Advance Program All sessions are in Embassy C & D Tuesday, 11 November 2014 8:15 AM - 10:00 AM Session TuA: Opening Session Session Chair: Gregory Abbas, EOSpace, USA 8:15 AM - 8:30 AM Introduction to AVFOP 2014 TuA1 8:30 AM - 9:00 AM (Invited) DARPA Programs in High-Capacity Communications, R. Ridgway, Defense Advanced Research Program Agency, Arlington, VA, USA The paper describes recent and current DARPA programs aimed at creating a robust, high capacity data backbone and a self-organizing backhaul network operating between mobile and aerial platforms. TuA2 9:00 AM - 9:30 AM (Invited) Space-Based Gravitational-wave Observatories, J. Livas, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA TuA3 9:30 AM - 10:00 AM (Invited) Flying the SpaceX Dragon Capsule to the ISS, S. Waldman, Space Exploration Technologies, Hawthorne, CA, USA 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM Coffee Break/ Exhibits: Embassy A, B, E, & F 10:30 AM - 11:45 PM Session TuB: Electronic Warfare Session Chair: John Gallo, Xadair Technologies, USA TuB1 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM (Invited) Photonics for Electronic Warfare, A. Stark, K. Davis, C. Ward and J. Gray, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA Photonic components and technologies augment and enhance traditional RF and digital EW jammer system architectures. Four identified capabilities enabled by photonics are simultaneous transmit and receive, frequency conversion, true-time delay, and photodiode/antenna integration. TuB2 11:00 AM - 11:15 AM Autonomous Receivers for Complex Format Identification and Demodulation, P. Isautier, J. Pan, J. Langston, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, R. DeSalvo, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, FL, USA and S. E. Ralph, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA We present a novel universal DSP architecture for optical communications that autonomously identifies and decodes conventional and time domain hybrid modulation formats. Experimental investigations demonstrate successful identification of 31.5Gbaud signals modulated with conventional and hybrid formats in the back-to-back and after 810-km fiber transmission. TuB3 11:15 AM - 11:30 AM RF Photonic Components for Miniature Doppler Radar, L. Maleki, A. A. Savchenkov, D. Eliyahu, A. Paiz and A. B. Matsko, OEwaves Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA We present an architecture for a miniature GMTI radar based on high performance RF photonic voltagecontrolled oscillators and mixers. The device consumes less than 3W of power, and weighs 100g in volume of 200cc. It has range coverage of 0.3-5km and 0.1m/s radial velocity resolution. TuB4 11:30 AM - 11:45 AM RF Switch Matrix Design and Trade Study in Photonics, A. Stark and C. Ward, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA Photonic components and technologies enable complimentary capability to enhance traditional RF and digital EW jammer system architectures. A trade study between RF and photonic architectures is performed to address switch matrix design for EW applications. 11:45 AM - 1:30 PM Lunch 1:30 PM - 3:30 PM Session TuC: RF Photonics Session Chair: Bill Jacobs, SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific, USA TuC1 1:30 PM - 2:00 PM (Invited) Distribution, Down-Conversion, and Demodulation of High Spectral Efficiency Digital Modulation Signals Using Photonic Frequency Convertors, N. Escalera, C. Middleton and R. DeSalvo, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, FL, USA Microwave photonic frequency conversion expands the EM spectrum use while preserving the quality of high spectrally efficient modulation techniques that allow large amounts of information to be transmitted, processed and distributed. TuC2 2:00 PM - 2:15 PM Electrooptic Millimeter-Wave Downconversion and Vector Demodulation Using Phase-Modulation and Optical Filtering, V. R. Pagán, Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, MD, USA and T. E. Murphy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA We describe an electrooptic technique for downconverting and demodulating high-speed vector modulated millimeter-wave signals and demonstrate its functionality as a phase-diversity RF photonic receiver. TuC3 2:15 PM - 2:30 PM Photonic Frequency Downconversion Link Theory and Simulation, J. Langston, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, R. DeSalvo and C. Middleton, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, FL, USA, and S. E. Ralph, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Using a simulation-based methodology, validated by theoretical field descriptions and accounting for many sources of noise and nonlinearities, we demonstrate DSP as an effective tool in the linearization of photonic downconversion links with two-tone, narrowband, and wideband inputs. Results are confirmed by initial experimental results. TuC4 2:30 PM - 2:45 PM Phase-Stable Heterodyne Detection Using Coherent Orthogonal Light-Waves, J. Zheng, ECE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, J. Liu, IOS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, N. Zhu, IOS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and G. Chang, ECE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA,USA We propose and experimentally demonstrate the phase-stable heterodyne detection by using the phasecoherent orthogonal lightwaves. In our method, the random phase and polarization fluctuations between the reference light and master light are controlled and managed. TuC5 2:45 PM - 3:00 PM Demonstration of 54.8-GHz Radio-Over-Fiber System with Wavelength Reuse Based on Distributed Intensity Conversion, T. Su, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA A bidirectional radio-over-fiber (RoF) system based on distributed polarization modulation to intensity modulation (PolM-to-IM) convertor is proposed and demonstrated, which can simultaneously support millimeter-wave (MMW) wireless services and light-wave reuse in filter-free base station (BS). TuC6 3:00 PM - 3:15 PM An Investigation for Coexistence in Radio over Fiber with 10Gbps Optical OOK Signal, T. Higashino, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan A theoretical analysis is firstly presented for the radio over fiber (RoF) transmission with 10 Gbps optical OOK signal. The stochastic process of optical OOK is externally re-modulated by the RF signal, and the experimental results agree with the theory. TuC7 3:15 PM - 3:30 PM Performance Evaluation of Wavelength Division Multiplexed Radio-over-Fiber De-Multiplexer for 96-GHz-Band Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Signal Delivery, T. Kuri, A. Kanno and T. Kawanishi, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan A wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) radio-over-fiber (RoF) de-multiplexer, which is specially designed for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) signal delivery systems, is newly developed. The de-multiplexing performance of 5-channel WDM RoF signal carrying each 96-GHz-band FM-CW signal is evaluated. 3:30 PM - 4:00 PM Coffee Break/ Exhibits: Embassy A, B, E, & F 4:00 PM - 5:30 PM Session TuD: Devices I Session Chair: Charles Middleton, Harris Corporation, USA TuD1 4:00 PM - 4:30 PM (Invited) Emerging Millimeter Wave Photonic Devices and Integration Platforms for Avionic Applications, D. Prather, J. Murakowski, and G. Schneider, C. Schuetz and S. Shi, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Millimeter-wave photonic technologies for avionics include high-power photodiodes, ultra-fast modulators, injection-locked lasers and liquid-crystal-polymer substrates for integration of conformal antenna arrays. These have been combined to realize multifunctional systems with unique signalprocessing capabilities TuD2 4:30 PM - 4:45 PM High SFDR ‘Super-Ring’ Microresonator Based True-Time-Delay (TTD), P. A. Morton, Morton Photonics, West Friendship, MD, USA, J. B. Khurgin, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, Z. Mizrahi, Aeon Corp., Princeton Junction, NJ, USA and S. J. Morton, Morton Photonics, West Friendship, MD, USA ‘Super-Ring’ tuning a microresonator based TTD device is demonstrated for the first time, providing high SFDR tunable delay of 515ps for 20GHz signal bandwidth, with just two drive voltages. SFDR over 110dB.Hz2/3 is maintained for delays up to 300ps, reducing to 102dB.Hz2/3 for longest delay. TuD3 4:45 PM - 5:00 PM Induced Transparency in Double-Ring Photonic Switches for Optical Networks-On-Chip, S. Mingaleev, E. Sokolov, VPI Development Center, Minsk, Belarus, A. Richter, I. Koltchanov, VPIphotonics, Berlin, Germany and J. Farina, VPIphotonics, Norwood, MA, USA We discuss the advantage of employing the coupled-resonator-induced transparency (CRIT) effect in Optical Networks-on-Chip (ONoC) architectures. We show that this allows a reduction in the temperature change required to achieve ON/OFF switching by standard photonic switching elements by up to an order of magnitude. TuD4 5:00 PM - 5:30 PM (Invited) High Power Photodiodes for Photonics Technology in Naval Applications, M. Hutchinson, V. Urick and K. Williams, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA High-power photodiodes are a requirement in many microwave photonic architectures intended to compliment or replace traditional electronic systems. High-power photodiodes can be employed in highgain, low-noise-figure photonic links to replace low-noise amplifiers in the front end of receiver systems. Wednesday, 12 November 2014 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM Session WA: System Applications Session Chair: John Mazurowski, Penn State Electro-Optics Center, USA WA1 8:30 AM - 9:00 AM (Invited) Fiber Optic Applications for Tactical Vehicles, J. T. Gallo, Xadair Technologies, Inc., Jacksonville, FL, USA Data and communications systems on tactical vehicles rarely have the long cable runs that occur on ships or the extreme weight restrictions imposed on aircraft applications. However, fiber optic systems are becoming standard equipment as some tactical vehicles now have LAN systems supporting data rates WA2 9:00 AM - 9:15 AM A 15-GHZ Electro-Optic Measurement System for Noisy Environments, W. Donaldson, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, B. Beeman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA, K. Miller, National Security Technology, Santa Barbara, CA, USA and R. Roides, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, NY, USA Mach–Zehnder modulators encode copies of an electrical pulse onto optical carrier frequencies. The encoded optical pulses are replicated and digitized to achieve a dynamic range of 1000 and a peak signalto-noise ratio of 300. WA3 9:15 AM - 9:45 AM (Invited) Photonics and Advanced Computing Programs, A. Cordes, Lockheed Martin, MN, USA WA4 9:45 AM - 10:00 AM Optically Driven 90-GHz Radar System Using Broadband IQ Downconvertor, A. Kanno, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan We evaluate the precision of a broadband frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar system in the 90GHz band operated with optical modulation technology. A broadband in-phase/quadrature mixer can directly convert to intermediate-frequency signals with a common-mode rejection feature. 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM Coffee Break/ Exhibits: Embassy A, B, E, & F 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM Session WB: Integrated Photonics I Session Chair: Mike Hayduk, Air Force Research Laboratory, USA WB1 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM (Invited) Wavelength Stabilization of Integrated Photonics with Coherent Optical Feedback Loops and 3D Integration, A. Lentine, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA WB2 11:00 AM - 11:15 AM Photonic Integrated Circuits for Avionics Network Access and Backbone Network Interface WDM LAN Applications, M. Beranek, N. Peterson, M. Hackert, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, USA, M. Mashanovitch, L. Johansson and D. Renner, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA, USA The SAE AS5659 WDM LAN standard defines network access (NAI) and backbone network (BNI) optical interfaces. Now that SAE AS5659 is published, we provide descriptions of photonic integrated circuit and planar lightwave circuit components for future digital WDM LAN avionics NAI and BNI applications. WB3 11:15 AM - 11:45 AM (Invited) Low Vp, High Bandwidth, Small Form Factor InP Modulator, G. Wang and I. Woods, TeraXion, Quebec Canada Optical modulators are used widely in avionic photonic systems. Higher frequency links demand systems with wider bandwidth and higher gain. Innovations in avionics also push the limits on the system size and payload weight requirements. Modulator specifications such as Vp, bandwidth, and form factor will WB4 11:45 AM - 12:00 PM JEPPIX: Access to Generic Foundry Processes for INP Photonic Integrated Circuits, K. Lawniczuk and M. K. Smit, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands A generic foundry model in photonics enables design and fabrication of a variety of photonic devices, for many applications, using standardized high-performance foundry platforms. Access to the generic foundries is available via multi-project wafer runs. 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM Lunch 1:30 PM – 3:300 PM Session WC: Transceivers Session Chair: Milan Mashanovitch, Freedom Photonics, USA WC1 1:30 PM - 2:00 PM (Invited) Telecom Trends in Photonic Technologies, S. Ralph, Georgia Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA WC2 2:00 PM - 2:15 PM Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Repeater, C. Kuznia, J. Ahadian, K. Kusumoto, R. Hagan, D. Pommer, H. Lenos and A. Soriano, Ultra Communications Inc., Vista, CA, USA We present technology for detecting, and restoring digital optical signals in a multi-mode fiber (MMF) optic link at 1 to 10 Gbps data rates at a wavelength of 850 nm. WC3 2:15 PM - 2:30 PM A Multi-Channel Fiber-Optic Bench with Stamped Mirrors for Avionic Transceivers, R. R. Vallance, nanoPrecision Products Inc., Camarillo, CA, USA This paper describes a multi-channel feedthrough that uses stamped, metallic, micro-mirrors that are monolithically integrated into a low-profile, fiber-optic feedthrough. The curved surface in the micro mirrors can both fold the optical beam and focus the light, providing two functions in a single optical element. WC4 2:30 PM - 3:00 PM (Invited) Integrated Fiber-Wireless Access Architecture for Mobile Backhaul and Fronthaul in 5G Wireless Data Networks, G. Chang, L. Cheng, M. Xu and D. Guidotti, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Recent rapid proliferation of smart mobile devices using 4G LTE-A and beyond wireless communications technologies is driving a near term, 10-fold increase in mobile data traffic that requires a build-up of wireless cell sites to support near term evolution fiber-optic based backhaul and fronthaul architecture. WC5 3:00 PM - 3:15 PM 10 Gbps Multiple Channel Optical Transceivers for Harsh Environment Applications, M. Pez, Radiall, New Haven, CT, USA This paper presents the challenges of designing 10Gbps parallel optical transmitter for harsh environment applications. We summarize also the main key performances demonstrated on D-Lightsys 12 channel optical transmitters and receivers. WC6 3:15 PM - 3:30 PM Long Wavelength VCSEL Based Transceivers for Aerospace Communication, R. Rivers, K. Kormirisetty and D. Geddis, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA As the demand for bi-directional optical communications continue to increase in avionics, the demand for affordable transceivers will increase. The research presented includes the design and fabrication of a long wavelength VCSEL-based optical transceiver for avionic entertainment systems. 3:30 PM - 4:00 PM Coffee Break/ Exhibits: Embassy A, B, E, & F 4:00 PM - 5:30 PM Session WD: Devices II Session Chair: Paul Morton, Morton Photonics Inc., USA WD1 4:00 PM - 4:30 PM (Invited) Utility of the Period-One Oscillation State in Injection-Locked Semiconductor Lasers, N. G. Usechak, AFRL, Wright-Patterson, OH, USA The period-one state of injection-locked semiconductor lasers represents a convenient way to generate microwave tones using only steady state biasing conditions. Recent developments will be reviewed along with comments on the practicality of these sources. WD2 4:30 PM - 4:45 PM Nonreciprocal Coupler Isolator, T. Carroll, Air Force Research Lab, Wright-Patterson, AFB, OH, USA, M. Levy and R. El-Ganainy, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA We propose a novel optical isolator design in a silicon based coupler with a single nonreciprocal arm and suitably index-matched reciprocal second arm. This structure displays high levels of optical isolation and low forward loss. WD3 4:45 PM - 5:00 PM A Concept of Wide-Aperture Omnidirectional Isolator Bases on Metal-Dielectric MagnetoPhotonic Structures, T. Carroll and I. Vitebskiy, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA, K. Smith and A. Chabanov, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA We show that properly designed layered structure involving cobalt nanolayers can act as a wide-aperture isolator transmitting light in a single direction. Oppositely incident is reflected back to space regardless of polarization, or incident angle. WD4 5:00 PM - 5:30 PM (Invited) Complete Electro-Optic Formalism Using the Nonlinear Optical Wave Equation Description and Some Resultant New Device Approaches, R. Nelson, Air Force Research Laboratory, OH, USA, Q. Zhan, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA, P. Devgan, Air Force Research Laboratory, OH, USA, D. Brown, B. Griffin, UES, Inc. and Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, USA, S. Shi and J. Murakowski, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA The Jacobi Anger expression that arises out of tone modulation of an electro-optic device is a successful model which is derived assuming sinusoidal phase modulation of a lossless and phase matched modulator. Thursday, 13 November 2014 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM Session ThA: Communication Networks Session Chair: Chris Ward, Georgia Tech Research Institute, USA ThA1 8:30 AM - 9:00 AM (Invited) The Use of Integrated Photonics and a Fiber Optic DWDM Network for Next Generation Payloads, R. Stevens, Lockheed Martin Advance Technology Laboratories, Eagan, MN, USA ThA2 9:00 AM - 9:15 AM Avionic WDM LAN Node Utilizing Wavelength Conversion, N. Peterson, M. Beranek and E. Heard, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD, USA A WDM node, utilizing wavelength converters, was constructed for use in mesh networks. Error-free transmission of digital signals was demonstrated up to 4.25 Gbps. Low error transmission was demonstrated with additional external loss of 29.4dB. ThA3 9:15 AM - 9:30 AM Digital WDM LAN for Small Platforms, J. Mazurowski, Pennsylvania State University, Freeport, PA, USA and S. Habiby, Applied Communication Sciences, Red Bank, NJ, USA We describe a digital Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) architecture for small platforms that emphasizes energy efficiency and deterministic behavior. Heat transfer efficiency is improved as the colocated optical wavelength sources are pre-modulated with clock signals. ThA4 9:30 AM - 10:00 AM (Invited) Aerospace Fiber Optic and Photonic Standards: Past, Present, and Future, B. Woodward, UrsaNav, Inc., Chesapeake, VA, USA This presentation examines the history of aerospace fiber optic standards and SAE International’s Fiber Optic and Applied Photonics committee AS-3. In addition, it discusses current projects and provides a forecast for the future. 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM Coffee Break/ Exhibits: Embassy A, B, E, & F 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM Session ThB: Integrated Photonics II Session Chair: Rick Stevens, Lockheed Martin, USA ThB1 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM (Invited) Advances in Manufacturing of Optical Silicone Waveguides for High Performance Computing, B. Swatowski, C. Amb, K. Weidner, R. John and J. Mitchell, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI, USA We report recent advances of polymer waveguide silicone materials for the scaled production of optical waveguides. The development of materials is described with the latest generation achieving low loss waveguides of <0.04 dB/cm at 850 nm and fabrication times of less than 10 minutes. ThB2 11:00 AM - 11:15 AM A Photonic Integrated Circuit Based Optical Mesh Node for Avionic WDM Optical Networks, M. Mashanovitch, S. Estrella, J. Parker and L. Johansson, Freedom Photonics, Santa Barbara, CA, USA This paper presents a highly-integrated optical mesh node photonic integrated circuit, realized using a silicon-photonics platform, for the purposes of demonstration of the key functions and achievable size, weight and power of optical networking elements for avionic WDM-LAN networks. ThB3 11:15 AM - 11:45 AM (Invited) Chip-Scale RF Optical Systems, D. Sparacin, A. Ramaswamy, E. Norberg and G. Fish, Aurrion Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA The performance requirements of RF optical systems require the use of active and passive photonic components based on a diversity of optimized materials, preventing the straightforward integration of these systems into single semiconductor chips. Aurrion’s heterogeneous integration platform enables high performance active optical components based ThB4 11:45 AM - 12:00 PM Low-Stress Silicon Nitride Platform for Broadband Mid-Infrared Microphotonics, P. Lin and V. Singh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, H. Lin, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, T. Tiwald, J. A. Woollam Co., Inc, Lincoln, USA, L. Kimerling, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, D. Tan, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, USA and A. Agarwal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA We demonstrate a sophisticated mid-IR microphotonics platform adopting engineered Si-rich and lowstress silicon nitride thin films where transparency up to ? = 8.5 µm and loss less than 0.2 dB/cm were achieved. 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM Lunch 1:30 PM - 3:30 PM Session ThC: Connectors/Cables Session Chair: Mark Beranek, NAVAIR, USA ThC1 1:30 PM - 2:00 PM (Invited) Design and Performance of Expanded Beam, Multi-Fiber Connectors, S. Lutz, D. Childers, M. Hughes and T. Satake, US Conec Ltd, Hickory, NC, USA Test results confirmed the viability of single mode, multi-fiber, expanded beam ferrules. This ferrule technology proves ideal for passive interconnects at equipment, card-edge interfaces with embedded optic technology where density and debris sensitivity are critical. ThC2 2:00 PM - 2:15 PM An Epoxyless Single-Fiber St Connector for Harsh Avionic Environments, Y. Chen, R. R. Vallance, T. Mengesha and M. Gean, nanoPrecision Products, Inc., El Segundo, CA, USA This paper describes a novel, metallic, single-fiber Titanium ferrule in an ST-style connector for harsh avionic environments that eliminates epoxy. Due to titanium’s CTE match with zirconia and the elimination of the epoxy, this ferrule shows good optical performance during temperature cycling. ThC3 2:15 PM - 2:30 PM Fiber Optic Installation and Acceptance Criteria: End Face Quantitative Characterization With Analysis of Objective Criteria, L. J. Cashdollar, M. DiGioia, Penn State Electro-Optics Center, Freeport, PA, USA, D. Morris, KITCO Fiber Optics, Virginia Beach, VA, USA and J. Mazurowski, Penn State Electro-Optics Center, Freeport, PA, USA Fiber optic termini with applied contamination were subjected to environmental stimulation and evaluated for optical performance in order to create a quantitative fiber optic end face inspection procedure with acceptance criteria for use in MIL-STD-2042. ThC4 2:30 PM - 2:45 PM Tetrimide (TM): Soluble Polyimide Optical Fiber Coatings for Avionics, A. T. Haldeman, J. R. DiMaio, T. Duniho, M. Shaughnessy and B. Sawders, Tetramer Technologies, Pendleton, SC, USA The benefits of soluble polyimide fiber coatings are reviewed with respect to conventional polyimide coatings. Thermal lifetime projections show a 10X increase in thermal stability for the soluble polyimide fiber coating compared to a commercial polyimide fiber. Solvent stripping and chemical resistance are also discussed. ThC5 2:45 PM - 3:00 PM Automated HDRI Solves Challenge of Detecting Defects in Highly Reflective Fibers, D. Wilson, FiberQA, LLC, Old Lyme, CT, USA Inspection of fiber end faces where the fiber is terminated on a highly reflective device is currently outside of the capability of commercial fiberscopes. An HDR imaging and processing method has been developed for the FastMT scope from FiberQA that solves this critical inspection requirement.
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