assistants by July 15, 2011.8 Request Transcripts from the Registrar by July 29, 2011.9 Create and save online applications for all Federal Judges who accept applications via OSCAR by July 31, 2011. AUGUST Request assistance from Career Services in preparing recommendation letters for outside Recommenders (non-UR Faculty) by August 1, 2011.10 Verify that Recommenders submit all Federal letters of recommendation to Career Services (paper applications) or OSCAR (online applications) by August 22, 2011. Attend the Bundling Party August 29, 2011 in Career Services at 12 p.m.11 Review and ―Finalize‖ all OSCAR applications by September 1, 2011. Mail applications to Federal Judges who require paper applications by September 1, 2011. Be fully prepared in advance of the September 6, 2011 Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan application date – administrative offices (including the CSO) are closed for Labor Day and there is no mail delivery September 5, 2011. Submit one comprehensive spreadsheet to Career Services listing all Federal Judges to whom you have applied September 9, 2011.12 Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan* SEPTEMBER September 6, 2011 - First day applications from the Class of 2012 may be received or accessed by Federal Judges. September 9, 2011 - First day Federal Judges may contact Class of 2012 applicants. September 15, 2011 - First day Federal Judges may interview Class of 2012 applicants. VARYING Submit State clerkship applications.5 Hiring Plan critical dates are determined by the Federal Judiciary. Most, but not all, Federal Judges abide by this schedule. DO YOUR RESEARCH to be certain of each specific Judge’s hiring process and consult Career Services. Remember, you MUST be ready to accept a Judicial Clerkship offer from a Judge when it is made. Reference numbers on TIMELINE correspond to APPLICATION PROCEDURES details. 22 Application Procedures All federal judges are listed alphabetically with basic court and address information online (please see Blackboard and Research Sources for recommended websites). State judges are listed on the individual state court websites, which can be accessed through the NCSC. Judges will accept application materials in two different ways: Electronic submissions for many federal judges are done through an online system called OSCAR, the Online System for Clerkship Application & Review. If a judge is listed on OSCAR as accepting online applications, you must apply online. All law student OSCAR applications, once finalized, are submitted according to the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan Critical Dates. Some state judges accept online applications through Symplicity. Paper applications for federal judges who do not accept applications via OSCAR will be sent by you, at your expense, at an appropriate time in the application process. In most cases, you will follow the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan Critical Dates. A few federal judges do not subscribe to the Plan, however; in this instance, please consult the CSO. State judges have varying application deadlines. You must consult the Vermont Guide to State Judicial Clerkships, Symplicity, and individual chambers to determine the appropriate state application deadlines. PROCEDURAL DETAILS Reference numbers on the Application Timeline (p. 22) correspond to these procedural details. 1 Judicial Clerkship Email Distribution List and Blackboard Course Contact Kristen Binette at [email protected] to request access. 2 Recommenders Many Judges require three Recommenders. You may ask Faculty, former employers, or other individuals to serve as Recommenders, writing letters of recommendation on your behalf. Refer to Obtaining Good Judicial Clerkship Recommendations on Blackboard for tips. Submit a listing of confirmed Recommenders to Kristen Binette at [email protected]. Your listing should include each Recommender‘s: Name Title Mailing Address Email Address Phone Number For instances where outside Recommenders (i.e. those who are not members of the UR Faculty) will use an Administrative Assistant to prepare recommendation letters, please provide the Administrative Assistant‘s name and email address. 23 3 Career Services Meeting Schedule a meeting with Kristen Binette to strategize where you will apply for clerkships. Before or during the meeting, provide the following: Completed Judicial Clerkship Candidate Information Sheet (in Clerkship Folder) Resume Cover Letter Preliminary Idea of Targeted Judges/Courts 4 OSCAR You are required to apply online via OSCAR (the Online System for Clerkship Application & Review) for all Federal Judges of interest who accept online applications. You may create an OSCAR account, complete your profile, and submit documents now; however, you will not be able to view Judges‘ records or begin clerkship applications until May 26, 2011. When you create your profile, request a weekly email update of clerkship openings. Refer to Blackboard for the OSCAR User Guide and further information. In early June, we will host an OSCAR training session for interested students and alumni (recorded for those outside Richmond). OSCAR can be challenging to use, so it is important to start familiarizing yourself with the system early. Here are a few helpful hints about using OSCAR: OSCAR only accepts Adobe PDF files. With newer versions of Microsoft Word, you can convert Word documents to PDF by choosing ―Save as‖ and selecting file type ―PDF.‖ Scanned copies of transcripts are not accepted. You must input your grades on the Grade Sheet provided within OSCAR. You MUST set up an application for each individual Judge. This includes uploading application materials (at least a resume and grade list) for each Judge AND indicating your Recommenders. Default Recommenders will be populated automatically in the application. Remember: Recommenders cannot upload letters of recommendation until you have created applications for each Judge. OSCAR only allows you to work on ten applications at one time. Therefore, you must ―submit‖ your first ten applications before creating additional applications. (See the User Guide for a more detailed discussion.) To save your applications on OSCAR, you click a ―Submit‖ button that makes you panic and suspect that you are applying to that judge at that moment. Do not panic. You will need to use the ―Finalize‖ feature later to approve applications for electronic submission. ALL FINALIZED OSCAR APPLICATIONS FOR CLASS OF 2012 APPLICANTS WILL BE ELECTRONICALLY SUBMITTED TO JUDGES ON SEPTEMBER 6, 2011 at 10 a.m. – not before. OSCAR Recommender Accounts Please verify that your Recommenders have OSCAR accounts, accessing OSCAR and selecting the ―My Recommendations‖ tab (NOTE: All UR Law Faculty members and many Adjunct Faculty members have OSCAR accounts). View the drop-down menu located below ―Choose Existing Recommender‖ to search for Recommender names. When you find your Recommender, click ―Add to My Recommenders.‖ If a Recommender does not have an OSCAR account, please notify Kristen Binette so an account may be created. Please do not create Recommender accounts yourself. Once selected, Recommenders are displayed at the bottom of the screen in the "Current 24 Recommenders" section. OSCAR automatically sets each of your Current Recommenders as "Default Recommenders," populating the Recommender fields for each of the Applications you create. You can change Recommenders‘ default status by clicking on the boxes to the left of their names in the "Current Recommenders" section and then choosing "Unset as Default Recommender" from the Batch Options drop-down menu. NOTE: When creating individual applications, you may delete one or more of your Default Recommenders and/or add one or more non-default Recommenders from your pool. This allows you to strategically use the recommendation letters which you believe will be most effective for each Judge. Remember, Recommenders cannot upload letters of recommendation until you have set up applications for each Judge. This is why it is essential to create OSCAR Applications in a timely manner, following the CSO‟s deadlines. 5 Vermont Guide to State Clerkships State court Judges do NOT come under the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan. Each State court (and, in some cases, each Judge within a court) follows a separate application process and schedule. If you are interested in applying for State clerkships, you must identify the courts of interest and monitor their application procedures. The Career Services Office will survey a number of state judges and courts, presenting anticipated hiring deadlines and procedures in late spring. The Vermont Guide to State Clerkships details many State courts‘ clerkship application procedures. This information can be supplemented with NALP‘s State Court Clerkships study (on Blackboard). Some State courts and Judges post clerkship openings to Career Services; these postings will be added to Symplicity. Where necessary, notify Career Services and your Recommenders when you will need State court recommendation letters earlier than the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan dates. 6 Judicial Clerkship Handbook In particular, please review the following sections: How to Choose Judges for Applications – Provides a sense of your marketability in certain courts. Contents of the Application – Pay special attention to ―Letters of Recommendation‖ and ―Rules on Asking Judges to Act as Recommenders.‖ Letter to Adjunct Faculty Recommender and Letter to Non-Faculty Recommender – Print and distribute these letters to your Adjunct Faculty and Non-Faculty Recommenders to explain our process and deadlines. 7 Judge and Available Clerkship Research You will find an updated, comprehensive spreadsheet of Federal Judges on Blackboard. The following directions apply for Federal Judges only; please refer to the Vermont Guide to State Clerkships and the National Center for State Courts for information on State Judges and clerkships. The Career Services Office will survey a number of 4th Circuit Federal Judges as well as state judges and courts, presenting their anticipated hiring deadlines and procedures in late spring. OSCAR will allow you to perform research on Judges‘ chambers, available clerkships, and application methods. Once you log on to OSCAR, select ―Judges‖ from the top navigation bar. You 25 may narrow your search from the 2,200+ Federal Judges to a smaller group based on geography, Judge type, application method, availability of clerkships, etc. You can do this in the ―Judges List‖ or ―Advanced Search‖ tab. Or, you can choose to keyword search the name of each Judge of interest. Within the “Judges List” Tab: Judges who are listed in grey font do not accept electronic applications through OSCAR. You will not be able to research these Judges further in OSCAR. (But, their Chambers addresses are listed on the spreadsheet on Blackboard so you may apply via paper.) Each Judge whose last name is listed in blue font is an OSCAR Judge. This means that this Judge has an active profile on OSCAR and can be researched further on this site. You may click on the Judge‘s last name to view his or her profile and Chambers information. You may select the ―Clerkship Details‖ tab within a Judge‘s profile to see the length, start date, and application details regarding Clerkships with this Judge. For each OSCAR Judge, you will see an ―Apply Online‖ category in the Judge List. If this category is checked, you can apply for this Judge‘s available clerkships via OSCAR. All OSCAR Judges have an ―Application Methods‖ category as well, with ―Apply Online‖ (a globe icon) and ―Apply by Paper‖ (a mailbox icon) options. If an OSCAR Judge accepts both application methods, we require that you apply online via OSCAR rather than applying by paper. If an OSCAR Judge of interest has a Clerkship opening, it will be listed below the Judge‘s name in the Judge List. You may save Clerkship openings to a folder (by clicking the Folder icon, ―Copy to Folders,‖ below the Clerkship listing). You will want to keep track of targeted Judges‘ application methods and clerkship availability to prepare your Excel spreadsheets properly (see next section). 8 Targeted Judges Submit listings of Targeted Judges via TWO Excel spreadsheets to the Career Services Office ([email protected]) and to your Recommenders and their Administrative Assistants. Your Targeted Judges are those to whom you intend to apply for clerkships. For proper mail-merging of recommendation letters, it is essential that your two Excel spreadsheets be formatted exactly like the Sample Targeted Judges Spreadsheet on Blackboard. Excel Spreadsheet 1 – OSCAR Judges with Clerkship Openings Judges with current clerkship openings who accept online applications via OSCAR. Excel Spreadsheet 2 – Judges with Clerkship Openings Who Require Paper Applications Judges with current clerkship openings who require mailed paper applications. If judges of interest post clerkship openings AFTER July 15, you will need to submit additional Excel spreadsheets to the Career Services Office, your Recommenders, and corresponding Administrative Assistants. These spreadsheets should list ONLY the new judges (with separate spreadsheets for OSCAR Judges and Judges Requiring Paper Applications). Please do not send new 26 requests and spreadsheets daily. It is a good idea to arrange for OSCAR to send weekly clerkship updates by email, and for you to contact the Career Services Office, Recommenders, and Administrative Assistants no more than once a week with new recommendation requests. UR Faculty members‘ assigned Administrative Assistants are listed below for your reference. The Administrative Assistants are incredibly helpful in ensuring that your letters are prepared, and it is essential that you communicate with them in a timely manner. 9 Hilda Billups Michelle Carpenter Tracy Cauthorn Sharon Krol Jessie Munn Susan Sheppard Prof. Berryhill Prof. Chambers Prof. Cotropia Prof. J. Eisen Prof. T. Eisen Prof. Epstein Prof. Gibson Prof. Heen Prof. Hodges Prof. Jones Justice Lacy Prof. Lain Prof. Osenga Prof. Reeves Prof. Sachs Prof. Thompson Law Skills I & II Prof. R. Bacigal Prof. Casey Prof. Carroll Prof. Erickson Prof. Frisch Prof. Holloway Prof. Murphy Prof. Preis Prof. Robinson Prof. Strong Prof. Stubbs Prof. Swisher Prof. Tate Prof. Vermont Prof. Walsh Prof. Al-Hibri Prof. Bryson Prof. Fisher Prof. Harbach Prof. Kelly Prof. Motro Prof. Pagan Prof. Tobias Prof. Walker Adjunct Faculty Dean Douglass Prof. M. Bacigal Prof. Margolin Prof. Volenik Dean Williams Transcript Request The Registrar‘s Office requires up to five business days to provide more than ten transcripts. You may view the Registrar‘s Official Transcript Policy online. The Transcript Request Form can be accessed online, but it must be signed and faxed, mailed, or dropped off in person. Please note that there is no charge for receiving up to 80 copies of your transcript. If you request more than 80 transcripts for clerkship applications, the Career Services Office can request a fee waiver on your behalf. 10 Outside Recommender Letters Some students secure ―outside Recommenders‖ (non-UR Faculty members, such as former employers). Some outside Recommenders have Administrative Assistants who prepare letters on their behalf. Others do not have the support to prepare personalized letters for Judges; if this is the case, the Career Services Office can prepare letters for them as long as they place a request by August 1. 11 Bundling Party The Bundling Party is an opportunity to gather and bundle the application materials which you will send by mail. Your recommenders submit paper recommendation letters to the Career Services Office, and we hold them for you until the Bundling Party. The Career Services Office will provide 27 mailing labels and manila envelopes for your use at this event. If you require letters, labels, or envelopes before August 29, please inform the Career Services Office. 12 Comprehensive Spreadsheet Please submit one Excel spreadsheet to the Career Services Office listing all Federal Judges to whom you have applied. Faculty are often interested to know where students have applied and we hope to share this information with them. If you prefer not to reveal your applications to Faculty, please let us know and we will keep this information confidential. We recognize that the clerkship application process can be complicated at times. The earlier you begin your applications, the better organized your process will be. Please stick to the deadlines listed on the Timeline and Checklist. Please remember that the Career Services Office is here to assist you through all facets of the application process. Please call or email Kristen Binette with questions: (804) 287-6673 • [email protected]. 28 Interviewing with a Judge What to Expect Most judges hire after an in-chambers interview. Judges do not pay for travel expenses. The CSO will reimburse a portion of your expenses, so please keep copies of your receipts. When a judge requests an interview, you should make every effort to accept the interview because judges typically request an interview only with those candidates in whom they are genuinely interested. Should you have made applications to other judges in the area, you may tactfully contact their chambers to determine if you can schedule an interview during the same trip. Some judges who are out of state may offer the option of phone interviews or videoconferencing. Please feel free to schedule the interview room in the CSO (room 115F) to handle a telephone interview (our number is (804) 287-6426). There is free access on campus to videoconferencing resources in the undergraduate Career Development Center (Tyler Haynes Commons), the Weinstein International Center, and the Robins School of Business. Contact the Career Services Office for further details. INTERVIEW STRATEGY If invited to interview, respond promptly. Talk with the CSO before submitting applications in order to develop a strategy of how to schedule interviews if you receive more than one invitation. Prior to the interview, develop a list of questions to ask the judge and the current law clerk. Develop a second list of questions that you think the judge might ask, and think through your possible responses. Sample questions follow. Do background research in the press and via Westlaw for stories about the judge. Also, be sure to know about the court‘s subject matter jurisdiction. You can also read several recent cases decided by the judge with whom you will interview. Twenty-four hours before the interview, confirm the date, time, location, and duration of your interview with the judge‘s secretary or law clerk. Arrive early for your interview. Take an extra resume, official transcript, and writing sample to the interview. Plan to spend about fifteen minutes to two hours interviewing with the judge, clerks, and secretary. Be prepared at the time of the interview to accept the judge‟s offer of a clerkship or to withdraw your application. If you do not withdraw your application shortly after an interview, the judge will rightfully assume your willingness to accept a position if offered. Immediately after an interview, send a thank you note. 29 SAMPLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FROM A JUDGE Why are you interested in securing a judicial clerkship? What aspects of the clerkship experience do you value? Why are you interested in working with me? This particular court? Why do you want to clerk in this geographic area? Where do you want to practice after the clerkship? Do you have confidence in your writing skills? How would you approach this issue/case/problem? What qualities do you have that will make you valuable to me as a clerk? What would you do if we disagreed about an issue in a case before this court? What are your career goals, short term and long term? To what other courts/which other judges have you applied? Are political views of judges important to you? Tell me about... (a particular recent or significant decision). In what activities do you participate outside of law school? SAMPLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR A JUDGE What is the nature of your docket? What percentage of my time would I spend in court, drafting opinions and conducting research? What criteria do you use when you select a clerk? Could we discuss the issues you resolved in your recent decision of Barnett v. Allen? What is your timetable for making a decision? SAMPLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE CLERK OR SECRETARY What are your responsibilities? What has been the most interesting work you have handled? Do you have contact with other judicial clerks? Do you have contact with practicing attorneys? What are your career goals/employment plans? Has your clerkship helped you? What percentage of your time do you spend in court, drafting opinions and conducting research? Tell me about the geographic area. In what area do you live? 30 Etiquette of Accepting a Judicial Clerkship Federal judges and many judges of state courts of last resort are offended if you do not accept an offer immediately. Unlike other legal employers, judges will not let you hold their offer while you wait for a better one. You should be prepared at the time of the interview to accept the judge‘s offer of a clerkship or to withdraw your application (some judges may make offers at the interview). Many judges will make an offer to you by telephone within a day or two after your interview. If you do not withdraw your application shortly after an interview, the judge will assume your willingness to accept the position if offered. Once you have accepted a clerkship offer, be sure to notify the other judges with whom you have interviewed or accepted interviews that you have accepted another offer. Also, please let the Career Services Office know of your acceptance. 31 Correspondence How to Address Judges/Justices Addressee U.S. Supreme Court The Chief Justice Associate Justice FEDERAL COURTS Exterior of Letter/Envelope The Honorable (full name) Chief Justice Supreme Court of the United States The Honorable (full name) The Supreme Court of the United States Salutation Dear Chief Justice Dear Justice : : U.S. Court of Appeals Chief Judge Judge or Senior Judge The Honorable (full name) Chief Judge United States Court of Appeals for the… The Honorable (full name) United States Court of Appeals for the… Dear Chief Judge Dear Judge : : U.S. District Court, including Bankruptcy Chief Judge Chief Magistrate Judge Judge or Senior Judge Magistrate Judge The Honorable (full name) Chief Judge United States District Court for the… The Honorable (full name) Chief Magistrate Judge United States District Court for the… The Honorable (full name) United States District Court for the… The Honorable (full name) Magistrate Judge United States District Court for the… Dear Chief Judge The Honorable (full fame) Chief Judge Name of Court The Honorable (full name) Name of Court Dear Chief Judge : Dear Chief Magistrate Judge Dear Judge : Dear Judge : : Other Federal Courts Chief Judge Judge or Senior Judge Addressee Highest State Court Chief Justice Justice STATE COURTS Exterior of Letter/Envelope Dear Judge : : Salutation The Honorable (full name) Chief Justice Supreme Court of (State name) The Honorable (full name) Supreme Court of (State name) Dear Chief Justice The Honorable (full name) Chief Judge Name of Court The Honorable (full name) Name of Court Dear Chief Judge Dear Justice : : Other State Courts Chief Judge Judge Dear Judge : : 32 Sample Cover Letter 6000 Patterson Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23226 (804) 289-6000 [email protected] September 6, 2011 The Honorable Vaughn R. Walker Chief Judge United States District Court for the Northern District of California 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 Dear Chief Judge Walker: As a third-year law student at the University of Richmond School of Law who hopes to pursue a career in intellectual property law, I would like to be considered for a judicial clerkship position for the 2012-2013 term. Originally from California, I would like to return to the area. I am applying to your chambers specifically because of the intellectual property cases being brought before your court. I am in the top fifteen percent of my law school class and serve as Managing Editor of the Richmond Journal of Law and Technology, the nation‘s oldest student-edited journal published exclusively online. My writing and research skills have been honed through my journal experience and through a research assistant position with Professor James Gibson. I have experienced the practice of intellectual property first-hand through the Intellectual Property & Transactional Clinic, assisting entrepreneurs and non-profit clients in drafting licensing contracts and applying for patent protection. Last year, through a Judicial Clinical Placement, I served as an extern to Judge Henry E. Hudson of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. I assisted in the drafting of opinions, observed court proceedings, and conducted research. I believe my law school experiences have prepared me well to assume a clerkship in your chambers next year. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss employment as your law clerk. Enclosed, please find my application materials. Please advise me if you should require any additional information and thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Tara C. Williams (your handwritten signature) Tara C. Williams Enclosures 33 Sample Thank You Letter Following the Interview 6000 Patterson Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23226 (804) 289-6000 [email protected] September 20, 2011 The Honorable Vaughn R. Walker Chief Judge United States District Court for the Northern District of California 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 Dear Chief Judge Walker: It was a pleasure meeting with you yesterday. Thank you for the opportunity to interview with you for a law clerk position for the 2012-2013 term. I enjoyed learning more about the jurisdiction of the Northern District of California and specifically about the duties of your law clerk. I am pleased that you enjoyed my article, "Electronic Discovery and Employment Litigation," and that you have expressed an interest in reading my Journal note. I will send you a copy of the note upon its completion. As I indicated in my interview, I am keenly interested in serving as your law clerk. Please contact me if you require further information. I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, Tara C. Williams (your handwritten signature) Tara C. Williams 34 Letter to Adjunct Faculty Recommender Thank you for writing a judicial clerkship letter of recommendation. This letter is to provide you with a bit of administrative information to assist you with the process. Many federal judges receive applications via the Online System for Clerkship Application & Review (―OSCAR‖). For these judges, applicants upload their materials while recommenders upload letters of recommendation. Completed application packages are then submitted electronically. Some federal judges and most state judges prefer to receive paper applications. For these judges, applicants assemble and mail application materials. Under the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan, the first date applications may be received by federal judges is September 6, 2011. To submit applications on time, students must finalize their applications the week before Labor Day. State judicial clerkship application deadlines vary widely by court and by judge; your student applicant will alert you to any relevant state deadlines. Your student applicant will provide you by July 15 with two Excel spreadsheets of judges to whom he or she will apply: (1) those who accept applications via OSCAR and (2) those who accept applications via mail. It is important to note that some judges post clerkship openings late in the summer or in the fall so students may submit additional names after July 15. We suggest the following timeline and approach for preparing your letters of recommendation: 1. You (and your assistant, if applicable) should visit OSCAR at https://oscar.uscourts.gov/ and review the Recommender User Guide found under the ―Resources‖ tab. If you have any questions concerning OSCAR, please contact the Career Services Office. 2. Draft your letter of recommendation as soon as possible, but no later than August 1. 3. For judges who accept applications via OSCAR, merge personal address information and salutations where appropriate. Sign the letter or insert an electronic signature. Convert the letter to PDF and upload it to OSCAR by no later than August 22. (Note: Students cannot open or read letters of recommendation in OSCAR.) 4. For judges who prefer hard copies, prepare, sign, and seal recommendation letters; also sign over the outer flap of the sealed envelope. Deliver letters to the Career Services Office by August 22. Our address is: University of Richmond School of Law, Career Services Office, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173. We sincerely appreciate your support in this process. Should you have any questions, or should issues arise, please do not hesitate to contact me at (804) 289-6673 or [email protected]. If you require assistance in preparing your letters, you may also contact Tracy Cauthorn, the Richmond Law administrative assistant who supports adjunct faculty, at [email protected] or (804) 289-8192. Sincerely, Kristen E. Binette 35 Letter to Non-Faculty Recommender Thank you for writing a judicial clerkship letter of recommendation. This letter is to provide you with a bit of administrative information to assist you with the process. Many federal judges receive applications via the Online System for Clerkship Application & Review (―OSCAR‖). For these judges, applicants upload their materials while recommenders upload letters of recommendation. Completed application packages are then submitted electronically. Some federal judges and most state judges prefer to receive paper applications. For these judges, applicants assemble and mail application materials. Under the Federal Law Clerk Hiring Plan, the first date applications may be received by federal judges is September 6, 2011. To submit applications on time, students must finalize their applications the week before Labor Day. State judicial clerkship application deadlines vary widely by court and by judge; your student applicant will alert you to any relevant state deadlines. Your student applicant will provide you by July 15 with two Excel spreadsheets of judges to whom he or she will apply: (1) those who accept applications via OSCAR and (2) those who accept applications via mail. It is important to note that some judges post clerkship openings late in the summer or in the fall so students may submit additional names after July 15. We suggest the following timeline and approach for preparing your letters of recommendation: 1. You (and your assistant, if applicable) should visit OSCAR at https://oscar.uscourts.gov/ and review the Recommender User Guide found under the ―Resources‖ tab. If you have any questions concerning OSCAR, please contact the Career Services Office. 2. Draft your letter of recommendation. If you do not have the resources to prepare personalized letters for all judges, the Career Services Office can assist as long as you submit a draft by no later than August 1. Your draft letter will be kept confidential. 3. If you or your assistant will prepare letters… For judges who accept applications via OSCAR, merge personal address information and salutations where appropriate. Sign the letter or insert an electronic signature. Convert the letter to PDF and upload it to OSCAR by August 22. (Note: Students cannot open or read letters of recommendation in OSCAR.) 4. If you or your assistant will prepare letters… For judges who prefer hard copies, prepare, sign, and seal recommendation letters; also sign over the outer flap of the sealed envelope. Deliver letters to the Career Services Office by August 22. Our address is: University of Richmond School of Law, Career Services Office, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173. We sincerely appreciate your support in this process. Should you have any questions, or should issues arise, please do not hesitate to contact me at (804) 289-6673 or [email protected]. Sincerely, Kristen E. Binette 36 University of Richmond School of Law Judicial Clerks and Judges Alumni Letter on Judicial Clerkships By Patricia C. Amberly – Class of 2007 February 2008 I am a 2007 University of Richmond School of Law graduate currently halfway through my one-year clerkship with Justice Cynthia Kinser of the Virginia Supreme Court. I started my clerkship a few weeks after taking the Virginia bar, so I went to work the first week with my brain crammed full of Virginia law. Yet I had no idea how that law would apply to the real world or – scarier yet – to my job as a law clerk. Following a brief in-chambers training and two days of training in Richmond, all the new clerks were baptized by fire, participating in writ panels and, one week later, experiencing the exhilaration that is court week. My clerkship experience has been wonderful – and unique in a few ways. First, justices on the Supreme Court of Virginia can live anywhere in the state (something I didn‘t know when I applied!) and only two of the current justices – Chief Justice Hassell and Justice Lemons – work full-time in Richmond. Justice Keenan works from Arlington, Justices Agee and Koontz have offices in Salem, Justice Goodwyn is in Chesapeake, and Justice Kinser has an office in her hometown of Pennington Gap, Virginia. Pennington Gap is in the far southwest tip of Virginia – a 6 hour drive from Richmond (when traffic on 81 is not too bad). Instead of working in a courthouse, as most law clerks do, we have an office in what should be a strip mall but PG is rural and there is nothing resembling a mall here – you have to drive to Kentucky for that! Our office consists of an amazing (helpful, resourceful, and intelligent) secretary, offices for two full-time law clerks, and an office for Justice Kinser. It‘s a pretty quiet place, but we manage to have fun and often eat lunch together at the conference table. The best part is that Justice Kinser keeps her office door open and always has time to answer questions or help you determine how to present a particular analysis of an argument. Justice Kinser is brilliant – while never making others feel unintelligent (though I am sure that many of the questions I have ask her, particularly as I was getting started, were just that!). When in PG, my day is truly an 8:30 to 5 job, much more-so than I expected. During writ panels and court week, it starts closer to 8 am and runs until 6 or 7 pm, depending upon how many cases are being heard, if there are last minute issues to research, if court runs late, etc. Second, I clerk for an appellate court, so I have no interaction with attorneys. The job is mostly reading and writing. Luckily, I find appellate work enthralling – in large part because to get to see the case from every level. When the record for an appeal is before you, you have the original pleadings, evidence, opinions from trial court and sometimes Court of Appeals judges, briefs of appellants and appellees, and (often massive) joint appendices. I was worried I would not learn how to be a good trial attorney by working at the appellate level, but through reading dozens of transcripts, I have observed what works and what you really should avoid (including interrupting the trial judge; they really do not like that!). I have also observed oral arguments both for writ 37 panels (where three judge panels decide which cases to grant) and when court is in session. The Supreme Court runs on a seven-week schedule, with writ panels on the Wednesday of the fifth week and court week lasting the whole seventh week. That gives my co-clerk and me about two weeks to research and edit opinions (remember: you do not write opinions – your judge or justice does!); one week to write two writ memos; one week to finish editing opinions, help with concurrences or dissents, and begin researching bench memos for the upcoming cases; and one week to write as many bench memos as necessary/possible. There is never a shortage of work, but the assignments seem to ebb and flow between leisurely paced reading, analysis, and writing to crunch-time case printing/cite checking/memo writing/eat-your-lunch-while-you-finish-a-memo-tosend-to-all-the-justices-before-they-have-a-bench-conference moments. The most influential role of a clerk for the Supreme Court of Virginia is played in the writ panel process. Each clerk prepares two cases for each session, putting together a ten-page summary of the facts, assignments of error, legal analysis of the petitioner and respondent as to why the case should or should not be heard by all the justices (either it is a case of first impression for this Court, the trial court or Court of Appeals erred, or there is a split among the jurisdictions). At the end of the memo, you add any legal arguments or case law that the parties neglected in their petitions and present your own analysis of why each assignment of error should or should not be granted. Impressively, the justices give thoughtful consideration to your arguments and opinions. At the Wednesday afternoon writ panels, you actually get to ―hand up‖ your case to the three-justice panel and hear the petitioner‘s 15-minute argument as to why their case should be granted. It‘s amazing to listen to a case that you know all the intricacies of – and pretty marvelous to hear the justices‘ questions. I especially love when Justice Kinser asks a question based on suggestions in my memo or discussions we have had about the case. She, like the other justices on the court, values the opinions of her law clerks and wants them to be part of the processes of the court – even if she disagrees on what the outcome of a case should be. Court week is pretty much writ panels to the nth degree. It includes everything enjoyable about writ panels, from diving into a case and really learning the facts and law to analyzing the positions of the appellants and appellees. My fondest memory of this job was during my first court week, after working really hard with my co-clerk on a case that was set to be written by Justice Kinser. The oral argument was persuasive on both sides and the justices all had questions at every turn. Following opinion conference, I was anxious to find out what the justices had decided but I did not know how or when we would be told and had spent the whole afternoon wondering. As soon as she came back to the office, I asked Justice Kinser how it had gone. She invited my co-clerk and me to grab chairs in her office to talk about it. Then, instead of telling us how they had decided she said ―so, Trish, what do you think the outcome is?‖ I briefly explained the arguments at trial that I found persuasive, those that I thought were not-so-good, what cases I found reliable, finally, and what I presumed the justices had decided. She laughed and said they had – unanimously – decided the exact opposite. More intrigued than embarrassed, although feeling a tad bit foolish, I sat and listened to what the justices had reasoned and why. It was the why of their decision that got me – and continues to do so. Whether it‘s a procedural issue, a unique presentation of the facts, or the establishment of precedent that will impact the law throughout the state, the ―why‖ is the crux of what matters to all of the justices and all of the law clerks. And that is the reason you should be a law clerk – to be able to look at the law through the eyes of a judge; to learn how to write pointedly and persuasively to best support your clients cause; and to really understand what our legal system 38 is all about. My clerkship has been an invaluable experience and I encourage all law students to consider pursuing one. I boldly – and naively – sent out more applications than most of my peers combined (to which I was profusely apologetic to my faculty recommenders and grateful to the CSO for their immense assistance!). The Supreme Court of Virginia was on the bottom of my list, because I did not think I had a prayer of clerking for a Justice. I am glad I wasted some money on stamps, envelopes… and paper, ink, and labels… this has truly been a ―dream job‖ experience and one I will not ever forget. 39 Alumni Letter on Judicial Clerkships By R. Kennon Poteat, III – Class of 2006 I February 2007 knew early in my law school career that I wanted to clerk at the federal level. Having this career goal in mind, I strove to establish myself as a strong candidate through academic performance, journal membership, summer work experiences, judicial clinic participation, and extracurricular activities. After applying for clerkships during my third year of law school, I was fortunate to have been selected to serve as law clerk to United States District Judge Rebecca Beach Smith of the Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division, for the 2006-2007 term, and to United States Circuit Judge Edith Brown Clement of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in New Orleans, for the 2007-2008 term. Based on my experiences in both applying and serving as a law clerk, I hope to provide you with some insight into the position and strategies to help prepare your application. MY EXPERIENCE Although I have only completed half of my federal trial court clerkship, I have already had an extremely rewarding experience. The following list provides a synopsis of my job responsibilities and explains what I enjoy most about my clerkship: Research and Writing: My primary job responsibilities are conducting legal research and drafting bench memoranda and proposed opinions. Thus far, I have helped the judge with twelve civil opinions, many of which have been selected for publication in the Federal Supplement Second Series and on Westlaw and LexisNexis. In addition, I have drafted bench memoranda on a variety of issues, both for civil motions and criminal sentencing hearings. The issues vary greatly and have provided broad exposure to many different types of law. Hearings and Trials: While research and writing predominate, I have also attended numerous hearings and trials. In civil cases, I have attended hearings on motions to dismiss and motions for summary judgment. In criminal cases, I have attended four jury trials, three guilty pleas, and over twenty sentencing hearings. Exposure to Different Lawyering Styles: When drafting bench memoranda and proposed opinions or attending hearings and trials, I have been exposed to a wide variety of legal writing and oral argument styles. Law clerks evaluate a tremendous number of pleadings and motions and get to observe attorneys present their cases in the courtroom. Through these observations, I have been able to learn how to be a more effective attorney. First-Hand Observation of Judicial Decision-Making: The most interesting aspect of my clerkship has been discussing legal issues with the judge. This one-on-one interaction is unique and has served as an incredible learning experience. Breadth of Experience: Every case exposes law clerks to a new set of legal issues and frequently an entirely new area of law. Clerks are generalists in the truest sense, so I have become comfortable tackling a variety of legal issues. Next fall, at the federal appellate level, I will continue to conduct legal research and draft bench 40 memoranda and proposed opinions. These responsibilities will include reviewing appellate briefs, trial transcripts, and district court opinions. In addition, I will attend oral arguments at the Fifth Circuit. ADVANTAGES OF CLERKING Aside from having the opportunity to serve your country or state, the following list summarizes what I perceive to be the main advantages of clerking: Enhance Legal Research and Writing Skills: With the overwhelming majority of a law clerk‘s time spent on research and writing, it is inevitable that these skills improve and further develop. Practice makes perfect, and with such a research and writing intensive job, law clerks are able to strengthen these skills, which are essential in the practice of law. Learn Federal/State Court Systems and Procedural Rules: As you would expect, law clerks deal with rules of procedure on a daily basis. Federal law clerks become extremely familiar with all facets of the Federal Rules of Civil and Criminal Procedure, as state law clerks do with their particular state‘s procedural rules. In addition, law clerks are exposed to each jurisdiction‘s local rules, which attorneys must also follow. Live in New Location: Clerking provides a unique opportunity to live in a new geographic location. In addition to providing an overall good experience, this also allows law clerks to gain exposure to different law firms, styles of lawyering, and localized legal issues. Enjoy Good Quality of Life: While law clerks work hard, as a general rule, they work less than first-year associates in law firms. In addition, the government provides a sufficient salary and excellent benefits. Increase Job Prospects/Refine Job Search: Many employers, both private and government, actively recruit judicial clerks. Because law clerks are attractive candidates for employment, doors may open that were once closed when applying as a law student, both in terms of the type of employer and geographic location. In addition, for those who have not decided on a specific area of practice, the clerkship provides exposure to new areas of the law and gives clerks more time to decide on a main area of interest. APPLICATION STRATEGY Having explained my clerkship experience and provided what I perceive as the main benefits, which should give you more perspective on the position, I now want to provide advice on the application process. First, this process is extremely competitive, as you are applying alongside the top students of top law schools. As a result, clerkship applicants should start early in establishing an application strategy and finish strong in putting together a professional application packet. To do this, I would suggest the following: Grades: This goes without saying, but the number one criterion for most judges is grades. If you apply during the fall of your third year, judges are able to evaluate your performance during your first two years of law school. Therefore, applicants must perform well in the classroom to have a good shot at obtaining a clerkship. Many judges provide grade cut-offs for applicants, so you should generally abide by that guideline, unless you have a personal 41 connection, publication, or particularly strong summer employment or extracurricular activity. Journal Membership: Next to grades, participating on a journal is the most important requirement for judges. Journal members cultivate skills that judges value highly and many will not consider an applicant without such experience. Recommendations: If an applicant makes the grade and journal cut-off for a judge, recommendations from faculty and/or legal employers can help to distinguish candidates from the rest of the pack. In order to secure good recommendations, students should seek to develop relationships with faculty members. Specifically, serving as a research assistant or working on an independent study with a professor is an excellent way to establish such a relationship. In addition, when applicants ask professors to prepare recommendation letters, which should occur during the spring of their second year, they should provide a resume and memorandum summarizing the relationship. This simple step will provide the faculty member with ammunition to use in the letter, which benefits both the applicant and professor. Writing Sample: Applicants must also provide an excellent writing sample in their application packet. I would suggest using an academic piece, such as a note or comment from a journal competition, over a legal brief from moot court or trial advocacy. I would also recommend sending your entire paper, with a cover sheet on top, which provides a short summary and directs the reader to the strongest ten-page section of the piece. Publications: Judges also like to hire students that have published an article in a legal journal. While securing a publication in law school journal competitions is very competitive, if not chosen, I would recommend sending your note or comment to other legal journals, who have a tendency to publish student pieces. Clinical Placements: In the second year of law school, students have the opportunity to participate in Clinics, which are administered by Professor Margaret Bacigal. If possible, I would strongly recommend participating. Judicial clinics provide a clerkship-like experience. Other clinics give students the opportunity to actually appear before federal and state judges, both in the form of written work product and oral argument, which is also valued. Spread Your Risk: Applicants must determine the type of court and geographical location in which they would be willing to clerk. To maximize a candidate‘s chances, an applicant should spread their risk and apply to a variety of courts in many locations. For the federal judiciary, apply to circuit, district, magistrate, and bankruptcy. At the state level, apply to the state‘s highest court, intermediate appellate court, and trial courts. As far as geography, applicants should apply to a variety of areas, in order to enhance their chances of landing a clerkship. I hope you will find this information helpful as you decide whether to apply and how to proceed in the clerkship application process. A clerkship at any level can be a very rewarding experience, and I highly recommend it. 42 Alumni Letter on Judicial Clerkships By Ryan D. Frei – Class of 2005 W February 2007 hen I was applying for judicial clerkships during my third year of law school, each former law clerk with whom I spoke for advice explained that their clerkship year was, by far, the most personally and professionally rewarding year of their legal career. The general sentiment was that, as a law student, you really could not ask for a better way to transition from law school into the "real legal world." Many people referred to their clerkships as "intellectually stimulating" and "rigorous," yet ―relaxing.‖ At least one person mentioned that clerking gives you "one more year to put off billing your time." Everybody labeled their clerkship as an invaluable learning experience. After absorbing all of this advice, I figured that most of it was generally true, but somewhat exaggerated. In hindsight, all of these positive thoughts were dead-on accurate. I was honored to have been given the opportunity to clerk during the 2005-2006 term for the Honorable James R. Spencer, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. It was an immensely enjoyable year. Based on my own experience, and the experiences of others, I would like to share my thoughts on the many advantages of serving as a law clerk. As a disclaimer, I am speaking from having clerked for a federal district court judge. One's clerkship experience will, of course, vary depending on whether the clerkship is with a trial or appellate judge, whether the court is in the federal or state system, whether the court is specialized with limited subject matter jurisdiction, and myriad other factors (e.g., the geographic location of the court, the judge‘s personality and delegation style, the co-clerk‘s personality, etc.). Notwithstanding these possible distinctions, clerking has numerous common advantages. First and foremost, clerking is a wonderful way to bridge the gap between the theory learned in law school and the reality of actually practicing law. It is also a great choice for students who are not exactly sure of which practice area(s) they want to pursue. Much like a freshman in college who takes a wide variety of courses before declaring a major during sophomore year, a law clerk necessarily benefits from a generous sampling of experience in different substantive practice areas. As a law clerk, this will arm you with knowledge and a more focused perspective when conducting your post-clerkship job search. It is hard to overemphasize the breadth of experience associated with clerking. In the civil context, a law clerk sees dozens of cases evolve from the filing of a complaint to resolution through a dispositive motion ruling, settlement, or trial. As a clerk, I worked on countless contract disputes, several employment discrimination claims, state-law actions founded upon diversity of citizenship, a high profile patent infringement case on remand from the Federal Circuit, and much more. Those interested in criminal law will also get plenty of experience. As the year goes by, you develop a sense for which types of cases will likely result in plea bargains, which defenses and trial techniques might win over juries, and which sentencing factors carry the most weight. Again, the variety of substantive experience is remarkable. I researched Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment case law to make recommendations on motions to suppress; prepared nearly one hundred sentencing 43 memoranda; and confronted and had to work through knotty issues in reviewing prisoners‘ §§ 2254 and 2255 habeas corpus petitions. Perhaps my most personally challenging criminal matter was a condemned inmate‘s execution-eve § 1983 challenge to Virginia‘s two prescribed methods of execution. Aside from the variety of experience, the quality of experience is simply unmatched. Most judges naturally take their clerks under their wings, so to speak, and enjoy imparting wisdom they have gleaned from their years on the bench. When you return to chambers with your judge after a court session, you will hear his or her honest reaction to the advocacy efforts of the attorneys who just appeared. This ―behind-the-scenes‖ feedback will serve you well as you begin to practice law. The legal research and writing experience a clerkship offers is another highlight. A law clerk‘s primary responsibilities are to read through the parties‘ submissions; research the applicable law; write an in-depth bench memorandum for the judge to use in learning the background of the case and preparing for a hearing; discuss any concerns or issues the judge raises; and draft an opinion and/or order after the judge decides on a ruling. Going through this routine for a year or more teaches you a great deal about effective legal writing and advocacy. By reading hundreds of briefs, you will surely expand your legal vocabulary; learn to recognize specious arguments and faulty logic; and come to appreciate how to organize and present arguments in a way that will make it easier for a law clerk to educate the judge on the merits of your case (e.g., avoid generic case citations and, instead, try to provide helpful parentheticals to show exactly how the case supports a particular argument). Also, by drafting opinions for the judge, you learn to write with an authoritative tone, which paves the way to writing more persuasive briefs once you begin to practice. One advantage many people do not often think about before clerking is that law clerks join ―the courthouse family‖ and stay a part of it even after the year ends. Courthouse personnel are the backbone of any legal community. Because most clerks work closely with the clerk‘s office staff and with the members of other judges‘ chambers, a former clerk benefits from a certain level of rapport and comfort in dealing with courthouse staff in future years. The contacts a law clerk establishes are not limited to courthouse staff. At the trial court level, law clerks interact with practitioners on a daily basis. If you plan to remain in the same region in which you clerked, knowing many of the local practitioners can be quite helpful. Also, most clerks work with co-clerks on whom they depend for advice, assistance, and friendship throughout the year. I was fortunate to have had a wonderful co-clerk. We helped each other work through tricky situations and would always run issues by each other before consulting with our judge. We also cracked each other up and will always keep in touch (especially given that we share the same birthday!). Befriending your co-clerk and other law clerks in the building adds so much to your clerkship experience and will provide you with contacts wherever they go on to work. Finally, a law clerk‘s quality of life is difficult to beat. Judges know that their clerks worked hard in law school and expect them to work hard as law clerks, but also want them to enjoy their year of clerking. Most judges are not concerned with the number of hours their law clerks spend in the courthouse. Rather, judges care about how well they are prepared when they go on the bench and how polished their opinions are when issued. Once a law clerk gets beyond the steep learning curve, leaving at a reasonable hour every day might become the rule—not the exception. 44 As for disadvantages, it is honestly difficult for me to articulate a single one. Obviously, law clerks make less money (in some cases, literally a third less) than they would have if they had gone straight to a law firm. That said, however, my salary was enough for me to pay my bills, begin to make student loan payments, and attend about eight weddings that year. You have to be frugal, but you can certainly live comfortably (depending to an extent on the cost of living of the city in which you clerk). Importantly, law clerks often receive lucrative clerkship bonuses immediately after signing on with a law firm. These bonuses seem to increase on an almost yearly basis. Another perk is that many firms will reimburse a law clerk for Bar-related expenses, even if the clerk was not a summer associate with that particular firm. Also, many firms set law clerk salaries based on the year in which they graduated from law school. I have also heard people worry about falling behind their law school classmates if they spend a year clerking before joining a firm. While there are certainly skills that law clerks do not have the opportunity to develop while clerking (e.g., propounding and responding to discovery requests, negotiating with opposing counsel, counseling clients, etc.), in my opinion, the skills they do improve more than compensate. This is surely part of many law firms‘ reasoning for giving law clerks a year of partnership credit for clerking. Overall, from a practical standpoint, law clerks have tremendous advantages in entering practice. Though you are no longer an official court employee, you will forever have an insider‘s perspective as to how judicial decisions are made and what goes on in a judge‘s chambers. People—in many cases, partners with dozens of years of experience—will come to you in your first year at the firm to ask your opinion on how they should handle a matter pending in the court in which you clerked. People often want to ―pick a former law clerk‘s brain.‖ Consequently, you will feel respected and rewarded with a high level of responsibility early in your career. Of all the encouraging things I could say, perhaps the most significant is this observation: I have never known a former law clerk who regretted having made the decision to clerk, but I have spoken with countless attorneys who expressed remorse over not having applied for the opportunity to do so. This should be pretty revealing. I hope that all University of Richmond law students with an interest in clerking seriously consider applying. I can assure you that it is a year well spent—one that you will fondly remember for the rest of your life. 45 Faculty Clerks Ronald J. Bacigal U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia John G. Douglass Hon. Harrison L. Winter U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit David Epstein Texas Supreme Court Jessica M. Erickson Hon. Michael Boudin U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit James Gibson Hon. Karen Nelson Moore U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Meredith Harbach Hon. Nancy F. Atlas U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas Mary L. Heen Hon. James M. Fitzgerald U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska John Paul Jones Hon. David Schwartz U.S. Court of Claims Corinna Barrett Lain Hon. John C. Porfilio U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit Julie E. McConnell Hon. James W. Benton, Jr. Virginia Court of Appeals Kristin Jakobsen Osenga Hon. Richard Linn U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit John R. Pagan Hon. Ozell M. Trask U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit John F. Preis Hon. Royce C. Lamberth U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia Kimberly Jenkins Robinson Hon. James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Jonathan K. Stubbs Hon. James T. Giles U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Mary Kelly Tate Hon. Robert R. Merhige, Jr. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Kevin Walsh Hon. Paul V. Niemeyer U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Hon. Antonin Scalia U.S. Supreme Court 46 Adjunct and Visiting Faculty Clerks Hon. Michael C. Allen L‟79 Supreme Court of Virginia Edward D. Barnes L‟72 Hon. Harry L. Carrico Supreme Court of Virginia Sean P. Byrne L‟97 Hon. William T. Prince U.S. Magistrate Court for the Eastern District of Virginia James C. Cosby L‟86 Hon. Charles S. Russell Supreme Court of Virginia Chief Staff Attorney‘s Office Supreme Court of Virginia Michael L. Goodman Hon. James C. Turk & Hon. James H. Michael, Jr. U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia Timothy Guare Hon. James C. Turk U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia John C. Ivins L‟83 Chief Staff Attorney‘s Office Supreme Court of Virginia Herndon P. Jeffreys, III Hon. J. Calvitt Clarke Jr. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Marci Kelly Hon. Lapsley Hamblen U.S. Tax Court Cameron S. Matheson Hon. Nathaniel Gorton U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts Bruce H. Matson Hon. Blackwell N. Shelley U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Cullen D. Seltzer L‟93 Hon. James W. Benton Court of Appeals of Virginia Margaret Ann Walker L‟89 Hon. Charles S. Russell Supreme Court of Virginia K. Michelle Welch L‟99 Circuit Court for the City of Richmond 47 Alumni Clerks (1990 – Present) Each alumnus is listed with the year of graduation (e.g. ’98) followed by the year of clerkship (e.g. 1998). Alumni with multiple known clerkships are marked with asterisks. To see the career progression for these alumni, please refer to University of Richmond Alumni with Multiple Clerkships. FEDERAL CIRCUIT COURTS U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Hon. Thomas L. Ambro – Wilmington, DE Marc L. Penchansky ‘98 – 1999 * Hon. Jane R. Roth – Wilmington, DE Marc L. Penchansky ‘98 – 1998 * Office of the Staff Attorney Michael Clements ‘07 – 2008 * U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Hon. G. Steven Agee – Richmond, VA Brandon Bailey ‘07 – 2008 * Wade T. Anderson ‘02 – 2008 * Hon. Roger Gregory – Richmond, VA Providence Okoye ‘11 – 2012 Hon. Robert B. King – Charleston, WV Elizabeth Wilson ‗07 – 2008 * Office of Staff Counsel – Richmond, VA Heather Fairbanks ‘95 – 1995 Brenda Mallinak ‘00 – 2000 Basil Tsimpris ‘04 – 2004 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Hon. Edith Brown Clement – New Orleans, LA R. Kennon Poteat, III ‘06 – 2007 * U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Hon. Richard S. Arnold – Little Rock, AK Rita Poindexter Davis ‘00 – 2000 Hon. C. Arlen Beam – Lincoln, NE Jeff McMahan ‘08 – 2008 48 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Hon. Gerald B. Tjoflat – Jacksonville, FL Joseph L. Pope ‗05 – 2008 * Office of Staff Counsel – Atlanta, GA Amy Karch ‗00 – 2000 FEDERAL SPECIALTY COURTS U.S. Tax Court Christopher S. Johnson ‗09 – 2010 FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS – BY STATE U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida Hon. Harvey E. Schlesinger – Jacksonville, FL Joseph L. Pope ‗05 – 2007 * U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Michigan Hon. Thomas L. Ludington – Bay City, MI Alissa Hurley ‗10 – 2010 U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey Hon. Stanley Chesler – Newark, NJ Dana M. Slater ‗99 – 1999 U.S. District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina Hon. Malcolm J. Howard – Greenville, NC Robert Gallagher ‘07 – 2007 U.S. District Court, Western District of North Carolina Hon. Frank W. Bullock, Jr. – Greensboro, NC Ralph Brabham ‘04 – 2004 U.S. District Court, Middle District of Pennsylvania Hon. Edwin M. Kosik – Scranton, PA Melissa Anderson ‗07 – 2007 Hon. Sylvia H. Rambo - Harrisburg, PA David Freedman ‗01 – 2001 49 U.S. District Court, Western District of Pennsylvania Hon. Gary L. Lancaster – Pittsburgh, PA Michael Clements ‘07 – 2009 * U.S. District Court, District of South Carolina Hon. Henry M. Herlong, Jr. – Greenville, SC Steven E. Buckingham ‘06 – 2007 U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas Harry Parent ‘08 – 2009 U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Virginia Hon. James C. Cacheris - Alexandria, VA Lisa Kent ‗93 – 1993 Hon. J. Calvitt Clarke, Jr. - Norfolk, VA Shaheen Khan ‘92 – 1992 Hon. Robert G. Doumar - Norfolk, VA Thomas I. Queen, Jr. ‗00 – 2000 Hon. Jerome B. Friedman – Norfolk, VA Whitney Eaton ‗07 – 2007, 2008 David Rivard ‘10 – 2010 Hon. Claude M. Hilton - Alexandria, VA Karla Palmer ‗92 – 1992 Alex Burnett ‘04 – 2004 Mary Hallerman ‘10 – 2010 Hon. Henry Hudson – Richmond, VA Jeff Bauer ‘04 – 2004 Robert Cerullo ‗05 – 2005 C. Brandon Rash ‘06 – 2006 Cassandra Hausrath ‘07 – 2007 Thomas K. Johnstone IV ‘08 – 2008 Erik Seibert ‘09 – 2009 Andriana ―Andi‖ Shultz ‘10 – 2010 Hon. Walter D. Kelley – Norfolk, VA Michael Wall ‘07 – 2007 Hon. Gerald Bruce Lee - Alexandria, VA John P. Cunningham ‘99 – 1999 Hon. Robert E. Payne - Richmond, VA Dana Finberg ‘92 – 1992 50 Hon. Rebecca B. Smith – Norfolk, VA R. Kennon Poteat, III ‘06 – 2006 * Hon. James Spencer - Richmond, VA Kimberly Willwerth ‘96 – 1996 Megan Ann Conway ‘98 – 1998 Edward Dillon ‘01 – 2001 Lee Westnedge ‘02 – 2002 Matthew Rash ‘04 – 2004 Ryan Frei ‘05 – 2005 Steven E. Buckingham ‘06 – 2006 Evan Miller ‘08 – 2008 Jonathan Goodrich ‘09 – 2009 Stanley Hammer ‘11 – 2011 Providence Okoye ‘11 – 2011 Hon. Richard L. Williams - Richmond, VA C. Randolph Sullivan ‘93 – 1993 Pro Se Clerks/Staff Attorneys - Norfolk, VA Cathy J. Cannon ‘90 – 1990 Nanci Reaves ‘91 – 1991 Pro Se Clerks/Staff Attorneys - Richmond, VA Kristen Kertsos ‘04 – 2004 Laura K. Marston ‘06 – 2006 U.S. District Court, Western District of Virginia Hon. James P. Jones - Abingdon, VA Brian Schneider ‘00 – 2000 Renee Rouse ‘01 – 2001 Hon. Jackson L. Kiser - Danville, VA Philip Brennan ‘92 – 1992 Sidney J. Rosenbaum ‘98 – 1998 Clay Gravely ‘04 – 2004 Will Prince ‘08 – 2008 Scott Jones ‘09 – 2009 Harrison ―Hank‖ Gates ‘10 – 2011 Hon. J. Harry Michael - Charlottesville, VA Robert Merhige ‘91 – 1991 C. Stuart Greer ‘93 – 1993 Hon. Norman K. Moon - Lynchburg, VA James M. Daniel ‘90 – 1990 51 Hon. James C. Turk - Roanoke, VA Robert Michael Doherty ‘99 – 1999 Thomas Strelka ‘07 – 2007 Hon. Glen M. Williams - Abingdon, VA Allison Wright ‗92 – 1992 Lynn Brugh ‘94 – 1994 Sarah Johnson ‘94 – 1994 John Kilgore ‘94 – 1994 U.S. District Court, Northern District of West Virginia Hon. Frederick P. Stamp, Jr. - Wheeling, WV Ellen Firsching Brown ‘93 – 1993, 1994 Lea Weber ‘96 – 1996, 1997 Georgia Hamilton ‘03 – 2003, 2004 Mosby Perrow ‘04 – 2004, 2005 Jaime Wisegarver ‘10 – 2010 U.S. District Court, Southern District of West Virginia Hon. Robert C. Chambers - Huntington, WV Michele Henry ‘01 – 2001 Hon. Joseph R. Goodwin – Charleston, WV Elizabeth Wilson ‘07 – 2007 * Hon. Thomas E. Johnston – Charleston, WV Justin Curtis ‘08 – 2008 Matthew Farley ‘10 – 2010 U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURTS U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Sixth Circuit Hon. J. Vincent Aug, Jr. – Cincinnati, OH Jane E. Miller ‘92 – 1992 U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of Florida Hon. Paul G. Hyman, Jr. – Ft. Lauderdale/West Palm Beach, FL Philip Landau ‘01 – 2001 U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of North Carolina Hon. J. Rich Leonard – Raleigh, NC Blake Boyette ‘11 – 2011 U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of Virginia Hon. David H. Adams – Norfolk, VA J.R. Smith ‘97 – 1997 52 Hon. Kevin R. Huennekens – Richmond, VA Beth Sieg ‘08 – 2008 Hon. Robert G. Mayer – Alexandria, VA Christopher Hoctor ‘00 – 2000 Tara Elgie ‘02 – 2002 Maneesh J. Shah ‗06 – 2006 Justin Paget ‘08 – 2008 Hon. Stephen Mitchell - Alexandria, VA Joseph L. Pope ‘05 – 2005 * Hon. Stephen C. St. John - Norfolk, VA Heather Cain Berry ‘02 – 2002 Martha E. Hulley ‘06 – 2006 Paul Catanese ‘07 – 2007 Hon. Frank J. Santoro – Norfolk, VA James ―Jed‖ Donaldson ‘10 – 2010 Hon. Blackwell N. Shelley - Richmond, VA (deceased) William "Pete" Musgrove ‘92 – 1992 Christopher McGee ‘98 – 1993 Patrick Skelley, II ‘97 – 1997 Sarah Beckett Boehm ‘00 – 2000 Hon. Douglas O. Tice, Jr. - Richmond, VA Brian Goodman ‘93 – 1993 Katrina Clark Forrest ‘97 – 1997 Lisa T. Hudson ‘00 – 2000 Shannon Franklin ‘01 – 2001 Dharmesh Vashee ‘01 – 2001 Jennifer McLemore ‘02 – 2002 U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Western District of Virginia Hon. Ross Krumm – Harrisonburg, VA John T. Farnum ‘06 – 2006 Kirk Vogel ‘07 – 2007 Hon. H. Clyde Pearson - Roanoke, VA Scott Gardner ‘91 – 1991 Lisa Crockett ‘93 – 1993 Kevin Funk ‘03 – 2003 Hon. William Stone - Roanoke, VA Brandy Rapp ‘05 – 2005 Bryan Stark ‘07 – 2007 Matthew Hull ‘10 – 2010 53 U.S. MAGISTRATE COURTS – BY STATE U.S. Magistrate, Eastern District of Virginia Hon. John F. Anderson – Alexandria, VA Mohsin Reza ‘08 – 2008 Hon. James E. Bradberry - Newport News, VA Katherine Kelly Benson ‘99 – 1999 Sara J. Palmer ‘00 – 2000 Erin Stubbe ‘02 – 2002 Hon. Dennis Dohnal - Richmond, VA Halliday Moncure ‘05 – 2005 Laura Marston ‘07 – 2007 Amanda Lavin ‘09 – 2010 Hon. M. Hanna Lauck – Richmond, VA Lesley McCall ‘08 – 2008 Molly Geissenhainer ‘09 – 2009 Summer Speight ‘10 – 2010 Sam Bernier ‘11 – 2011 (pro se clerk) Hon. David G. Lowe - Richmond, VA Meg Poffenberger ‘91 – 1991 Samantha Puro ‘96 – 1996 Katie Rhoades ‘01 – 2001 Kelli Branham ‘04 – 2004 Hon. Tommy E. Miller - Norfolk, VA Anastasia M. Petrou ‘91 – 1991 Hon. William T. Prince - Norfolk, VA M. Chris Floyd ‘92 – 1992 Sean P. Byrne ‘97 – 1997 Robert Burger ‘99 – 1999 Hon. W. Curtis Sewell - Alexandria, VA Annett H. Madison ‘91 – 1991 U.S. Magistrate, Western District of Virginia Hon. B. Waugh Crigler - Charlottesville, VA Sarah Johnson ‘94 – 1994 Mary Renae Carter ‘97 – 1997 Hon. Glen E. Conrad – Roanoke, VA Robin Jamerson Kegley ‘98 – 1998 54 Hon. Pamela Meade Sargent – Abingdon, VA Joel Hoppe ‘02 – 2002 U.S. Magistrate, Western District of Tennessee Hon. Thomas Anderson – Jackson, TN Ed Wallis ‘04 – 2004 U.S. Magistrate, Northern District of West Virginia Hon. David J. Joel Erin Bender ‘11 – 2011 STATE COURTS – BY STATE (NOT INCLUDING VIRGINIA) Superior Court of Alaska – Juneau, AK Michael Barber ‘07 – 2007 Connecticut Appeals Court – Hartford, CT Hon. Alexandra DiPentima Christine Salmon ‘08 – 2008 Superior Court of Delaware - Dover, DE Christopher L. McLean ‘91 – 1991 Stephanie Tarabicos ‘95 – 1995 Superior Court of Delaware - Georgetown, DE Katherine Dickerson ‘02 – 2002 Superior Court of Delaware - Wilmington, DE Chyrrea Sebree ‘97 – 1997 Hon. Joseph R. Slights Kathleen Murphy ‘07 – 2007 Delaware Family Court – Wilmington, DE Jessica R. Thompson ‘07 – 2007 John McLaurin ‘10 – 2010 Fourth Judicial Circuit - Jacksonville, FL Maria De Guzman ‘99 – 1999 Court of Appeals of Georgia – Atlanta, GA Hon. G. Alan Blackburn Charles Bonner ‘99 – 1999 Superior Court of Rockdale County - Conyers, GA Brian Caron ‘03 – 2003 55 Fulton County Superior Court - Atlanta, GA Hon. Gail Tusan Calvin Edwards ‘00 – 2000 Circuit Court of Honolulu – Honolulu, HI Hon. Jeannette Castagnetti David Van Acker ‘10 – 2010 Court of Appeals of the State of Indiana - Indianapolis, IN Hon. Patrick Sullivan Russell J. Taylor, Jr. ‘96 – 1996 Court of Special Appeals of Maryland – Cumberland, MD Hon. J. Frederick Sharer Michael Clements ‘07 – 2007 * Circuit Court of Charles County - La Plata, MD David Ryden ‘03 – 2003 Deborah Schechner ‘05 – 2005 Circuit Court for City of Baltimore – Baltimore, MD Elizabeth Hafey ‘09 – 2009 Matthew Peterson ‘09 – 2009 Circuit Court of Queen Anne County - Centreville, MD Alex Francuzenko ‘93 – 1993 Circuit Court of Talbot County - Easton, MD Hon. William Horne Nicole Kleman ‘00 – 2000 Circuit Court of Wicomico County - Salisbury, MD Abby Hughes ‘93 – 1993 Massachusetts Appeals Court – Boston, MA David A. Slocum ‘07 – 2007 New Jersey Superior Court - Elizabeth, NJ Monica Kowalski ‘91 – 1991 New Jersey Superior Court - Hackensack, NJ Hon. Joseph Conte Elizabeth Eberhart ‘91 – 1991 New Jersey Superior Court - Monmouth, NJ Tracy Schneider ‘04 – 2004 Abigail Anne Browne ‘05 – 2005 56 New Jersey Superior Court – Morristown, NJ Daniel Petouvis ‘04 – 2004 Middlesex County Family Court - New Brunswick, NJ Hon. Roger W. Daley Edward Haas ‘01 – 2001 Andrea L. DelMonte ‘06 – 2006 New Jersey Superior Court - Ocean County, NJ William Burns ‘01 – 2001 New Jersey Superior Court - Sommerville, NJ Jon Grant ‘91 – 1991 New Jersey Superior Court - Toms River, NJ Richard C. Butz ‘90 – 1990 New Jersey Superior Court - Union County, NJ Hon. Kathryn A. Brock Cynthia Sun Ham ‘99 – 1999 North Carolina Court of Appeals - Raleigh, NC Hon. Sidney S. Eagles, Jr. Justin Davis ‘01 – 2001 Court of Common Pleas for Montgomery County - Norristown, PA Scott H. Wolpert ‘91 – 1991 Court of Common Pleas for the City of Philadelphia - Philadelphia, PA Hon. Nicholas M. D’Alessandro Francis J. Greek ‘90 – 1990 Superior Court of Rhode Island – Providence, RI Katharine Kohm ‘09 – 2009* Hon. Bennett R. Gallo David McGill ‘10 – 2010 Supreme Court of Rhode Island – Providence, RI Hon. Gilbert V. Indeglia Katharine Kohm ‘09 – 2010* Circuit Court of the 4th Judicial Circuit - Darlington, SC Hon. J. Michael Baxley Berry Lewis Litsey ‘00 – 2000 57 Circuit Court of the 13th Judicial Circuit – Greenville, SC Hon. Edward Wellmaker Buckley Warden ‘08 – 2008 Lindsey Builder ‘10 – 2010 Court of Appeals of the State of Washington (Division II) - Tacoma, WA Kirsten Barron ‘92 – 1992 Yasmeen M. Abdullah ‘06 – 2006 U.S. TERRITORY COURT Superior Court of the Virgin Islands – St. Thomas, VI Chivonne Thomas ‘09 – 2009 Andrea Gosine ‘10 – 2010 VIRGINIA STATE COURTS (1998 - PRESENT) Supreme Court of Virginia Hon. G. Steven Agee – Richmond, VA Brandon Bailey ‘07 – 2007 * Wade T. Anderson ‘02 – 2003, 2008 * Hon. Harry L. Carrico - Richmond, VA Julie A. Young ‘98 – 1998 Doron Samuel-Siegel ‘01 – 2001 Chuong Dong Nguyen ‘06 – 2006 – 2009 Chelsea Dunn ‘09 – 2009 Hon. A. Christian Compton – Richmond, VA Michael C. McCann ‘98 – 1998 Hon. Bernard Goodwyn – Chesapeake, VA Benjamin Hoover ‘10 – 2011 Hon. Leroy R. Hassell - Richmond, VA Courtney Sydnor ‘00 – 2000 Brandy Singleton ‘05 – 2005 Jonathan Chiu ‘06 – 2006 Sandra Park ‘07 – 2007 Hon. Cynthia D. Kinser - Abingdon, VA Tommy B. Baker ‘00 – 2000 Tricia Amberly ‘07 – 2007 Christine Owen ‘08 – 2008 John O‘Herron ‘09 – 2009 58 Hon. Lawrence L. Koontz - Salem, VA John David Gardy ‘05 – 2005 Cara Sims ‘07 – 2007 Aaron Campbell ‘09 – 2009 Hon. Elizabeth B. Lacy - Richmond, VA Perry W. Miles IV ‘98 – 1998 Carl ―Buddy‖ Omohundro ‘02 – 2002 Bert Musick ‘03 – 2003 Hon. Donald Lemons - Richmond, VA Jason T. Jacoby ‘99 – 1999, 2000 Damian Santomauro ‘00 – 2000 Robert Peay ‘02 – 2002 Robert Loftin ‘04 – 2004 Gretchen C. Byrd ‘06 – 2006 Whitney H. Wetsel ‘06 – 2006 Briton Nelson ‘07 – 2007 Ginnie B. Price ‘08 – 2008, 2009 Jeff Hanna ‘09 – 2009 Justin Corder ‘10 – 2010 Hon. William C. Mims – Richmond, VA Matthew L. Gooch ‘09 – 2010* Chief Staff Attorney's Office - Richmond, VA Solette Tiscornia Anderson ‘98 – 1998 Edward P. Noonan ‘98 – 1998 Caroline Browder ‘99 – 1999 Joan M. Mielke ‘99 – 1999 Julia Adair ‘00 – 2000 Lynn Howard ‘00 – 2000 Tara Dowdy ‘01 – 2001 Rob Bryden ‘01 – 2001 Mason Byrd ‘02 – 2002 Douglas Burtch ‘03 – 2003 Tara Manson ‘03 – 2003 John M. Tippett ‘06 – 2006 David M. Uberman ‘06 – 2006 Court Legal Assistance Project - Richmond, VA Jeannie Anderson ‘98 – 1998 David Kazzie ‘99 – 1999 Rebecca Randolph ‘04 – 2004 59 Court of Appeals of Virginia Hon. G. Steven Agee - Salem, VA Wade T. Anderson ‘02 – 2002 * Hon. James W. Benton, Jr. - Richmond, VA Randall G. Johnson ‗98 – 1998 Julie E. McConnell ‘99 – 1999 Stacie Cass ‘05 – 2005 Hon. Richard S. Bray - Chesapeake, VA Alice Coles McBrayer ‘98 – 1998 Hon. Jean Clements– Leesburg, VA Eric Wiseley ‘04 – 2004 Hon. Johanna L. Fitzpatrick - Fairfax, VA Matthew J. DeVries ‘98 – 1998 Dawn Bell Williams ‘05 – 2005 Hon. Walter Felton – Williamsburg, VA Amandeep Sidhu ‗05 – 2005 Hon. James W. Haley Jr. – Fredericksburg, VA Brian Foreman ‘05 – 2005 Hon. Jere M. H. Willis, Jr. - Fredericksburg, VA Jeffrey Hunn ‘00 – 2000 Circuit Court for City of Alexandria - Alexandria, VA Cathryn A. Le ‘99 – 1999 Courtney Joyce ‘00 – 2000 Mary Lee (Molly) Nicholson ‘02 – 2002 Susan Blauert ‘05 – 2005 Rebecca Signer ‘06 – 2006 Chris Findlater ‘09 – 2009 Circuit Court for Arlington County - Arlington, VA Sean Sullivan Kumar ‘05 – 2005 Katherine ―Kitty‖ Smith ‘10 – 2010 Circuit Court for Caroline County – Bowling Green, VA Lauren Llyod ‘08 – 2008 Circuit Court for City of Chesapeake – Chesapeake, VA Clarissa T. Berry ‘07 – 2007 Brian Kirby ‘08 – 2008 Anna Hart ‘09 – 2009 60 Benjamin Hoover ‘10 – 2010 Circuit Court for Chesterfield County - Chesterfield, VA Kathleen Colie Reed ‘98 – 1998 Lauren M. Ebersole ‘99 – 1999 Lisa M. Langendorfer ‘99 – 1999 Sandy Han ‘00 – 2000 Christy Henderson ‘00 – 2000 Amie Hunter ‘00 – 2000 Robert Bryden ‘01 – 2001 Jennifer Lemore ‘01 – 2001 Mark Colombell ‘02 – 2002 Robert Musick ‘02 – 2002 Terrese Walker ‘02 – 2002 Andrea Agnello ‘03 – 2003 James Chamblin ‘03 – 2003 Dawn Conrad ‘03 – 2003 Yvette Ayala ‘04 – 2004 Cassie Craze ‘05 – 2005 Rebecca Young ‘05 – 2005 Jace M. Padden ‘06 – 2006 Ryan T. Spetz ‘07 – 2007 Hunter Jamerson ‘08 – 2008 Capri Miller ‘08 – 2008 Anne Roddy ‘08 – 2008 Kendall Smardzewski ‘08 – 2008 Brooks Kamszik ‘09 – 2009 Andrew Newby ‘09 – 2009 Harrison ―Hank‖ Gates ‘10 – 2010 Erica Giovanni ‘10 – 2010 Robert Michaux ‘10 – 2010 JT Blau ‘11 – 2011 Michael Matheson ‘11 – 2011 Chris Thumma ‘11 – 2011 Katherine Womack ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for Danville – Danville, VA Anthony Bessette ‘10 – 2010 Circuit Court for Fairfax County - Fairfax, VA Eugenia Vroustouris ‗98 – 1998 Amy Jones Mattock ‘00 – 2000 Catherine Slater ‘00 – 2000 J. Suzanne Sones ‘00 – 2000 Maurice Mullins, Jr. ‘01 – 2001 James Metcalfe ‘04 – 2004 Robert Worster ‘05 – 2005 61 Patricia M. Moody ‘06 – 2006 Stephen Gangemi ‘08 – 2008 Michelle Rowling ‘08 – 2008 Matthew C. Dahl ‘09 – 2009 Melanie Denson ‘09 – 2009 Diana Pharao ‘10 – 2010 Mary Stuart Landin ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for Hanover County - Hanover, VA Jennifer Hall ‘99 – 1999 Kerri Nicholas ‘01 – 2001 Amanda Abbey ‘05 – 2005 Helen Jhun ‘06 – 2006 Michael Tittermary ‘09 – 2009 Stephanie Regali ‘10 – 2010 Cassie Baudean ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for Henrico County – Henrico, VA Laura Ann Piper ‘98 – 1998 Marc W. West ‘98 – 1998 Tony H. Pham ‘99 – 1999 Michael J. Rothermel ‘99 – 1999 Kiva Bland ‘01 – 2001 Vanessa Wilson ‘01 – 2001 Ashton Jennette ‘02 – 2002 Heather Gillespie ‘03 – 2003 Elizabeth Brown ‘04 – 2004 Shannon Otto ‘04 – 2004 Katherine Foster ‘05 – 2005 Brendon David O‘Toole ‘05 – 2005 Jill Meghan Barnett ‘06 – 2006 Antoinette N. Morgan ‘06 – 2006 Colleen F. Shepherd ‘06 – 2006 Kimberly Fitzgerald ‘07 – 2007 Kimberly Brown ‘07 – 2007 James Olmstead ‘07 – 2007 Emily Bishop ‘08 – 2008 Peyton Gresham ‘08 – 2008 Jonathan M. Sumrell ‘09 – 2009 Ryan Wind ‘09 – 2009 Amber Ford ‘10 – 2010 Laurel Huerkamp ‘10 – 2010 Laura Anne Kuykendall ‘11 – 2011 K. Bryn Swartz ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Courts of the 6th Judicial Circuit – Hopewell, VA et. al. Meghan Ferris ‘08 – 2008 62 David Hartnett ‘10 – 2010 Circuit Court of Loudon County – Leesburg, VA Joanne Stanley ‘04 – 2004 Circuit Court for City of Newport News - Newport News, VA David Grandis ‘01 – 2001 Crystal Montague ‘01 – 2001 Lisa Sommermeyer Moore ‘03 – 2003 Circuit Court for City of Norfolk - Norfolk, VA Karen L. Duncan ‘98 – 1998 W. David Kazzie ‘99 – 1999 Nathaniel Berry ‘03 – 2003 Megan Shearer ‘03 – 2003 Nancy Kaplan ‘04 – 2004 Mary Ann Richardson ‘07 – 2007 Erin Bumgarner ‘09 – 2009 C. Wiley Grandy ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for the City of Portsmouth - Portsmouth, VA Carlotta Visher Thompson ‘01 – 2001 Heath Thompson ‘03 – 2003 Bishop Ravenel ‘04 – 2004 Bridget Murray ‘09 – 2009 Kyle McLaughlin ‘10 – 2010, 2011 Circuit Court for Prince William County - Manassas, VA Peter David Houtz ‘98 – 1998 Kathleen Rhoades ‘01 – 2001 Jean Marie Walker ‘02 – 2002 Alan F. Smith ‘06 – 2006 Kathryn Donoghue ‘10 – 2010 Circuit Court for City of Richmond – Richmond, VA Meegan C. Lawson ‘98 – 1998 William P. Irwin V ‘99 – 1999 K. Michelle Welch ‘99 – 1999 Darren Marting ‘01 – 2001 Jyoti Gwalani ‘02 – 2002 Catherine Haas ‘02 – 2002 Rebecca Herbig ‘03 – 2003 Erik Smith ‘03 – 2003 Karri Seaman ‘04 – 2004 Shari Skipper ‘05 – 2005 Lisa C. Way ‘06 – 2006 Anna-Liisa Jacobson ‘08 – 2008 63 Jonathan Haley ‘09 – 2009 Christina Parrish ‘09 – 2009 Faith Alejandro ‘10 – 2010 Chor Lee ‘10 – 2010 Sau Chan ‘11 – 2011 David Tait ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for City of Roanoke - Roanoke, VA Jason Cording ‘00 – 2000 Sarah Wojnarowski ‘02 – 2002 Joel Morgan ‘03 – 2003 Emily Baker Oliver ‘11 – 2011 Circuit Court for Roanoke County - Salem, VA Thomas Cusick ‘08 – 2008 Circuit Court for Rockingham County – Harrisonburg, VA Janet Westbrook ‘99 – 1999 Chris Miller ‘00 – 2000 James Beard ‘01 – 2001 Matthew L. Gooch ‘09 – 2009* Circuit Court for Russell County - Lebanon, VA D. Nathan Castle II ‘09 – 2009 Circuit Court for City of Virginia Beach - Virginia Beach, VA Heather Berlin ‘00 – 2000 Cari Steele ‘00 – 2000 Melissa Libertini ‘01 – 2001 Madeline Starke ‘01 – 2001 Christopher Gill ‘04 – 2004 Sarah Lepere ‘05 – 2005 Teressa Murrell ‘05 – 2005 Camille J. Dillio ‘06 – 2006 Rebecca L. Ennis ‘06 – 2006 Warren M. Ellis ‘07 – 2007 Maciek Kepka ‘07 – 2007 Tiffany Laney ‘09 – 2009 64 Alumni with Multiple Clerkships A number of University of Richmond alumni have chosen to pursue subsequent judicial clerkships after their first clerkship experiences. The following alumni have progressed in their judicial clerkships careers: Wade T. Anderson „02 State Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia – 2002 State Court: Supreme Court of Virginia – 2003, 2008 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit – 2008* Brandon Bailey „07 State Court: Supreme Court of Virginia – 2007 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit – 2008 Michael Clements „07 State Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland – 2007 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit – 2008 Federal District Court: U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania – 2009 Matthew L. Gooch ‟09 State Court: Circuit Court for Rockingham County – 2009 State Court: Supreme Court of Virginia – 2010 Harrison “Hank” Gates „10 State Court: Circuit Court for Chesterfield County (Judge Allen) – 2010 Federal District Court: U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia – 2011 Ben Hoover „10 State Court: Circuit Court for the City of Chesapeake – 2010 State Court: Supreme Court of Virginia – 2011 Katharine Kohm „09 State Court: Superior Court of Rhode Island – 2009 State Court: Supreme Court of Rhode Island – 2010 Marc L. Penchansky „98 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit – 1998 and 1999** Joseph L. Pope „05 U.S. Bankruptcy Court: U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia – 2005 Federal District Court: U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida – 2007 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit – 2008 R. Kennon Poteat, III „06 Federal District Court: U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia – 2006 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit – 2007 Elizabeth Wilson „07 Federal District Court: U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia – 2007 Federal Circuit Court: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit – 2008 * Wade Anderson moved with Judge Agee from Supreme Court of VA to U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ** Marc Penchansky served two clerkships with separate judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 65 Alumni Judges FEDERAL JUDGES Hon. William E. Anderson, Judge U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Virginia Hon. Harvey E. Schlesinger, Senior Judge U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida Hon. Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., Senior Judge U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia STATE JUDGES – BY STATE (EXCLUDING VIRGINIA) Hon. Alison K. Arce, Judge Superior Court of Fulton County, Magistrate, Family Division, Atlanta, GA Hon. Walter C. Martz II, Chief Judge Maryland Tax Court, Baltimore, MD Hon. James R. Ward, Judge Administrative Law Judge, Department of Education, State of MI Hon. Mary K. Costello, Judge Superior Court, Hudson County, NJ Hon. Margaret Foti, Judge Superior Court, Hudson County, NJ Hon. Barry N. Frank, Judge Administrative Law Judge, Office of Administrative Law, State of NJ Hon. Thomas P. Olivieri, Judge Superior Court, Hudson County, NJ Hon. Renee C. Ricciardelli, Judge Administrative Supervisory Judge, Dept. of Labor and Workforce Development, State of NJ Hon. Emanuel A. Bertin, Judge Court of Common Pleas, Montgomery County, Norristown, PA Hon. Thomas H. Kelley, Judge Court of Common Pleas, York County, York, PA 66 Hon. Norman A. Krumenacker, Judge Court of Common Pleas, Cambria County, Ebensburg, PA Hon. Donna B. Owens, Judge Municipal Court, Florence County, SC VIRGINIA JUDGES Supreme Court of Virginia Hon. Harry L. Carrico, Senior Justice Supreme Court of Virginia Hon. Lawrence L. Koontz Jr., Senior Justice Supreme Court of Virginia Hon. Elizabeth B. Lacy, Senior Justice Supreme Court of Virginia Court of Appeals of Virginia Hon. Larry G. Elder, Judge Court of Appeals of Virginia Hon. Walter S. Felton Jr., Chief Judge Court of Appeals of Virginia Circuit Courts of Virginia Hon. Michael Coghlan Allen, Judge 12th Judicial Circuit, Chesterfield Circuit Court * Hon. Jonathan M. Apgar, Judge 23rd Judicial Circuit, Roanoke City Circuit Court * Hon. Pamela S. Baskervill, Judge 6th Judicial Circuit, Petersburg Circuit Court * Hon. James A. Cales Jr., Judge 3rd Judicial Circuit, Portsmouth Circuit Court Hon. Samuel E. Campbell, Judge 6th Judicial Circuit, Prince George Circuit Court * 67 Hon. Andrew Joseph Canada Jr., Judge 2nd Judicial Circuit, Virginia Beach Circuit Court * Hon. Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge 13th Judicial Circuit, Richmond Circuit Court Hon. Teresa M. Chafin, Judge 29th Judicial Circuit, Tazewell Circuit Court * Hon. James H. Chamblin, Judge 20th Judicial Circuit, Loudoun Circuit Court Hon. Martin F. Clark Jr., Judge 21st Judicial Circuit, Patrick Circuit Court * Hon. James F. D'Alton Jr., Judge 11th Judicial Circuit, Petersburg Circuit Court * Hon. Robert P. Doherty Jr., Judge 23rd Judicial Circuit, Salem Circuit Court * Hon. V. Thomas Forehand Jr., Judge 1st Judicial Circuit, Chesapeake Circuit Court Hon. Brett L. Geisler, Judge 27th Judicial Circuit, Carroll Circuit Court * Hon. Colin R. Gibb, Judge 27th Judicial Circuit, Pulaski Circuit Court * Hon. Herbert Cogbill Gill Jr., Judge 12th Judicial Circuit, Chesterfield Circuit Court * Hon. G. Carter Greer, Judge 21st Judicial Circuit, Martinsville Circuit Court* Hon. Edward W. Hanson Jr., Judge 2nd Judicial Circuit, Virginia Beach Circuit Court * Hon. J. Overton Harris, Judge 15th Judicial Circuit, Hanover Circuit Court * Hon. Lee A. Harris Jr., Judge 14th Judicial Circuit, Henrico Circuit Court Hon. James C. Hawks, Judge 3rd Judicial Circuit, Portsmouth Circuit Court 68 Hon. Cheryl V. Higgins, Judge 16th Judicial Circuit, Albemarle Circuit Court * Hon. Thomas B. Hoover, Judge 9th Judicial Circuit, New Kent Circuit Court * Hon. Michael S. Irvine, Judge 25th Judicial Circuit, Rockbridge Circuit Court Hon. John C. Kilgore, Judge 30th Judicial Circuit, Scott Circuit Court * Hon. Bruce H. Kushner, Judge 1st Judicial Circuit, Chesapeake Circuit Court Hon. C. Randall Lowe, Judge 28th Judicial Circuit, Washington Circuit Court * Hon. Frederick B. Lowe, Judge 2nd Judicial Circuit, Virginia Beach Circuit Court * Hon. Theodore J. Markow, Judge 13th Judicial Circuit, Richmond Circuit Court Hon. Burke F. McCahill, Judge 20th Judicial Circuit, Loudoun Circuit Court Hon. Joseph W. Milam Jr., Judge 22nd Judicial Circuit, Danville Circuit Court * Hon. Burnett Miller III, Judge 14th Judicial Circuit, Henrico Circuit Court Hon. William R. O'Brien, Judge 2nd Judicial Circuit, Virginia Beach Circuit Court * Hon. Leslie M. Osborn, Judge 10th Judicial Circuit, Mecklenburg Circuit Court * Hon. Frederick Gore Rockwell III, Judge 12th Judicial Circuit, Chesterfield Circuit Court * Hon. W. Allan Sharrett, Judge 6th Judicial Circuit, Greensville Circuit Court * Hon. Beverly W. Snukals, Judge 13th Judicial Circuit, Richmond Circuit Court 69 Hon. Walter W. Stout III, Judge 13th Judicial Circuit, Richmond Circuit Court Hon. Charles J. Strauss, Judge 22nd Judicial Circuit, Pittsylvania Circuit Court * Hon. Dean W. Sword Jr., Judge 3rd Judicial Circuit, Portsmouth Circuit Court Hon. C. Peter Tench, Judge 7th Judicial Circuit, Newport News Circuit Court Hon. Glen Allen Tyler, Judge 2nd Judicial Circuit, Accomack Circuit Court * Hon. Henry A. Vanover, Judge 29th Judicial Circuit, Dickenson Circuit Court * Hon. Thomas J. Wilson, IV, Judge 26th Judicial Circuit, Warren Circuit Court* District Courts of Virginia Hon. R. Morgan Armstrong, Judge 21st Judicial District, Henry/Martinsville General District Court * Hon. Stephen D. Bloom, Judge 6th Judicial District, Prince George General District Court * Hon. Jimmy Don Bolt, Judge 27th Judicial District, Galax Combined Court * Hon. Harold W. Burgess, Jr., Presiding Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield Circuit Court * Hon. Theodore J. Burr, Jr., Judge 6th Judicial District, Greensville/Emporia Combined Court * Hon. James F. Buttery, Jr., Judge 20th Judicial District, Loudoun General District Court * Hon. Edward K. Carpenter, Judge 16th Judicial District, Goochland Combined Court * Hon. Lucretia A. Carrico, Judge 11th Judicial District, Petersburg General District Court * 70 Hon. Richard A. Claybrook, Jr., Judge 26th Judicial District, Harrisonburg/Rockingham General District Court * Hon. Philip V. Daffron, Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield General District Court * Hon. Marvin H. Dunkum, Judge 10th Judicial District, Buckingham Combined Court * Hon. Charles B. Foley, Judge 20th Judicial District, Fauquier General District Court * Hon. William D. Heatwole, Judge 25th Judicial District, Waynesboro General District Court * Hon. Karen A. Henenberg, Judge 17th Judicial District, Arlington General District Court Hon. Sage B. Johnson, Judge 18th Judicial District, Smyth General District Court * Hon. Thomas O. Jones, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond General District Court - Traffic Hon. Thomas J. Kelley, Jr., Judge 17th Judicial District, Arlington General District Court Hon. M. Frederick King, Judge 23rd Judicial District, Roanoke City General District Court * Hon. Vincent Austin Lilley, Judge 23rd Judicial District, Roanoke City General District Court * Hon. William H. Logan, Jr., Judge 26th Judicial District, Shenandoah Combined Court * Hon. R. Bruce Long, Judge 9th Judicial District, Gloucester General District Court * Hon. John Marshall, Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico General District Court Hon. Gary A. Mills, Judge 7th Judicial District, Newport News General District Court Hon. Becky J. Moore, Judge 18th Judicial District, Alexandria General District Court * 71 Hon. Roger L. Morton, Judge 16th Judicial District, Orange General District Court * Hon. Thomas Leroy Murphey, Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield General District Court * Hon. Kenneth Wilson Nye, Judge 6th Judicial District, Hopewell Combined Court * Hon. Richard C. Patterson, Judge 29th Judicial District, Tazewell General District Court Hon. Robert A. Pustilnik, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond General District Court - Civil Hon. Gregory L. Rupe, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond-Manchester General District Court Hon. L. Neil Steverson, Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico General District Court Hon. M. Lee Stilwell, Jr., Judge 22nd Judicial District, Danville General District Court * Hon. Steven S. Smith, Judge 31st Judicial District, Prince William General District Court * Hon. Edward M. Turner, III, Judge 27th Judicial District, Carroll Combined Court * Hon. Thomas L. Vaughn, Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield General District Court * Hon. Charles H. Warren, Judge 10th Judicial District, Mecklenburg General District Court * Hon. David Shaw Whitacre, Judge 26th Judicial District, Frederick/Winchester General District Court * Hon. Susan L. Whitlock, Judge 16th Judicial District, Louisa Combined Court * Hon. Morton V. Whitlow, Judge 3rd Judicial District, Portsmouth General District Court Hon. Gordon A. Wilkins, Judge 15th Judicial District, Westmoreland General District Court * 72 Hon. Robert G. Woodson, Jr., Judge 10th Judicial District, Cumberland Combined Court * Hon. Archer L. Yeatts, III, Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico General District Court Hon. James Stephen Yoffy, Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico General District Court Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court of Virginia Hon. Isabel Hall Atlee, Judge 9th Judicial District, Gloucester J&DR Court* Hon. D. Scott Bailey, Judge 31st Judicial District, Prince William Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Edward DeJarnette Berry, Judge 16th Judicial District, Albemarle/Charlottesville Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Lynn S. Brice, Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Stephen Buis, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Michael J. Bush, Judge 29th Judicial District, Tazewell Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Richard B. Campbell, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Gayl Branum Carr, Judge 19th Judicial District, Fairfax County Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Joseph M. Clarke, II, Judge 23rd Judicial District, Roanoke City Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Joel Pierson Crowe, Judge 3rd Judicial District, Portsmouth Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Gerald F. Daltan, Judge 15th Judicial District, Hanover Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Bonnie C. Davis, Judge 12th Judicial District, Chesterfield Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * 73 Hon. John B. Ferguson, Judge 23rd Judicial District, Roanoke City Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Larry E. Gilman, Judge 15th Judicial District, Hanover Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Paul F. Gluchowski, Judge 31st Judicial District, Prince William Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Marilyn C. Goss, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Marcus H. Long, Jr., Judge 27th Judicial District, Montgomery Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Joseph P. Massey, Judge 4th Judicial District, Norfolk Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. R. Michael McKenney, Judge 15th Judicial District, Hanover Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Stacey W. Moreau, Judge 22nd Judicial District, Pittsylvania Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Charles L. Ricketts, III, Judge 25th Judicial District, Augusta/Staunton Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Philip Trompeter, Judge 23rd Judicial District, Roanoke County Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Ashley K. Tunner, Judge 13th Judicial District, Richmond Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. George D. Varoutsos, Judge 17th Judicial District, Arlington Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Richard S. Wallerstein, Jr., Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court Hon. Junius P. Warren, Judge 21st Judicial District, Martinsville Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. A. Ellen White, Judge 24th Judicial District, Campbell Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Hon. Sharon B. Will, Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court 74 Hon. Stuart L. Williams, Jr., Judge 14th Judicial District, Henrico Juvenile & Domestic Relations Court * Numerous counties and cities comprise this circuit or district. The judge may oversee multiple courts. The court listed here is the judge’s preferred court of contact, as listed with the Virginia Courts system. All courts in the judicial circuit or district may be viewed on the Virginia Circuits and Districts map. 75 Research Sources Almanac of the Federal Judiciary - Contains biographical sketches of all federal judges, major cases decided, and anonymous critiques. (Law Library KF8700.A19 A4 2010 and Westlaw) The American Bench - Complete directory of state and federal judges including biographical information and addresses. (Law Library KF8700.A19 A47) BNA’s Directory of State and Federal Courts, Judges, and Clerks – Describes court structure and jurisdiction, lists judges‘ contact information. (Law Library KF8700.A19 B15) Behind the Bench: The Guide to Judicial Clerkships – Overview of judicial clerkships (Strauss, BarBri, 2002). (Career Services Office, Law Library KF8771.S85 2002) CourtLink, by Lexis-Nexis – Provides case data, court profiles, and judicial profiles. The Courts: An Excellent Place for Attorneys of Color to Launch Their Careers Deskbook for Chief Judges of U.S. District Courts The Directory of Minority Judges of the United States - (Law Library KF8700.A19 D57 2008) Federal Agency Directory – Provides a comprehensive listing of federal agencies, including web links (helpful in searching for administrative law clerkships), care of the Government Printing Office and Louisiana State University. Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference Documents Library Federal Appellate Law Clerk Handbook – Survival guide for federal appellate clerks (Lemon, ABA, 2007). (Law Library KF8807.R86 2007; Google Books Preview) Federal District Court Law Clerk Handbook – Survival guide for federal trial clerks (Chipchase, ABA, 2007). (Law Library KF8807.C55 2007; Google Books Preview). Federal Court Locator – Provides federal judiciary information and opinions, care of Villanova University School of Law. The Federal Judiciary / U.S. Courts – Lists all federal courts and judges, also includes recent appointments. Federal Judges and Justices - Lists nominations, confirmations, elevations, resignations, and retirements. (Law Library KF8700.A19 F42) Federal Judicial Center – Provides information on federal court operations and procedures, court history, selected educational materials, and judges‘ biographical information. 76 Federal Magistrate Judges Association JudicialClerkships.com Clerkships Are for Everyone – NALP article available on Blackboard. Judicial Staff Directory – Provides listings of current judicial clerks. Judicial Yellow Book - Contains judges‘ biographical and contact information, as well as the names of current law clerks. (Career Services Office, Law Library KF8700.A19 J835) Law Clerk Addict – Blog providing up-to-date information about federal judicial clerk hires and federal judge demographics. Law Clerk Handbook: A Handbook for Law Clerks to Federal Judges – Federal clerkship guide (Sobel, Federal Judicial Center, 2007). (Law Library KF8771.D54 2007) Legal Directory of Judges, by Westlaw – Provides contact information for state and federal courts (WLD-JUDGE). National Center for State Courts – Describes state courts and provides website links. National Tribal Law Clerk Program – Resources for prospective Native American tribal court clerks, including a Guide to Tribal Court Clerkships. The Online System for Clerkship Application & Review (OSCAR) Opportunities with International Tribunals and Foreign Courts – Care of Yale Law School. Rat Race: Insider Advice on Landing Judicial Clerkships – Penn State Law Review article, care of Washington and Lee University School of Law. State and Local Government on the Net Symplicity – The clerkship module provides a comprehensive listing of federal judges; state clerkship openings are often posted here. The Third Branch - Lists current federal nominations, confirmations, appointments, elevations, resignations, retirements, and death of judges. Understanding the Federal Courts – An overview of the federal judicial system provided by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. U.S. Department of Justice Agencies – Links to DOJ agencies, many of which have administrative law clerk opportunities. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Policy (OLP) – Federal court nominations/vacancies. 77 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Administrative Law Judges U.S. Department of Labor Office of Administrative Law Judges U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Administrative Law Judges U.S. Federal Energy Regulation Commission Office of Administrative Law Judges U.S. Social Security Administration – Legal Careers U.S. Senate Index of Nominations Vermont Guide to State Judicial Clerkship Procedures – Username: long, password: trail. Virginia Attorney’s / Secretary’s Handbook – Current listing of Virginia courts and judges, with contact information. (Career Services Office) Virginia‟s Judicial Branch Recruitment Register – Lists employment opportunities in Virginia‘s courts. Virginia‟s Judicial System – Provides general information relating to Virginia‘s courts. Want's Federal-State Court Directory – Provides an overview of each state‘s court system and judges. (Law Library Reference KF8700.A19 F47). 78 University of Richmond School of Law Career Services Office 28 Westhampton Way Richmond, Virginia 23173 Phone 804.289.8638 • Fax 804.287.6516
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