Lecture 13. Magnetic Field, Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges.

Lecture 13. Magnetic Field, Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges.
Outline:
Intro to Magnetostatics.
Magnetic Field Flux, Absence of Magnetic Monopoles.
Force on charges moving in magnetic field.
Our goal: to describe the magnetostatic field the same way weโ€™ve described the
electrostatic field
๏ฟฝ ๐ธ โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ— =
๐‘„๐‘’๐‘’๐‘’๐‘’
๐œ€0
๏ฟฝ ๐ธ โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ— = 0
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž๐ธ
- always true
- true only if the
fields are static
๏ฟฝ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ— =?
๏ฟฝ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ— =?
๐นโƒ— =?
- today
- Ch. 28
- today
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Magnetic Field B
Sources: ๏ฑ Charges in motion: currents, orbital motion of electrons in atoms.
๏ฑ Electron spins (an internal degree of freedom of quantum particles).
๏ฑ Time-dependent electric fields (weโ€™ll consider this source later in
Electrodynamics).
Characteristic Magnetic Fields:
Units: tesla, T
๐ต โ‰ˆ 10โˆ’4 ๐‘‡
rare-earth magnets
๐ต ๐‘ข๐‘ข ๐‘ก๐‘ก 1.4๐‘‡
Superconducting solenoids in LHC
๐ต ๐‘ข๐‘ข ๐‘ก๐‘ก 8๐‘‡
๐ต โ‰ˆ 1 โˆ’ 2๐‘‡
Superconducting solenoids
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๐ต ๐‘ข๐‘ข ๐‘ก๐‘ก 30๐‘‡
Flux of the Magnetic Field
Flux of the
magnetic field:
ฮฆ๐ต = ๏ฟฝ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ—
Units: Tโ‹…m2=Weber, Wb
compare with
ฮฆ๐ธ = ๏ฟฝ ๐ธ โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ—
No โ€œmagnetic point
chargesโ€ (magnetic
monopoles): have
not been observed
yet.
Magnetic dipole
Consequence:
for ANY closed
surface
๏ฟฝ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ— = 0
Electric dipole
- always true, not only in
electrostatics but also in
electrodynamics
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Magnetic Field Lines
Do you know a vector field ๐‘Žโƒ— that has both โˆฎ ๐‘Žโƒ— โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ— = 0 and
โˆฎ ๐‘Žโƒ— โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ— = 0?
Magnetic field is a non-conservative
vector field. In general
๏ฟฝ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ— โ‰  0
Magnetic field lines are closed loops (no mag. monopoles):
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Force on a Charge Moving in Magnetic Field
Lorentz
force
Heaviside
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
๐น = ๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž๐œ™
๐นโƒ— = 0 for charges
moving along ๐ต
๐น is max when
๐‘ฃโƒ— โŠฅ ๐ต
Magnetic field lines are
not lines of force !
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Iclicker Question
When does a magnetic field exert a force on a charged particle?
A. Always.
B. Only when the particle moves exactly perpendicular to the
magnetic field lines.
C. When the particle is moving at a non-zero angle with respect
to the magnetic field lines.
D. When the particle is moving along the magnetic field lines.
E. When the particle is moving.
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
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Iclicker Question
When does a magnetic field exert a force on a charged particle?
A. Always.
B. Only when the particle moves exactly perpendicular to the
magnetic field lines.
C. When the particle is moving at a non-zero angle with respect
to the magnetic field lines.
D. When the particle is moving along the magnetic field lines.
E. When the particle is moving.
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
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No Work Done by Magnetic Force!
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
๐นโƒ— โŠฅ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ—
The work done by
the magnetic field
on a moving charge
=0
๐‘‘๐‘‘ = ๐นโƒ— โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐‘™โƒ— = 0
You cannot increase the speed of charged particles using magnetic field.
However, the B-induced acceleration is non-zero, itโ€™s just perpendicular to
๐‘‘๐‘ฃ
. An accelerated charge (e.g. moving with constant
the velocity ๐‘Žโƒ— โ‰ก
๐‘‘๐‘‘
speed along a curved trajectory) loses its energy by radiating
electromagnetic waves.
However, there are many situations in which this statement appears to be
false: in a non-uniform magnetic field, a current-carrying wire loop would
accelerate, two permanent magnets would accelerate towards one another,
etc. In these cases, the kinetic energy of objects increases. Who does the
work? For discussion, see
http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=17176
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Iclicker Question
A positively charged particle moves in the positive z-direction.
The magnetic force on the particle is in the positive y-direction.
What can you conclude about the z-component of the magnetic
field at the particleโ€™s position?
๏ฟฝ
A. Bz > 0
B. Bz = 0
C. Bz < 0
D. not enough information given to decide
๐‘งฬ‚ ๐‘˜
๐‘ฃโƒ—
๐‘ฅ๏ฟฝ ๐šคฬ‚
๐นโƒ—
๐‘ฆ๏ฟฝ ๐šฅฬ‚
๐šคฬ‚ × ๐šฅฬ‚ = ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐šฅฬ‚ × ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ = ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ × ๐šคฬ‚ = ๐šฅฬ‚
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
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Iclicker Question
A positively charged particle moves in the positive z-direction.
The magnetic force on the particle is in the positive y-direction.
What can you conclude about the z-component of the magnetic
field at the particleโ€™s position?
๏ฟฝ
A. Bz > 0
B. Bz = 0
C. Bz < 0
D. not enough information given to decide
๐‘งฬ‚ ๐‘˜
๐‘ฃโƒ—
๐‘ฅ๏ฟฝ ๐šคฬ‚
๐นโƒ—
๐‘ฆ๏ฟฝ ๐šฅฬ‚
๐šคฬ‚ × ๐šฅฬ‚ = ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐šฅฬ‚ × ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ = ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ × ๐šคฬ‚ = ๐šฅฬ‚
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
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Iclicker Question
Imagine that you are looking at the face of a CRT. The bright spot
indicating where the electron beam hits the face. You bring a
permanent magnet toward the CRT with its north pole oriented
upward. Which direction will the spot deflect?
A. up
B. down
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
C. the spot does not deflect
D. right
E. left
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Iclicker Question
Imagine that you are looking at the face of a CRT. The bright spot
indicating where the electron beam hits the face is in the center
of the screen. You bring a permanent magnet toward the CRT
vertically from above. The magnet is oriented vertically with its
north pole downward. Which direction will the spot deflect?
A. up
B. down
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
C. the spot does not deflect
D. right
E. left
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Iclicker Question
A particle with charge q = โ€“1 C is moving in the positive zdirection at 5 m/s. The magnetic field at its position is
๏ฒ
B = 3iห† โ€“ 4 ห†j T
๐‘งฬ‚
(
)
What is the magnetic force on the particle?
(
)
B. ( 20iห† โˆ’ 15 ห†j ) N
C. ( โˆ’20iห† + 15 ห†j ) N
D. ( โˆ’20iห† โˆ’ 15 ห†j ) N
A. 20iห† + 15 ห†j N
E. none of these
๐‘ฃโƒ—
๐‘ฅ๏ฟฝ ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐ต
๐‘ฆ๏ฟฝ ๐šฅฬ‚
๐šคฬ‚ × ๐šฅฬ‚ = ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐šฅฬ‚ × ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ = ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ × ๐šคฬ‚ = ๐šฅฬ‚
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต
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Iclicker Question
A particle with charge q = โ€“1 C is moving in the positive zdirection at 5 m/s. The magnetic field at its position is
๏ฒ
B = 3iห† โ€“ 4 ห†j T
๐‘งฬ‚
(
)
What is the magnetic force on the particle?
(
)
B. ( 20iห† โˆ’ 15 ห†j ) N
C. ( โˆ’20iห† + 15 ห†j ) N
D. ( โˆ’20iห† โˆ’ 15 ห†j ) N
A. 20iห† + 15 ห†j N
E. none of these
๐นโƒ— = โˆ’1 5๐‘˜๏ฟฝ × 3๐šคฬ‚ โˆ’ 4๐šฅฬ‚ = โˆ’15๐šฅฬ‚ โˆ’ 20๐šคฬ‚
๐‘ฃโƒ—
๐‘ฅ๏ฟฝ ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐ต
๐‘ฆ๏ฟฝ ๐šฅฬ‚
๐šคฬ‚ × ๐šฅฬ‚ = ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ
๐šฅฬ‚ × ๐‘˜๏ฟฝ = ๐šคฬ‚
๐‘˜๏ฟฝ × ๐šคฬ‚ = ๐šฅฬ‚
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Cyclotron Motion in Magnetic Field
Motion along
a circular
orbit:
๐‘ฃ2
๐นโƒ— = ๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต = ๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž = ๐‘š
๐‘…
๐‘š๐‘ฃ
๐‘…=
๐‘ž๐‘ž
alternatively, by measuring R, one can
determine the ratio m/q if v (the kinetic
energy) is known.
๐‘‡=
2๐œ‹๐‘… 2๐œ‹๐‘š
=
๐‘ฃ
๐‘ž๐‘ž
- the period T is independent of v
If a charge has a
velocity component
along ๐ต:
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Mass Spectrometer
๐‘š๐‘ฃ 2
= ๐‘ž๐‘ž
2
๐‘ฃ=
2๐‘ž๐‘ž
๐‘š
๐‘ž๐‘ž = ๐‘ž๐‘ž๐‘ž
๐ธ
๐‘ฃ=
๐ต
๐‘š๐‘ฃ
๐‘…=
๐‘ž๐‘ž
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Conclusion
Magnetostatics: ๐ต โ‰  ๐ต ๐‘ก
Sources of B: motion of charges (currents), orbital
motion of electrons in atoms, electron spins, timedependent electric fields.
Absence of Magnetic Monopoles: โˆฎ ๐ต โˆ™ ๐‘‘๐ดโƒ— = 0
Force on charges moving in magnetic field: ๐นโƒ— =
๐‘ž ๐‘ฃโƒ— × ๐ต .
Next time: Lecture 14: Magnetic Forces on
Currents.
§§ 27.6- 27.9
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